研究生专业英语第二讲
Unit 2 Academic Writing【研究生专业英语】
Academic Writing Skills.au/tldinfo/writingskills/podcasts/nursingwritingskills09.pptgenre: a style of expressingyourself in writingWhether you’re a studentsor supervisors, academic writing skills are significant in today’sworld.EssaysReports PresentationsResearch papers Final thesisare just some examples ofdocuments written in the academic style.an analytic or interpretive literary compositionAcademic writing, when used appropriately, presents a polished and professional image.Academic writing skillsencompass:¾strong composition ¾excellent grammar¾a consistent stylistic approach[in'k ʌmp əs]include in scope [stai'listik]perfected or made shiny and smoothof or relating to style(especially in the use oflanguage) It is a learnt skill, rather thana natural ability or quality.2. What is academic writing?Academic writing refers to a particular styleof expression in academia.3. Features of Academic WritingAcademic writing in English is linear, which means it has onecentral point or theme with every part contributing to the main lineof argument, without digressions or repetitions . [dai'gre ʃən]a message that departs from the main subject[.repi'ti ʃən]ComplexityWritten language is relatively more complex than spoken language.FormalityAcademic writing is relativelyformal. In general this means that you should avoid colloquial words.PrecisionIn academic writing, facts andfigures are given precisely .ObjectivityWritten language is in generalobjective. Academic writing tends to use nouns (and adjectives), rather than verbs (and adverbs).Exp’licitnessAcademic writing is explicit about the relationships in the text.AccuracyAcademic writing uses vocabulary accurately.HedgingIn academic writing, it is necessary to make decisions about your stance on a particular subject.ResponsibilityIn academic writing you must be responsible for, and must be able to provide evidence and justification for, any claims you make.[k ə’l əʊkwi:əl] [pri’si ʒən] [pr ɪ’sa ɪsli] [,ɔbd ʒek’tiv əti] Attitude or feeling Characteristics includeEmploying the formal academic style, avoiding jargon , slang , andabbreviations a way of regarding situationsor topics etc.：position , view[p ə'spektiv]Synonyms [t əun]a characteristic language of a particular groupinformal language consisting of words and expressionsA formal toneUse of the third-person rather than first-person perspective Clear focus on the issue or topic rather than the author’s opinion Precise word choiceinvestigate conduct examine verify demonstrate eliminateCharacteristics of informal writingz the use ofcolloquialisms andjargonz writing in the first person viewz making “I”statements, making direct personal statements, andimprecise word choices.[k ə’l əukwi əliz(ə)m] slang, dialect[.impri'sais]characteristic of informal spokenlanguage or conversationJust as you probably would wear shorts and flip-flops to a wedding, there’s a time and a place for informalwriting . Informal writing is fine for diary entries, blogs, personal writing, letters or emails to close friends.The most informal writingimaginable is:z the text message, full of abbreviations such as “R U here ?”toconvey quick questions and responses. z In comparison, the most formal writing of all can be found in legal documents .[i'mæd ʒin əbl][‘pai ərit]someone who uses another person's work or ideas as if they were his own‘plagiarism Writers working on papersfor school, college application essays , scientific papers,research papers , international conference presentations , and business proposals generally employ a more formal style akin to donning a suit or dressto attend a wedding.[ə'kin]similar or related in quality or characterput clothing on one's body['d ɔni ŋ]4. Tips on academic writing ExamplesInformal writing :I think he ’s a loser .Formal writing :Macbeth’s horrific choices cause him to lose everything he holds dear :children, wife, friends, crown and king.frightening colon [ 'k əʊl ən]？The first statement is informal. The writer speaks in the first person , using the word “I”, and states an opinion . The slang term “loser ”, is used, which is inappropriate in a formal context. They also uses the contraction “he’s ”. If this were in the middle of a paragraph, it may be easier to understand towhom the author is referring.Taken as a simple statement, however, it’simpossible to know whether the writer thinks his best friend, hisdog, or a rock star is a loser !The second example uses an academic, formal style . Written in the third-person view , the sentence omits references to the writer and focuses on the issue. Strong, specific adjectives like “horrific ”convey the author’s view clearly without resorting to slang . The use of the colon creates a strong, formal feeling when properly usedhere to introduce a list .[ 'k əʊl ən]Where’s the resource ??•Library•On-line•Data bases (turn on remote access)•Lectures•Text books•Tutorials•News•Newspapers•Everywhere!!!5. Referencing and plagiarismMost plagiarism is acci’dental; either the result of not understanding what actually amounts to plagiarism, or of being poorly organized, so that we use the ideas of others without realizing that’s what we have done.Whenever the author has given somethingdistinctive to the information or its organization,cite the source.Anything that is common knowledge you need not cite: in other words, anything that is not distinctiveof a particular author.distinguishing /skills4study/studyskills/reading/referencing.aspunintendedWhat is plagiarism?Copying ofpassages/text/work/ideas/data without aproperacknowledgement ofthe author. Thisincludes otherstudents’work.['pleidʒiərizəm]Getting started•Find your time•Find your space•Discipline, self & others•Brain storming, clustering, mind mapping•Free writingtry to solve a problemby thinking intensely about it6. Practice makes perfectIntroduction•What is the question?•Global view from the broad to the narrow •Introduce the :•Who•What•When •Where •Why •How 5W+HThe topic•Why is it being asked?•Is it multi layered?•Does it invite a largely factual response?•Is it looking for a particular stance such asargue or cri’tique?[stæns] positionposturereview, assessment, commentLiterature•Is it current?•Is the author a credible source?•Is the subject relevant?•Clustering•References/endnoteBeginning•A quotation –is it relevant•A question•An opinion•An interesting fact•An irony or paradox•An a’nalogy•And anecdote['ænikdəut]story, narrative(especially a biographical one)[‘aiərəni[‘pærədɔks][ə’nælədʒi](logic) a statementthat contradicts itselfirony witty language富于机智的,诙谐的similarityBodyYour paragraphs should flow naturally into oneanother andconnections shouldbe made.Paragraphs•7-8 sentences•Each should be topic specific, preferably with an introductory sentence•Each sentence states the content/context and then some supporting example which is where the references come in.•The last sentence concludes the paragraph and forwards to the next.Transitional words•Joining words»Also, and, again, etc•Comparing words»Also, in comparison•Contracting words»Although, but, conversely, despite, even though, however•Positioning words»Above, adjacent to, below•Situation words»Before, briefly, consequently, finally, first[træn'zi ʃən əl]Conclusions•Don’t introduce anything new •Draw in the introduction •Demonstrate a conclusion•Give the essay a sense of completeness •Leave a final impression7. A comparison between non-academicand academic writingRevision1.Is writing skills vital for students ofscience and technology ?2. What is academic writing?3. Features of Academic Writing4. Tips on academic writing5. Referencing and plagiarism6. Practice makes perfect7. A comparison between non-academicand academic writing。
研究生英语UNIT2
研究生英语UNIT2Commercialization and changes in sportsThroughout history sports have been used as forms of public entertainment. However, sports have never been so heavily packaged, promoted, presented and played as commercial products as they are today. Never before have decision about sports and the social relationships connected with sports been so clearly influenced by economic factors. The bottom line has replaced the goal line for many people，and sports no longer exist simply for the interest of the athletes themselves. Fun and “good games” are now defin ed in terms of gate receipts, concessions revenues, the sale of media rights, market shares, rating points, and advertising potential. Then, what happens to sports when they become commercialized? Do they change when they become dependent on gate receipts and the sale of media rights?We know that whenever any sport is converted into commercial entertainment, its success depends on spectator appeal. Although spectators often have a variety of motives underlying their attachment to sports, their interests in any sporting event is usually related to a combination of three factors: the uncertainty of an event’s outcome, the risk or financial rewards associated with participating in an event, and the anticipated display of excellence or heroics by the athletes. In other words, when spectators refer to a “good game”or an “exciting contest”, they are usually talking about one in which the outcome was in doubt until the last minutes or seconds, one in which the stakes were so high that athletes were totally committed to and engrossed in the action, or one in which therewere a number of excellent or “heroic”performances. When games or matches contain all three of these factors, they are remembered and discussed for a long time.Commercialization has mot had a dramatic effect on the format and goals of most sports. In spite of the influence of spectators, what has occurred historically is that sports have maintained their basic format. Innovations have been made within this framework, rather than completely dismantling the design of a game. For example, the commercialization of the Olympic Games has led to minor rule changes in certain events, but the basic structure of each Olympic sport has remained much the same as it was before the days of corporate endorsement and the sale of television rights..Commercialization seems to affect the orientations of sports participants more than it does the format and goals of sports. T o make money on a sport, it’s necessary to attract a mass audience to buy tickets or watch the events on television. Attracting and entertaining a mass audience is not easy because it’s made up of many people who don’t have technical knowledge about the complex athletic skills and strategies used by players and coaches. Without this technical knowledge, people are easily impressed by things extrinsic to the game or match itself; they get taken in by hype. During the events itself they often focus on things they can easily understand. They enjoy situations in which players takes risks and face clear physical danger; they are attracted to players who are masters of dramatic expression or who are willing to go beyond their normal physical limits to the point of endangering their safety and well-being, and they like to see players committed to victory no matter what the personal cost.For example, when people lack technical knowledge about basketball, they are more likely to talk about a single slam dunk than about the consistently flawless defense that enabled a team to win a game. Similarly, those who know little about the technical aspects of ice skating are more entertained by triple and quadruple jumps than by routines carefully choreographed and practiced until they are smooth and flawless. Without dangerous jumps, na?ve spectators get bored. They like athletes who project exciting or controversial personas, and they often rate performances in terms of dramatic expression leading to dramatic results. They want to see athletes occasionally collapse as they surpass physical limits, not athletes who know their limits so well they can successfully compete for years without going beyond them. When a sport comes to depend on entertaining a mass audience, those involves in the sports often revise their ideas about what is important in sport. This revision usually involves a shift in emphasis from what might be called an aesthetic orientation to a heroic orientation. In fact, the people in sports may even refer to games or matches as “show time”, and they may refer to themselves as entertainers as well as athletes. This does not mean that aesthetic orientations disappear, but it does mean that they often take a back seat to the heroic actions that entertain spectators who don’t know enough to appreciate the strategic and technical aspects of the game or match.As the need to please na?ve audiences becomes greater, so does the emphasis on heroic orientations. This is why television commentators for US football games continually talk about danger, injures, playing with pain, and courage. Some athletes however, realize the dangers associated with heroic orientationsand try to slow the move away from aesthetic orientations in their sports. For example, some former figure skaters have called for restrictions on the number of triple jumps that can be included in skating programs. These skaters are worried that the commercial success of their sport is coming to rely on the danger of movement rather than the beauty of movement. However, some skaters seem to be willing to adopt heroic orientations if this is what will please audiences and generate revenues. These athletes usually evaluate themselves and other athletes in terms of sport ethic, and they learn to see heroic actions as signs of true commitment and dedication to their sport.Commercialization also leads to changes in the organizations that control sports. When sports begin to depend on generating revenues, the control of sport organizations usually shifts further and further away from the players. In fact, the players often lose effective control over the conditions of their own participation in the sport. These conditions come under the control of general managers, team owners, corporate sponsors, advertisers, media personnel, marketing and publicity staff, professional management staff, accountant, and agents.The organization that control commercial sports are usually complex, since they are intended to coordinate the interests of all these people, but their primary goal is to maximize revenues. This means that organizational decisions generally reflect the combined economic interests of many people having no direct personal connection with a sport or with the athletes involved. The power to affect these decisions is grounded in a variety of resources, many of which are not even connected with sports. Therefore athletes in many commercial sports find themselves cut out of decision-making processes even when decisions affecttheir health and well-being.。
UNIT 2研究生英语 教学 教程 课件
Paragraph 7
1. peer interaction 2. sex-separate groups 3. norm: standard, pattern --the norm of conduct 行为准则 --normal adj.
Paragraph 9
1. For women… intimacy is the fabric of relationships, and talk is the thread from which it is woven. simile intimacy n. -- intimate adj. 2. cornerstone: base, foundation
Paragraph 17
1. frustrating 2. overlap 3. participatory listenership
Paragraph 18
1. parallel: similar unparalleled 前所未有的，无与伦比的 前所未有的， 2. get mad at sb. 3. but they prefer them phrased as suggestions… phrase: v. express
Questions for Para. 19-22
1. Why do men and women have different expectations about communication in marriage? 2. What does a woman try to avoid in a conversation? 3. What solution does the author offer to the communication problem between men and women?
《研究生英语》课件 (2)
3
Essay Writing
Learn how to craft well-structured and persuasive essays with proper introduction, body paragraphs, and conclusion.
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《研究生英语》PPT课件 (2)
This presentation is designed to help graduate students improve their English skills. We will cover various topics including slide design, content overview, vocabulary and grammar practice, listening and speaking exercises, reading and writing practice, recommended learning resources, and a summary and review of the course.
Slide Transitions
Add subtle slide transitions to improve the flow and engagement of your presentation.
内容概述
1. 2. 3. 4.
Introduction Overview of the topic Key points and main ideas Conclusion and key takeaways
总结与回顾
Achievements
研究生英语Unit Two
Unit TwoText AI. Introduction1. Warm-up activities:a. What is ignorance?b. What is the relationship between ignorance and knowledge?c. Some say ignorance is bliss. Some say ignorance is the root of all evil. State your opinion on it.Reference:a. Ignorance is a condition or state where a person ignores, disregards, or overlooks knowledge about something. It is when the person is uninformed, is uneducated about something.b. If one is overwhelmed by ignorance, he or she would not be able to know more knowledge; if one is equipped with knowledge, he or she would be able to know he or she is vulnerable to ignorance.c. (open)Once upon a time, an old illiterate person asked somebody to write a letter for him. He said, “Please write whatever I am telling you.” He then began to explain his life while the writer was busy writing. He talked about himself and some of his problems. After he finished, he turned to the writer and said, “All right. Now read me all you have writt en.” The man began to read the letter. Little by little the old man, listening to the writer very carefully, started crying. The writer looked at him surprisingly and said, “These are what you have already explained. There is nothing more in this letter. W hy are you crying then?”Still crying hard, the old man said, “I partially knew that I was a poor wretched man, but I didn’t know it so clearly as you told me today!”Quotes:a. Being ignorant is not so much a shame, as being unwilling to learn.—Benjamin Franklinb. There is nothing more frightful than ignorance in action.—Johann Wolfgang von Goethe Real knowledge is to know the extent of one’s ignorance.—ConfuciusThe recipe for perpetual ignorance is: be satisfied with your opinions and content with your knowledge.—Elbert Hubbarde. He must be very ignorant for he answers every question he is asked.—V oltaire2. Main idea of the text:The author began the essay by telling the experience of waking in the morning and finding him practically ignorant of anything. The author felt pitiable yet not necessarily so depressed about his current store of knowledge after many years of costly education：Apart from the immediate personal experiences, he has a limited range of knowledge and the inadequate understanding of the major phenomena of the world. And the reasons may be that ignorance seems to do him no harm in his daily life, and his inadequate memory of knowledge may deceive him and even cause severe mistakes of misquoting. However, it suddenly occurred to him when he has gone his way serene and happy, he may be the only one who is ignorant, for anyone may harbor the same psychology of remaining to be a happy ignorant person.II. Additional Information for the Teachers’ Reference Trial and error, or trial by error, is a general method of problem solving, fixing things, or for obtaining knowledge. “Learning doesn’t happen from failure itself but rather from analyzing the failure, making a change, and then trying again.” In the field of computer science, the method is called generate and test. In elementary algebra, when solving equations, it is “guess and check”. This approach can be seen as one of the two basic approaches to problem solving and is contrasted with an approach using insight and theory.Confidence trickster: a confidence trick or confidence game is an attempt to defraud a person or group by gaining their confidence. The victim is known as the mark, and any accomplices are known as shills.Confidence tricksters often rely on the greed and dishonesty of the mark, who may attempt to out-cheat the con artist, only to discover that he or she has been manipulated into losing from the very beginning. This is such a general principle in confidence tricks that there is a saying among con men that “you can’t cheat an honest man.” The confidence trickster often works with one or more accomplices called shills, who help manipulate the mark into accepting the con man’s plan. In a traditional confidence trick, the mark is led to believe that he will be able to win money or some other prize by doing some task. The accomplices may pretend to be random strangers who have benefited from successfully performing the task.III. Language Points1.Just as suddenly, and without premeditation, I found myself reviewing the extent of my knowledge and, before it was time to get up, I had come to the conclusion that I knew practically nothing about anything.---Just as it happened suddenly, I found myself evaluating the extent of my knowledge without my careful reflection upon this issue beforehand and, before it was time to get up, I had come to the conclusion that I knew literally nothing-meditation: n. the action or practice of meditatingHis later letters are intense meditations on man’s exploitation of his fellows.He was deeply interested in meditation, the East, and yoga.-practically: adv. virtually; almostAmong the recipients of the Nobel Prize for Literature more than half are practically unknown to readers of English.2.I woke from no nightmare, but was in calm and contented possession of my faculties.--- I woke from no nightmare, but remain in a sane state of being calm and contented. faculty: n.a. an inherent mental or physical powerHe is not in full possession of his mental faculties.b. an aptitude or talent for doing somethingHe had the faculty of meeting everyone on the level.c. a group of university departments concerned with a major division of knowledge the faculty of arts; the law faculty3. A mixture of sherbet and milk chocolate in equal parts produces disconcerting results.--- A mixture of sherbet and milk chocolate of equal proportion gives birth to very unpleasing effect.disconcerting: adj. causing one to feel unsettledIf the results of an experiment are too disconcerting, the scientist will check to see whether the experiment was rightly conducted without breach of other conditions. 4.I can play, with a dubious proportion of success, the game of applying to English thoughts and objects the names under which similar thoughts and objects seem to be known in France.---I can play the game of labeling English thoughts and objects with the equivalent thoughts and objects available in France, though whether this works is doubtful. dubious: adj. hesitating, doubting, or questionableHe holds the dubious distinction of being relegated with every club he has played for. It sounds a morally dubious proposal.5. I know- as yet so tentative that no two of them use the same term in the same way.---I know, not so clearly, that the various rival practitioners of a science hold such uncertain views that no two of them use the same term in the same way. practitioner: n. a person actively engaged in an art, discipline, or profession, especially medicineThe best that a practitioner can do is to have regard to the sort of multiplier which has in the past been adopted by judges in similar circumstances.tentative: adj. not certain or fixed; provisionalIt would be at once the most tentative and most final treaty that Earth had ever signed.6. The acquisition of this inconsiderable store has cost me fifty-six years and myparents a good deal of money.---It took me fifty-years and my parents a good sum of money to acquire such poor store of knowledgeinconsiderable: adj.a. of small size, amount, or extentThe prince avoided such pitfalls by simply chartering private jets and paying for them out of his not inconsiderable private coffers.b. unimportant or insignificantAt the same time, there is a good deal of self-congratulation at attending a good college- they are even inclined to exaggerate its not inconsiderable virtues.7. When I put three pennies into an automatic machine, and receive the ticket to Tottenham Count Road, I am not devoured by any desire to know how the miracle is worked.---When I put three pennies into an automatic machine, and get the ticket to the stop of Tottenham Court Road from the machine, I did not have a very strong desire to know the way how the machine works.devour: v.a. to eat (food or prey) hungrily or quicklyThe plants grow naturally in impoverished peat bogs, and they devour insects as a source of protein.b. (of a person) to be totally absorbed by a powerful feelingThe grey eyes roamed over her face, and she felt as though she was being devoured by some huge magnetic force.8. As I said, outside of the range of my own immediate experience, and such deductions of cause and effect as seem to be constant when I come into contact with them, I know next to nothing-and that at the end of an elaborate and costly education.---As I said, though I have received a very systematic and costly education, I know literally nothing, except for the range of my immediate experience, and the unchangeable deduction of cause and effect derived from my daily experience.next to: almostThe sense of relationship overreaches the historical truth that Shakespeare may have known next to nothing of the actual works of Aeschylus, Sophocles, and Euripides. elaborate: adj. involving many carefully arranged parts or details; detailed and complicated in design and planningAn elaborate system of accounting and reports was worked out, and the trade was to be managed in the most scientific way.Some, like the British and the French, maintain an elaborate system of personal contacts and have experts constantly studying special areas of the American scene. 9. After all, when we put theories aside, and come down to brass tacks, why should I be?---Anyway, when we ignore theories, and start talking about the basic facts, why should I be?put aside: ignoreIf Palfrey ever had any doubts about the wickedness of slavery, they were put aside after he received an inventory of the slave property he had inherited.See also set aside, brush aside, aside from, stand asidebrass tacks: the most important or basic facts of a situationGet down to the brass tacks , and quit talking round the subject.10. Why should my limited understanding be tossed about on long and short waves, provi ded I can switch over from the program I don’t want to the one I do?---Why should I torture my limited understanding so much, if I can switch over from my disliked program to my liked program?toss about: feel agitated for something that can not be decidedAlmost any topic under the sun was likely to be tossed about in the course of a morning’s talk.Because he was the victim of the unhappy marriage of his parents, tossed about between the two, he lacked a stable and warm background.11. Not long ago, I made an appalling howler through satisfaction at my own knowledge.---Not long ago, I made a shockingly stupid mistake because of my satisfaction with my own knowledge.appalling: adj. horrifying; shockingIn Mozambique, many are living in appalling conditions without clean water and proper sanitation.howler: n. a very stupid or glaring mistakeThe prospect of making a howler in front of millions of people is a worry, for Television has destroyed some goalkeepers.12. He consults his lawyer before he gives rein to his just indignation.---Before the happily ignorant man let the free go of his anger, he consults his lawyer. give rein to: to give someone the complete freedom of actionShe is highly adept at encouraging people not only to think and give rein to the excitement of ideas, but also to think critically.13. In fact, such a premium has our civilization put upon ignorance, he gets along very comfortably indeed.---In fact, our civilization has regarded ignorance as being so valuable that the happily ignorant man actually gets quite well along his life.put a premium on: to regard or treat as particularly valuable or importantThe practice not only created a dependency culture by reducing the incentive to work, but put a premium on early marriage and on childbirth14. It would be downright discourteous to oppose to his discourse the obstacle of any previous knowledge.---It would be utterly rude to object to his talk, which may be a threat or obstacle to any previous knowledge.downright: adj. (of something bad or unpleasant) utter; complete (used for emphasis) She played a little game with herself, seeing how downright rude she could act to the others, before they’d take offense, threaten to call the manager.discourteous: adj. showing rudeness and a lack of consideration for other peopleThe young man had so little time to learn and he had to be curious he had to find out, so it was not a discourteous question.15. Am I just a surreptitious, disgraceful exception to a rule of enlightenment? Am I just the only one who does not know?---Am I just a shameful guy who keeps the secret of being the only ignorant person to myself？surreptitious: adj. kept secret, especially because it would not be approved ofLow wages were supplemented by surreptitious payments from tradesmen. enlightenment:n. the action or state of attaining or having attained spiritual knowledge or insightI gained a good deal of enlightenment from him.Key to ExercisesI. Reading comprehension1. In a morning when he woke up a few minutes earlier than he usually is, and he had not thought it before.2. It is unwise to take hold of the little door in front of a coal range in one’s fingers (learnt at the age of seven), that a mixture of sherbet and milk chocolate in equal parts produces disconcerting results (discovered at night)，and that it is socially inexpedient to make jokes about false teeth.3. It means that the author can not be sure that his application of the names of the thoughts or objects of one language to another is successful or not, and thus he thinks that its feasibility is doubtful.4. He thinks that his knowledge is inadequate compared to his lifelong investment and his parents’ money. But he feel reassured that ignorance does no harm to him, for an ignorant person does n’t misquote.5. When people realize the fact that sometimes memory is not reliable, the knowledge they possess will bring them trouble and mistakes. Therefore, ignorance does work at this time, for the ignorant men seldom make inaccurate judgment without making aninvestigation first.6. He thought that the author of the book he needed to review had neglected some contents in the book, but actually the author had not. He learned from this experience that ignorance can be a great help to him, for his memory may deceive him sometimes.7. The sentence has an ironical tone, which means that under such civilization of valuing ignorance, knowledge is not necessarily so much useful as one requires. One’s knowledge can sometimes be less helpful to him than necessary, for the information can be quickly accessed in various means.8. (open)II. Vocabulary1. expedient2.sane3. impart4. verify5. discourteous6.tentative7. dubious 8. premium 9.tossing 10. devouredIII. Phrases1. give rein to2.bet on3. at a discount4. put a premium on5. in possession of6. gave an account of7. come down to8. a burst ofIV. Error detection and correction1. “express”改为“expressing”:The potters had virtually eschewed freehand drawing and elaborate motifs of the pots, while yet expressing a belief that there was order in the universe.2. “happen”改为“happens”Taxpayers are being poured into South Africa to support a system dedicated to the oppression of 12 million people the color of whose skins happens not to be white.3. “and”改为“that”This wonderful work of art is such a joy to look at that I can never be sufficiently grateful to you for having given so much of your time in order to give me pleasure.4. “have”改为“have had”Mrs. Thatcher suggested that “had America stayed in Europe after the First World War and we had a NATO then, I do not believe we would have had a Second WorldWar.”5. “manage with”改为“manage”An infectious outbreak among the staff at a time when holidays are at a peak will be more difficult to manage.6. “robbed”改为“robbed off”To escape from a prison camp required a very special state of mind, and I left behind me brave men, whom captivity had robbed of all hope.7. “condemn”改为“condemned”One moment he had been looking forward to a happy and wealthy retirement and now, minutes later, he was a condemned criminal with only a few hours left to live.8. “likely”改为“more likely”This finding is consistent with the fact that student leaders are more likely to be supporters of the values implicit in civil liberties than the other students.9. “much”改为“as much”He ate what he felt like, slept as much or as little as he pleased, and moved about the draughty rooms of the house, like an elderly tourist in a cathedral.10. “allowing”改为“of allowing”It is a question of allowing the human race to survive, possibly under the domination of a regime which most of us detest, or of allowing it to destroy itself in appalling anguish.V. Cloze1. bitterly2. pitch3. sprawling4. observing5. entitled6. vacuum7. around 8. likely 9.diminish 10. contemplation 11. impose 12. subversion 13. reassessment 14. frazzled 15. rejuvenate参考译文无知的乐趣那天早晨，我突然从睡梦中醒过来，这比往常要早几分钟。
在职硕士英语讲义2
Essential English for Part-time Postgraduate Students, Unit 2 Jobs and Careers
Dealing with a Career
You Simply Hate
Find Your Passions: If you are not happy with the work you are doing, take time to reflect on your wants, your desires, your talents, and your unique abilities. Think about the types of jobs that would make you feel fulfilled and satisfied.
Essential English for Part-time Postgraduate Students, Unit 2 Jobs and Careers
Interior Design
Essential English for Part-time Postgraduate Students, Unit 2 Jobs and Careers
Interior Design
Interior design is a multi-faceted profession in which creative and technical solutions are applied within a structure to achieve a built interior environment. The interior design process follows a systematic and coordinated methodology, including research, analysis and integration of knowledge into the creative process, whereby the needs and resources of the client are satisfied to produce an interior space that fulfills the project goals.
研究生英语第二章the new single 课件
• Afford [əˈf ɔrd] vt.提供，给予；买得起， 负担得起 常接在can后面表示负担得起 后常接名词 I live for the day when I can afford to buy a car.
• Housing [ˈha ʊzɪŋ] n.房屋；外壳，遮盖 物 Housing accumulation fund 住房公积金
Background knowledge
• Stockholm：the capital city of Sweden. It is a port and also an import center of business ,art and education.斯德哥尔摩 • 2004年斯德哥尔摩一共有765,044人口，其 中370,482是男性，394,562是女性。平均 年龄是39.8岁，其中40.5%在20岁到44岁 之间。40.4%的人口没有结婚，27.5%已婚， 11.1%离婚。
• 房子被分为几类：公寓，别墅，农场，第二套住房。瑞典政府规定，所 有的房子都必须包括一个卧室，一个厨房，一个厕所和一个阳台。下面 这套是典型的公寓，价格是77万5瑞典克朗，约合人民币73万。公寓面 积55平方米（绝对的实际面积，不是“建筑面积”）。地点在南泰利耶， 交通还算方便，走路可到火车站，坐火车进斯德哥尔摩市区不到1小时 火车，开车大约35公里左右。
Translation
• A self-determined life doesn’t come cheap.In capitals like Stockholm,Rome or Berlin,high rents mean that only big eaners can afford their own housing. • 过自己选择的生活一点也不便宜。在像斯 德哥尔摩、罗马或柏林这样的首都城市， 房租很高，这意味着只有高工资的人才付 得起自己的住房。
研究生学术英语_社科Unit2_翻译
Every field of study has its own language and its own way of thinking. Mathematicians talk about axioms, integrals, and vector spaces. Psychologists talk about ego, id, and cognitive dissonance. Lawyers talk about venue, torts, and promissory estoppel.每个研究领域都有它自己的语言和思考方式。
数学家谈论定理、积分以及向量空间。
心理学家谈论自我、本能、以及认知的不一致性。
律师谈论犯罪地点、侵权行为以及约定的禁止翻供。
Economics is no different. Supply, demand, elasticity, comparative advantage, consumer surplus, deadweight loss—these terms are part of the economist’s language. In the comi ng chapters, you will encounter many new terms and some familiar words that economists use in specialized ways. At first, this new language may seem needlessly arcane. But, as you will see, its value lies in its ability to provide you a new and useful way of thinking about the world in which you live.经济学家也一样。
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研究生如何高效阅读文献？
做笔记 勤思考 多交流
善于比较
Structure of a scientific paper
阅读科技文献的技巧和经验
论文阅读顺序
摘要,引文: 引用的主要信息，研究背景。 图表:了解主要数据和解释。
讨论和结论:将图表和结论联系起来,根据图表
判断结论是否恰当。
结果:详细阅读结果，看数据是如何得到的，
又是如何分析的。
如何读标题？
不要忽视一篇论文的标题，看完标题以后想想 要是让你写你怎么用一句话来表达这个标题， 根据标题推测一下作者论文可能是什么内容。 有时候一句比较长的标题让你写，你可能还不 会表达。下次你写的时候就可以借鉴 。
如何做好文献阅读笔记？
/home.php?mod=space&uid=4175 7&do=blog&id=50899 王德华科学网博客
1. 在广泛阅读的基础上，要善于总结和整合，类 似Minireview 的方式。如果能将类似相近的一 些重要文献(如 10-20 篇)，进行整合和归纳，理 出最新的几个专题的进展，无疑会加深对所阅 读的文献的理解。那么笔记记什么？记录新进 展。哪些是新进展？需要广泛阅读才能知晓。
阅读文献的技巧与经验
1. 由量变到质变（80-100篇）
对于初次进入一个领域的新手，必须阅读大量的文献， 才能把握本领域的动态和方向。 每个作者的研究方法多少有所区别，读得多了，渐渐就
会比较出研究方法的优点和缺点，对自己今后的研究大
有裨益。 最初很吃力，后来会随着阅读量增加而逐渐融会贯通。
如何读discussion ？
一般把前面部分看完以后不急于看分析讨论。 我会想如果是我做出来这些结果，我会怎么来 写这部分分析与讨论呢？然后慢慢看作者的分 析与讨论，仔细体会作者观点，为我所用。
当然有时候别人的观点比较新，分析比较深刻 ，偶尔看不懂也是情理之中。当你看的多 了， 你肯定会看的越来越懂，自己的idea越来越多
background
conclusion
methods & results
如何读摘要？
快速浏览一遍，这里主要介绍这篇文章做了些 什么。
也许初看起来不好理解，看不懂，这时候不要 气馁，不管它往下看，等你看完这篇文章的时 候也许你都明白了。
摘要写的很简洁，省略了很多前提和条件，在 你第一眼看到摘要而不明白作者意图的时候看 不懂是正常的。
需要阅读却尚未阅读。以后想到时，还能及时找到。
阅读文献的技巧与经验
6. 天天学习天天阅读
如果只作为一个收藏家，就失去了研究的意义。 下载的目的是学习。通过阅读，掌握专业领域的方法 和知识。 只要坚持学习，就会积累起自己的知识架构。水到渠 成，游刃有余。
阅读文献的技巧与经验
7. 多数文章看摘要，少数文章看全文
如何读Results？
看结果这部分一定要结合结果中的图和表看.
主要看懂试验的结果，体会作者的表达方法（
例如作者用不同的句子结构描述一些数字的结
果）。
有时看完以后再想想：就这么一点结果，别人
居然可以大篇幅的写这么多，要是我可能半页
就说完了？
从Discussion里获取什么？
Background for understanding the discussion背景阐述 What they did, found, thought and what it means for the disipline 研究过程、结果及意义 Comment 给出评论 Comparision to previous research与前人工作对比 How their results were unique or different from previous research与前人工作相比有何独特之处 Limitations 局限性
React to what you read？
Highlight major points
On papers you plan to keep, underline main points or mark them with a line in the margin; make notes so that new ideas will stand out. When you see a chart or table, examine it. Figure out what its significance is. What trends does it show? What correlations? Write a note explaining it in your own way.
React to what you read？
React to the points in the paper
If you see a correlation to other work, note it in the margin. If you doubt a statement, note your objection. If you find a pleasing quotation, write it down.
追踪某个专题、某个专家的研究进展，比较同一专题的 论点的发展，掌握其新的方法或新结论，或注意作者观 点的改变，探究其原因。 培养个人的学术修养。对于高质量高水平的期刊，定期 浏览，从面上了解学术进展和热点。
阅读文献的技巧与经验
4. 好记性不如烂笔头 无论是工作中的点滴发现，思想火花，都应该写下来。 对写文献综述大有裨益。
摘精粹
一篇文章自己不可能都用得到，用得到的，可 能是文章的某个方面，某段话，某种方法，将 他们摘出来。不求多，只求有用。
学文法
写文章，写报告，写学术论文，文法上是很不 相同的。涉及专业方面一定要使用专业术语。 如果要投国外刊物时，要使用专业英语，日文， 所以平时要注意某些专业英文，日文等名词的 使用。现在有专业英语课程，所以能行最好选 修该课程，对发表文章是很有裨益的。
如何做好文献阅读笔记？
3. 要重视论文的题目和摘要，这是很重要和简洁、 精炼的信息。一篇论文的精华部分都在这里。 4. 阅读文献和专著是需要积累的，要坚持不懈， 读文献有个量变到质变的过程，阅读量大了， 积累多了，需要总结的方面就多了。这样日久 天长，通过知识的整合，知识框架会逐渐完善， 自己肚子里的“货”就会感觉逐渐充实起来了， 用和取的时候就会很自如。
React to what you read？
Summarize what you read
When you have digested an article, write a short summary. In your own words, state what you learned from the paper. What were the main points for you? Keep the summary with the article for future reference. Writing a summary helps to relate the paper to what you already know, again aiding memory by tying into your framework for the subject. The summary also serves as a reference when you need to return to the paper.
/blog-46212-350496.html
学生如何提高专业英文阅读能力—— 施一公
/blog-46212-350496.html
准备笔和纸 决定是否读 略读
Efficient Reading of Papers in Science and Technology
查漏洞
思考一下，这篇文章，方法，方案，论点漏洞 在哪里。有些作者，会自己告诉读者，本实验 存在那些不足。 尤其是对于自己研究领域的文献，尤为重要。 这就是将来自己的研究方向和增长点。
作总结
将一篇文章的作者、核心内容之类写清楚，已 备论文写作参考之用。同时用自己的语言，在 笔记本，或者word上，将上面的东西总结一下。 脑子里有的东西，有时是禁不起推敲的，写出 来，无形中就严谨了一些，也加深了认识。
如何做好文献阅读笔记？
2. 有些重要文献需要精读，读几遍是不行的，要 很熟悉。这类文献在不同时期读有不同时期的 理解，做笔记的内容不一样：
开题阶段，可能比较注重某个方向或领域的理论和观点、实 验方法和技术手段； 实验阶段，可能比较注意进行结果之间的比较，根据文献结 果和变化规律，对自己的结果进行一些趋势预测； 论文写作阶段，可能会比较关注结果分析、理论学说的验证 等等。与之相应，多数文献是需要泛读的，可能只需要读读 题目，可能只看看摘要，也可能只浏览一下图表等等。
深入阅读和理解
挑战争论
检验结论和理由的合理性 如何应用
阅读文献五步走
读思路 摘精粹 学文法
查漏洞
作总结
读思路
对于高水平高影响力的文献，譬如与我们专业
相关的国外刊物Nature Geoscience、Geology、
EPSL、GCA等，找出作者究竟在如何论证自己
的观点。如果换作自己，又当如何？作者通过 什么方式绕过难点，一步步地，严谨而又巧妙 的论述。看清楚思路。
地调院硕士研究生专业英语
邓娅敏 Dr. Yamin Deng
yamin.deng@
中国地质大学（武汉）地质调查研究院
Geological Survey China University of Geosciences