研究生专业英语
研究生专业英语
—秘书(secretary):
负责会议程序的运转；出版会议文集；把会议主席 介绍给听众；做会议记录并分发给组织委员会成员；
—后勤委员会(logistics committee):
准备会议所用的设备；会议用餐以及住宿；会议 的注册；安排会议的随行人员；
poster presentation full paper presentation
14 time slot / time limit / time block 时间段
cf. allotted time allocated time agreed time limit stay within … minutes confine to … minutes prize address 获奖者发言 提问与回答时间 集体讨论，集中讨论 安排在每一个报告后的提问与答问时间 question and answer session (Q &A) general discussion one-to-one Q &A
round－table 圆桌会议 special panel 专题讨论会 poster session 张贴会议，展示会议 annual meeting biennial meeting 年会 隔年会议
3
announcement
会议通知（first …, second …）
circular
会议通告（first …, second …）
Some words
1. Field 研究领域 cf： area, discipline, interest, major, subject, scope, range, category 2. conference 会议、大会 cf：symposium 研讨会（专题性较强，有类似讲座性质的报告会议） congress 大会（通常是具有代表性质的会议，尤指政治性会议）
博士研究生专业英语考试
博士研究生专业英语考试
博士研究生专业英语考试（English Proficiency Test for Ph.D. Candidates）是用于评估博士研究生在英语听、说、读、写能力方面的考试。
该考试旨在测试学生对学术领域内英语的理解和运用能力，以确保学生具备进行学术研究和写作的基本英语能力。
博士研究生专业英语考试通常包括以下几个方面的内容：
1. 听力考试（Listening Test）：测验学生对英语听力材料的理解能力，包括听取学术讲座、学术研究报告等。
2. 口语考试（Speaking Test）：测验学生在学术交流中的口头表达能力，包括自我介绍、回答问题、陈述观点等。
3. 阅读考试（Reading Test）：测验学生对英语学术文献的阅读理解能力，包括理解文章主旨、判断作者观点、理解文章结构等。
4. 写作考试（Writing Test）：测验学生的学术写作能力，要求学生根据提供的题目或材料进行学术论述或分析。
博士研究生专业英语考试的成绩经常作为博士研究生入学的重要参考依据，学生需要根据考试要求进行针对性的准备。
通过这个考试，学生能够提高自己的英语水平，为以后的学术研究和职业发展奠定基础。
(完整word版)专业学位硕士研究生英语教程12
unit 12EducationPreviewEducation has long been given a priority in a civilized society。
It is mostly believed that the sole responsibility for educating students lies on teachers，and for any wrong—doing in students' behavior and any low achievement in students' performance teachers are to blame. Is it fair? Education is a constructive and cooperative job。
Virtually, parents have a critical role to play in the process of child education。
How should teachers and parents work together to provide better cultivation to children? Maybe，we need more parents to put more effort into their parenting and into creating the environment in which their children come to school ready and willing to learn.I．Text ReadingWarm—upHow should parents raise their children properly，and create a better circumstance for their children？Parents are the first teachers for their children. Parents' behavior，efforts they take，and the surroundings they create have critical impact on their children。
研究生英语课程课后答案(专硕)
Unit 1Text AII. Language points1.How successful you’ll be in making transitions among careers can at least be partially attributed to the amount of career planning and preparation you’ve done. <Para. 1> If you are well-prepared in making plans for your future career, the chances are that you might as well succeed in changing your career because how successfully you change your career may in part result from what preparations you’ve done in career planning.2.Think of career planning as building bridges from your current job/career to your next job/career; without the bridge, you may easily stumble or lose your way, but with the bridge there is safety and directions. <Para. 2> You should regard making plans for your career as building bridges which are the transitions from your current job/career to your next job/career and may help you find the right door to the future.3.And while career planning and career decision-making is an important aspect of your life, do not put so much pressure on yourself that it paralyzes you from making any real choices, decisions, or plans. <Para. 5>… don’t put too much pressure on yourself to make real choices, decisions, or plans.4.To help you with your career planning, consider using the following exercises to their fullest potential. <Para. 6> … consider using the following exercises to their fullest degree/ as much as possible.5.Reflect on the times and situations in which you feel most passionate, most energetic, most engaged — and see if you can develop a common profile of these situations. <Para. 9> Consider the times and situations in which you feel most excited, most vigorous, most engrossed— and try to generalize the features these situations have in common.6.Remember those papers you had to write as a kid about what you wanted to be when you grew up? <Para. 13> Do you still remember when you were little you were asked to write about what you would like to be in the future?7.Take the time to revert back to those idyllic times and brainstorm about your current dream job; be sure not to let any negative thoughts cloud your thinking.<Para. 13> Spend some time in returning back to these simple, peaceful and pleasant times and trying to think more about your current ideal job to make sure that no negative thoughts could make your thinking obscure /unclear.8.Look for ideas internally, but also make the effort to explore/research other careers/occupations that interest you. <Para. 13> You should not only look for ideas inside yourself/ at the bottom of your heart, but also explore/research other careers/occupations you are interested in from the outside.9.Pinpoint the qualifications you need to move to the next step in your career or to make the move to a new career path. <Para. 18> Mark clearly the qualifications that are needed in career changing.10.If you’re not sure, search job postings and job ads, conduct informational interviews, research job descriptions.<Para.18> If you’re not sure about the qualifications required in the new career, you should search job pos tings and jobadvertisements for those qualifications, take part in interviewsin which you know something about the job, and study the list of general tasks, or functions, and responsibilities of a position..11.Develop a timeline and action plans for achieving each type, being sure to set specific goals and priories. <Para. 20>Make a timetable and action plans for achieving each type of qualification you need and remember to set concrete goals and decide what should be done first.12.Businesses, careers, and the workplace are rapidly changing, and the skills that you have or plan for today may notbe in demand years from now. <Para. 21> Businesses, careers, and the workplace are rapidly changing, and the skills that you have mastered or you plan to master now may not be required or needed in the future.13.Long-range career planning should be more about identifying and developing core skills that employers will alwaysvalue while developing your personal and career goals in broad strokes.<Para. 21> When planning career for the long.run, you should focus on pinpointing and developing the essential skills in general that will always be valued no matter whom your employers are or how time changes.14.Here’s a collection of the best self-assessment tools, designed to give you a better idea of your attitudes and interestsas they relate to possible career choices. <Para. 25> The best collected self-assessment tools are developed to make you clear about your attitudes and interests related to the careers that you may choose.15.Some tools and resources especially for established job-seekers contemplating a career change.<Para. 26> In thesection of Career Change Resources, there are some tools and resources especially for those established job-hunters who consider changing careers.16.Taking the time to use a career journal is a fantastic way to conduct career planning on a regular basis. <Para. 31> Itis great to spend some time using a career journal to carry out career planning regularly.17.The concept of transferable skills is a vital job-search technique that all job-seekers should master, though theconcept is especially important for career changers and college students.<Para. 33> All job-hunters should master those skills that are needed to make transitions from school to workplace or from your current job to the next jobIII. Key to the exercises1. Reading Comprehension<1>According to the author, career planning is very essential because it functions as bridges built from one’s currentjob/career to his/her next job/career and with the bridges there is safety and direction.<2>The main idea of the passage:The passageoffers some basic guidelines for both short-term and long-term career planning.<3>Short-term career plan and long-term career plan are different. A short-term career plan focuses on a timeframeranging from the coming year to the next few years. It is characterized by developing realistic goals and objectives that can be accomplished in the near future. But long-term career planning usually involves a broader set of guidelines and preparation and focuses on and developing workplace core skills and identifying career trends.<4>In order to hold a positive attitude towards short-term career planning, you should free yourself form all career barriers,such as personal barriers, family pressure and peer pressure. And you shouldn’t put so much pressure on yourself because it may paralyze you from making any real choices, decisions, or plans.<5>Before you develop a picture of yourself and your career, you should analyze your current/future lifestyle,likes/dislikes, passion, definition of success, personality, dream job and current situation.2. VocabularySection A<1> on the move <2> In terms of <3> quintessential <4> perspective<5> priority<6> cloud <7> brainstormed <8> extravert, introvert<9> Reverting <10> timeframeSection B<1> A<2> B<3> C<4> C<5> A<6> D<7> D<8> A<9> C<10> A3. Cloze<1> right<2> not<3> wrong<4> First of all<5> knowledge<6> Only<7> no matter what<8> outperform<9> successful<10> higher<11> who<12> still<13> rather than<14> figure out<15> worst<16> Then<17> However<18> rehearse<19> more<20>instead of4. TranslationA. Chinese to English1> Translate the following sentences into English.<1> Although we failed this time, we should not be sunk in apathy, because as we all know, "failure is the mother ofsuccess.〞And we are all wedded to the belief that this failure will be the beginning of future success.<2>The idyllic Indonesian island is a beautiful combination of spirituality, natural beauty and a taste of the exotic.<3>Adolescence, the transition from childhood to adulthood, is always a critical time for everybody. So parents must pay1 / 432special attention to their children’s growth in this period.<4>Thank you for your really practical advice, but I still need time to reflect on it.<5>You’d better contemplate the related issues before making a final decision, and formulate a feasible action plan thatcan be fulfilled in one year.<6>In this English Speaking Contest, what impresses me most is that contestant 11 is a very fluent speaker of English, butit’s a pity that he fails to confine himself to the subject.<7>Neither difficulty nor failure frustrates his passion in his research. He was content to go as far as he could.<8>Anthropologists, as far as I know, are still unable to pinpoint just where along the line man and the apes branched intotwo distant species.2> Translate the following paragraph into English.We all have goals and aspirations. Sometimes we have difficulty knowing where to start. We want that new body, or want to be healthy and have more energy, but we just do not know what the first step is. In addition, the road to our goals is sometimes a rocky one. It is difficult to transgress and sometimes we just want to give up. We sometimes forget that our current situation did not occur overnight and so changing it will not happen overnight either. It will take time and hard work. Therefore, I suggest that you should set only one goal at a time.When you try to take on too much at once, you can become overwhelmed quickly. Create a list and take one goal at a time. Once you achieve that goal, back to your list to mark it off, and move to the next one. The act of achieving goals individually will give you a greater sense of accomplishment. You can even break the one goal into smaller parts. This gives you motivation and success more often than waiting for days or months to achieve a larger goal.B. English to Chinese1> Translate the following paragraph into Chinese.每位求职者都需要花点时间远离日常繁忙的工作,仔细思量你的事业,为未来制定计划.无论你喜欢现在的工作和老板或是感到受缚于目前工作,职业规划能够帮助你.职业规划被视作建立连接目前工作/职业和未来工作/职业的桥梁,没有这座桥,你会跌跌撞撞或迷失方向；但有了这座桥,就有了安全的保证和明确的方向.2> Read the passage carefully and translate the underlined sentences into Chinese.〔1〕一位权威科学家警告说,机器人在家庭、工作场所和战争中的兴起必须受到伦理规X的监督和控制,以此限定机器人在一些敏感情境中的运用,比如看小孩、照顾老人以与作战等情境.〔2〕谢菲尔德大学的人工智能专家诺埃尔·夏基教授警告说,机器人正被引入潜在的敏感情境中,这可能会导致〔被服务者〕与世隔绝的状态,因为人们在给机器人设定指令后,往往很长时间不再问津.〔3〕第一条规定机器人不得伤害人类；第二条规定机器人必须服从人类的命令,但不得违反第一条定律；第三条规定机器人应尽量保护自己,但不得违反前两条定律.〔4〕但是20世纪末提出的有关具有高度人工智能的机器人将崛起的预言并未实现,不过机器人科学家已赋予了听命于他们的机器以准智能的特征,比如简单的言语识别、情绪表达以与面部识别等能力.〔5〕目前机器人的智力水平连愚蠢都算不上.如果我哪怕认为他们会在智力上高出人类一等,我都不会有这些担忧了. Text BCareer Path: Acting Your AgeKey to the exercisesGuess the meaning of the word<s><1> troublesome<2> strenuous<3> handicap <4> similar in meaning<5> applies <6> commendable <7> saturated <8> intimidating<9> attracting <10> What’s moreTrue or false(1)T<2>F<3>T<4>F<5>F<6>T<7>T<8>F.Unit 2Text AII. Language points1.Even a modest space voyage, Dyson calculated, would set the average family back 1,500 years in wages. <P ara.1>According to Dyson’s calculation, even a modest and common space voyage would cost the average family wages of about 1,500 years.set back: cost <a person> specific amounte.g. My new car set me back $3000.2.The difference reflected the relative difficulty of space travel, but also the limitations of big government programs to do things on the cheap.<Para.1>The cost difference not only has showed space travel is much more difficult than the Mayflower’s voyage in 1620 and the westward journey of the Mormons in 1840s, but also prove d that government needs to reduce its spending on big and expensive programs and turn its attention to the programs that cost less money.3.Nothing has happened in the past 40 years to suggest that NASA has come any closer to the commercial sweet spot of the Colonial settlers. <P ara.2> In the past 40 years, nothing has shown that NASA’s has found its best solution to which it could start and develop its business just like early colonial settlers who found their place, Massachusetts, to settle down and made their living move on based on their settlement.A sweet spot is a place, often numerical as opposed to physical, where a combination of factors suggests a particularly suitable solution. In the context of a racquet, bat or similar sporting instrument, sweet spot is often believed to be the same as the center of percussion. In this context, sweet spot means a financially profitable situation. Colonial settlers found this sweet spot while NASA didn’t come close.4.The commission headed by Lockheed Martin chairman Norm Augustine that has spent much of the past year deliberating on NASA’s human spaceflight program… <Para.2>deliberate on: to consider /discuss or negotiate仔细研究,审议e.g. We had no time to deliberate on the problem.5....even though ending this program would send NASA’s international partners into apoplexy. <P ara.2>…even though ending the ISS program would make NASA’s international partners feel very angry.The apoplexy is an outdated medical term, which can be used to mean "bleeding〞. It can be used non-medically to mean a state of extreme rage or excitement.6.More embarrassing, with NASA’s space shuttle due to be mothballed in 2010, and its cheaper replacement, the Orion capsule, not due to fly until 2012, the partners face a two year gap in which they will have to rely on Russia’s Soyuz ships to commute to the space station.<Para.2> To NASA’s embarrassment, they had to stop using their shuttle in 2010 and its cheaper replacement, the Orion capsule cannot fly until 2012, so there will be a two year gap between 2010 and 2012, in which NASA’s international partners have to depend on Russia’s ship to come and go to the space station.mothball: to decide not to use or develop something, for a period of time, especially a piece of equipment or a plan 封存；搁置不用If someone in authority mothballs a plan, factory, or piece of equipment, they decide to stop developing or using it, perhaps temporarily.7.The shortfall may force NASA to open up its space-exploration program to commercial operators to a degree that’s unprecedented in its history.<Para.3> The shortage or lack of money may force NASA to get commercial operators involved in its space-exploration program to a degree that has never happened before.shortfall:n. 缺口；差额；亏空If there is a shortfall in something, there is less of it than you need.8.The move could create opportunities for the modern equivalents of Young and Bradford—entrepreneurs willing to risk their livelihoods on making the exploration of space affordable by not only designing and building ships for3 / 434NASA, but also by providing shuttle services to deliver NASA astronauts or equipment to their targets. <Para.3>The move—NASA’s opening up its space program to commercial or private sectors— could create opportunities for upcoming modern entrepreneurs like Young and Bradford in the early times. They are willing to take a risk in spending much money, effort and even their lives on space exploration in order to get it started and moved on by not only designing and building ships for NASA, but also by providing shuttle services to deliver NASA astronauts or equipment to meet NASA’s targets. 9.In the past, NASA has been deeply involved in managing design and development work by outside contractors, a messy process that made the shuttle expensive and unsafe, rather than cheap and safe. Now the agency is under pressure to step back and buy services wholesale from private firms.<Para.3>In the past, NASA has spent much effort and time asking outside contractors to design and develop space shuttles, which is a very complicated process making the space shuttle expensive and unsafe rather than cheap and safe. Now due to financial pressure, the agency has stepped back to entrust private firms to do all the business for NASA.10."We’re talking about a movement from where the government has been the prime contractor, managing situationswith a very hands-on role, to a situation where they are just a customer,〞says Larry Williams. <Para.3> We are talking about the movement —NASA has shifted it role from a major contractor who needs to do every detailed and practical work by itself to a customer who buys services wholesale from private firms.11.The next step is to work out similar deals with private firms to send astronauts aloft. <Para.5> The next step is toenable the private firms to send astronauts to outer space just like cargo that can be delivered.aloft:adj./adv.high in the air 在空中高处Something that is aloft is in the air or off the ground.12.To do that, NASA will have to relinquish some of its oversight of crew safety. This isn’t entirely without precedent.<Para.5> In order to let private firms send astronauts into space, NASA will have to give uptheir responsibility of regulating crew safety. This has happened before.relinquish:vt.to stop having something, especially when this happens unwillinglyIf you relinquish something such as power or control, you give it up.oversight: the state of being in charge of somebody/something 负责；照管13.Space X claims it could adapt its cargo-carrying spaceship for ferrying a human crew in less than three years, once itgets the green light. <Para.6> Space X claims it could make some change to its spaceship so that it could send people to outer space in less than three years, once it gets permission.14.If Virgin and other commercial firms can deliver, Earth orbit will be far more accessible than it’s ever been before.Although it would still be a stretch for all but the wealthiest people, costs could come down low enough to jump-start markets for tourism. <Para.8> If commercial firms like Virgin Galactic can deliver man to Earth orbit, then Earth orbit would be much easier to get to than ever before. It would be open to nobody but the wealthiest people since only the rich can afford the high price,but the cost could be reduced so that it would become a rising market for tourism.15.The big sticking point, however, will be safety. Even though NASA holds the safety of its crew paramount, it stillhasn’t been able to escape the occasional disaster, like the loss of the Columbia shuttle and its crew in 2003. <Para.8> The key point is still the consideration of safety of its crew. Even though NASA regards the safety of its crew as the most important thing, it still hasn’t been able to avoid the occasional disaster, such as the loss of the Space shuttle, Columbia andits 7 crew members in 2003.16.…the space shuttle is unreliable, in part, because its all-purpose design is overly complex. NASA needs a biggerrocket capable of sending a crew, with equipment and supplies for a long-duration trip, beyond the tether of Earth’s gravity. <Para.9>… the space shuttle is unreliable partly because its space shuttle is designed for all- around purposes, such as carryingcargo or people, etc. And the process of design is extremely complex. NASA needs a bigger rocket capable of sending a crew, with equipment and supplies for a longer trip, beyond the limitation or influence of Earth’s gravity.overly: too/ extremely17.It might be able to entice commercial firms to undertake their own big rockets if there were some payoff down theroad. <Para.9> Private firms might be attracted to build their own rockets to deliver astronauts to outer space if they could get profits..payoff:n. return; reward; payment18.Many seemingly ridiculous ideas for generating energy and beaming it back to Earth now seem much less so, thanksto the climate crisis. <Para.9> The ideas of generating energy and shining it back to earth, which used to sound very funny, but now seems much possible and necessary due to the consideration of the climate crisis.19.…the challenge of sending people safely into deep space and back for a profit is big enough to give any entrepreneurpause. <Para.10> … the challenge for private services to send people safely into deep space and back for making profits is so big that any entrepreneur would hesitate before they take their steps.give sb./sth. pause:使踌躇,使犹豫This finding should give pause to it. 这个发现令人深思.His recent behavior has given her pause about their relationship.他最近的行为让她对他们的关系产生了犹豫.20.The Industrial Revolution didn’t take off until the railways arrived. <Para.11>Here it means that the private sector will play an important role and do lots of work in deep space only if NASA gets it started.III. Key to the exercises1. Reading comprehension<1> In early times there was an essay comparing space travel to the colonization, but nothing can keep Dyson from makingameticulous effort to quantify and compare the costs of these vastly different ventures.<2>By presenting the relationship between FedEx and the U.S. Postal service, the writer wants to showthat NASA actually canpay private firms, like Space X to design and develop space program.<3>NASA opened up its space exploration program to commercial operators because NASA lacksfunding to keep its humanspaceflight program moving on and operating. So, it is the shortfall that forces NASA to open up its space-exploration program to commercial operators.<4>There are two steps that NASA is going to take after it begins working with smaller companies.The first is to get cargodelivered to space; the next step is to work out similar deals with private firms to send astronauts aloft.<5>Give your own comments.2. VocabularySection A<1> fanciful<2> eminent<3>meticulous<4>aloft<5>mogul<6> shortfall<7> quantify<8> relinquished<9> entrust<10> wholesaleSection B<1> C<2> B<3> C<4> D<5> B<6> C<7> B<8> D<9> C<10> B3. Cloze<1> predicted<2> pass<3> doubt<4> catch<5> running<6> high-lever<7> lag<8> convinced<9>assured<10> reasonably<11>dismissed<12> acute<13> called<14> offer<15> creation<16> feats<17> failed<18>lack<19> blame<20> boss4. TranslationA. Chinese to English1> Translate the following sentences into English.<1>By some estimates, 10 million Americans will be telecommuting in 5 years so that three quarters of a billion gallons ofpetrol could be saved.<2>Rogge also thanked the security forces that kept the Winter Olympic Games safe at the cost of about $310 million, a billthat increased following the Sept. 11 terrorist attacks.<3>Government has given our city a modern international airport capable of meeting our requirements far into the next century.<4>What makes parents worry is that some primary students keep indulging themselves in computer games day and night and5 / 436nothing can entice them from computers.<5>It’s an interesting suggestion for space program, but we need a bit longer time to give pause to it since it is so costly.<6>At present, government particularly needs to work on vocational training in various forms, open up new opportunities ofemployment and strive to assist as many laid-off workers as possible in finding new jobs.<7>A recent survey found 55 percent of those polled considered true love paramount in a relationship, while 45 percent stillbelieved in love at first sight.<8>Graduates are under great pressure before leaving college because of job hunting, poverty, emotional problems, schoolachievements and surroundings, etc.2> Translate the following paragraph into English.After the Soviet space program launched the world’s first human-made satellite <Sputnik 1> on October 4, 1957, the attention of the United States turned toward its own fledgling space efforts. The U.S. Congress, alarmed by the perceived threat to U.S. security and technological leadership <known as the "Sputnik crisis〞>, urged immediate and swift action; President Dwight D. Eisenhower and his advisers counseled more deliberate measures. Several months of debate produced an agreement that a new federal agency was needed to conduct all non-military activity in space. The Advanced Research Projects Agency <ARPA> was also created at this time.B. English to Chinese1> Translate the following paragraph into Chinese.首要任务是把货物送到太空. 美国航空航天局猎户星座航空舱仅是针对航天员设计的,所以把种子基金付给私人太空机构去实现把物品送到太空站.去年美国航空航天局就签订了两个合同, 一个是以16亿美元的价格委托美国宇宙探索技术公司<SpaceX>为美国航空航天局12次发射运载火箭. 另一个是以19亿美元的价格委托美国轨道科技公司〔Orbital Sciences Corp.〕为其完成八次太空飞行任务.为了履行这一合同,美国宇宙探索技术公司<SpaceX> 现正在组建猎鹰9号火箭助推器,以便运送无人驾驶的太空舱与太空站对接.太空员卸下货物后让其返回地球.美国轨道科技公司〔Orbital Sciences Corp.〕组建的类似的金牛座II火箭预计将在20##投入使用.威廉说："从美国航空航天局的角度来看,他们最终关心的不是你怎么收到了,而是想办法把送到.〞2> Read the passage carefully and translate the underlined sentences into Chinese.〔1〕太空项目的提案者早就有过这样的警告,逐渐增加的太空垃圾带最终会导致碰撞,就正如星期二所发生的,在西伯利亚上空500英里处,美国的一颗卫星与现已失效的俄罗斯卫星发生严重的撞击.〔2〕人类有惊人的乱丢垃圾的能力,但普遍存在的共识是：浩瀚的太空不会因为人类的行为而受到巨大的伤害.〔3〕我们的卫星在太空飞行的最高处离地球22000英里,当你知道这是地球到月球距离的1/10时,这一距离就听起来就不是很远的了.〔4〕每次即便是我们把一个小小的卫星送入它运行的轨道,伴随这一运载过程的也不仅仅是卫星.〔5〕一些政府机构的联盟,包括美国航空航天局、北美防空联合司令部,甚至美通讯委员会跟踪记录了星球上空的漂浮的所有垃圾,目前这些不断增加的垃圾让人无比地恐慌.Text BThe New Space Race<1> left / flied away from<2> hesitated<3> prevented or impaired<4> brought back to use/ revived <5> unfriendly/ hostile<6> made free from bacteria<7> space / vacancy <8>vulnerable / weak<9> a kind of metal element <10> filled with/ full ofTrue or false<1> T<2> F<3> F<4> T<5> F<6> T<7> T<8> FUnit 3Text A.II. Language points1. The utilitarian doctrine is, that happiness is desirable, and the only thing desirable, as an end; all other things being only desirable as means to that end.<Para. 1>The utilitarian principle is that happiness is worth obtaining and is the only thing worth obtaining as a purpose; all other things being so only as a way to obtain happiness.2.What ought to be required of this doctrine, what conditions is it requisite that the doctrine should fulfill, to make good its claim to be believed?<Para. 1>What requirements should this principle meet, what are the necessary conditions this principle should accomplish to make its claim good for people to believe?requisite a. required by circumstances or necessary for successe.g. Have you the requisite visa to enter Canada?have/lack the requisite capital to start a business3.In like manner, I apprehend, the sole evidence it is possible to produce that anything is desirable, is that people do actually desire it.<Para. 2>Likewise, I think the only evidence we can possibly offer to prove anything to be desirable is that people do actually desire it.apprehend v. grasp the meaning of <sb./sth.>; understande.g. Do I apprehend you aright, i.e. Do you mean what I think you mean?sole a. one and only; singlee.g. the sole cause of the accidentthe sole survivor of the crash4.If the end which the utilitarian doctrine proposes to itself were not, in theory and in practice, acknowledged to be an end, nothing could ever convince any person that it was so.<Para. 1>If the purpose which the utilitarian doctrine itself intends to fulfillwere not accepted to be a purpose both in theory and in practice, then nothing could ever make anyone believe that it was so.5. No reason can be given why the general happiness is desirable, except that each person, so far as he believes it to be attainable, desires his own happiness.<Para. 2>We can give no reason why the general happiness is desirable except that each person desires his own happiness as long as he believes that it can be achieved.attainable a. that can be attainede.g. These objectives are certainly attainable.6.This, however, being a fact, we have not only all the proof which the case admits of, but all which it is possible to require, that happiness is a good, that each person’s happiness is a good to that person, and the general happiness, therefore, a good to the aggregate of all persons.<Para. 2>However, it is a fact that the general happiness is desirable, and we have not only all the evidence that the case agrees with, but all the evidence that it is likely to need,to prove that happiness is a benefit, that each person’s happiness is a benefit to that person, and the general happiness, therefore, a benefit to all persons as a whole.aggregate n. total amount; mass or amount brought togethere.g. the complete aggregate of unemployment figures7.Now it is palpable that they do desire things which, in common language, are decidedly distinguished from happiness. <Para. 3>Now it is obvious that people do desire things which, in everyday words, are definitely different from happiness. palpable a. clear to the mind; obviouse.g. a palpable lie, errordistinguish v. recognize the difference between <people or things>e.g. People who cannot distinguish between colours are said to be colour-blind.The twins are so alike that no one can distinguish one from the other.8.They desire, for example, virtue, and the absence of vice, no less really than pleasure and the absence of pain.<Para.3>For example, they want to have virtue and avoid vice as much as they want to have pleasure and avoid pain.vice:n. evil or unprincipled conduct; wickednesse.g. Greed is a terrible vice.9.The desire of virtue is not as universal, but it is as authentic a fact, as the desire of happiness. <Para. 3>Although the7 / 43。
专业学位硕士研究生英语教程Unit-8词汇及课后答案
Unit 8Literary WorksWord Bankbodega: n. a small Spanish [grocer杂货店老板->grocer’s (shop)] grocery (日杂用品) store, sometimes combined with a wineshop酒店，酒窖; spirit 精神/灵魂/烈性酒brandy: n. an alcoholic liquor distilled (分馏) from wine or fermented (发酵的) fruit juice白兰地; brand new崭新的(coffee<->) cafe (=cafeteria): n. (US) a place to buy drinks, simple meals, and snacks (快餐) in 咖啡馆，小餐馆client: n. a customer or patron顾客->patriot-> patrioticcommit: v. to do or perform sth. illegal做，实行或犯（罪）(confident: adj. ->) confidence: n. trust or faith in sb. or sth.信心，信赖despair (n./ vi. ->desperate: adj.): n. complete loss of hope绝望dew: n. water droplets (小水滴) condensed (凝结) from the air, usually at night露珠; -let: adj. small/ tinydignity (n. ->dignify: vt.): n. poise (n. / vt. 平衡) and self-respect尊严(drink->drank->) drunk: adj. intoxicated with alcoholic liquor喝醉的; drunk driving酒后驾车; drunkard醉鬼(dust->) dusty: adj. covered or filled with dust布满尘埃的employ (->employer<-> employee): v. to make use of使用hombre: n. (slang俚语/ 方言) a man from Spain男人，西班牙系的人insomnia: n. c hronic (慢性的/长期的) inability to fall asleep or remain asleep for an adequate (=enough) length of time失眠(症)insult: v. to treat with rudeness侮辱nasty: adj. dirty and smelly emission (散发): n. the act or an instance of emitting肮脏，邋遢的(omit->) omission省略, 删除rap: (1)n. 说唱文学作品; (2)vt. to hit sharply and swiftly敲击regard: (1) n. careful thought or attention留意，关心; (2)vt. consider认为reluctant(->reluctance): adj. be unwilling (to do sth.); (be) disinclined不愿意的<->be inclined to do sth.想做某事(sauce调味汁->) saucer: n. a small shallow dish having a slight circular (圆形的/ 环形的) depression (凹槽) in the center for holding a cup茶托shutter: n. a hinged cover or screen for a window, usually fitted with louvers (天窗,) 百叶窗spill: v. to cause or allow to run or fall out of a container (容器) 溢出，溅出square广场; ~ meter平方米/ cubic meter立方米自杀; pesticide杀虫剂syntax: n. the pattern of formation of sentences or phrases in a language句式，句型, 句法terrace: n. a platform extending outdoors (adv.户外) from a floor of a house or an apartment building平台, balcony阳台/ 楼厅unjust: (1) adj. unfair不公平的; (2)adv. What did you say just now?unpolished: adj. lacking in good manners, culture, or refinement粗鲁的；polish (=flatter)：vt. 阿谀奉承Phrases and Expressionsclose up: to cause to cease operation or being used打烊in a hurry (vi./ n.): hurriedly匆忙地; Hurry up, or we’ll be late!keep watch: to keep an careful observation盯梢; night watch守夜人; watch TV; see a film; listen to the news over the radio.put up (=lift): to construct or erect (竖立) sth.举起，抬起stay up (late) (=sit up late): not go to bed熬夜(turn on<->) turn off: to stop the operation or flow of sth. by means of a tap (水龙头), switch [(1)n.开关; (2)vi.转换] or button关掉(<->bottom)；code switch转码Reading ComprehensionChoose the best for each of the following.1. Why did the two waiters of the café keep a close watch on the old man? ( B )A. Because the old man never showed up before.B. Because the old man tended to forget to pay the bill.C. Because the old man once committed suicide in the cafeD. Because the old man was getting drunk.2. In Para. 27, "... speaking with that omission of syntax stupid people employ when talking to drunken people or foreigners." Here the "omission of syntax" implies that ( D )A. the younger waiter had a poor knowledge of grammar and sentence structureB. the younger waiter in a hurry forgot to employ a right sentence structureC. the younger waiter saved some unnecessary sentence structureD. the younger waiter was too hurried and impatient to justify himself3. In what way were the younger waiter and the older waiter of two different kinds? ( D )A. The older waiter was sympathetic toward the old man, while the younger waiter was indifferent.B. The older waiter was seeking a clean and well lighted place, while the younger waiter enjoyed darkness because he was satisfied with the current life.C. The older waiter wanted to escape from nothingness, while the younger waiter hadn't yet lost passion for life.D. All of the above.4. What's the real purpose of the repeated employment of nada in this story? ( A )A. To indicate that life is unending emptiness without companionship of man or God.B. To suggest that life would yield no fruit at all if we don't try hard.C. To imply that we should not believe in any religion.D. To show that the life with nothing at all is not worth living.5. According to the story, what is a clean, well-lighted place? ( B )A. It is a spacious room with clean environment and good lights.B. It is an escape from the darkness and nothingness of the life.C. It is the paradise where people can get the bliss from the Lord.D. It is a bar or café, where people can seek the realization of their own values.II. Complete the following summary of the text by filling in the blanks with words. The initial letterof each word has been given to you.It is late at night in a café. Two waiters of the cafe are keeping a close (1) watch on an old man. The old deaf man frequents (vt.平凡光顾) the café regularly and tends to leave without paying his (2) bill when drunk.As they watch, the two waiters gossip (n./ vi.) about the old man's recent (3) suicide attempt. The younger one comments (评论) that the man's (4) despair could not have been over money, since he seemed to have plenty. Then he refuses in vain (徒劳) to provide the old man another drink, so he complains to the older waiter that he is tired and wishes to go home. He also complains that he would already be on his way (5) home (n./ adv.) if the old man had succeeded (in) killing himself.(Note->) Noting that the old man must be nearly 80 years of age, the younger waiter says to live that long is (6) nasty (bad). However, the older waiter points out that the old man maintains hismotions (waves) for another brandy but is firmly (absolutely) turned down (refused), so he pays for his drinks and leaves. Then the two waiters go their separate ways (went home respectively). Rather than returning home, the older waiter goes to a bar to look for a clean and well (8) 1ighted place, where he is taken (=regarded/ considered) as a crazy person by the barman. On the way back home, he decides (thinks) that it will be (9) insomnia that accompanies (~ sb. to somewhere) him all night. For him, life is just full of (10) nothingness (uselessness/ insignificance).VocabularyI. Choose the answer that best completes each sentence.1. He was (silhouette) silhouetted (侧面影象, 轮廓) ___D__ the light of the stair window.A. betweenB. amongC. fromD. against2. They listened to the soft ticking and creaking as the house ___A__.A. settledB. trembledC. shookD. quivered3.[manual labo(u)r->manufacture->) Manufacturers (厂商) will have to __A___ (substance->) substantial funds [(1)n.资金; (2)vt. 资助] to developing (开发) new engines.A. investB. commitC. anticipate (预料)D. cut4. Driven to __A___ due to the (lose) loss (n. 赔钱/ 亏损) in financial crisis, he threw himself under a train.A. despairB. madnessC. disappointmentD. excitement5. There are dark ___C__ beneath your eyes.A. cloudsB. bagsC. shadowsD. reflections (反射)6. Members of the Royal British Legion (军团) ___B__ past the Cenotaph (纪念碑).A. movedB. (vi.) marched (->March三月份)C. motionedD. mashed (vt.捣碎; smash)7. Plastic (n./ adj.) bags burn with a __D___, acrid (酸) smell.A. pleasantB. (noise->) noisy (adj.)C. penetrating (穿刺)D. nasty (=terrible)8. Years of (frustrate->) frustration __A___ over into (violent->) violence.A. spilledB. splashedC. spanked (打...的屁股)D. spread (散播开来)9. He (modesty: n.) modestly (谦虚) ___C__ to mention that he was British pole-vault champion (撑杆跳冠军).A. pretends (假装)B. offers (give)C. omitsD. presents [(1)n.礼物; (2)adj.在场的; (3)vt.再现历史事实]10. Questionnaire (调查问卷) and (ethnics种族/ 论理道德->ethnic: adj.) ethnographic (民族, 人种学的) study are the two basic instruments (仪器仪表手段) they ___C__ to collect data.A. edit 编辑B. exhibit展览C. employ利用D. enhance加强II. Fill in the blanks with the words or phrases given below. Change the form where necessary. dread dignity confidence reluctantunpolished sleep steady hurryemploy regard pleasant rapcommit drink square1. There are now (stiff: adj. 僵硬的/ 严厉的->) stiffer penalties (刑罚) for (drink->drank->drunk/ drink->drank->drunken) drunken drivers.2. We can find that the employment rate (概率) of university graduates (毕业/毕业生) has declined gradually.3. She sensed (felt) his (reluctant->) reluctance to continue the relationship with her.4. He turned off (偏离) the road into a sleepy (quiet/ out of the way/ remote) little town.5. Please give your parents my warmest regards. [give sb. my regards替我向某人问好]6. Peter is confident of winning the post (job) as the assistant (助手) to the managing director (行政经理).7. Behind the bar the (stew: vt. 炖) steward (服务员<-> stewardess空姐) are polishing (擦拭) the glasses busily.8. I've had a dreadful (terrible) day--everything seems to have gone wrong (出错go bad变质).9. Everyone sensed (felt) that something was wrong. The plane was moving unsteadily through the air.10. I tried (努力) to remember all the articles I had hurriedly packed (打包) and wrote them down (recorded) as (when) they came to me.TranslationPut the following paragraphs into Chinese.1. They sat together at a table that was close against the wall near the door of the caféand looked at the terrace where the tables were all empty except where the old man sat in the shadow of the leaves of the tree that moved slightly in the wind.2. "No, thank you," said the waiter and went out. He disliked bars and bodegas. A clean, well-lighted café was a very different thing. Now, without thinking further, he would go home to hisroom. He would lie in the bed and finally, with daylight, he would go to sleep. After all, he said to himself, it was probably only insomnia. Many must have it.参考译文：1．他们一起坐在紧靠着餐馆大门墙边的桌旁，眼睛望着平台，那儿的桌子全都空无一人，只有那个老人坐在随风轻轻飘拂的树叶的阴影里。
专业学位硕士研究生英语教程Unit-13词汇及课后答案
Unit 13FriendshipWord Bankaccount：n. a written or spoken description of an event(书面或口头)报告acquaintance: a person that you have met but do not know well相识，熟人affection: a feeling of liking for a person or place友爱，爱情commitment: a promise to do sth. or to behave in a particular way承诺；责任；compatible: able to exist, live together, or work successfully with sth. or sb. else能共处的；能共存的；能相容的conservative: tending not to like or trust change, especially sudden change保守的，守旧的divorce: legal ending of a marriage离婚esteem: respect for or a good opinion of sb. 尊敬，尊重excessive: too much过度的，过多的generality: when what sb. says contains no details, and often very little meaning普遍性，通性intimate: having, or being likely to cause, a very close friendship亲密的mobile: able to move freely or be easily moved可移动的，易变的，机动的pursue: to follow sb. or sth., usually to try to catch or kill them追随；跟随rarity: sth. that is very unusual, or the quality of being very unusual稀有relocate: to (cause a person or company to) move to a new place换一个地方；重新安置reveal: to make known or show sth. that is surprising or that was previously secret展现，显示，揭示，暴露spouse: a person's husband or wife配偶stigma: a strong feeling in society that a type of behavior is shameful耻辱；瑕疵superficial: only on the surface of sth. 表面的；肤浅的transient: lasting for only a short time; temporary短暂的widowed: having become a widow or a widower守寡的；成为鳏夫的Phrases and Expressionsattach to: to connect one thing with another系，连接break up: to stop a relationship(突然)结束encounter with: to meet sb., especially when you do not expect it偶遇end up: to finally be in a particular place, state, or situation, especially without having planned it以...结束，结果为...strike up: to start a conversation or relationship with sb. 交谈起来，结交起来Reading ComprehensionChoose the best for each of the following.1. The authors say that Americans use the word "friend" differently than the way the dictionary defines the word. What do the authors mean by saying so? ( C )A. Americans use the word "friend" in a narrower sense than it is defined in the dictionary.B. Americans use the word "friend" to refer to close friends.C. Americans use the word "friend" in a larger sense than it is defined in the dictionary.D. The dictionary defines the word "friend" in a wrong way.2. Americans have a few close friends because __B___.A. they are lazyB. they do not have timeC. they have many commitments to friendshipD. both B and C3. According to the authors, how do many Americans behave with others even if they are strangers? ( D )A. They tend to be shy.B. They tend to smile.C. They tend to talk easily.D. Both B and C.4. In the United States, marriage relationships are __B___.A. all the sameB. different from couple to coupleC. arrangedD. mature5. The authors say that in the United States remarriage is considered normal, and they point out that grown sons and daughters often encourage their widowed or divorced parents to __C___.A. stay home aloneB. buy goldC. continue to socializeD. travelII. Complete the following summary of the text by filling in the blanks with words. The initial letter of each word has been given to you.Americans use the word "friend" more extensively than what a dictionary defines. A friend might be an (1) acquaintance or an intimate companion. They might call anyone that they know about a friend. They, however, have (2) casual and friendly relationships with many people but develop deeper and closer (3) relationships with only a few. Americans are friendly who easily start conversations with (4) strangers and sometimes share their life stories with them. Due to different cultural backgrounds, American men and women have a (5) variety of relationships. Some might be lifelong friends but without sex contact. Some might live together as sex companions without getting married in the end. Some American (6) couples take themselves as best friends. More (7) divorced or widowed Americans remarried in their old ages.Americans make new friends easily and quickly because of (8) mobility. In general they do not (9) settle down in one place for good. They move from place to place for changing jobs, getting married, (10) attending universities or having children. Many of them do not have everlasting friendship.VocabularyI. Choose the answer that best completes each sentence.1. He had a deep ___D__ for his aunt.A. effectB. kindnessC. heartD. affection2. There has been a drop in public ___A__ for teachers.A. esteemB. affectionC. loveD. interest3. A(n) ___D__ is a person you've met but you would not call him a friend.A. neighborB. friendC. colleagueD. acquaintance4. The institution makes a __C___ to equal pay and opportunities for every employee.A. policyB. planC. commitmentD. schedule5. This software may not be __A___ with older operating systems.A. compatibleB. perfectC. falseD. legal6. Her biography ___C__ that she was not as rich as everyone thought.A. affectedB. recommendedC. revealedD. pointed7. He's a very ___C__ dresser—he always looks like he's wearing his father's clothesA. fashionableB. modernC. conservativeD. fancy8. She gave a thrilling ___B__ of her life in the jungle.A. speechB. accountC. presentationD. lecture9. His dog became his closest ___D__ during the last years of his life.A. enemyB. acquaintanceC. headmanD. companion10. Each of us may __A___ happiness in a very different way.A. defineB. sayC. readD. writeII. Fill in the blanks with the words or phrases given below. Change the form where necessary.superficial end up characterized pursue companionexcessive reveal rare divorce transientmobility encounter stigma break up intimate1. Despite their superficial similarities, the two novels are in fact very different.2. The hunters spent hours pursuing their prey.3. Excessive exercise can sometimes cause health problems.4. They got divorced after only six months of marriage.5. Some neck injuries cause total loss of mobility below the point of injury.6. We encountered quite a few problems at the beginning.7. He started drinking heavily after his marriage broke up.8. He will end up in prison if he steals.9. Steve has many friends but few intimate friends.10. This species of plant is becoming increasingly rare.TranslationPut the following paragraphs into English.1．朋友们都希望相互为伴，对彼此忠诚、无私。
研究生机械工程专业英语考试必背单词
研究生机械工程专业英语考试必背单词在研究生机械工程专业的学习中，英语考试是必不可缺的一部分。
为了顺利通过考试，背诵和掌握一些重要的专业词汇是至关重要的。
本文将为大家介绍一些研究生机械工程专业英语考试必背单词，助您在考试中取得好成绩。
1. Mechanics（力学）Mechanics is a branch of physics that deals with the behavior of physical bodies when subjected to forces or displacements, and the subsequent effect on their motion.（力学是物理学的一个分支，研究物体在受力或变位作用下的行为及其对运动的影响。
）2. Dynamics（动力学）Dynamics is the branch of mechanics that deals with the motion of objects and the forces that cause the motion.（动力学是研究物体运动及引起运动的力的力学分支。
）3. Kinematics（运动学）Kinematics is the branch of mechanics that deals with the motion of objects without considering the forces that cause the motion.（运动学是研究物体运动而不考虑引起运动的力的力学分支。
）4. Thermodynamics（热力学）Thermodynamics is the branch of physics that deals with the relationships between heat and other forms of energy.（热力学是研究热能与其他形式能量之间关系的物理学分支。
研究生专业英语课(1)PPT教学课件
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Scientific Paper Writing and Publish
Length of the Title
The good title is the fewest possible words that adequately describe the contents of the paper.
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Scientific Paper Writing and Publish
How to Prepare the Title
First impressions are strong impressions; a title ought therefore to be well studied, and to give, so far as its limits permit, a definite and concise indication of what is to come.
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Scientific Paper Writing and Publish
Length of the Title
Example 1: Studies on Brucella
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Scientific Paper Writing and Publish
Length of the Title
Scientific Paper Writing and Publish
Lectured by
JUAN LI
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Scientific Paper Writing and Publish
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4、常用模板： 、常用模板：
ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ
（1） ） Cover letter Dear Mr. ** The work described has not been submitted elsewhere for publication, in whole or in part, and all the authors listed have approved the manuscript that is enclosed. I have read and have abided by the statement of ethical standards for manuscripts submitted to Neuroscience. kind regards. Your sincerely, 通讯作者
COVER LETTER (投稿信 实用指南 投稿信)实用指南 投稿信
什么是cover letter？ 什么是 ？ 的内容主要包括那些？ cover letter的内容主要包括那些？ 的内容主要包括那些 如何写cover letter？ 如何写 ？ 常用模板 例文
1、 什么是 、 什么是cover letter？ ？ 2、cover letter的内容主要包括那些？ 、 的内容主要包括那些？ 的内容主要包括那些 所投稿件的核心内容、主要发现和意义，拟投期刊， 所投稿件的核心内容、主要发现和意义，拟投期刊， 对稿件处理有无特殊要求等。 对稿件处理有无特殊要求等。 附上主要作者的中文姓名、通讯地址、电话、传真和e附上主要作者的中文姓名、通讯地址、电话、传真和 mail地址。 地址。 地址 有的杂志要求推荐几位审稿人及其联系方式。 有的杂志要求推荐几位审稿人及其联系方式。以及谁已 经阅读过该文。 经阅读过该文。 说明你论文研究的意义，以及与这个杂志的相关性； 说明你论文研究的意义，以及与这个杂志的相关性； 写明没有一搞多投等。 写明没有一搞多投等。 临床实验要求写明符合伦理学要求。 临床实验要求写明符合伦理学要求。 3、 如何写 、 如何写cover letter？ ？ 在杂志的guide for authors一般会有要求。 一般会有要求。 在杂志的 一般会有要求
参考文献
参考文献的具体内容和形式不统一，大家读比较头痛。 参考文献的具体内容和形式不统一，大家读比较头痛。 一般包括一下三项内容： 一般包括一下三项内容：
作者、题目、出版事项 作者、题目、
出版事项指：书刊名称，出版地点，出版单位， 出版事项指：书刊名称，出版地点，出版单位， 出版年份与卷、 出版年份与卷、期、页。 1. T. P. L. Pedersen, A. N. Larsen, and A. Mesli, Appl. Phys. Lett. 75, 4085 (1999). 2. H. Weman, B. Monemar, G.S. Oehrlein, S.J. Jeng, Phys. Rev. B 42 (1990) 3109. 3. Lee SK and Stebbin J, Structure of silicate glasses and melts at high pressure: quantum chemical calculations and solid-state NMR, Journal of Physical Chemistry B, 2004, 108: 5889-5900.
作者名称
论文的作者姓名一般写在论文题目的下面。 论文的作者姓名一般写在论文题目的下面。按 照英美国家的习惯， name)在前， 照英美国家的习惯，名（first name)在前， name) 在后。 姓（surname/family name/last name) 在后。 如果几个人共同撰写， 如果几个人共同撰写，应该逐一写出各自的姓 同时注明作者的工作单位。 名，同时注明作者的工作单位。
（2） ） Dear Dr. 主编 主编name: We submit our manuscript entitled " 文章 文章title" to 杂志名for publication. 杂志名 接着简单介绍你文章的主要创新点和意义， 接着简单介绍你文章的主要创新点和意义，不易 过多，但要突出新意和关键点。 过多，但要突出新意和关键点。 All authors have seen the manuscript and approved to submit to your journal. Thank you very much for your attention and consideration. Sincerely yours, 通讯作者
摘要
摘要一般放在标题页的正文之前，用不同于正文的字 摘要一般放在标题页的正文之前， 体排版，以突出其显著位置。 体排版，以突出其显著位置。 摘要是对一篇论文的主要内容以精炼的文字进行高度 的概括， 的概括，使读者不必阅读论文全文即可迅速了解论文 内容，或者让读者对即将阅读的论文有思想准备， 内容，或者让读者对即将阅读的论文有思想准备，或 者让读者判断是否有通读全文的必要。 者让读者判断是否有通读全文的必要。摘要只对论文 信息进行浓缩，而不架主观评论或解释。一般5000 5000字 信息进行浓缩，而不架主观评论或解释。一般5000字 数论文，摘要长度小于300 300字 数论文，摘要长度小于300字。 注意abstract 与summary的区别。
2、阐明论文写作目的
The purpose of this study is to explore a new method… The paper attempts to analyze … in terms of … The study is aimed at finding out the similarities … The main objective of this investigation is … Based on our research, we intent to find out …
关键词
关键词既可作为文献检索或分类的标 它本身又是论文的主题浓缩。 识，它本身又是论文的主题浓缩。读 者可以从中判断论文的主题、 者可以从中判断论文的主题、研究方 所用方法等。 向、所用方法等。关键词以名词或名 词短语居多。缩略语慎用。 词短语居多。缩略语慎用。
致谢
论文的作者可以在论文的末尾对他 人对自己工作的指导、 人对自己工作的指导、帮助和资助 表示感谢，即为致谢。 表示感谢，即为致谢。一般置于结 论之后，参考文献之前。 论之后，参考文献之前。
摘要的语言
摘要的时态
1、叙述研究方法和目的时，使用现在时。 、叙述研究方法和目的时，使用现在时。 2、报道研究结果时，使用现在时。 、报道研究结果时，使用现在时。 3、介绍研究过程时，可以用过去时。 、介绍研究过程时，可以用过去时。 4、陈述结论或建议，用现在时。 、陈述结论或建议，用现在时。 5、根据需要，也可以适当用完成时。 、根据需要，也可以适当用完成时。
论文正文构成
引言/ 1. 引言/概述 2. 背景分析 3. 材料和实验 4. 实验结果 5. 讨论 结论/ 6. 结论/总结 Introduction (视情况而定 视情况而定） Background (视情况而定） Materials and experiments Results Discussion Conclusions
3、陈述论文的论点或作者的观点 The carbon-related defects are discussed … This paper reports the preparation and the quantum confinement effects of … This paper deals with (concerns) … 4、介绍研究过程和研究范围 The characteristic of … was investigated. We study the synthesis method of … in this paper. The principle of preparing … is proposed. The samples of pyroelectric ceramic were collected by … The PTC effect is measured by …
标题
论文题目写在第一行的正中。如果较长， 论文题目写在第一行的正中。如果较长，可写成 三行。一般居中排列。题尾不加句号。 两、三行。一般居中排列。题尾不加句号。 论文题目一般为名词词组或名词短语， 论文题目一般为名词词组或名词短语，较少使用 完整的句子。在必须使用动词的情况下， 完整的句子。在必须使用动词的情况下，一般用 动名词或具有动词性质的名词。例如： 动名词或具有动词性质的名词。例如： Two-dimensional pattern formation in surfactantmediated epitaxial(取向附生的 growth 取向附生的) Dopant diffusion in SiGe：modeling stress and Ge ： chemical effects
研究生专业英语
英文科技论文写作程序
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 选择论题 确立论点 搜集材料 拟定提纲 写作与修改初稿（反复多次进行） 写作与修改初稿（反复多次进行） 注明参考文献 撰写摘要 打印校对
论文的基本结构
论文题目 作者姓名及单位 内容提要 关键词 正文 致谢 参考文献 附录 作者简介 Title Author name and affiliation Abstract Key words Text body Acknowledgements (可省） 可省） 可省 References Appendix (根据需要） 根据需要） 根据需要 Resume (视刊物而定） 视刊物而定） 视刊物而定
6、阐述论证或结果 The results show that … It is found that the amorphous Si show a tendency in … The study of those properties indicates … The experimental results demonstrate that … 7、介绍结论 It is concluded that the absorption spectra of … Based on …, the following conclusion can be drawn … In conclusion, the results shows … The research has led to … In summary, …