样本采集介绍【英文】
样本采集与传输战略【英文】
3
Procedures
• Collecting specimens
• Marking and labeling • Handling
• Packing
• Package labeling • Necessary documents following the transporting sample
Specimen collection and shipment strategy
Georgina Tzanakaki and Aftab Jasir
European Public Health Microbiology training program (EUPHEM)
• Why collection of specimens is important?
Influences laboratory
efficiency
Good Management sample management
Influences therapeutic decisions
PH events Outbreaks Surveillance Complex Emergency situations
• Why transportation is important?
Learning objective
At the end of this part of the presentation, you should be able to understand the: Procedures, preparation, processing and transport of specimens
affects patient care and outcome
采核酸相关英语词汇
采核酸相关英语词汇摘要：1.核酸采集的基本概念2.核酸采集的流程与步骤3.相关英语词汇及释义4.注意事项与实用技巧正文：随着新冠疫情的全球蔓延，核酸检测成为了疫情防控的重要手段。
在进行核酸检测的过程中，了解相关英语词汇对于沟通和理解检测流程具有重要意义。
以下是一些常见的核酸采集相关英语词汇及释义：1.nucleic acid test（NAAT）：核酸检测，又称nucleic acid amplification test（NAAT）。
2.polymerase chain reaction（PCR）：聚合酶链式反应，用于扩增核酸检测样本中的目标基因。
3.RT-PCR：实时定量聚合酶链式反应（real-time quantitative PCR），用于实时监测核酸扩增过程。
4.swab：采样拭子，用于采集鼻腔或口腔黏膜细胞样本。
5.specimen：样本，指采集到的鼻腔或口腔拭子。
6.transportation：运输，指将核酸样本从采集点运输到检测机构的过程。
7.extraction：提取，指从样本中提取核酸的过程。
8.quantification：定量，指对核酸进行定量检测的过程。
9.detection：检测，指通过PCR扩增和检测目标核酸序列的过程。
10.result：检测结果，指核酸检测后得到的阳性或阴性结果。
进行核酸检测时，有以下几点注意事项：1.空腹：采集前请勿进食，以免影响检测结果。
2.佩戴口罩：前往采集点时，请务必佩戴口罩，保持社交距离。
3.携带身份证：出示身份证以便工作人员登记信息。
4.遵循指引：听从工作人员指导，配合完成采样过程。
在实际操作中，以下实用技巧有助于顺利完成核酸检测：1.提前预约：避开高峰时段，减少等待时间。
2.了解流程：提前了解核酸检测流程，心中有数。
3.舒缓情绪：放松心情，减轻焦虑。
4.保持清洁：采集后注意手部清洁，避免接触眼鼻口。
掌握这些核酸采集相关英语词汇，有助于大家更好地了解核酸检测过程，为抗击疫情贡献自己的力量。
数据采集外文文献翻译中英文
数据采集外文文献翻译(含：英文原文及中文译文)文献出处：Txomin Nieva. DATA ACQUISITION SYSTEMS [J]. Computers in Industry, 2013, 4(2):215-237.英文原文DATA ACQUISITION SYSTEMSTxomin NievaData acquisition systems, as the name implies, are products and/or processes used to collect information to document or analyze some phenomenon. In the simplest form, a technician logging the temperature of an oven on a piece of paper is performing data acquisition. As technology has progressed, this type of process has been simplified and made more accurate, versatile, and reliable through electronic equipment. Equipment ranges from simple recorders to sophisticated computer systems. Data acquisition products serve as a focal point in a system, tying together a wide variety of products, such as sensors that indicate temperature, flow, level, or pressure. Some common data acquisition terms are shown below.Data collection technology has made great progress in the past 30 to 40 years. For example, 40 years ago, in a well-known college laboratory, the device used to track temperature rises in bronze made of helium was composed of thermocouples, relays, interrogators, a bundle of papers, anda pencil.Today's university students are likely to automatically process and analyze data on PCs. There are many ways you can choose to collect data. The choice of which method to use depends on many factors, including the complexity of the task, the speed and accuracy you need, the evidence you want, and more. Whether simple or complex, the data acquisition system can operate and play its role.The old way of using pencils and papers is still feasible for some situations, and it is cheap, easy to obtain, quick and easy to start. All you need is to capture multiple channels of digital information (DMM) and start recording data by hand.Unfortunately, this method is prone to errors, slower acquisition of data, and requires too much human analysis. In addition, it can only collect data in a single channel; but when you use a multi-channel DMM, the system will soon become very bulky and clumsy. Accuracy depends on the level of the writer, and you may need to scale it yourself. For example, if the DMM is not equipped with a sensor that handles temperature, the old one needs to start looking for a proportion. Given these limitations, it is an acceptable method only if you need to implement a rapid experiment.Modern versions of the strip chart recorder allow you to retrieve data from multiple inputs. They provide long-term paper records of databecause the data is in graphic format and they are easy to collect data on site. Once a bar chart recorder has been set up, most recorders have enough internal intelligence to operate without an operator or computer. The disadvantages are the lack of flexibility and the relative low precision, often limited to a percentage point. You can clearly feel that there is only a small change with the pen. In the long-term monitoring of the multi-channel, the recorders can play a very good role, in addition, their value is limited. For example, they cannot interact with other devices. Other concerns are the maintenance of pens and paper, the supply of paper and the storage of data. The most important is the abuse and waste of paper. However, recorders are fairly easy to set up and operate, providing a permanent record of data for quick and easy analysis.Some benchtop DMMs offer selectable scanning capabilities. The back of the instrument has a slot to receive a scanner card that can be multiplexed for more inputs, typically 8 to 10 channels of mux. This is inherently limited in the front panel of the instrument. Its flexibility is also limited because it cannot exceed the number of available channels. External PCs usually handle data acquisition and analysis.The PC plug-in card is a single-board measurement system that uses the ISA or PCI bus to expand the slot in the PC. They often have a reading rate of up to 1000 per second. 8 to 16 channels are common, and the collected data is stored directly in the computer and then analyzed.Because the card is essentially a part of the computer, it is easy to establish the test. PC-cards are also relatively inexpensive, partly because they have since been hosted by PCs to provide energy, mechanical accessories, and user interfaces. Data collection optionsOn the downside, the PC plug-in cards often have a 12-word capacity, so you can't detect small changes in the input signal. In addition, the electronic environment within the PC is often susceptible to noise, high clock rates, and bus noise. The electronic contacts limit the accuracy of the PC card. These plug-in cards also measure a range of voltages. To measure other input signals, such as voltage, temperature, and resistance, you may need some external signal monitoring devices. Other considerations include complex calibrations and overall system costs, especially if you need to purchase additional signal monitoring devices or adapt the PC card to the card. Take this into account. If your needs change within the capabilities and limitations of the card, the PC plug-in card provides an attractive method for data collection.Data electronic recorders are typical stand-alone instruments that, once equipped with them, enable the measurement, recording, and display of data without the involvement of an operator or computer. They can handle multiple signal inputs, sometimes up to 120 channels. Accuracy rivals unrivalled desktop DMMs because it operates within a 22 word, 0.004 percent accuracy range. Some data electronic automatic recordershave the ability to measure proportionally, the inspection result is not limited by the user's definition, and the output is a control signal.One of the advantages of using data electronic loggers is their internal monitoring signals. Most can directly measure several different input signals without the need for additional signal monitoring devices. One channel can monitor thermocouples, RTDs, and voltages.Thermocouples provide valuable compensation for accurate temperature measurements. They are typically equipped with multi-channel cards. Built-in intelligent electronic data recorder helps you set the measurement period and specify the parameters for each channel. Once you set it all up, the data electronic recorder will behave like an unbeatable device. The data they store is distributed in memory and can hold 500,000 or more readings.Connecting to a PC makes it easy to transfer data to a computer for further analysis. Most data electronic recorders can be designed to be flexible and simple to configure and operate, and most provide remote location operation options via battery packs or other methods. Thanks to the A/D conversion technology, certain data electronic recorders have a lower reading rate, especially when compared with PC plug-in cards. However, a reading rate of 250 per second is relatively rare. Keep in mind that many of the phenomena that are being measured are physical in nature, such as temperature, pressure, and flow, and there are generallyfewer changes. In addition, because of the monitoring accuracy of the data electron loggers, a large amount of average reading is not necessary, just as they are often stuck on PC plug-in cards.Front-end data acquisition is often done as a module and is typically connected to a PC or controller. They are used in automated tests to collect data, control and cycle detection signals for other test equipment. Send signal test equipment spare parts. The efficiency of the front-end operation is very high, and can match the speed and accuracy with the best stand-alone instrument. Front-end data acquisition works in many models, including VXI versions such as the Agilent E1419A multi-function measurement and VXI control model, as well as a proprietary card elevator. Although the cost of front-end units has been reduced, these systems can be very expensive unless you need to provide high levels of operation, and finding their prices is prohibited. On the other hand, they do provide considerable flexibility and measurement capabilities.Good, low-cost electronic data loggers have the right number of channels (20-60 channels) and scan rates are relatively low but are common enough for most engineers. Some of the key applications include:•product features•Hot die cutting of electronic products•Test of the environmentEnvironmental monitoring•Composition characteristics•Battery testBuilding and computer capacity monitoringA new system designThe conceptual model of a universal system can be applied to the analysis phase of a specific system to better understand the problem and to specify the best solution more easily based on the specific requirements of a particular system. The conceptual model of a universal system can also be used as a starting point for designing a specific system. Therefore, using a general-purpose conceptual model will save time and reduce the cost of specific system development. To test this hypothesis, we developed DAS for railway equipment based on our generic DAS concept model. In this section, we summarize the main results and conclusions of this DAS development.We analyzed the device model package. The result of this analysis is a partial conceptual model of a system consisting of a three-tier device model. We analyzed the equipment project package in the equipment environment. Based on this analysis, we have listed a three-level item hierarchy in the conceptual model of the system. Equipment projects are specialized for individual equipment projects.We analyzed the equipment model monitoring standard package in the equipment context. One of the requirements of this system is the ability to use a predefined set of data to record specific status monitoring reports. We analyzed the equipment project monitoring standard package in the equipment environment. The requirements of the system are: (i) the ability to record condition monitoring reports and event monitoring reports corresponding to the items, which can be triggered by time triggering conditions or event triggering conditions; (ii) the definition of private and public monitoring standards; (iii) Ability to define custom and predefined train data sets. Therefore, we have introduced the "monitoring standards for equipment projects", "public standards", "special standards", "equipment monitoring standards", "equipment condition monitoring standards", "equipment project status monitoring standards and equipment project event monitoring standards, respectively Training item triggering conditions, training item time triggering conditions and training item event triggering conditions are device equipment trigger conditions, equipment item time trigger conditions and device project event trigger condition specialization; and training item data sets, training custom data Sets and trains predefined data sets, which are device project data sets, custom data sets, and specialized sets of predefined data sets.Finally, we analyzed the observations and monitoring reports in the equipment environment. The system's requirement is to recordmeasurements and category observations. In addition, status and incident monitoring reports can be recorded. Therefore, we introduce the concept of observation, measurement, classification observation and monitoring report into the conceptual model of the system.Our generic DAS concept model plays an important role in the design of DAS equipment. We use this model to better organize the data that will be used by system components. Conceptual models also make it easier to design certain components in the system. Therefore, we have an implementation in which a large number of design classes represent the concepts specified in our generic DAS conceptual model. Through an industrial example, the development of this particular DAS demonstrates the usefulness of a generic system conceptual model for developing a particular system.中文译文数据采集系统Txomin Nieva数据采集系统, 正如名字所暗示的, 是一种用来采集信息成文件或分析一些现象的产品或过程。
数据采集技术 【英文】
10% of the points…10% of the budget?
A Framework for Review
From Designing P rofession al Development for T e achers of Science and Mathem atics, Loucks-Horsley, Hewson , Lo v e, an d St iles. Corwin Press Inc. 19 98
This presentation will be linked to that site (on the Tools d?
Who’s working on an actual project?
Current? Anticipated?
Your expectations for today
Data Collection Techniques
For Technology Evaluation and Planning
Contact Information
jsun@
978-251-1600 ext. 204
Why Evaluate?
To fulfill program requirements
NCLB and hence Title IID carry evaluation requirements One of the 7 seven program requirements for NY Title IID Competitive Grants
Objectives
To review the key elements of effective program evaluation as applied to technology evaluations Understanding the role of data collection in an overall evaluation process Reviewing various data collection strategies
免疫检验标本采集流程
免疫检验标本采集流程英文回答：Immunoassay Specimen Collection Protocol.1. Specimen Collection.Collect blood samples in accordance with standard venipuncture techniques.For serum specimens, draw blood into a red-top tube without additives and allow it to clot completely. Centrifuge the specimen and separate the serum from the clot. Transfer the serum to a clean tube.For plasma specimens, draw blood into a lavender-top tube containing EDTA anticoagulant. Centrifuge the specimen and separate the plasma from the cells. Transfer the plasma to a clean tube.Properly label all specimens with the patient's name, date of collection, and specimen type.2. Specimen Storage and Transport.Serum and plasma specimens should be stored at 2-8°C for up to 48 hours. For longer-term storage, specimens should be frozen at -20°C or colder.Specimens should be transported on ice or at 2-8°C.3. Specimen Preparation.Prior to testing, serum and plasma specimens should be diluted according to the manufacturer's instructions.Specimens with excessive hemolysis, lipemia, or icterus may need to be recollected.4. Immunoassay Procedure.Follow the manufacturer's instructions for the specificimmunoassay being used.Verify the expiration date of all reagents and calibrators.Run the assay according to the manufacturer's recommended protocol.5. Quality Control.Include quality control materials with each run of specimens.Monitor quality control results and take corrective action as necessary.6. Reporting Results.Report test results in the appropriate units.Clearly indicate any abnormal or critical values.Interpret test results in conjunction with thepatient's clinical history and other laboratory findings.中文回答：免疫检验标本采集流程。
样品采集和处理的一般流程
样品采集和处理的一般流程Sample collection and processing is a crucial step in many scientific and medical fields. Collecting high-quality samples and processing them properly can significantly impact the accuracy and reliability of experimental results.样品的采集和处理是许多科学和医学领域中一个至关重要的步骤。
收集高质量的样品并正确处理它们可以显著影响实验结果的准确性和可靠性。
First and foremost, the sample collection process must be meticulously planned and executed. This involves identifying the appropriate sampling sites, choosing the right collection methods, and ensuring that the collected samples are representative of the population being studied. In some cases, special care must also be taken to minimize contamination and preserve the integrity of the samples.首先，样品的采集过程必须经过精心的策划和执行。
这涉及到确定合适的采样地点，选择合适的采集方法，并确保收集到的样品代表了被研究的群体。
在某些情况下，还必须特别注意减少污染并保持样品的完整性。
Once the samples have been collected, proper processing is essential to ensure their suitability for analysis. This may involve a variety of steps, such as labeling, preservation, and transportation to the laboratory. It is crucial to follow standardized protocols and guidelines to prevent any degradation or alteration of the samples during processing.一旦样品被收集，正确的处理对于确保它们适于分析是至关重要的。
鼻拭子采集方法 英文版
Nasopharyngeal SwabIf your healthcare provider thinks you have a respiratory infection, they may want to do a nasopharyngeal swab test. This takes a sample from far back in your nasal cavity to analyze for bacteria or viruses like SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19. This test is accurate when it’s done right and should only be done by a trained medical professional.A nasopharyngeal swab, one type of nasal swab, is a test used to look for bacteria or viruses that cause respiratory infections. Your healthcare provider uses a swab to take a small sample of cells from your nasopharynx, the top part of your nose and throat. The long, thin part of the swab is made of flexible plastic or wire. There’s a tip on the end of the swab that absorbs a sample of fluid from your nasopharynx.For a nasopharyngeal swab test, your provider will insert a long swab into your nose andturn the swab before removing it.How is a nasopharyngeal swab test done?You tilt your head back so your nose is slightly up in the air.Your provider puts a long swab into your nostril and keeps pushing it in gently until it gets to your nasopharynx. This is the top part of your throat.While the swab is still inside your nose, your provider turns the swab and then takes it out of your nose. They may leave it in for a few seconds before slowly taking it out.If they got enough of a fluid sample from one nostril, they don’t need to insert the swab into the other nostril. But if there was a problem getting a sample, they may try to get a sample from the other nostril.⏹How do I prepare for a nasopharyngeal swab test?Usually, you don’t need to do anything to get ready for the test. If you are getting a COVID-19 test, you may be asked to blow your nose into a facial tissue right before the test.⏹What should I expect during a nasopharyngeal swab test?Since the swab will be going from your nostril to just about where your ear is, it can be uncomfortable. It may make you gag or cough briefly.⏹What can I expect after a nasopharyngeal swab test?Your sample will be placed in a container, which will be sealed. It'll be sent to a lab, where it will be studied. Your provider can tell you the results from the lab. If you test negat ive, it means you don’t have the illness for which you were tested.A positive result means you have the illness.⏹What are the risks of a nasopharyngeal swab test?In some cases, people can get a nosebleed after the test. Rarely, a provider has to remove a broken swab from a person’s nose. Only a trained provider who understands the anatomy of your nasal cavity does the test to minimize the risk of complications. The test results could also be inaccurate if the test isn’t done the right way.。
取样的英文名词
取样的英文名词讲解
"Sampling" 是一个英文名词，通常指的是从一个整体或群体中选取部分元素或个体以进行研究、测试或分析的过程。
这个过程可以用于各种领域，包括统计学、市场研究、医学研究等。
取样的过程旨在通过对样本的观察和分析，推断出整个群体的特征或性质，以便更全面地理解群体的情况。
以下是一些取样的相关术语和解释：
1. 样本（Sample）：从总体中抽取的部分元素或个体，代表了总体的某些特征。
2. 总体（Population）：研究对象的整体集合，样本是总体的一个子集。
3. 随机抽样（Random Sampling）：通过随机选择样本，确保每个元素有相等的机会被选中，以减少样本的偏见。
4. 统计显著性（Statistical Significance）：衡量样本结果是否能够代表整体群体，并排除由于偶然因素引起的差异。
5. 样本量（Sample Size）：取样中包含的元素或个体的数量，对于结果的可靠性有重要影响。
6. 配额抽样（Quota Sampling）：根据特定特征或标准来选择样本，以确保样本在某些方面与总体相似。
7. 方便抽样（Convenience Sampling）：根据研究者的便利性或容易获取的个体来选择样本，但可能导致样本偏见。
8. 经验取样（Purposive Sampling）：根据研究目的有目的地选择样本，通常用于深入研究特定特征或现象。
总体来说，取样是一种常见的研究方法，帮助研究者更有效地理解整体群体的性质或行为。
取样的方法和技术根据具体研究的目的和领域而有所不同。
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Laboratory Training for FieldEEPpIidDeEmMioI lCogAisLtsE R T A N D R E S P O N S E
Blood for cultures
Wrap tubes with absorbent cotton Travel at ambient temperature Store at 4oC if can’t reach laboratory in 24h
Laboratory Training for FieldEEPpIidDeEmMioI lCogAisLtsE R T A N D R E S P O N S E
Laboratory Training for FieldEEPpIidDeEmMioI lCogAisLtsE R T A N D R E S P O N S E
Blood for smears
Collection
Capillary blood from finger prick
• make smear • fix with methanol or other fixative
Laboratory Training for FieldEEPpIidDeEmMioI lCogAisLtsE R T A N D R E S P O N S E
Specimen collection: key issues
Consider differential diagnoses Decide on test(s) to be conducted Decide on clinical samples to be collected to conduct these tests
Handling and transport
Transport slides within 24 hours Do not refrigerate (can alter cell morphology)
Laboratory Training for FieldEEPpIidDeEmMioI lCogAisLtsE R T A N D R E S P O N S E
At the end of the presentation, participants should understand the:
• Procedures, preparation, processing and
transport of specimens
Laboratory Training for FieldEEPpIidDeEmMioI lCogAisLtsE R T A N D R E S P O N S E
• consultation between microbiologist, clinicians and epidemiologist
Laboratory Training for FieldEEPpIidDeEmMioI lCogAisLtsE R T A N D R E S P O N S E
Transport medium
Allows organisms (pathogens and contaminants) to survive Non-nutritive - does not allow organisms to proliferate For bacteria – i.e., Cary Blair For viruses - virus transport media (VTM)
Sample collection and shipping
Specimen collection
Laboratory Training for FieldEEPpIidDeEmMioI lCogAisLtsE R T A N D R E S P O N S E
May 2007
Learning objectives
Handling and Transport Collect into bottles with infusion broth
• change needle to inoculate the broth
Transport upright with cushion
• prevents hemolysis
Serum
Collection
Venous blood in sterile test tube
• let clot for 30 minutesetter than plastic
Handling
Place at 4-8oC for clot retraction for at least 1-2 hours Centrifuge at 1 500 RPM for 5-10 min
Successful laboratory investigations
✓ Advance planning ✓ Collection of adequate and appropriate specimens ✓ Sufficient documentation ✓ Biosafety and decontamination ✓ Correct packaging ✓ Rapid transport ✓ Choice of a laboratory that can accurately perform the tests ✓ Timely communication of results
Blood for cultures
Collection Venous blood
• infants: 0.5 – 2 ml • children: 2 – 5 ml • adults: 5 – 10 ml
Requires aseptic technique Collect within 10 minutes of fever