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形合与意合

一、英语的形合法
英语造句常用各式种形手段连接词、语、分句或 从句,注重显性接应(overt cohesion),注重结 构完整,注重以形显义。 英语句中的连接手段和形式(cohesive ties)不 仅数量大,种类大,而且用得十分频繁: 1. 关系词和连接词。关系词包括关系代词、关系 副词、连接代词和连接副词,如who, whom, whose, that, which, what, when, where, why, how 等,用 来连接主句和定语从句、主语从句、宾语从句或表 语从句。
英语连接词包括并列连词和从属连词
并列连词 如and, or, but, yet, so, however, as well as 从属连词 如when, while, since, until, so…that, unless, lest 等,用来连接词、词组、分句或状语从 句。英语造句几乎离不开这些关系词和连接词,汉 语则少用甚至不用这类词。 2. 介词。(如with, to, in, of, about, between, through、inside, into, within, without, throughout , according to, along with, on behalf of, with regard to)。
他吹嘘说,任何奴隶一踏上英国的土地就获得自 由,而他却出卖穷人家六岁的孩子到工厂干活,每 天十六小时,受尽鞭打责骂。 点评:英语运用连接词、介词和代词形式手段, 注重句子形式和完整,注重显性连接(overt coherence),汉语译文注重意义和逻辑顺序,注 重隐性连贯(covert coherence)。
其次,还可以采用形合法翻译英语中一些带有意 合特征的句子或汉语与之“形似”的句子。 (1)the sight of the girl always reminds me of her parents. 我一见到这个女孩,就想起他的父 母。 (3) His youth got him off. 由于他年轻,他 得到了宽恕
形合与意合

•
在翻译时……
英语注重形合,注重结构和形式,常常借助各种 连接手段,因而比较严谨(preciseness);汉语 注重意合,注重功能和意义,常常不用或少用连 接手段,因而比较简洁(conciseness)。 英译汉时,往往要先分析英语句子的结构和形式, 才能确定汉语句子的功能和意义。 汉译英时,往往要先分析汉语句子的功能和意义, 才能确定英语句子的结构和形式。 英汉互译往往是英语语法型语句与汉语语义型语 句之间的转换,也是树形句法与流水句法之间的 转换。如:
1.
•
• •
2.made proposals, but they proved futile. 打肿脸充胖子,吃亏是自己。 If you get beyond your depth, you will suffer. 人到事中迷,就怕没人提。 When a man is lost in a labyrinth, what he needs badly is a hint. 反复、排比、对偶、对照等。这些句式可以互文见 义,往往不用关联词。如: 种瓜得瓜,种豆得豆。 As you sow, so will you reap. 吃苦在前,享乐在后 Be the first to bear hardships and the last to enjoy comforts.
形合与意合
Hypotactic vs. Paratactic
形合(hypotaxis)指的是词语或分句之间用 语言形式手段(如关联词)连接起来,表达语 法意义和逻辑关系。例如:I shall despair if you don’t come. 英语造句主要采用形合法。
意合(parataxis)指的是词语或分句之间不 用语言形式手段连接,其中的语法意义和逻辑 关系通过词语或分句的含义表达。例如:The rain fell; the river flooded; the house washed away. 汉语造句主要采用意合法。
在翻译时……
英语注重形合,注重结构和形式,常常借助各种 连接手段,因而比较严谨(preciseness);汉语 注重意合,注重功能和意义,常常不用或少用连 接手段,因而比较简洁(conciseness)。 英译汉时,往往要先分析英语句子的结构和形式, 才能确定汉语句子的功能和意义。 汉译英时,往往要先分析汉语句子的功能和意义, 才能确定英语句子的结构和形式。 英汉互译往往是英语语法型语句与汉语语义型语 句之间的转换,也是树形句法与流水句法之间的 转换。如:
1.
•
• •
2.made proposals, but they proved futile. 打肿脸充胖子,吃亏是自己。 If you get beyond your depth, you will suffer. 人到事中迷,就怕没人提。 When a man is lost in a labyrinth, what he needs badly is a hint. 反复、排比、对偶、对照等。这些句式可以互文见 义,往往不用关联词。如: 种瓜得瓜,种豆得豆。 As you sow, so will you reap. 吃苦在前,享乐在后 Be the first to bear hardships and the last to enjoy comforts.
形合与意合
Hypotactic vs. Paratactic
形合(hypotaxis)指的是词语或分句之间用 语言形式手段(如关联词)连接起来,表达语 法意义和逻辑关系。例如:I shall despair if you don’t come. 英语造句主要采用形合法。
意合(parataxis)指的是词语或分句之间不 用语言形式手段连接,其中的语法意义和逻辑 关系通过词语或分句的含义表达。例如:The rain fell; the river flooded; the house washed away. 汉语造句主要采用意合法。
基础笔译 Chapter 13 形合与意合

我懂英语,我知道这就是我的本钱,我可 以和有钢琴的人进行互助,我教他英语, 他教我钢琴。
汉译英
知己知彼,百战不殆;不知彼而知己,一胜一负;不知彼 不知己,每战必殆。 You can fight a hundred battles without defeat if you know the enemy as well as yourself. You will win one battle and lose one battle if you know yourself but leave yourself in the dark about the enemy. You will lose every battle if you leave both the enemy and yourself in the dark.
Eg: I shall despair if you don’t com.
Parataxis
意合指“句子内部的连接或句子间的连接 采用语义手段(semantic connection)”
The arranging of clauses one after the other without connectives showing the relation between them.--- World Book Dictionary
英汉对比
形合的语言模式反映了西方重形式逻辑、 重实证的思维模式,
意合的语言模式反映了汉民族重内省和体 悟、表达简约、不重逻辑、意义模糊的思 维模式。
意合形合对翻译的影响
英译汉(隐含某些形式链接成分):
And with this and a proud bow to his patrons, the manager retires, and the curtain rises. 领班的说到这里向各位主顾深鞠一躬退到后台,现在开幕 了。 An Englishman who cold not speak Chineses was once
汉译英
知己知彼,百战不殆;不知彼而知己,一胜一负;不知彼 不知己,每战必殆。 You can fight a hundred battles without defeat if you know the enemy as well as yourself. You will win one battle and lose one battle if you know yourself but leave yourself in the dark about the enemy. You will lose every battle if you leave both the enemy and yourself in the dark.
Eg: I shall despair if you don’t com.
Parataxis
意合指“句子内部的连接或句子间的连接 采用语义手段(semantic connection)”
The arranging of clauses one after the other without connectives showing the relation between them.--- World Book Dictionary
英汉对比
形合的语言模式反映了西方重形式逻辑、 重实证的思维模式,
意合的语言模式反映了汉民族重内省和体 悟、表达简约、不重逻辑、意义模糊的思 维模式。
意合形合对翻译的影响
英译汉(隐含某些形式链接成分):
And with this and a proud bow to his patrons, the manager retires, and the curtain rises. 领班的说到这里向各位主顾深鞠一躬退到后台,现在开幕 了。 An Englishman who cold not speak Chineses was once
形合与意合

例如: 八级考试:
In some societies, people want children
for what might be called familial reasons: to extend the family line or the family name, to propitiate the ancestors; to enable the proper functioning of religious rituals involving the family. Such reasons may seem thin in the modern, secularized society but they have been and are powerful indeed in other places.
1. 形合和意合的概念
语和英语分属不同的语系:汉语属于汉藏语系,
英语属于印欧语系。它们在发音、构词法、句 法、修辞形式以及谋篇布局方面都有各自的规 律和特点,两者之间虽不乏相通之处,但也存在 着明显的差异。Eugene A. Nida说过,从语言 学角度来看,英、汉语言之间最重要的区别莫 过于形合(hypotaxis)与意合(parataxis)之 分了(1982)。
描述成流水型环性的语言:“犹如海浪向 前推进,浪峰浪谷似分似和,彼此相象, 又各不相同;隐含着某些规律,但却过于 复杂,难以分析或表述;这些规律规范着 波浪与波浪、波浪与大海、词组与词组、 词组与语段之间的各种关系”. (转引自连淑能,1993:45)
枯藤老树昏鸦
小桥流水人家 古道西风瘦马 夕阳西下 断肠人在天涯 (意合)
选自Jane Austen所著Pride and Prejudice(《傲
形合与意合

外部形式(external form):在进入句子后为了表示其在句 中的语法功能,即与其他词的关系而临时加在前面的形 态标记词(或称功能词)他与附加形态不同之处是加在 前面,分开写、分开读,而不是粘附在词的后面,但它 们的功能是一样的,就是只表示语法意义,不能构成新 词。有两种情况 动词的外部形态标记,主要是助动词be, have, do, shall, will, 其语法功能是表示时态、语态和语气(各种时态、 主动/被动与态、虚拟语气) 形容词、副词的外部形态标记,主要是more 和most
2. 形式词:借以表示词语间、句子中和小句间和语段中句子间 的关系词,英语中称为form words或function words.其中包括介 词、冠词、关系词、部分副词、部分代词等,除了表示句间关 系外,它们还都具有某中实际意义,不完全是实际意义,如: 连接性代词和副词。
连接词connective words:包括: 包括: 接词 包括 1 关系代词、 关系代词、 2关系副词、 关系副词、 关系副词 3 并列连词 并列连词and, but both…and…, either…or… not only …but also… as well as…)、 )、 4 从属连词 从属连词(as, after, while, as if, so that, if, unless though…) (英语中代词不仅有人称代词、指示代词、疑问代 英语中代词不仅有人称代词、 英语中代词不仅有人称代词 指示代词、 词等,而且还有许多代用形式: 词等,而且还有许多代用形式: 名词代用式: 名词代用式:one, some 名词短语代用式: 名词短语代用式:each, none, rather, all the same 状语代用式: 状语代用式:then, here , there, in that way, like that… 谓语和述位部分代用式: 谓语和述位部分代用式:do 谓语否定式代用式: 谓语否定式代用式:not 先行分句代用式why so, why not, if so, if not 先行分句代用式 形式主语it和 另:形式主语 和there be 句式中的 there,都是为避免头重脚 都是为避免头重脚 轻而出现的形式词
第三讲 形合和意合

二、汉语的意合法 英语连接词性语大约100个, 汉语的并列连词、从属连词与关联副词配合使 用的连接词语仅约50个; 汉语介词数量少,大约只有35个,而且大多是 从动词虚化而“借”来的 英语286个介词少得多。 ——汉语的形合手段少得多
汉语的意合法往往采用下面手段: 1.语序 汉语的许多主从复句,虽然不用关联词,形式类似并列复句,但 分句含义却有主有次。 她不老实,我不能信任她。 Because she is not honest , I can’t trust her. 我不能信任她,因为她不老实。 I can’t trust her , because she is not honest. 人(若)不犯我,我(则)不犯人。 We will not attack unless we are attacked. 打肿脸充胖子,吃亏的是自己。(如果) If you get beyond your depth ,you will suffer.
2.反复、排比、对偶、对照等。这些句式的词句整齐,结构 匀称,可以互文见义,往往不用关联词。 他不来,我不去。 If he won’t come here, I’ll not go there. 种瓜得瓜,种豆得豆. As you sow, so will reap. 不怕慢,只怕站。 It’s better to move ahead slowly than just to mark time.
3.紧缩句 有饭大家吃. Let everybody share the food if there is any. 不到黄河心不死。 Until all is over, ambition never dies. 问遍千家成行家。 Learn from numerous advisers, and you’ll become a master. 4.四字格 物极必反 远交近攻 玩火自焚 不进则退。
第三章形合与意合

心理重轻 Important-less inportant
陈述—评论 Statement—comment
上下远近 Top-bottom, far—near
整体—部分 Overall-partial
Logic Laws time sequence: 先后 浮动 始终 迟早 过河拆桥 汗流浃背 他五岁的时候生了一场大病,发高烧,听力没了,什么也听不见。 time& spatial specification: 粗细 深浅 大大小小 分分秒秒 cause-effect: 放大 收紧 开门见山 杀鸡取卵 无欲则刚 人逢喜事精神爽
Definition of Hypotaxis
Hypotaxis: The dependent or subordinate construction of relationship of clauses with connectives, for example, I shall despair if you don’t come (The American Heritage Dictionary) 形合:以连接词构筑的附属或从属结构小句之间的关系,如:要是你不来的话,我会失望的。《美国传统语言大词典)
English: Hypotactic Ways English has clear-cut formal markers to indicate the relation between sentence components. They help make sentences compact and clearly defined. It is impossible to calculate the meaning though the relationships. Those markers include: 1 Formal changes and coherence between subject and predicate, as well as reference of pronouns. 2 Relatives and conjunctions 3 Prepositions
陈述—评论 Statement—comment
上下远近 Top-bottom, far—near
整体—部分 Overall-partial
Logic Laws time sequence: 先后 浮动 始终 迟早 过河拆桥 汗流浃背 他五岁的时候生了一场大病,发高烧,听力没了,什么也听不见。 time& spatial specification: 粗细 深浅 大大小小 分分秒秒 cause-effect: 放大 收紧 开门见山 杀鸡取卵 无欲则刚 人逢喜事精神爽
Definition of Hypotaxis
Hypotaxis: The dependent or subordinate construction of relationship of clauses with connectives, for example, I shall despair if you don’t come (The American Heritage Dictionary) 形合:以连接词构筑的附属或从属结构小句之间的关系,如:要是你不来的话,我会失望的。《美国传统语言大词典)
English: Hypotactic Ways English has clear-cut formal markers to indicate the relation between sentence components. They help make sentences compact and clearly defined. It is impossible to calculate the meaning though the relationships. Those markers include: 1 Formal changes and coherence between subject and predicate, as well as reference of pronouns. 2 Relatives and conjunctions 3 Prepositions
句法差异:形合与意合

•意合:注重动作的先后次序与因果的前后关系. •形合: After I had my dinner, I went for a walk. (I
went for a walk after I had my dinner.) •意合:我吃过晚饭后出去散了散步.
•21. Dr. Smith (1) resumed重新开始the activities of anti-cancer experiment (2) begun in 1945 and
key
1.Because she is not honest, I can’t trust her. 2. We will not attack unless we are attacked. 3. If you have never tasted the bitterness of gall胆汁, how can you know the sweetness of honey? 4. A Wolf remains a wolf even though it is in sheep’s clothing. 5. Whoever plays with fire will perish by fire.
3. 统计分析表明这些吻合不可能偶然发生的。 (by chance; correspondence)
4. 我们应尽可能多地收集数据,以便找出它长期 发展的趋势。(data, identify)
5. 从图中可以看出,10年间食品价格有了大幅度 的提高。
Translation
1. 土地的价格占了整个房价的30%。(account for) Land prices account for 30% of the house prices. 2. 科学证据表明人类的一些行为导致了气候的变 化。(contribute to;human activities) Scientific evidence suggests that human activities are contributing to climate change. 3. 统计分析表明这些吻合不可能偶然发生的。(by chance; correspondence) Statistical analyses have shown that these correspondences are highly unlikely to have occurred by chance.
went for a walk after I had my dinner.) •意合:我吃过晚饭后出去散了散步.
•21. Dr. Smith (1) resumed重新开始the activities of anti-cancer experiment (2) begun in 1945 and
key
1.Because she is not honest, I can’t trust her. 2. We will not attack unless we are attacked. 3. If you have never tasted the bitterness of gall胆汁, how can you know the sweetness of honey? 4. A Wolf remains a wolf even though it is in sheep’s clothing. 5. Whoever plays with fire will perish by fire.
3. 统计分析表明这些吻合不可能偶然发生的。 (by chance; correspondence)
4. 我们应尽可能多地收集数据,以便找出它长期 发展的趋势。(data, identify)
5. 从图中可以看出,10年间食品价格有了大幅度 的提高。
Translation
1. 土地的价格占了整个房价的30%。(account for) Land prices account for 30% of the house prices. 2. 科学证据表明人类的一些行为导致了气候的变 化。(contribute to;human activities) Scientific evidence suggests that human activities are contributing to climate change. 3. 统计分析表明这些吻合不可能偶然发生的。(by chance; correspondence) Statistical analyses have shown that these correspondences are highly unlikely to have occurred by chance.
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•这座重修的自由塔是即将在世贸中心旧址上兴建的第一座办 公楼。
•It builds upon the original’s extraordinary level of life safety features and will include other features that will make it unprecedented in terms of life safety and security. In addition, the Freedom Tower will further its distinction as a world-class model of energy efficiency and environment sustainability.
•自由塔延续了原双子塔楼安全系数极高的设计,同时还将增 加其他特性,在保障生命安全上有史无前例的突破。另外,自 由塔还将作为世界一流能源效率高,环境可持续性好的典范独 树一帜。
【例5】Science made its greatest headway in the sixteenth century when people began asking answerable questions about nature—when they began replacing superstition by a systematic search for order—when experiments in addition to logic was used to test ideas. 【译文】16世纪科学发展势头强劲,人们开始提出关于大 自然的各种问题并予以解答,开始摆脱迷信,对自然秩序 进行系统探索,开始运用逻辑思辨和实验来验证各种观点。
That bare description begins to reveal some of paper’s hidden advantages.
这段直白的描述在开ຫໍສະໝຸດ 就说明了纸张具备的一些隐性优点。We all know why reading something on a computer screen can be unpleasant: relatively fuzzy type, glare, the need to stroll repeatedly, the screen’s relatively fixed position, and so forth. 众所周知,通过电脑屏幕阅读会令人不适,原因无外 乎:排版相对混乱,显示器光度有些刺眼,鼠标需不 断滑动,屏幕位置不易移动等等。 形容词+名词 :汉语的意合就体现汉语的一种音韵和 节奏特征上 多添加主语多小句。
刘佳旭 陈晓舒 王迪 薛雅芹
【例4】The amount and rate of oil production depends on the reservoir drive, which is the natural energy that forces the oil through the reservoir and into the well. 油藏驱动可以决定石油开采的数量与速率,同时作为一种自 然能量,还可驱使石油从储集岩中流向生产井。
•Sellen and Harper uncover numerous ways paper goes beyond just avoiding those annoyances. •赛轮和哈勃从多个方面说明: 纸张不仅能够摆脱 这些烦人的缺点,还具备许多其他优点。 •关联词
The revised Freedom Tower is the first office tower to be built on the World Trade Center site.
•It builds upon the original’s extraordinary level of life safety features and will include other features that will make it unprecedented in terms of life safety and security. In addition, the Freedom Tower will further its distinction as a world-class model of energy efficiency and environment sustainability.
•自由塔延续了原双子塔楼安全系数极高的设计,同时还将增 加其他特性,在保障生命安全上有史无前例的突破。另外,自 由塔还将作为世界一流能源效率高,环境可持续性好的典范独 树一帜。
【例5】Science made its greatest headway in the sixteenth century when people began asking answerable questions about nature—when they began replacing superstition by a systematic search for order—when experiments in addition to logic was used to test ideas. 【译文】16世纪科学发展势头强劲,人们开始提出关于大 自然的各种问题并予以解答,开始摆脱迷信,对自然秩序 进行系统探索,开始运用逻辑思辨和实验来验证各种观点。
That bare description begins to reveal some of paper’s hidden advantages.
这段直白的描述在开ຫໍສະໝຸດ 就说明了纸张具备的一些隐性优点。We all know why reading something on a computer screen can be unpleasant: relatively fuzzy type, glare, the need to stroll repeatedly, the screen’s relatively fixed position, and so forth. 众所周知,通过电脑屏幕阅读会令人不适,原因无外 乎:排版相对混乱,显示器光度有些刺眼,鼠标需不 断滑动,屏幕位置不易移动等等。 形容词+名词 :汉语的意合就体现汉语的一种音韵和 节奏特征上 多添加主语多小句。
刘佳旭 陈晓舒 王迪 薛雅芹
【例4】The amount and rate of oil production depends on the reservoir drive, which is the natural energy that forces the oil through the reservoir and into the well. 油藏驱动可以决定石油开采的数量与速率,同时作为一种自 然能量,还可驱使石油从储集岩中流向生产井。
•Sellen and Harper uncover numerous ways paper goes beyond just avoiding those annoyances. •赛轮和哈勃从多个方面说明: 纸张不仅能够摆脱 这些烦人的缺点,还具备许多其他优点。 •关联词
The revised Freedom Tower is the first office tower to be built on the World Trade Center site.