武汉科技大学357英语翻译基础2020年考研专业课真题试卷
武汉科技大学2022年《写作与翻译》考研真题与答案解析
武汉科技大学2022年《写作与翻译》考研真题与答案解析Part One Translation (75 points)I. Translate the following into Chinese. (40 points, 8 points for each item)1.I chanced to rise very early one particular morning this summer, and took a walk into the country to divert myself among the fields and meadows, while the green was new and the flowers in their bloom.2.The autumn leaves blew over the moonlit pavement in such a way as to make the girl who was moving there seem fixed to a sliding walk, letting the motion of the wind and the leaves carry her forward.3.I never saw in my life a man more intent on being agreeable than Mr. Elton. It is downright labour to him where ladies are concerned. With men he can be rational and unaffected, but when he has ladies to please every feature works.4.If I had stayed in business, I might be a comparatively wealthy man today, but I do not believe I would have made a success of living. I would have given up all those intangible, those inner satisfactions that money can never buy, and that are too often sacrificed where a man’s primary goal is financial success.5.I have visited many countries, and have been in cities without number, yet never did I enter a town which could not produce ten or twelve of those little great men; all fancying themselves known to the rest of the world, and complimenting each other upon their extensive reputation.II. Translate the following into English. (35 points, 7 points for each item) 1.他虽然经验不足，但很有进取心和创造力，而这正是在这一领域获得成功的关键。
2020年考研英语考试真题
2020年考研英语考试真题A(总8页)--本页仅作为文档封面，使用时请直接删除即可----内页可以根据需求调整合适字体及大小--2020年研究生入学统一考试试题（英语二）Section I Use of EnglishDirections：Read the following text. Choose the best word (s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)Being a good parent is, of course, what every parent would like to be. But defining what it means to be a good parent is undoubtedly very __1__, particularly since children respond differently to the same style of parenting. A calm, rule-following child might respond better to a different sort of parenting than, __2__, a younger sibling.__3__, there’s another sort of parent that’s a bit easier to __4__: a patient parent. Children of every age benefit from patient parenting. Still, __5__ every parent would like to be patient, this is no easy __6__. Sometimes parents get exhausted and frustrated and are unable to maintain a __7__ and composed style with their kids. I understand this.You’re only human, and sometimes your kids can __8__ you just a little too far. And then the __9__ happens: You lose your patience and either scream at your kids or say something that was a bit too __10__ and does nobody any good. You wish that you could __11__ the clock and start over. We’ve all been there.__12__, even though it’s common, it’s important to keep in mind that in a single moment of fatigue, you can say something to your child that you may __13__ for a long time. This may not only do damage to your relationship with your child but also __14__ your child’s self-esteem.If you consistently lose your __15__ with your kids, then you are inadvertently modeling a lack of emotional control for your kids. We are all becoming increasingly aware of the __16__of modeling tolerance and patience for the younger generation. This is a skill that will help them all throughout life. In fact, the ability to emotionally regulate or maintain emotional control when __17__ by stress is one of the most important of all life’s skills.Certainly, it’s incredibly __18__ to maintain patience at all times with your children. A more practical goal is to try, to the best of your ability, to be as tolerant and composed as you can when faced with __19__ situations involving your children. I can promise you this: As a result of working toward this goal, you and your children will benefit and __20__ from stressful moments feeling better physically and emotionally.1. A tedious B pleasant C instructive D tricky2. A in addition B for example C at once D by accident3. A fortunately B occasionally C accordingly D eventually4. A amuse B assist C describe D train5. A while B because C unless D once6. A answer B task C choice D access7. A tolerant B formal C rigid D critical8. A move B drag C pushD send9. A mysterious B illogical C suspicious D inevitable10. A boring B naive C harshD vague11. A turn back B take apart C set aside D cover up12. A overall B instead C however D otherwise13. A like B miss C believe D regret14. A raise B affect C justifyD reflect15. A time B bond C race D cool16. A nature B secret C importanceD context17. A cheated B defeated C confused D confronted18. A terrible B hard C strange D wrong19. A trying B changing C exciting D surprising20. A hide B emerge C withdraw D escapeSection Ⅱ Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. （40 points）Text 1Rats and other animals need to be highly at tuned to social signals from others so that can identify friends to cooperate with and enemies to avoid. To find out if this extends tonon-living beings, Loleh Quinn at the University of California, San Diego, and her colleagues tested whether rats can detect social signals form robotic rats.They housed eight adult rats with two types of robotic rat- one social and one asocial - for 5 our days. The robots rats were quite minimalist, resembling a chunkier version of a computer mouse with wheels-to move around and colorful markings.During the experiment, the social robot rat followed the living rats around, played with the same toys, and opened caged doors to let trapped rats escape. Meanwhile, the asocial robot simply moved forwards and backwards and side to sideNext, the researchers trapped the robots in cages and gave the rats the opportunity to release them by pressing a lever.Across 18 trials each, the living rats were 52 percent more likely on average to set the social robot free than the asocial one. This suggests that the rats perceived the social robot as a genuine social being. They may have bonded more with the social robot because it displayed behaviours like communal exploring and playing. This could lead to the rats betterremembering having freed it earlier, and wanting the robot to return the favour when they get trapped, says Quinn.The readiness of the rats to befriend the social robot was surprising given its minimal design. The robot was the same size as a regular rat but resembled a simple plastic box on wheels.“We' d assumed we' d have to give it a moving head and tail, facial features, and put a scene on it to make it smell like a real rat, but that wasn’t necessary, ”says Janet Wiles at the University of Queensland in Australia, who helped with the research.The finding shows how sensitive rats are to social cues, even when they come from basic robots. Similarly, children tend to treat robots as if they are fellow beings, even when they display only simple social signals. “We humans seem to be fascinated by robots, and it turns out other animals are too,”says Wiles.21. Quin and her colleagues conducted a test to see if rats can________[A] pickup social signals from non-living rats[B] distinguish a friendly rat from a hostile one[C] attain sociable traits through special training[D] send out warning messages to their fellow22. What did the asocial robot do during the experiment?[A] It followed the social robot.[B]It played with some toys.[C] It set the trapped rats free.[D]It moved around alone.23. According to Quinn, the rats released the social robot because they________[A] tried to practice a means of escape[B] expected it to do the same in return[C] wanted to display their intelligence[D]considered that an interesting game24. James Wiles notes that rats________[A]can remember other rat's facial features[B] differentiate smells better than sizes[C] respond more to cations than to looks[D]can be scared by a plastic box on wheels25. It can be learned from the text that rats________[A]appear to be adaptable to new surroundings[B] are more socially active than other animalsC] behave differently from children in socializing[D]are more sensitive to social cues than expectedText 2It is true that CEO pay has gone up-top ones may make 300 times the pay of typical workers on average, and since the mid-1970s CEO pay for large publicly traded American corporations has, by varying estimates, gone up by about 500% The typical CEO of a top American corporation now makes about million a year.The best model for understanding the growth of CEO pay is that of limited CEO talent in a world where business opportunities for the top firms are growing rapidly. The efforts of America's highest-earning 1% have been one of the more dynamic elements of the global economy. It's not popular to say, but one reason their pay has gone up so much is that CEOs really have upped their game relative to many other workers in the . economy.Today's CEO, at least for major American firms, must have many mere skills than simply being able to“run the company" CEOs must have a good sense of financial markets and maybe even how the company should trade in them. They also need better public relations skills than their predecessors, as the costs of even a minor slipup can be significant. Then there' s the fact that large American companies are much more globalized than ever before, with supply chains spread across a larger number of countries. To lead in that system requires knowledge that is fairly mind-boggling plus, virtually all major American companies are beyond this major CEOs still have to do all the day-to-day work they have always done.The common idea that high CEO pay is mainly about ripping people off doesn't explain history very well. By most measures, corporate governance has become a lot tighter and more rigorous since the 1970s. Yet it is principally during this period of stronger governance that CEO pay has been high and rising. That suggests it is in the broader corporate interest to recruit top candidates for increasingly tough jobs.”Furthermore, the highest CEO salaries are paid to outside candidates, not to the cozy insider picks, another sign that high CEO pay is not some kind of depredation at the expense of the rest of the company. And the stock market reacts positively when companies tie CEO pay to, say, stock prices, a sign that those practices build up corporate value not just for the CEO.26. Which of the following has contributed to CEO pay rise?[A] The growth in the number of corporations[B] The general pay rise with a better economy[C] Increased business opportunities for top firms[D] Close cooperation among leading economies27. Compared with their predecessors, today's CEOs are required to______[A] foster a stronger sense of teamwork[B] finance more research and development[C] establish closer ties with tech companies[D] operate more globalized companies28. CEO pay has been rising since the 1970s despite______[A] continual internal opposition[B] strict corporate governance[C] conservative business strategies[D] Repeated government warnings29. High CEO pay can be justified by the fact that it helps______[A] confirm the status of CEOs[B] motivate inside candidates[C] boost the efficiency of CEOs[D] increase corporate value30. The most suitable title for this text would be______[A] CEOs Are Not Overpaid[B] CEO Pay: Past and Present[C] CEOs' challenges of Today[D] CEO Traits: Not Easy to DefineText 3Madrid was hailed as a public health beacon last November when it rolled out ambitious restrictions on the most polluting cars. Seven months and one election day later, a newconservative city council suspended enforcement of the clean air zone, a first step toward its possible demise.Mayor Jose Luis Martinez -Almeida made opposition to the zone a centrepiece of his election campaign, despite its success in improving air quality. A judge has now overruled the city 's decision to stop levying fines, ordering them reinstated. But with legal battles ahead, the zone's future looks uncertain at best.Among other weaknesses, the measures cities must employ when left to tackle dirty air on their own are politically contentious, and therefore vulnerable. That s because they inevitably put the costs of cleaning the air on to individual drivers-who must pay fees or buy better vehicles 一rather than on to the car manufacturers whose cheating is the real cause of our toxic pollution.It's not hard to imagine a similar reversal happening in London. The new ultra-low emission zone (Ulez) is likely to be a big issue in next year's mayoral election. And if Sadiq Khan wins and extends it to the North and South Circular roads in 2021 as he intends, it is sure to spark intense opposition from the far larger number of motorists who will then be affected.It's not that measures such as London's Ulez are useless. Far from it. Local officials are using the levers that are available to them to safeguard residents' health in the face of a serious threat. The zones do deliver some improvements to air quality, and the science tells us that means real health benefits - fewer heart attacks, strokes and premature births, less cancer, dementia and asthma. Fewer untimely deaths.But mayors and councillors can only do so much about a problem that is far bigger than any one city or town. They are acting because national governments-Britain s and others across Europe - have failed to do so.Restrictions that keep highly polluting cars out of certain areas - city centers, school streets", even individual roads - are a response to the absence of a larger effort to properly enforce existing regulations and require auto companies to bring their vehicles into compliance. Wales has introduced special low speed limits to minimise pollution. We’re doing everything but insist that manufacturers clean up their cars.31. Which of the following is true about Madrid's clean air zone?[A] Its effects are questionable[B]It has been opposed by a judge[C] It needs tougher enforcement[D] Its fate is yet to be decided32. Which is considered a weakness of the city-level measures to tackle dirty air?[A] They are biased against car manufacturers.[B] They prove impractical for city councils.[C] They are deemed too mild for politicians.D] They put too much burden on individual motorists.33. The author believes that the extension of London's Ulez will .[A] arouse strong resistance.[B] ensure Khan's electoral success.[C] improve the city s traffic.[D] discourage car manufacturing.34. Who does the author think should have addressed the problem?[A] Local residents[B]Mayors.[C] Councilors.[D] National governments.35. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that auto companies.[A] will raise low-emission car production[B]should be forced to follow regulations[C] will upgrade the design of their vehicles[D] should be put under public supervisionText4Now that members of Generation Z are graduating college this spring the most commonly-accepted definition says this generation was born after 1995, give or take a year-the attention has been rising steadily in recent weeks. Gen Zs are about to hit the streets looking for work in a labor market that's tighter than it's been in decades. And employers are planning on hiring about 17 percent more new graduates for jobs in the . this year than last, according to a survey conducted by the National Association of Colleges and Employers. Everybody wants to know how the people who will soon inhabit those empty office cubicles will differ from those who came before them.If "entitled" is the most common adjective, fairly or not, applied to millennials (thoseborn between 1981 and 1995), the catchwords for Generation Z are practical and cautious. According to the career counselors and expert who study them, Generation Zs are clear-eyed, economic pragmatists. Despite graduating into the best economy in the past 50 years, GenZs know what an economic train wreck looks like. They were impressionable kids during the crash of 2008, when many of their parents lost their jobs or their life savings or both. They aren't interested in taking any chances. The booming economy seems to have done little to assuage this underlying generational sense of anxious urgency, especially for those who have college debt. College loan balances in the . now stand at a record $ trillion, according to the Federal Reserve.One survey from Accenture found that 88 percent of graduating seniors this year chose their major with a job in mind. In a 2019 survey of University of Georgia students, meanwhile, the career office found the most desirable trait in a future employer was the ability to offer secure employment (followed by professional development and training, and then inspiring purpose). Job security or stability was the second most important career goal (work-life balance was number one), followed by a sense of being dedicated to a cause or to feel good about serving the great good.36. Generation Zs graduating college this spring_____.[A] are recognized for their abilities[B] are in favor of job offers[C] are optimistic about the labor market[D] are drawing growing public attention37. Generation Zs are keenly aware_____.[A] what a tough economic situation is like[B] what their parents expect of them[C] how they differ from past generations[D] I how valuable a counselors advice is38. The word “assuage"(line 9, para 2)is closet in meaning to_____.[A]define [B]relieve [C] maintain [D] deepencan be learned from Paragraph 3 that Generation Zs_____.[A] care little about their job performance[B] give top priority to professional training[C]think it hard to achieve work-Life balance[D] have a clear idea about their future job40 Michelsen thinks that compared with millennials, Generation Zs are_____.[A]less realistic B] less adventurous [C]more diligent [D] more generousPart BDirections:Read the following text and answer the questions by choosing the most suitable subheading from the list A-G for each numbered paragraphs (41 -45). There are two extra subheadings which you do not need to use. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)[A]Give compliments, just not too many.[B] Put on a good face, always.[C] Tailor your interactions.[D] Spend time with everyone.[E] Reveal, don' t hide, information.[F] Slow down and listen.[G] Put yourselves in others' shoes.Five Ways to Win Over Everyone in the OfficeIs it possible to like everyone in your office Think about how tough it is to get together 15 people, much less 50, who all get along perfectly. But unlike in friendships, you need coworkers. You work with them every day and you depend on them just as they depend on you. Here are some ways that you can get the whole office on your sideIf you have a bone to pick with someone in your workplace, you may try stay tight-lipped around them. But you won't be helping either one of you. A Harvard Business School study found that observers consistently rated those who were frank about themselves more highly, while those who hid lost trustworthiness. The lesson is not that you should make your personal life an open book, but rather, when given the option to offer up details about yourself or painstakingly conceal them, you should just be honest.Just as important as being honest about yourself is being receptive to others. We often feel the need to tell others how we feel, whether it's a concern about a project, a stray thought, or a compliment. Those are all valid, but you need to take time to hear out your coworkers, too. In fact, rushing to get your own ideas out there can cause colleagues to feel you don't value their opinions. Do your best to engage coworkers in a genuine, back- and-forth conversation, rather than prioritizing your own thoughts.It's common to have a“cubicle mate" or special confidant in a work setting. But in addition to those trusted coworkers, you should expand your horizons and find out about all the people around you. Use your lunch and coffee breaks to meet up with colleagues you don't always see. Find out about their lives and interests beyond the job. It requires minimal effortand goes a long way. This will help to grow your internal network, in addition to being a nice break in the work day.Positive feedback is important for anyone to hear. And you don't have to be someone's boss to tell them they did an exceptional job on a particular project. This will help engender good will in others. But don't overdo it or be fake about it. One study found that people responded best to comments that shifted from negative to positive, possibly because it suggested they had won somebody over.This one may be a bit more difficult to pull off, but it can go a long way to achieving results. Remember in dealing with any coworker what they appreciate from an interaction. Watch out for how they verbalize with others. Some people like small talk in a meeting before digging into important matters, while other are more straightforward. Jokes that work one person won't necessarily land with another, So, adapt your style accordingly to type. Consider the person that you re dealing with in advance and what will get you to your desired outcome.Section III Translation46. Directions:Translate the following text into Chinese. Write your translation on the ANSWER SHEET. (15 points)It's almost impossible to go through life without experiencing some kind of failure. People who do so probably live so cautiously that they go nowhere. Put simply, they’re not real living at all. But, the wonderful thing about failure is that it's entirely up to us to decide how to look at it.We can choose to see failure as “the end of the world, "or as proof of just how inadequate we are. Or, we can look at failure as the incredible learning experience that it often is. Every time we fail at something, we can choose to look for the lesson we're meant to learn. These lessons are very important; they're how we grow, and how we keep from making that same mistake again. Failures stop us only if we let them. Failure can also teach us things about ourselves that we would never have learned otherwise.For instance, failure can help you discover how strong a person you are. Failing at something can help you discover your truest friends, or help you find unexpected motivation to succeed.Section IV WritingPart A47. Directions:Suppose you are planning a tour of a historical site for a group of international students. Write an email to1) tell them about the site, and2) give them some tips for the tourPlease write your answer on the ANSWER SHEET .Do not use your own name,use“Li Ming”instead. (10 points)Part B48. Directions:Write an essay based on the chart below. In your writing, you should1) interpret the chart, and2) give your comments.You should write about 150 words on the ANSWER SHEET. (15 points)。
2022年武汉工程大学357英语翻译基础考研真题电子版
武汉工程大学2022年全国硕士研究生招生考试考试科目代码及名称：357英语翻译基础Part I.Phrase Translation(30points,1point for each)Section1(15points)Directions:Translate the following phrases into Chinese(you can choose only15phrases from 1-20and write down the corresponding number on your answer sheet):1.APEC2.WHO3.UN4.MOOC5.per capita disposable income6.virtual economy7.lifelong education8.“Paradise Lost”9.“Wuthering Heights”10.“Pride and Prejudice”11.win-win cooperation12.Valentine's Day13.noise pollution14.a bachelor’s degree15.carbon neutrality16.cloud computingrmation literacy18.academic integrity19.functional equivalence20.domesticating translationSection2(15points)Directions:Translate the following phrases into English(you can choose only15phrases from 1-20and write down the corresponding number on your answer sheet):1.十四五规划2.中国共产党3.小康社会4.北京2022年冬奥会5.端午节6.中秋节7.人工智能8.计算机辅助翻译9.空间站10.母语11.理解与表达12.文化自信13.领土完整14.社交媒体15.人脸识别16.自主学习17.《论语》18.直译19.语言服务20.交替传译Part II.Passage Translation(120points)Section1(60points)Direction:Translate the following passage into Chinese.Too frequently,students seem to take for granted their right,or even their access,to interviews and to jobs needed to begin their careers.Such optimism can no longer be justified.Ten years ago, graduating students were warned that continued employment in one field for one company forone’s entire working life was increasingly becoming a thing of the past.Students could expect three or four career shifts.Today,many college or university graduates will never have the chance even to begin careers in their chosen fields.Others may find only part-time or contract work.The last decade has produced enormous changes in the way business and industry operate in North America,and in the ways in which people are employed.Corporate downsizing reductions in the workforce needed by a company for operating purposes has been a fact in business life for some time now.Global competition is usually given as the reason for smaller workforce requirements,while,it is claimed,technological developments,especially computerization,have led to massive employee lay-offs with no loss to productivity.Of course,there is an alternative view of downsizing:that remaining employees are expected to be more productive to work longer and harder to pick up the slack.A consequence of downsizing and technological change is a reduced full-time workforce,many of whom either handle more tasks or perform more specialized technological activities.In some companies,another consequence of a smaller workforce is the replacement of permanent full-time employees who receive higher salaries and significant benefit packages with part-time or contract workers who are offered lower salaries and few,if any, benefits.Some companies have virtually nothing to offer but these limited,rather unpromising positions.Section2(60points)Direction:Translate the following passage into English.“教育公平是社会公平的重要基础。
武汉科技大学2016年《357英语翻译基础》考研专业课真题试卷【含参考答案】
第 1 页 共 9 页 姓名：报考专业：准考证号码：密封线内不要写题2016年攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题 科目名称：英语翻译基础（■A 卷□B 卷）科目代码：357 考试时间：3小时 满分 150 分 可使用的常用工具：√无 □计算器 □直尺 □圆规（请在使用工具前打√） 注意：所有答题内容必须写在答题纸上，写在试题或草稿纸上的一律无效；考完后试题随答题纸交回。
Part One Phrase Translation(30 points) Directions: This part consists of two sections. In the following two sections you are supposed to translate 30 technical terms, abbreviations or proper names, either from English to Chinese or from Chinese to English, within 60 minutes. Section A English to Chinese (15 points) 1) disposable income 2) malicious software 3) asylum application 4) air filtration face masks 5) community nursing service 6) fabricate academic credentials 7) eco-friendly toilet 8) sperm banks 9) solicit public opinion 10) to buy for the thrill of the bargain 11) The Lord of the Flies 12) Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP) 13) pragmatic anti-corruption cooperation 14) post-disaster recovery 15) removal of papersSection B Chinese to English (15 points)。
2020年湖北武汉科技大学翻译英语考研真题及答案
2020年湖北武汉科技大学翻译英语考研真题及答案Part I. Vocabulary and Grammar (20 points, 1 point for each) Directions: There are 20 statements in this section. After each statement there are four choices marked A, B, C, and D. Select the only one choice that best completes the statement. Write your answers on your answer sheet.1. They didn’t find that the meeting was _____ until they got to the hall.A. canceledB. conceivedC. put outD. cut down2. There are many kinds of steel, each ______ its uses in industry.A. hasB. hadC. haveD. having3. They had food and clothing _______ for their needs.A. sufficientB. efficientC. properD. considerable4. The two brave young men ______ the day when their own country was liberated.A. longed toB. desired afterC. longed forD. longed after5. It _____ to rain cats and dogs that day.A. happenedB. occurredC. took placeD. was6. That’s his first offence, and the judge is going to give him a light _____.A. sentenceB. crimeC. serviceD. claim7. Were there any exciting _____ during your journey?A. incidentsB. accidentsC. eventsD. business8. A month after 5-year-old Leanna Warner was reported missing, her family still ____ hope even as they try to live a “new”normal life.A. holds outB. holds upC. holds toD. holds back9. This information is only _____ data and will need further analysis.A. netB. grossC. rawD. rough10. Is the _____ of food and clothes to the hungry more helpful than giving money?A. donationB. devotionC. dedicationD. compensation11. He was already _____ the ship.A. boardB. aboardC. abroadD. broad12. After graduation, he suddenly became interested in the _____ of literature and art.A. realmB. rangeC. areaD. zone13. Stormy applause broke forth _____ he appeared on the stage.A. for the momentB. the momentC. at the moment whenD. the moment when14. A good salesman must be _____ if he wants to succeed.A. militantB. offensiveC. aggressiveD. certain15. Physics is _____ to the science which was called natural philosophy in history.A. likelyB. uniformC. alikeD. equivalent16. So much _____ about his financial position that he can’t sleep at night.A. he worriesB. does he worryC. did he worryD. he worried17. Many are socially active, are involved as volunteers, and are _____ new responsibilities.A. taking onB. taking overC. taking inD. taking after18. I will now introduce the candidate in support of _____ I wish to speak.A. whichB. whoC. thatD. whom19. At 125th Street, Mr. Torres would _____ to the No. 2 train by crossing the platform.A. inferB. transformC. transferD. refer20. Not that I don’t want to go, _____ that I have no time.A. althoughB. despiteC. butD. forPart II. Error Correction (10 points, 1 point for each)Directions: This part consists of a short passage. In this passage, there are altogether 10 mistakes, one in each numbered line. You are required to change a word, add a word or delete a word. If you add a word, put an insertion mark (Λ) in the right place and write the missing word in the corresponding blank on your answer sheet. If you delete a word, cross it and put a slash (/) in the corresponding blank on your answer sheet. If you change a word, cross it and put your word in the corresponding blank on your answer sheet. Remember to write the correct number beside each blank on the answer sheet.For most parents, having a newborn in the house candisrupt sleep schedules. Generally, there aren’t any long-termhealth effects.It’s a evolutionary thing that’s built in to help us raise 21. _______ newborns, though there are really no studies for this. New 22. _______ parents can prepare by understanding, and accepting, which 23. _______ the first few months will most likely consist of disruptedsleep. If you followed the guidelines below, the disrupted 24. _______ sleep will likely last for only a few months, which is rathershort-term in the scheme of things. During the first six months of life, babies sleep soundly in two-to-four hour periods. Newborns are not born with a cycle that makes him stay awake during the day 25. ________ and sleep at night. Rather, sleep is spaced regularly to piece 26. _______ throughout the 24-hour day. Bottle-fed newborns tend to sleepfor slightly shorter periods, generally three to four hours, 27. _______ whereas breast-fed babies tend to sleep in one-to-three hourcycles. After 6 months of age, infants begin to sleep for longerperiods, they generally sleep through the night. From 6 28. ________ months to 9 months, however, many infants, even those whowere fantastic sleepers when they were younger, begin toexhibit episodes of night wakings. These night wakings aregenerally due to developmental phases. Instead sleeping, 29. ________ babies often find it more interesting to practice newly acquiredskills like crawling or sitting up. About 30 percent to 50 percentof infants at this age awaken at most once per night for a 30. ________short while, usually for about one to five minutes at a time,with 25 percent of 1-year-olds continuing to do so.Part III. Reading Comprehension (40 points, 2 point for each)Directions: Read the following passages and answer the questions. Choose the most appropriate answer for each question and circle the letter on the answer sheet. Remember to write the letter corresponding to the question number.Questions 31-35 are based on the following passage:Conservationists call them hot spots - habitats that cover just 1.4 percent of the earth’s land surface but are so rich in biological diversity that preserving them could keep an astonishing number of plant and animal species off the endangered list.Since 1988, when Dr. Norman Myers and his colleagues began describing these hot spots in a series of scientific papers and arguing for their protection, they havebecome a focus of worldwide conservation efforts. Private organizations and government agencies, including the World Bank, have made preserving 25 such ecological arks a top priority for financing and protective legislation. But a growing chorus of scientists is warning that directing conservation funds to hot spots may be a recipe for major losses in the future. Of species that live on land, nearly half of all plants and more than a third of all animals are found only in the hot spots. But they do not include many rare species and major animal groups that live in less biologically rich regions (“cold spots”). And the hot-spot concept does not factor in the importance of some ecosystems to human beings, the scientists argue.This debate has been simmering（炖，煨，慢煮）quietly among biologists for years; however, it is coming to a boil now with the publication of an article in the current issue of American Scientist arguing that “calls to direct conservation funding to the world’s biodiversity hot spots may be bad investment advice.”“The hot-spot concept has grown so popular in recent years within the larger conservation community that it now risks eclipsing（超越）all other approaches,”write the authors of the paper. “The officers and directors of all too many foundations, non-governmental organizations and international agencies have been seduced by the simplicity of the hot spot idea,”they go on. “We worry that the initially appealing idea of getting the most species per unit area is, in fact, a thoroughly misleading strategy.”But hot spots have their ardent（热情的）defenders, notably Dr. Norman Myers and Dr. Russell Mittermeier. Dr. Myers says hot spots have been successful at attracting attention andfinancing for conservation in tropical countries. “And that has been good,”he said. “No one is suggesting that one invest solely in hot spots, but if you want to avoid extinctions, you have to invest in them.”31. The best title for this passage would be ________.A. A Debate on Preserving Hot SpotsB. An Introduction to Hot SpotsC. Hot Spots vs. Cold SpotsD. How to Finance Hot Spots32.Hot spots occupy a small percentage of the earth’s land surface with ________.A. a third of all plantsB. many major animal groups living in cold spotsC. rich biological diversityD. many rare species living in cold spots33.Critics of hot spots hold the opinion that ________.A. hot spots are always as important as cold spotsB. it is unwise to invest largely in hot spotsC. governments should choose the best time to invest in hot spotsD. the hot-spot approach is a misleading strategy from the very beginning34.According to Dr. Norman Myers, _________.A. protecting and investing in hot spots can save species from extinctionB. conservation efforts should not center on hot spotsC. governments should invest most in cold spotsD. the hot-spot approach now is not as good as it was in the past35.What is the writer’s attitude towards the hot-spot approach?A. Critical.B. Neutral.C. Supportive.D. Doubtful.Questions 36-40 are based on the following passage:Interactive television advertising, which allows viewers to use their remote controls to click on advertisements, has been pushed for years. Nearly a decade ago it was predicted that viewers of “Friends”, a popular situation comedy, would soon be able to purchase a sweater like Jennifer Aniston’s with a few taps on their remote control. “It’s been the year of interactive television advertising for the last ten or twelve years. ”says Colin Dixon of a digital-media consultancy.So the news that Cablevision, an American cable company, was rolling out interactive advertisements to all its customers on October 6th was greeted with some skepticism. During commercials, an overlay will appear at the bottom of the screen, prompting viewers to press a button to request a free sample or order a catalogue. Cablevision hopes to allow customers to buy things with their remote controls early next year.Television advertising could do with a boost. Spending fell by 10% in the first half of the year. The popularization of digital video recorders has caused advertisers toworry that their commercials will be skipped. Some are turning to the Internet, which is cheaper and offers concrete measurements like click-through rates---especially important at a time when marketing budges are tight. With the launch of interactive advertising, “many of the dollars that went to the Internet will come back to the TV, ”says David Kline of Cablevision. Or so the industry hopes.In theory, interactive advertising can engage viewers in a way that 30-seconds spots do not. Unilever recently ran an interactive campaign for its Axe Deodorant(除臭剂)，which kept viewers engaged for more than three minutes on average.The amount spent on interactive advertising on television is still small. Magna, as advertising agency, reckons it will be worth about $ 138 million this year. That falls far short of the billions of dollars people once expected it to generate. But DirecTV, Comcast and Time Warner Cable have all invested in it. A new effort led by Canoe Ventures, a coalition of leading cable providers, aims to make interactive advertising available across America later this year. BrightLine iTV, which designs and sells interactive ads, says interest has surged: it expects its revenues almost to triple this year. BSkyB, Britain’s biggest satellite-television service, alreadyprovide 9 million customers with interactive ads.Yet there are doubts whether people watching television, a “lean back”medium, crave interaction. Click-through rates have been high so far(around 3-4%, compared with less than 0.3% online), but that may be a result of the novelty. Interactive ads and viewers might not go well together.36.What does Colin Dixon mean by saying “It’s been the year of interactive television advertising for the last ten or twelve years”(Lines 4-5, Para.1)?A. Interactive television advertising will become popular in 10-12 years.B. Interactive television advertising has been under debate for the last decade or so.C. Interactive television advertising is successful when incorporated into situation comedies.D. Interactive television advertising has not achieved the anticipated results.37.What is public’s response to Cablevision’s planned interactive TV advertising program?A. Pretty positive.B. Totally indifferent.C. Somewhat doubtful.D. Rather critical.38.What is the impact of the wide use of digital video recorders on TV advertising?A. It has made TV advertising easily accessible to viewers.B. It helps advertisers to measure the click---through rates.C. It has placed TV advertising at a great disadvantage.D. It enables viewers to check the sales items with ease.39.What do we learn about Unilever’s interactive campaign?A. It proves the advantage of TV advertising.B. It has done well in engaging the viewers.C. it helps attract investments in the company.D. It has boosted the TV advertising industry.40.How does the author view the hitherto high click-through rates?A. They may be due to the novel way of advertising.B. They signify the popularity of interactive advertising.C. They point to the growing curiosity of TV viewers.D. They indicate the future direction of media reform.Questions 41-45 are based on the following passage:Maybe it’s a sign of a mature mind when some of life’s bigger questions---about love, faith, ambition---suddenly seem more manageable than smaller ones, such as: why did I just open the refrigerator? Where on earth did I put my keys? Where did I write down that phone number?Our capacity for storing and recalling information does not stream down like sand through an hourglass, as neurologists once believed. On the contrary, new research suggests that, when stimulated in the right way, brains of almost any age can give birth to cells and forge fresh pathways to file away new information. This emerging picture has not only encouraged those who treat and care for the 5% of older adults who have dementia(痴呆症) such as Alzheimer’s disease, but also generated a wave of optimism among those studying memory changes in the other 95%, as well as an increasing public fascination with “memory enhancement”dietary supplements, books and brain-improving techniques.The slight failures of memory that many of us attribute to a failing brain are often due to something entirely different: anxiety, sleep problems, depression, even heart disease. The biological nuts and bolts of learning and memory in fact change little over time in healthy people, researcher say. “There is very little cell loss, and structurally all the machinery is there, even very late in life, ”said a neuroscientist Greg Cole. It’s the cells’speed and ability to send and receive signals that diminish gradually, which is what makes the mind go blank when trying to recall familiar words and names.For more than a decade, researchers have known that people who have active, intellectually challenging lives are less likely to develop dementia than those who do not. Part of this difference is attributable to intelligence, some doctors believe, The more you start with, the longer it takes to lose it. And new evidence suggests that the act of using your brain is in itself protective, no matter who you are.All of the activities, such as reading newspaper , watching TV, playing games, etc. , canimprove people’s scores on standard tests measuring recall of numbers and names, experts say. They also acknowledge, however, that there is a big difference between playing chess with a friend and doing a mental exercise, such as memorizing numbers. One is an organic part of a person’s life, the other a purely intellectual exercise, done in isolation. The first is fun; the second, often, is a tiring task.41.According to the text, adult persons usually_____A. stress the settlement of bigger problems.B. focus their attention on great issues.C. overlook the remembrance of trivial things.D. suffer memory decline related to age.42.According to new research, it’s distinct that_____A. our brain cells can be producible.B. our memory may be renewable.C. most mental illnesses are curable.D. brain-mending methods are available.43.The phrase “nuts and bolts”in Par.3 most probably means_____A. basic structures.B. complex tasks.C. practical aspects.D. working parts.44.As asserted by researchers, our inability to memorize words or names mainly___A. results from the declining efficiency of brain cells.B. results in the brain’s liability to radical interference.C. consists of different mental disorders.D. consists in various emotional problems.45.Experts suggest that the best way to avoid memory failures is____.A. to take more dietary supplementsB. to keep mental function aliveC. to find an intellectual occupationD. to do more intellectual exerciseQuestions 46-50 are based on the following passage:Every year at Thanksgiving, parts of the Upper West Side of Manhattan become like a paradise for children. There’s the exciting preparation of the balloons and floats for the Thanksgiving Day parade, and then, on Thursday morning, the parade itself.The weather isn’t always kind. I’ve seen the kids out there in snow, in freezing rain, in winds that threaten to send the balloons and their handlers soaring to distant venues. It doesn’t seem to matter. The children come into the neighborhood in waves, holding the hands of adults or riding atop their shoulders, smiling, laughing, and playing hide-and-seek among the police barriers. Finally, inevitably, they end up staring in absolute open-mouthed, wide-eyed look as huge colorful creation of their favorite characters begin making their grand way down Central Park West.We have an obligation and an opportunity at this special moment in history to do right by these youngsters, and all the rest of America’s kids. It’s a special moment because we’ve seen so clearly the many things that have gone wrong in the society, and it may not be easy to articulate.The American economy is broken, ruined by the greed and irresponsibility of fabulously wealthy corporate headmen and their shabby helpers and enablers in government. While Wall Street is handing out billions in bonuses, American families are struggling with joblessness, home foreclosures and a huge sum of debt. The economic woes are having a negative impact on family life, and children are taking a big hit--- emotionally, psychologically and otherwise.One effect of the Great Recession, according to a recent series in The New York Times, has been a big jump in the number of runaway children, many of them living in dangerous condition on the street.Family homelessness is also up. And poverty is increasing. More than a third of all black children in America are poor, and that tragic percentage is expanding. The outlook for America’s working classes is bleak. A few weeks ago a New York cab driver broke down in tears as he toldme he’d had to apply for food stamps to continue feeding his family.A sense of urgency may be starting emerge. With president Obama’s jobs summit approaching, representatives from labor and progressive organizations gathered in Washington to warn of the lasting damage being imposed on the prospects of young Americans by the continuing employment crisis.46.What does the author mean by “floats”(Line2, Para.1)?A. Decorated vehicles in the parade.B. Balloons floating in the sky.C. Something blown away by the wind.D. Artificial flowers in the parade.47.We can infer from the second paragraph all of the following EXCEPT_____.A. the wind is quite strong on the day of the paradeB. children are excited enough to resist the cold weatherC. the police are there ready to arrest anyone suspiciousD. children stay there to watch the parade until the end48.According to the text, _____ suffer(s) most in the economic dilemma.A. the Wall StreetB. the wealthy corporate’s headmenC. the American familiesD. the enablers in government49.It can be inferred from the text that _____.A. the prospect of American economy is prosperousB. the poverty of the black children is expanding fastestC. the New York cab driver are on strikeD. children’s escaping from home is on the rise50.Which of the following can best summarize the main idea of the text?A. The prospect of American economy.B. The poverty of children in economic recession.C. The celebration of the Thanksgiving Day.D. The deep source of the broken American economy.Part IV. Writing (30 points)51. Directions: Write an essay of about 400 words in English on the following topic. Write your essay on your ANSWER SHEET.How to Solve the Medical Problems in Big Cities?参考答案Part I. Vocabulary and Grammar (20 points, 1 point for each)1-5: ADACA 6-10: AACCA 11-15: BABCD 16-20: BADCCPart II. Error Correction (10 points, 1 point for each)21. a ×→an22. for ×→on23. which ×→that24. followed ×→follow25. him ×→them26. piece ×→pieces27. shorter ×→longer28. , Λthey →, and29.instead Λsleeping →of30. most ×→leastPart III. Reading Comprehension (40 points, 2 point for each)31-35 ACBAB 36-40 CCCBA 41-45 DADAB 46-50 ACCDBPart IV. Writing (30 points)51. （作文略）作文评分细则本题满分30分，采用总体评分方法，就总的印象给出奖励分，而不是按语言点的错误数目扣分。
2023年武汉工程大学研究生考试自命题真题 357英语翻译基础
武汉工程大学2023 年全国硕士研究生招生考试考试科目代码及名称： 357 英语翻译基础I.Phrase Translation (30 points, 1 point for each)Section I (15 points)Directions: Translate the following phrases into Chinese and write the answers on the answer sheet.1.general linguistics2.emotional quotient3.low-carbon economy4.United Nations Secretary-General5.sustainable development6.cross-cultural communication7.ubiquitous learning8.virtual reality9.consecutive interpreting10.intralingual translation11.foreignization12.dynamic equivalence13.“Robinson Crusoe”14.“Vanity Fair”15.“Romeo and Juliet”Section II (15 points)Directions: Translate the following phrases into English and write the answers on the answer sheet.1.中国共产党2.国务院3.小康社会4.双语能力5.人工智能6.全球化与本地化7.循环经济8.世界互联网大会9.翻译硕士10.可接受性与可译性11.直译与意译12.视听翻译13.探月工程14.文化词汇15.衔接与连贯II.Passage Translation (120 points)Section 1 (60 points)Directions: Translate the following passage into Chinese.Governments will have to decide whether to restrict boosters to vulnerable groups — the UK has just widened preparations for the booster to be given to those over 50. This tactic is designed to reduce hospitalizations and deaths. But proponents of diffuse vaccine rollouts argue that jabs should be given more widely to try to lessen the economic and social damage lockdowns cause. In addition, governments could consider liberalizing markets somewhat, allowing people outside target groups to pay for boosters, as they do for flu jabs or travel shots.There is also the question of what vaccine to deploy, with evidence that those developed earlier in the pandemic are less efficient at tackling the spread of Omicron (although they do still confer protection against severe illness). The International Coalition of Medicines Regulatory Authorities is due to vote by the end of the month on whether to allow variant-specific vaccines; the hope is that it will. Countries’ investment in treatments for Covid should also be sustained, including in antivirals, which lessen the effects for symptomatic patients if taken early on.Moreover, seasonal flu could be far worse this year — an issue Australia and China are already grappling with — because pandemic restrictions mean people have been less exposed to all kinds of illnesses a nd are less resilient. “Two-in-one” campaigns that encourage people to get both their Covid boosters and flu jabs, as Australia is launching, will be key this autumn.While restrictions can be jettisoned this summer, the hard lessons of the past two years should not be. Covid-19 may have been displaced in headlines, governments’ priorities, and the publicconsciousness, but out of sight should not mean out of mind.Section 2 (60 points)Directions: Translate the following passage into English.我们推进了农业结构调整。
2020年考研英语真题及答案
考研英语真题和答案Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)Research on animal intelligence always makes me wonder just how smart humans are. 1 thefruit-fly experiments described in Carl Zimmer’s piece in the Science Times on Tuesday. Fruit flies who were taught to be smarter than the average fruit fly 2 to live shorter lives. This suggests that 3 bulbs burn longer, that there is an 4 in not being too terrifically bright.Intelligence, it 5 out, is a high-priced option. It takes more upkeep, burns more fuel and is slow 6 the starting line because it depends on learning — a gradual 7 — instead of instinct. Plenty of other species are able to lear n, and one of the things they’ve apparently learned is when to 8 .Is there an adaptive value to 9 intelligence? That’s the question behind this new research. I like it. Instead of casting a wistful glance 10 at all the species we’ve left in the dust I.Q.-wise, it implicitly asks what the real 11 of our own intelligence might be. This is 12 the mind of every animal I’ve ever met.Research on animal intelligence also makes me wonder what experiments animals would 13 on humans if they had the chance. Every cat with an owner, 14 , is running a small-scale study in operant conditioning. we believe that 15 animals ran the labs, they would test us to 16 the limits of our patience, our faithfulness, our memory for terrain. They would try to decide what intelligence in humans is really 17 , not merely how much of it there is. 18 , they would hope to study a 19 question: Are humans actually aware of the world they live in? 20 the results are inconclusive.1. [A] Suppose [B] Consider [C] Observe [D] Imagine2. [A] tended [B] feared [C] happened [D] threatened3. [A] thinner [B] stabler [C] lighter [D] dimmer4. [A] tendency [B] advantage [C] inclination [D] priority5. [A] insists on [B] sums up [C] turns out [D] puts forward6. [A] off [B] behind [C] over [D] along7. [A] incredible [B] spontaneous [C]inevitable [D] gradual8. [A] fight [B] doubt [C] stop [D] think9. [A] invisible [B] limited [C] indefinite [D] different10. [A] upward [B] forward [C] afterward [D] backward11. [A] features [B] influences [C] results [D] costs12. [A] outside [B] on [C] by [D] across13. [A] deliver [B] carry [C] perform [D] apply14. [A] by chance [B] in contrast [C] as usual [D] for instance15. [A] if [B] unless [C] as [D] lest16. [A] moderate [B] overcome [C] determine [D] reach17. [A] at [B] for [C] after [D] with18. [A] Above all [B] After all [C] However [D] Otherwise19. [A] fundamental [B] comprehensive [C] equivalent [D] hostile20. [A] By accident [B] In time [C] So far [D] Better stillSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Text1Habits are a funny thing. We reach for them mindlessly, setting our brains on auto-pilot and relaxing into the unconscious comfort of familiar routine. “Not choice, but habit rules the unreflecting herd,” William Wordsworth said in the 19th century. In the ever-changing 21st century, even the word “habit” carries a negative connotation.So it seems antithetical to talk about habits in the same context as creativity and innovation. But brain researchers have discovered that when we consciously develop new habits, we create parallel synaptic paths, and even entirely new brain cells, that can jump our trains of thought onto new, innovative tracks.But don’t bother trying to kill off old habits; once those ruts of procedure are worn into the hippocampus, they’re there to stay. Instead, the new habits we deliberately ingrain into ourselves create parallel pathways that can bypass those old roads.“The first thing needed for innovation is a fascination with wonder,” says Dawna Markova, author of “The Open Mind” and an executive change consultant for Professional Thinking Partners. “But we are taught ins tead to ‘decide,’ just as our president calls himself ‘the Decider.’ ” She adds, however, that “to decide is to kill off all possibilities but one. A good innovational thinker is always exploring the many other possibilities.”All of us work through proble ms in ways of which we’re unaware, she says. Researchers in the late 1960 covered that humans are born with the capacity to approach challenges in four primary ways: analytically, procedurally, relationally (or collaboratively) and innovatively. At puberty, however, the brain shuts down half of that capacity, preserving only those modes of thought that have seemed most valuable during the first decade or so of life.The current emphasis on standardized testing highlights analysis and procedure, meaning that few of us inherently use our innovative and collaborative modes of thought. “This breaks the major rule in the American belief system —that anyone can do anything,” explains M. J. Ryan, author of the 2006 book “This Year I Will...” and Ms. Markova’s business partner. “That’s a lie that we have perpetuated, and it fosters commonness. Knowing what you’re good at and doing even more of it creates excellence.” This is where developing new habits comes in.21. The view of Wordsworth habit is claimed by beingA. casualB. familiarC. mechanicalD. changeable.22. The researchers have discovered that the formation of habit can beA. predictedB. regulatedC. tracedD. guided23.” ruts”(in line one, paragraph 3) has closest meaning toA. tracksB. seriesC. characteristicsD. connections24. Ms. Markova’s comments suggest that the practice of standard testing ?A, prevents new habits form being formedB, no longer emphasizes commonnessC, maintains the inherent American thinking modelD, complies with the American belief system25. Ryan most probably agree thatA. ideas are born of a relaxing mindB. innovativeness could be taughtC. decisiveness derives from fantastic ideasD. curiosity activates creative mindsText 2It is a wise father that knows his own child, but today a man can boost his paternal (fatherly) wisdom –or at least confirm that he’s the kid’s dad. All he needs to do is shell our $30 for paternity testing kit (PTK) at his local drugstore – and another $120 to get the results.More than 60,000 people have purchased the PTKs since they first become available without prescriptions last years, according to Doug Fog, chief operating officer of Identigene, which makes the over-the-counter kits. More than two dozen companies sell DNA tests Directly to the public , ranging in price from a few hundred dollars to more than $2500.Among the most popular : paternity and kinship testing , which adopted children can use to find their biological relatives and latest rage a many passionate genealogists-and supports businesses that offer to search for a family’s geographic roots .Most tests require collecting cells by webbing saliva in the mouth and sending it to the company for testing. All tests require a potential candidate with whom to compare DNA.But so me observers are skeptical, “There is a kind of false precision being hawked by people claiming they are doing ancestry testing,” says Trey Duster, a New York University sociologist. He notes that each individual has many ancestors-numbering in the hundreds just a few centuries back. Yet most ancestry testing only considers a single lineage, either the Y chromosome inherited through men in a father’s line or mitochondrial DNA, which a passed down only from mothers. This DNA can reveal genetic information about only one or two ancestors, even though, for example, just three generations back people also have six other great-grandparents or, four generations back, 14 other great-great-grandparents.Critics also argue that commercial genetic testing is only as good as the reference collections to which a sample is compared. Databases used by some companies don’t rely on data collected systematically but rather lump together information from different research projects. This means that a DNA database may differ depending on the company that processes the results. In addition, the computer programs a company uses to estimate relationships may be patented and not subject to peer review or outside evaluation.26.In paragraphs 1 and 2 , the text shows PTK’s ___________.[A]easy availability[B]flexibility in pricing[C] successful promotion[D] popularity with households27. PTK is used to __________.[A]locate one’s birth place[B]promote genetic research[C] identify parent-child kinship[D] choose children for adoption28. Skeptical observers believe that ancestry testing fails to__________.[A]trace distant ancestors[B] rebuild reliable bloodlines[C] fully use genetic information[D] achieve the claimed accuracy29. In the last paragraph ,a problem commercial genetic testing faces is __________.[A]disorganized data collection[B] overlapping database building30. An appropriate title for the text is most likely to be__________.[A]Fors and Againsts of DNA testing[B] DNA testing and It’s problems[C]DNA testing outside the lab[D] lies behind DNA testingText 3The relationship between formal education and economic growth in poor countries is widely misunderstood by economists and politicians alike progress in both area is undoubtedly necessary for the social, political and intellectual development of these and all other societies; however, the conventional view that education should be one of the very highest priorities for promoting rapid economic development in poor countries is wrong. We are fortunate that is it, because neweducational systems there and putting enough people through them to improve economic performance would require two or three generations. The findings of a research institution have consistently shown that workers in all countries can be trained on the job to achieve radical higher productivity and, as a result, radically higher standards of living.Ironically, the first evidence for this idea appeared in the United States. Not long ago, with the country entering a recessing and Japan at its pre-bubble peak. The U.S. workforce was derided as poorly educated and one of primary cause of the poor U.S. economic performance. Japan was, and remains, the global leader in automotive-assembly productivity. Yet the research revealed that the U.S. factories of Honda Nissan, and Toyota achieved about 95 percent of the productivity of their Japanese countere pants a result of the training that U.S. workers received on the job.More recently, while examing housing construction, the researchers discovered that illiterate,non-English- speaking Mexican workers in Houston, Texas, consistently met best-practice labor productivity standards despite the complexity of the building industry’s work.What is the real relationship between education and economic development? We have to suspect that continuing economic growth promotes the development of education even when governments don’t force it. After all, that’s how education got started. When our ancestors were hunters and gatherers 10,000 years ago, they didn’t have time to wonder much about anything besides finding food. Only when humanity began to get its food in a more productive way was there time for other things.As education improved, humanity’s productivity potential, they could in turn afford more education. This increasingly high level of education is probably a necessary, but not a sufficient, condition for the complex political systems required by advanced economic performance. Thus poor countries might not be able to escape their poverty traps without political changes that may be possible only with broader formal education. A lack of formal education, however, doesn’t constrain the ability of the developing world’s workforce to substantially improve productivity for the forested future. On the contrary, constraints on improving productivity explain why education isn’t developing more quickly there than it is.31. The author holds in paragraph 1 that the important of education in poor countries___________.[A] is subject groundless doubts[B] has fallen victim of bias[C] is conventional downgraded[D] has been overestimated32. It is stated in paragraph 1 that construction of a new education system __________.[A]challenges economists and politicians[B]takes efforts of generations[C] demands priority from the government[D] requires sufficient labor force33.A major difference between the Japanese and U.S workforces is that __________.[A] the Japanese workforce is better disciplined[B] the Japanese workforce is more productive[C]the U.S workforce has a better education[D] ]the U.S workforce is more organize34. The author quotes the example of our ancestors to show that education emerged __________.[A] when people had enough time[B] prior to better ways of finding food[C] when people on longer went hung[D] as a result of pressure on government35. According to the last paragraph , development of education __________.[A] results directly from competitive environments[B] does not depend on economic performance[C] follows improved productivity[D] cannot afford political changesText 4The most thoroughly studied in the history of the new world are the ministers and political leaders of seventeenth-century New England. According to the standard history of American philosophy, nowhere else in colonial America was “So much important attached to intellectual pursuits ” According to many books and articles, New England’s leaders established the basic themes and preoccupations of an unfolding, dominant Puritan tradition in American intellectual life.To take this approach to the New Englanders normally mean to start with the Puritans’ theological innovations and their distinctive ideas about the church-important subjects that we may not neglect. But in keeping with our examination of southern intellectual life, we may consider the original Puritans as carriers of European culture adjusting to New world circumstances. The New England colonies were the scenes of important episodes in the pursuit of widely understood ideals of civility and virtuosity.The early settlers of Massachusetts Bay included men of impressive education and influence in England. `Besides the ninety or so learned ministers who came to Massachusetts church in the decade after 1629,There were political leaders like John Winthrop, an educated gentleman, lawyer, and official of the Crown before he journeyed to Boston. There men wrote and published extensively, reaching both New World and Old World audiences, and giving New England an atmosphere of intellectual earnestness.We should not forget , however, that most New Englanders were less well educated. While few crafts men or farmers, let alone dependents and servants, left literary compositions to be analyzed, The in thinking often had a traditional superstitions quality. A tailor named John Dane, who emigrated in the late 1630s, left an account of his reasons for leaving England that is filled with signs. sexual confusion, economic frustrations , and religious hope-all name together in a decisive moment when he opened the Bible, told his father the first line he saw would settle his fate, and read the magical words: “come out from among them, touch no unclean thing , and I will be your God and you shall be my people.” One wonders what Dane thought of the careful ser mons explaining the Bible that he heard in puritan churched.Mean while , many settles had slighter religious commitments than Dane’s, as one clergyman learned in confronting folk along the coast who mocked that they had not come to the New world for reli gion . “Our main end was to catch fish. ”36. The author notes that in the seventeenth-century New England___________.[A] Puritan tradition dominated political life.[B] intellectual interests were encouraged.[C] Politics benefited much from intellectual endeavors.[D] intellectual pursuits enjoyed a liberal environment.37. It is suggested in paragraph 2 that New Englanders__________.[A] experienced a comparatively peaceful early history.[B] brought with them the culture of the Old World[C] paid little attention to southern intellectual life[D] were obsessed with religious innovations38. The early ministers and political leaders in Massachusetts Bay__________.[A] were famous in the New World for their writings[B] gained increasing importance in religious affairs[C] abandoned high positions before coming to the New World[D] created a new intellectual atmosphere in New England39. The story of John Dane shows that less well-educated New Englanders were often__________.[A] influenced by superstitions[B] troubled with religious beliefs[C] puzzled by church sermons[D] frustrated with family earnings40. The text suggests that early settlers in New England__________.[A] were mostly engaged in political activities[B] were motivated by an illusory prospect[C] came from different backgrounds.[D] left few formal records for later referencePart BDirections:Directions: In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions (41-45), choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blank. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the gaps.Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.(10 points)Coinciding with the groundbreaking theory of biological evolution proposed by British naturalist Charles Darwin in the 1860s, British social philosopher Herbert Spencer put forward his own theory of biological and cultural evolution. Spencer argued that all worldly phenomena, including human societies, changed over time, advancing toward perfection. 41.____________.American social scientist Lewis Henry Morgan introduced another theory of cultural evolution in the late 1800s. Morgan, along with Tylor, was one of the founders of modern anthropology. In his work, he attempted to show how all aspects of culture changed together in the evolution of societies.42._____________.In the early 1900s in North America, German-born American anthropologist Franz Boas developed a new theory of culture known as historical particularism. Historical particularism, which emphasized the uniqueness of all cultures, gave new direction to anthropology.43._____________ .Boas felt that the culture of any society must be understood as the result of a unique history and not as one of many cultures belonging to a broader evolutionary stage or type of culture.44._______________.Historical particularism became a dominant approach to the study of culture in American anthropology, largely through the influence of many students of Boas. But a number of anthropologists in the early 1900s also rejected the particularist theory of culture in favor of diffusionism. Some attributed virtually every important cultural achievement to the inventions of a few, especially gifted peoples that, according to diffusionists, then spread to other cultures.45.________________.Also in the early 1900s, French sociologist ?mile Durkheim developed a theory of culture that would greatly influence anthropology. Durkheim proposed that religious beliefs functioned to reinforce social solidarity. An interest in the relationship between the function of society and culture—known as functionalism—became a major theme in European, and especially British, anthropology.[A] Other anthropologists believed that cultural innovations, such as inventions, had a single origin and passed from society to society. This theory was known as diffusionism.[B] In order to study particular cultures as completely as possible, Boas became skilled in linguistics, the study of languages, and in physical anthropology, the study of human biology and anatomy.[C] He argued that human evolution was characterized by a struggle he called the “survival of the fittest,” in which weaker races and societies must eventually be replaced by stronger, more advanced races and societies.[D] They also fo cused on important rituals that appeared to preserve a people’s social structure, such as initiation ceremonies that formally signify children’s entrance into adulthood.[E] Thus, in his view, diverse aspects of culture, such as the structure of families, forms of marriage, categories of kinship, ownership of property, forms of government, technology, and systems of food production, all changed as societies evolved.[F]Supporters of the theory viewed as a collection of integrated parts that work together to keep a society functioning.[G] For example, British anthropologists Grafton Elliot Smith and W. J. Perry incorrectly suggested, on the basis of inadequate information, that farming, pottery making, and metallurgy all originated in ancient Egypt and diffused throughout the world. In fact, all of these cultural developments occurred separately at different times in many parts of the world.Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written carefully on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)There is a marked difference between the education which every one gets from living with others, and the deliberate educating of the young. In the former case the education is incidental; it is natural and important, but it is not the express reason of the association.46It may be said that the measure of the worth of any social institution is its effect in enlarging and improving experience; but this effect is not a part of its original motive. Religious associations began, for example, in the desire to secure the favor of overruling powers and to ward off evil influences; family life in the desire to gratify appetites and secure family perpetuity; systematic labor, for the most part, because of enslavement to others, etc. 47Only gradually was the by-product of the institution noted, and only more gradually still was this effect considered as a directive factor in the conduct of the institution. Even today, in our industrial life, apart from certain values of industriousness and thrift, the intellectual and emotional reaction of the forms of human association under which the world's work is carried on receives little attention as compared with physical output.But in dealing with the young, the fact of association itself as an immediate human fact, gains in importance.48 While it is easy to ignore in our contact with them the effect of our acts upon their disposition, it is not so easy as in dealing with adults. The need of training is too evident; the pressure to accomplish a change in their attitude and habits is too urgent to leave these consequences wholly out of account. 49Since our chief business with them is to enable them to share in a common life we cannot help considering whether or no we are forming the powers which will secure this ability. If humanity has made some headway in realizing that the ultimate value of every institution is its distinctively human effect we may well believe that this lesson has been learned largely through dealings with the young.50 We are thus led to distinguish, within the broad educational process which we have been so far considering, a more formal kind of education -- that of direct tuition or schooling. In undeveloped social groups, we find very little formal teaching and training. These groups mainly rely for instilling needed dispositions into the young upon the same sort of association which keeps the adults loyal to their group.Section Ⅲ WritingPart A51. Directions:Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay, you should1) describe the drawing briefly,2) explain its intended meaning, and then3) give your comments.You should write neatly on ANSHWER SHEET 2. (20 points)Part B52. Directions:In your essay, you should1) describe the drawing briefly,2) explain its intended meaning, and then3) give your comments.You should write neatly on ANSHWER SHEET 2. (20 points)答案Section I Use of English1—5 BADBC 6—10 ADCBD11—15 DBCDA 16—20 CBAACSection II Reading ComprehensionPart A21—25 ABCAA 26—30 ACDAB31—35 DBBAC 36—40 BBDACPart B41—45 CEABGPart C46. 可以说，任何社会制度的价值在于它对扩大和改进经验方面的影响，但是这种影响并不是它原来的动机的一部分。
2018年武汉科技大学考研试题英语翻译基础B卷
1) ICT
2)Goldman Sachs
3) selfie
4) NYSE
5) customs duty
6) four-letter words
7) USB
8) cineplex
9) Don Quixote
10) apple polisher
Left untreated, mental health and addiction disorder can result in poor performance in school, behavior problems, relationship problems, or even suicide. More teenagers and young adults die from suicide than from cancer, heart disease, AIDS, birth defects, stroke, pneumonia, influenza, and chronic lung disease combined. Experts say that unfortunately, most of these young people don’t get the professional help they need before it’s too late.
11) CIF
12)Lee Hsien Loong
13)The Times
14) promotional code
15) second-tier city
Section B Chinese to English (15 points)
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of equipment. Google’s latest efforts may have as much to do with convincing the public and lawmakers
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Section B Chinese to English (15 points)
1) 中国社会主义现代化建设 2) 协同创新 3) 区域协调发展 4) 发展新动能 5) 工匠精神 6) 全面依法治国 7) 人类命运共同体 8) 构建新型大国关系 9) 红白喜事 10) 货到付款 11) 上市公司 12) 增强文化自信 13) 优化产业结构 14) 普惠金融 15) 绿草茵茵，踏之何忍
Part Two Passage Translation(120 points)
Directions: This part consists of two sections. In the following two sections you are supposed to translate one English passage into Chinese and one Chinese passage into English.
Section A English to Chinese (15 points)
1) the city cluster in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region 2) ecological conservation redline 3) high-performance carbon fibers 4) World Anti-Doping Agency 5) J-20 stealth fighter 6) application of blockchain technology 7) Leung Chun-ying 8) zombie company 9) adapt to the economic new normal 10) face-scanning check-in 11) real estate destocking 12) state-of-the-art technology 13) renovation of dilapidated rural housing 14) renewable resource recycling 15) put people first and govern for the people
People have dreamed about driverless motoring since at least the 1930s, but only in recent years have carmakers such as Mercedes-Benz and Volvo given the matter more thought, kitting out test cars with the sensors and sophisticated software required to negotiate busy roads. Google has roared ahead by designing a driverless car from the ground up.
But bringing autonomous motoring to the world is proving harder than Google had envisaged. It once promised it by 2017. Now it does not see production models coming out before 2020. The technology is far advanced, but needs shrinking in size and cost—Google’s current test cars, retrofitted Toyota and Lexus models, are said to be packed with $80,000-worth
Directions: This part consists of two sections. In the following two sections you are supposed to translate 30 phrases, either from English to Chinese or from Chinese to English.
Section A English to Chinese (60 points)
TO GOOGLE is now in broad usage as a verb for retrieving information from the internet. If the tech giant has its way, “I Googled” will become a standard reply to the question, “How did you get here?” On May 28th Google said it would build 100 prototype driverless cars devoid of pedals, steering wheel or controls save an on/off switch. It is the next stage in its apparent quest to be as ubiquitous on the road as on computer screens.
准考证号码：Biblioteka 密封线内不要写题2020 年全国硕士研究生招生考试初试自命题试题 （ B 卷)
科目代码： 357 科目名称： 英语翻译基础
注意：所有答题内容必须写在答题纸上，写在试题或草稿纸上的一律无效；考 完后试题随答题纸交回。
Part One Phrase Translation (30 points)