最新人教新课标必修5 高中英语Unit1背景素材背景文字Copernicus' life
最新人教新课标必修5 高中英语Unit1背景素材背景文字Hawking, Stephen William
Hawking, Stephen WilliamHawking, Stephen William (1942- ), British theoretical physicist and mathematician whose main field of research has been the nature of space and time, including irregularities in space and time known as singularities. Hawking has also devoted much of his life to making his theories accessible to the public through lectures, books, and films.Hawking was born in Oxford, England, and he showed exceptional talent in mathematics and physics from an early age. He entered Oxford University in 1958 and became especially interested in thermodynamics (the study of the interaction of matter and energy), relativity theory, and quantum mechanics (see Quantum Theory). In 1961 he attended a summer course at the Royal Observatory that encouraged these interests. He completed his undergraduate courses in 1962 and received a bachelor’s degree in physics. Hawking then enrolled as a research student in general relativity at the department of applied mathematics and theoretical physics at the University of Cambridge.Hawking earned his Ph.D. degree from Trinity College at the University of Cambridge in 1966. He stayed at the University of Cambridge, doing post-doctoral research, until he became a professor of physics in 1977. He became one of the youngest fellows of the Royal Society in 1974. In 1979 he was appointed Lucasian Professor of Mathematics at Cambridge.During his postgraduate program, Hawking was diagnosed as having Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS), a rare progressive disease that handicaps movement and speech. This disease makes it necessary for Hawking to carry out the long and complex mathematical calculations that his work requires in his head. He has been able to continue his studies and to embark upon a distinguished and productive scientific career despite his illness.From its earliest stages, Hawking’s research has been concerned with the concept of singularities—breakdowns in space and time where the classic laws of physics no longer apply. The combination of time and three-dimensional space is called space-time. The most familiar example of a singularity is a black hole, the final form of a collapsed star. Much of what scientists believe about space-time comes from the theory of relativity, which was developed in the early 20th century by German-American physicist Albert Einstein. During the late 1960s Hawking proved that if the general theory of relativity is correct, then a singularity must also have occurred at the big bang. The big bang is the explosion that marked the beginning of the universe and the birth of space-time itself.In 1970 Hawking’s research turned to the examination of the properties of black holes. The boundary of a black hole is called the event horizon. Hawking realized that the surface area of the event horizon around a black hole could only increase or remain constant with time—this area could never decrease. This meant, for example, that if two black holes merge, the surface area of the new black hole would be larger than the sum of the surface areas of the two original black holes. He also noticed that there were certain parallels between the laws of thermodynamics and the properties of black holes. For instance, the second law of thermodynamics states that entropy, or disorder, must increase with time. The surface area of the event horizon of a black hole is therefore similar to the entropy of a thermodynamic system.From 1970 to 1974, Hawking and his associates provided mathematical proof for the hypothesis formulated by American physicist John Wheeler known as the "No Hair Theorem." This theorem states that the only properties that particles of matter keep once they enter a black hole are mass, angular momentum (or spin), and electric charge. Matter entering a black hole loses its shape, its chemical composition, and its distinction as matter or antimatter.。
最新人教新课标必修5 高中英语Unit1背景素材背景文字John Snow
John SnowJohn Snow, a creative London physician, achieved prominence in the mid-nineteenth century as an obstetrician who was among the first to use anesthesia. It was his work in epidemiology, however, which earned him his position as a prototype.During the 1830s and 1840s, when severe cholera epidemics threatened London, Dr. Snow had become interested in the cause and transmission of the disease. In 1849, he published a brief pamphlet, On the Mode of Communication of Cholera, suggesting that cholera is a contagious disease caused by a poison that reproduces in the human body and is found in the vomitus and stools of cholera patients. He believed that the main, although not only, means of transmission was water contaminated with this poison. This differed from a commonly-held theory that diseases were transmitted by inhalation of vapors. The pamphlet caused no great stir, and Dr. Snow's argument was only one of many hopeful theories proposed during a time when cholera was causing great distress.Dr. Snow was able to prove his theory in 1854, when another severe epidemic of cholera occurred in London. Through painstaking documentation of cholera cases and correlation of the comparative incidence of cholera among subscribers to the city's two water companies, he showed that cholera occurred much more frequently in customers of one water company, the Southwark and Vauxhall. This company drew its water from the lower Thames, where it had become contaminated with London sewage, whereas the other company obtained water from the upper Thames. Dr. Snow's evidence soon gained many converts.。
最新高中英语人教新课标必修1 课件Unit5背景素材背景文字Nelson Mandela
Nelson MandelaNelson Mandela was born in Transkei, South Africa on July 18, 1918. His father was Chief Henry Mandela of the Tembu Tribe(部落). Mandela himself was educated at University College of Fort Hare and the University of Witwatersrand and learned law in 1942. He joined the African National Congress (ANC) in 1944 and was busy in resistance against the ruling National Party's apartheid(种族隔离) policies after 1948.Mandela was arrested(逮捕) in 1962 and sentenced to five years' imprisonment(监禁). In 1963, when many fellow leaders of the ANC were arrested, Mandela was brought to stand trial(审判) with them for trying to destory the government by violence. His statement from the dock(被告席) received considerable international publicity. On June 12, 1964, eight of the accused, including Mandela, were sentenced to life imprisonment. From 1964 to 1982, he was in prison at Robben Island Prison.During his years in prison, Nelson Mandela's reputation grew steadily. He was widely accepted as the most significant black leader in South Africa. He refused to compromise(妥协)his political position to get his freedom.Nelson Mandela was set free on February 18, 1990. In 1991, Mandela was elected President of the ANC. He and a man shared the Nobel Peace Prize in 1993.。
最新人教新课标必修5 高中英语Unit1背景素材背景文字How does a person get cholera
How does a person get cholera?A person may get cholera by drinking water or eating food contaminated （污染）with the cholera bacterium（细菌）. The disease can spread rapidly in areas with inadequate treatment of sewage（污水）and drinking water.The cholera bacterium may also live in the environment in polluted rivers and coastal waters. Shellfish eaten raw(生肉) have been a source of cholera, and a few persons in the United States have contracted cholera after eating raw or undercooked shellfish from the Gulf of Mexico. The disease is not likely to spread directly from one person to another; therefore, casual contact with an infected person is not a risk for becoming ill.In January 1991, cholera appeared in South America and quickly spread to several countries. A few cases have occurred in the United States among persons who traveled to South America or ate contaminated food brought back by travelers.Cholera has been very rare in industrialized nations for the last 100 years; however, the disease is still common today in other parts of the world, including the Indian and sub-Saharan Africa.Although cholera can be life-threatening, it is easily prevented and treated. In the United States, because of advanced water and sanitationsystems（卫生系统）, cholera is not a major threat; however, everyone, especially travelers, should be aware of how the disease is transmitted and what can be done to prevent it.。
高中英语Unit1 Great scientists文章 哥白尼与日心说人教版必修五
哥白尼与日心说尼古拉．哥白尼（Copernicus Nicholas），波兰一位伟大的天文学家。
他以惊人的天才和勇气揭开了宇宙的秘密，奠定了近代天文学的基础。
哥白尼以毕生的精力去进行天文研究，创立了《天体运行论》这一“自然科学的独立宣言”。
他的这些成就使他成为了人类科学发展历史上最伟大的革命家之一。
一. 哥白尼生平哥白尼于1473年2月19日出生在波兰西部维斯杜拉河畔托伦城的一个商人家庭。
家里兄妹四个，哥白尼是最小的。
在他10岁时，父亲去世了，舅父卢卡斯承担起了抚育他的重任。
1491年至1495年，哥白尼进入克拉科夫大学学习。
克拉科夫是当时波兰的首都，也是东欧最大的贸易和文化中心，有许多国家的留学生在这里学习。
由于它地处东西欧交通要冲，所以比较早地受到意大利文艺复兴的影响。
因此在这座古老的大学里，新兴的资产阶级人文主义思想和腐朽的封建教会的经院哲学之间展开了激烈的斗争。
哥白尼在先进的人文主义思想的熏陶下，在心灵里埋下了向经院哲学挑战的种子。
在这里，他遇到了对他的一生产生深远影响的数学家和天文学家布鲁楚斯基（Brudzewski）教授。
是这位教授的启蒙教育促使哥白尼决定将自己的一生奉献给天文科学。
1496年哥白尼前往意大利求学，先后进入博洛尼亚大学、帕多瓦大学和费拉拉大学学习和研究法律、天文学、数学、神学和医学，他同时还学会了希腊文。
1503年，哥白尼获得了教会法规博士学位。
1497年，哥白尼就任瓦尔半米亚牧师的僧正。
1510年后，他先后从事过管理、外交等工作。
他是一个杰出的经济学家，写过《货币的一般理论》一书。
他是近代第一个提出劣币淘汰良币理论的经济学家。
哥白尼医术高明，他利用业余时间行医，免费为穷苦人治病，是一位颇有名望的医生，被人们誉为“神医”。
哥白尼还是一位出色的数学家，他的巨著《天体运行论》附录里，发表过他的球面三角论文。
哥白尼也是一位伟大的爱国主义者，当条顿骑士团疯狂侵略波兰时，他挺身而出，起来保卫自己的祖国。
测试报译林牛津必修5Unit1背景素材背景文字SettingLimitswithFriends
测试报译林牛津必修5Unit1背景素材背景文字SettingLimitswithFriendsSetting Limits with FriendsMany people find themselves caught up in others' problems, then feel confused about how and when to help.Take your good friend who just left her husband. Do you offer her a place to stay, money, advice, help with baby-sitting, a blind date or two?Or take the friend who can never make it to the end of the month on a budget. Every month you bail him/her out.How much is enough?And how much is too much?What fosters self-esteem and self-reliance for the other person plus mutual respect for both of you while avoiding the pitfalls of dependency?All relationships need limits whether they are friendships, sibling relations, mate/lovers, business relations, etc. On some level, all limit setting means saying "no." However, it is usually a qualified nay that says what, where, when, and under what circumstances you will give or not give to another person.If you have long-term feelings of resentment, anger, manipulation, being treated as unimportant, etc., you probably need to set some limits in your relationship. There are five steps to limit setting:1. Choosing to set limits. You will tolerate a difficult relationship situation just as long as you choose to tolerate it. You are the one choosing to set boundaries in place.2. Identify the source of your feelings. It often takes some real soul-searching on your part to figure out the source of youranger or resentment.3. Decide where to set the limits. Think about the entire situation. Consider your time, emotions, and means. Then consider whether you are helping the other person or merely allowing them avoid or postpone his/her own problem solving. Aim to do something to help the other person without taking on the whole problem.4. Express the limits clearly. For example, you say to your friend, "I will loan you up to $200.00 no more than once every three months. And I expect each loan to berepaid within three months and certainly before you can borrow more."You say to another friend, "You can stay here for three weeks but you must help me with expenses and cooking and definitely find your own place before the three weeks is up."You say to your newly divorced friend who calls often to rehash her hurt and anger, "I have to go in five minutes."5. Stick to your limits. You are not responsible for making the other person obey the limits. You are only responsible for following the limits yourself and for reinforcing them.Your divorced friend says at the end of five minutes, "But I'm not through. I really need to tell you one more thing."You say, "I know we're in the middle of something but I must go. Perhaps we could take this up again Thursday after work."Your friend has repaid $125.00 of his/her $200.00 loan and asks for $200.00 more. You say no. He/she gets emotional then says, "Well just loan me the $125.00 again. I need this money to cover a bad check. If you cared for our friendship, you would do it."Again, you say no, not because you don't care for him/herbut because you do. You are forcing your friend to detach him/herself from dependence on you because you care.Limit setting is difficult because people mistake it for rejection. However, limits mean that you care enough not to get entangled in your friend, lover, sibling's problems; you care enough not to take care of him/her...Limit setting is often stressful and painful. It will probably give you an intimidating sense of aloneness.You are separating yourself from old familiar roles and behavior patterns. Any loss brings feelings of anxiety, stress, and even emptiness.And limit setting inevitably brings guilt. Bear in mind, it doesn't mean you have deserted or quit loving your friend, lover, or sibling. It does mean you are expressing that love in a different and more helpful (to both of you) manner.Setting limits is a challenging task at work; it often seems an insurmountable task when love is involved. However, like all people skills, setting limits is a process that gets easier with practice.。
最新人教新课标必修5 高中英语Unit1背景素材背景文字Disability - My Experience with ALS
Disability - My Experience with ALSI am quite often asked: How do you feel about having ALS. The answer is, not a lot. I try to lead as normal a life as possible, and not think about my condition, or regret the things it prevents me from doing, which are not that many.It was a great shock to me to discover that I had motor neurone disease. I had never been very well co-ordinated physically as a child. I was not good at ball games, and my handwriting was the despair of my teachers. Maybe for this reason, I didn't care much for sport or physical activities. But things seemed to change when I went to Oxford, at the age of 17. I took up coxing and rowing. I was not Boat Race standard, but I got by at the level of inter-College competition.In my third year at Oxford, however, I noticed that I seemed to be getting more clumsy, and I fell over once or twice for no apparent reason. But it was not until I was at Cambridge, in the following year, that my father noticed, and took me to the family doctor. He referred me to a specialist, and shortly after my 21st birthday, I went into hospital for tests. I was in for two weeks, during which I had a wide variety of tests. They took a muscle sample from my arm, stuck electrodes into me, and injected some radio opaque fluid into my spine, and watched it going up and down with x-rays, as they tilted the bed. After all that, they didn't tell me what I had, except that it was not multiple sclerosis, and that I was an a-typical case. I gathered however, that they expected it to continue to get worse, and that there was nothing they could do, except give me vitamins. I could see that they didn't expect them to have much effect. I didn't feel like asking for more details, because they were obviously bad.The realisation that I had an incurable disease, that was likely to kill me in a few years, was a bit of a shock. How could something like that happen to me. Why should I be cut off like this. However, while I had been in hospital, I had seen a boy I vaguely knew die of leukaemia, in the bed opposite me. It had not been a pretty sight. Clearlythere were people who were worse off than me. At least my condition didn't make me feel sick. Whenever I feel inclined to be sorry for myself I remember that boy.Not knowing what was going to happen to me, or how rapidly the disease would progress, I was at a loose end. The doctors told me to go back to Cambridge and carry on with the research I had just started in general relativity and cosmology. But I was not making much progress, because I didn't have much mathematical background. And, anyway, I might not live long enough to finish my PhD. I felt somewhat of a tragic character. I took to listening to Wagner, but reports in magazine articles that I drank heavily are an exaggeration. The trouble, is once one article said it, other articles copied it, because it made a good story. Anything that has appeared in print so many times, must be true.My dreams at that time were rather disturbed. Before my condition had been diagnosed, I had been very bored with life. There had not seemed to be anything worth doing. But shortly after I came out of hospital, I dreamt that I was going to be executed. I suddenly realized that there were a lot of worthwhile things I could do if I were reprieved. Another dream that I had several times, was that I would sacrifice my life to save others. After all, if I were going to die anyway, it might as well do some good. But I didn't die. In fact, although there was a cloud hanging over my future, I found to my surprise, that I was enjoying life in the present more than before. I began to make progress with my research, and I got engaged to a girl called Jane Wilde, who I had met just about the time my condition was diagnosed. That engagement changed my life. It gave me something to live for. But it also meant that I had to get a job if we were to get married. I therefore applied for a research fellowship at Gonville and Caius (pronounced Keys) College, Cambridge. To my great surprise, I got a fellowship, and we got married a few months later.The fellowship at Caius took care of my immediate employment problem. I was lucky to have chosen to work in theoretical physics, because that was one of the few。
测试报译林牛津必修5Unit1背景素材背景文字Building Friendships from Casual Friends
Building Friendships from Casual FriendsSelf-Disclosure builds friendships.Self-disclosure is usually the first step in establishing a confidant. And it is scary because of the potential rejection factor. Do it anyway!Start by sharing a few private thoughts and/or feelings with one person you might want for a close friend. If the person is responsive, he/she will usually share a personal thought or two with you.If he/she is not responsive to your overtures, don't think of this as a rejection.People may be non-responsive for reasons of their own or merely as a perception of yours. Nevertheless, they can't be rejecting you because they don't even know you yet. Listening and acknowledging builds friendships.Often when your child, lover/partner, or friend tells you a story or voices a complaint, he/she is just asking for acknowledgment.This does not mean that he/she wants agreement or compliance; it merely indicates a desire to be heard and understood.Try these three steps to acknowledgment:1. Repeat back.2. Don't invalidate.3. Don't try to change.4. Don't problem solve.Many conflicts in your personal relationships can be avoided if you will take the time to acknowledge other's feelings and points of view. For more information about acknowledgement, click here.Listening and attending builds friendships.Paying attention to someone is called "attending." It means that your ears, your eyes, your body and your feelings are all focused on that person at one time. Attending is a very important part of any relationship. It includes:1. Being there physically2. Focusing3. Eye contactLooking at and focusing on another person shows that you are "there for him/her." For more information on attending, click here.Talking Is a Primary Building Block of Friendships.Talking is an integral component of friendship.When a friend talks and reveals ideas or feelings, he/she is expecting shared information in return. When the talk is not equal, the person talking feels as if the listener is uninterested.In fact, the person who is always the listener is really playing the role of a counselor, not a friend. Anytime you have been talking for more than a minute or two without participation from the person you are talking to, you are lecturing, bossing, or putting that person in the role of a counselor.Loyalty, Equality, and Respect build friendship.Friends are equal. Without equality, you can't have a close friendship.Friends are loyal and trustworthy. No one can confide in someone they can not trust to be loyal and to keep his/her secrets.Friends have similar values. Our value system is so important to us that our friends' values must be close to our own or we will not have respect for this friend.。
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
Copernicus' life
Many thought he was crazy. Others thought he was a genius. Some even thought he was the devil. This man's name was Nicolaus Copernicus. This man understood important things about our world, our solar system, and our universe. Nicolas Copernicus was born in Torun, Poland, on February 19, 1473. He was the youngest of four children. When Nicolaus was a young boy, just 10 years old, his father died. He and his brothers and sisters was brought up by his uncle, a prince-bishop（中世纪采邑之主教）, so he had the advantage of being able to get a first-class education. in 1491, Nicolaus went to the University of Krakow. The university was one of the greatest in Europe at the time. Nicolaus later said that his studies at that university changed his life. At the university, he studied Latin, math, astronomy, geography, and philosophy. Copernicus placed the sun in the center of the system and made the earth a planet traveling around the sun. Today it is hard to imagine our solar system any other way, but in his time Copernicus's idea was earthshaking.
It occurred to Copernicus as early as 1507, that tables of planetary positions could be calculated more easily if it were assumed that the sun, rather than the earth, were the center of the universe. This would mean that the earth itself, along with the other planets, would have to be considered as moving through space and revolving about the sun. This
was not a new idea. Among the ancients, Aristarchus(阿里斯塔耳科斯) had suggested the notion, and not many years before the time of Copernicus, Nicholas of Cusa (尼哥拉) had made a similar suggestion. Copernicus was to do more than suggest, however. Beginning in 1512, he set about working out the system in full mathematical detail in order to demonstrate how planetary positions could be calculated on this new basis. As it turned out, the Copernican system explained some of the puzzling motions of the planets. The orbit of Venus(金星), according to the new system, would naturally never take the planet farther than a certain distance from the sun, as viewed from the earth, because the orbit of the planet lay closer to the sun than did the orbits of the earth. On the other hand, since the earth would have to be considered as traveling in a smaller orbit than those of Mars, Jupiter(木星), and Saturn(土星), it would periodically overtake those planets and cause them to appear to be moving backward in the sky.
In 1616 the church banned his book Revolutions because it contradicted （与……发生冲突）the accepted notion that God placed the Earth in the center of the universe. Even though those who knew of his work considered his idea dangerous, Revolutions remained of interest to other scientists for many years. It took almost two hundred years for his concept of a sun-centered system to reach the general public. What Copernicus set out in his remarkable text truly revolutionized science. For。