Using Command Line Imager
Using Command Line Imager
Basic Instructions:
1.Download the appropriate Imager CLI package and unzip it.
2.Open a Terminal windows (Mac & Linux) or Command Prompt (Windows). Make sure the
Terminal/Command Prompt is run with elevated privileges (the “su” or “sudo” command on
Mac & Linux, right-click>Run as Administrator on Windows).
e the “cd” command to navigate to the folder where you expanded the Imager CLI files.
4.Run the following command to list the physical drives attached to your system:
ftkimager --list-drives
e a command in the structure of “ftkimager [source] [destination] [options]” to create an
image of your selected drive, where [source] is the physical path of the drive to image and
[destination] is the full path (excluding file extension) where the resulting image will be saved.
[source] can also be an image file for converting to another image format. Use quotes when
[source] or [destination] contain spaces. Reference the options listed below when formulating the command.
Example:
To image the drive listed as \\.\PHYSICALDRIVE0 to an E01 named MyDrive on drive X:\ and encrypt the image using the password test123, you would use the following command:
ftkimager \\.\PHYSICALDRIVE0 “X:\MyDrive” --e01 --outpass test123
Advanced Usage
ftkimager [source] [destination] [options]
The following is a list of all possible options that can be used. Multiple options can be used in the same command.
The following options can be used to add metadata to the destination image. Use quotes when X。
ImageMagick学习笔记
欢迎共同研究ImageMagickEmail:by5605@sxw2011年暑假ImageMagick学习笔记------------------------------------------------------------注意：ImageMagick对中文支持不好，文件（夹）一定不要含中文，否则会报错！切记！-开启开关+关闭开关，恢复从前。
convertconvert顾名思义就是对图像进行转化，它主要用来对图像进行格式的转化，同时还可以做缩放、剪切、模糊、反转等操作。
格式转化比如把foo.jpg 转化为foo.png：转换不会破坏原图像。
convert foo.jpg foo.pngMogrifymogrify -format png *.jpg将所有jpg文件转换成png格式，不破坏源文件（相当于批量转换了）注意：mogrify -format png *.gif会把gif文件的每一帧都转化成png文件，会生成很多文件convert还可以把多张照片转化成pdf格式：convert *.jpg foo.pdfconvert test.gif test.jpg会生成很多以test开头的图片文件=>大小缩放为一个普通大小的图片做一个缩略图convert -resize 100x100 foo.jpg thumbnail.jpg也可以用百分比,更为直观：convert -resize 50%x50% foo.jpg thumbnail.jpg （50%x50%是字母x）convert会自动地考虑在缩放图像大小时图像的高宽的比例，也就是说新的图像的高宽比与原图相同。
批量生成缩略图：mogrify -sample 80x60 *.jpg注意，这个命令会覆盖原来的图片，不过你可以在操作前，先把你的图片备份一下。
convert -sample 25%x25% input.jpg output.jpg等比列缩放=>加边框在一张照片的四周加上边框，可以用-mattecolor 参数，convert -mattecolor "#000000" -frame 60x60 yourname.jpg rememberyou.png其中，"#000000"是边框的颜色，边框的大小为60x60=>在图片上加文字convert -fill green -pointsize 40 -draw "text 10,50 " 2.jpg 222.jpg上面的命令在距离图片的左上角10x50的位置，用绿色的字写下，如果你要指定别的字体，可以用-font参数。
ImageMagick命令使用文档
1.convert命令识别这些选项。
Click on an option to get more details about how that option works.点击一个选项，该选项获取有关如何运作的更多细节。
Option选项Description描述Option-adaptive-blur geometry 自适应，模糊几何adaptively blur pixels; decrease effect near edges自适应模糊像素;靠近边缘下跌的因素-adaptive-blur geometry-adaptive-resize geometry 自适应，几何调整adaptively resize image with data dependent triangulation.自适应地调整数据依赖三角网的形象。
-adaptive-resize geometry-adaptive-sharpen geometry 自适应，提升几何adaptively sharpen pixels; increase effect near edges自适应提升像素;增加近边缘效应-adaptive-sharpen geometry-adjoin -毗连join images into a single multi-image file加入到一个单一的多图像的图像文件-adjoin-affine matrix 仿射矩阵affine transform matrix仿射变换矩阵-affine matrix-alpha -αon, activate, off, deactivate, set, opaque, copy", transparent, extract, backgroun d, or shape the alpha channel上，启动，关闭，停用，设置，不透明，复制“，透明，提取，背景，或形状的Alpha通道-alpha-annotate geometry text - 几何文字注释annotate the image with text图片与文字注解-annotate geometry text-antialias -反锯齿remove pixel-aliasing删除像素走样-antialias-append 后缀append an image sequence附加一个图像序列-append-authenticate value 进行身份验证的价值decipher image with this password这个密码破译图片-authenticate value-auto-gamma 全自动-γautomagically adjust gamma level of image自动将影像调整伽玛水平-auto-gamma-auto-level 全自动级automagically adjust color levels of image自动的调整图像色彩层次-auto-level-auto-orient 包括汽车，东方automagically orient image自动的东方形象-auto-orient-background color ，背景颜色background color背景颜色-background color-bench iterations 工作台迭代measure performance测量性能-bench iterations-bias value 偏置价值add bias when convolving an image加偏压时的图像卷积-bias value-black-threshold value 黑，阈值force all pixels below the threshold into black力低于阈值的所有像素为黑色 -black-threshold value-blue-primary point 蓝小学点chromaticity blue primary point蓝色的主色点-blue-primary point-blue-shift factor 蓝移因子simulate a scene at nighttime in the moonlight模拟夜间在月光下一个场景 -blue-shift factor-blur geometry ，模糊几何reduce image noise and reduce detail levels降低图像噪声，减少细节层次-blur geometry-border geometry 边界几何surround image with a border of color环绕图片的颜色边框-border geometry-bordercolor color - bordercolor 颜色border color边框颜色-bordercolor color-brightness-contrast geometry 亮度，对比度几何improve brightness / contrast of the image提高亮度/对比度的图像-brightness-contrast geometry-caption string 字幕字符串assign a caption to an image指定标题图像-caption string-cdl filename - CDL的文件名color correct with a color decision list正确的颜色与颜色决定列表-cdl filename-channel type 通道型apply option to select image channels适用选项来选择图片频道-channel type-charcoal radius 炭半径simulate a charcoal drawing模拟素描-charcoal radius-chop geometry 劈几何remove pixels from the image interior从图像中删除内部像素-chop geometry-clamp 钳restrict colors from 0 to the quantum depth限制从0到量子色深度-clamp-clip 夹clip along the first path from the 8BIM profile夹沿着从8BIM配置第一个路径 -clip-clip-mask filename 剪辑掩模文件名associate clip mask with the image影像剪辑与副面具-clip-mask filename-clip-path id 剪辑路径编号clip along a named path from the 8BIM profile剪辑沿着从8BIM配置命名的道路-clip-path id-clone index ，克隆指数clone an image克隆一个图像-clone index-clut ，查找表apply a color lookup table to the image申请一个颜色查找表中的形象-clut-contrast-stretch geometry 对比度拉伸几何improve the contrast in an image by `stretching' the range of intensity value改善图像对比度的`延伸'的强度值范围-contrast-stretch geometry-coalesce -凝聚merge a sequence of images合并的图像序列-coalesce-colorize value -上色价值colorize the image with the fill color与上色填充颜色的图像-colorize value-color-matrix matrix 彩色矩阵矩阵apply color correction to the image.应用颜色校正的图像。
PythonImagingLibrary中文手册
5.edge
6.links
7.offset
8.start
9.top
10.hit
11.topath
12.getmask
13.getoutline
24.ImageMath模块(PIL Plus)
1.例子
2.函数
1.eval
3.表达式语法
1.运算符
2.内建函数
25.第三部分：工具手册
26.pildriver工具
15
有一点非常重要的需要注意的是，除非到了迫不得已的时候，库不会装载或者解码原始的点阵数据。当打开一个文件的时候，库会读取文件头以获得文件格式、颜色模式、图像大小等属性，但是文件剩余的部分不会马上处理。
这意味着，文件打开操作是很快的，它与文件的大小、压缩的类型没有关系。这里是一个快速识别一系列图像文件的简单例子：
7.Postscript格式打印
1.Drawing Postscript
8.更多关于读取图像
1.控制解码器
3.概念
1.通道
2.模式
3.大小
4.坐标系统
5.调色板
6.信息
7.滤波器
4.第二部分：模块手册
5.Image模块
1.例子
2.函数
1.new
2.open
3.blend
posite
5.eval
图像归档处理
Python Imaging Library适合编写图像归档和批处理应用程序。使用这个库可以创建缩略图、转换文件格式、打印图像等。
当前版本的库能够识别和读取很多的图像格式。而能够输出的格式被特意限制于在交换和展示图像中最常用的格式上。
图像显示
当前版本的库包含Tk的PhotoImage?和?BitmapImage?接口，也包含Windows的DIB接口（可以同PythonWin和其他基于Windows的界面工具包一起使用）。还有一些其他的PIL支持提供了很多其他的GUI工具包。
PULNiX TM-6710CL 高分辨率单色摄像头说明书
TM-6710CLGeneral DescriptionThe PULNiX TM-6710CL is a high-resolutionmonochrome camera with non-interlace quad speed scanning, 120 Hz format and partial scanning (200 and 100 lines) capabilities. Since the quad speed mode is standard, images can be displayed only on a multi-sync, high-speed monitor. PULNiX PVM multi-sync monitors can display 60 Hz functions including partial scanning.The signal is analog progressive scanning (484 lines). The full frame electronic shutter with asynchronous reset permits shutter speeds to 1/32,000 sec. The shutter function works in all scanning modes. Square pixels provide excellent image definition in all orientations.Optional features include AGC enable, internal IR cut filter, gamma adjust to 0.45, and remoted imagers.Camera LinkCamera Link is a digital transmission standard developed through an initiative headed by PULNiX America, specifically for the machine vision industry in answer to customer requests. This specification includes data transmission as well as camera control and asynchronous serial communications, all on a single cable. Based on an implementation of National Semiconductor’s Channel Link technology, it defines a single connector for both frame grabbers and cameras, ensuring that all products bearing the Camera Link logo are interchangeable with each other.IntegrationThe CCD imager of the TM-6710CL can be exposed longer than normal TV timing (1/60 sec.). Thisfeature provides high sensitivity for dark-environment applications. Integration is achieved by controlling the pulse width of VINIT input up to a few seconds. Theprogressive scanning CCD chip in the TM-6710CL produces a full frame of resolution, using a frame grabber to capture the one frame of integrated image in non-interlace format.Asynchronous ResetThe TM-6710CL ’s asynchronous reset is flexible and takes external horizontal drive (HD) for phase locking (External HD = Analog HD Output/2). When VINIT pulse is applied, it resets the camera’s scanning and purges the CCD.Three modes control the asynchronous reset and shutter speed. With Async shutter mode and external VINIT high (5V), the async mode is automatically selected and the signal readout is inhibited until the trigger pulse occurs. Without VINIT trigger, the output is black video.1. External VINIT with controlled pulse width. The duration between pulse edges (5 volt TTL level) controls the shutter speed and integration period externally.2. Internal shutter speed with Fast mode. The video signal capturing has no delay from the reset timing if the falling edges of VINIT and external HD are the same. Otherwise, there is maximum HD delay before vertical scan resets.3. Internal shutter speed with Slow mode. The shutter speed control can be selected from 1/250 to 1/2,000 sec. Since the exposure period is longer than the frame period, thedata transfer is delayed to accomodate exposure.Applications• Motion analysis• High-speed on-line inspection • Gauging• Character reading• High definition graphics • Fast speed surveillanceProduct Features• High resolution 1/2” progressive scanninginterline transfer CCD imager 648(H) x 484(V) • Quad speed progressive scan - 120 Hz at fullresolution or (partial scan at up to 300 Hz)• 120 Hz, 60 Hz switchable• Full frame shutter , 1/60 to 1/32,000 sec.• Asynchronous reset with external shutter control • 8-bit x 2 (or 8-bit x 1) digital Camera Link output • Software Control via Camera Link interface for gain,A/D ref., shutter and mode selection (compatible with Win98/NT/2000/XP OS)• AGC on/off, gamma 1.0 or 0.45 (AGC off, gamma 1.0standard)• On chip micro-lens and low smear at fast shutter Camera Link CM is a registered trademark of the AIAProgressive Scan High-Speed Shutter CameraShutter Control *Manual Shutter Async Reset 0 no shutter 1/120 normal 1/1201 1/250 128H 1H 1/32,0002 1/500 64H 2H 1/16,0003 1/1,000 32H 3H 1/12,0004 1/2,000 16H 4H 1/8,0005 1/4,000 8H 8H 1/4,0006 1/8,000 4H 16H 1/2,0007 1/12,000 3H 32H 1/1,0008 1/16,000 2H 64H 1/5009 1/32,000 1H Shutter determined by pulse width (P .W.C.)* All shutter timing refers to 120fps full resolution640 x 480 mode output.Async Reset Mode:Mode 0: normal mode; Mode 1-4: fast mode; Mode 5-8: slow mode;Mode 9: pulse width mode.A t modes 1-9 the camera is at standby only , black video is output. One frame image will be output upon receiving an async reset pulse.Electronic ShutterThe TM-6710CL has a substrate drain-type shutter mechanism which produces a superb picture at various speeds without smearing. The built-in manual shutter speed control selects the electronic shutter rate of 1/250, 1/500, 1/1,000, 1/2,000, 1/4,000, 1/8,000, 1/16,000, or 1/32,000 sec. All shutter speeds are applied to partial scan, except slow speed at partial scanning. Progressive scanning allows a full 484 lines of vertical resolution per single shutter, unlike a conventional CCD camera at only 244 lines per shutter.Partial ScanningBy using the GUI or sending the RS-232 command, the TM-6710CL can have partial scanning of 200 and 100 lines (full resolution at narrower field of view and faster frame rate).Normal mode: 120 Hz/60 Hz progressive scan 200 line scan: 236 Hz progressive scan 100 line scan: 300 Hz progressive scan 2-row binning: 226 lines, 238 HzNormal mode: 120 Hz or 60 Hz is selectable from software control. At 60 Hz all parameters extend to half speed. See frame rate – FAST: 120Hz HALF: 60Hz.VINITVDSG (TRANSFER GATE)DISCHARGE PULSESVIDEOSHUTTER VIDEONON-INTERLACE OUTPUTASYNC RESETMode Control SoftwareUser-friendly GUI software, p/n 69-0062, is provided for Mode Switch control. This interface allows users to control the following functions of the TM-670CL camera:• Gain control - increase/decrease gain ofCh. A & Ch. B• Gain fine tune - increase/decrease gain of Ch. A,while decrease/increase Ch. B at 5:1 ratio• Ch. A Vref control - increase/decrease A/D voltagereference• Ch. B Vref control - increase/decrease A/D voltagereference• Gain selection - 9dB to 22dB• Clock selection - 60Hz (input sync changedautomatically) to 120Hz• Async/Manual Shutter control • Factory set recall• Power up (recall or save)• User page storage• Direct Shutter - increase/decrease manual shutterspeed• Partial scan rate - choice of 200 lines, 100 lines, or 2row binning Camera parameters can be uploaded from the PC to the camera. Once these parameters are stored in EEPROMs, an instantaneous change from one setting to another can be done with a delay of few frames in between.Analog VideoAnalog video output is available from the #4 pin of the 12-pin connector. This output is a single output that combines channels A and B, which means the horizontal speed is twice as fast as each individual digital output (fH = 60.98 kHz). The signal level is similar to RS-170 (1.0V p-p at 75 Ω).Connector and Pin ConfigurationsCamera Link Connector13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 126 25 24 23 22 21 20 19 18 17 16 15 141131426MDR 26-Pin Connector(0226-622VC)Pin# Description Pin# Description1 GND (Shield) 14 GND (Shield)2 X0- 15 X0+3 X1- 16 X1+4 X2- 17 X2+5 Xclk- 18 Xclk+6 X3- 19 X3+7 SerTC+ 20 SerTC-8 SerTFG- 21 SerTFG+9 VINIT (CC1-) 22 VINIT (CC1+) 10 INTEG (CC2+) 23 INTEG (CC2-) 11 CC3- 24 CC3+ 12 CC4+ 25 CC4- 13 GND (Shield) 26 GND (Shield)Camera Link Signal Assignment to Channel Link Chip (Base Confi guration)Tx IN0 Data A0 (LSB) Tx IN1 Data A1 Tx IN2 Data A2 Tx IN3 Data A3 Tx IN4 Data A4Tx IN5 Data A7 (MSB) Tx IN6 Data A5 Tx IN7 DataB0 TxIN8 DataB1 Tx IN9 DataB2 Tx IN10 DataB6 Tx IN11 DataB7 Tx IN12 DataB3 Tx IN13 DataB4 Tx IN14 DataB5(TxIN15 thru 22 Reserved)Tx IN23 Tx IN24 LDV Tx IN25 FDVTx IN26 Reserved Tx IN27 Data A6Data A represents Odd lines (channel A) Data B represents Even lines (channel B)12345678910111212-Pin Connector1 GND (power) 7 VD in2 +12V 8 N/C3 GND (analog) 9 HD in4 Video out 10 RXD*5 GND (digital) 11 INTEG6 VINIT in 12 TXD* * Optional TTL serial communicationsExternal SynchronizationThe TM-6710CL can accept external HD and VD for phase locking. The internal PLL can accept external HD and lock with the CCD’s horizontal drive (HD). The CCD HD frequency is half of the analog video output HD.Example: Ext. HD = 30.49 kHz; VD will be 120 Hz and Master Clock will be 50.90 MHz.The internal sync generator can accept external VD to generate internal VD. The external VD frequency should be ±5% of the frame rate.The external sync is TTL level and applied to the 12-pin connector.OUTSIDE CAMERAINSIDE CAMERAExt H D(or Ext V D )4.7k R11µFC1External Sync Input SchematicExt. H D = Analog Output Frequency _____________________ 2Frequency . 12345Channel A Channel B V shift registersPhotodiodeCCD output Horizontal shift registersLines (Odd)(Even)At the same horizontal clock cycle, line 1 and odd lines go to channel A, line 2 and even lines go to channel B. Vertical shift registers move twice per horizontal blanking period. Lines 1 and 2, 3 and 4, and so on, are output from channel A and B simultaneously.Dual-Tap Video OutputThe TM-6710CL uses a dual-tap output for its fastframe readout.C o m p a n y a n d p r o d u c t n a m e s m e n t i o n e d i n t h i s d o c u m e n t a r e t r a d e m a r k s o r r e g i s t e r e d t r a d e m a r k s o f t h e i r r e s p e c t i v e o w n e r s . J A I A ·S c a n n o t b e h e l d r e s p o n s i b l e f o r a n y t e c h n i c a l o r t y p o g r a p h i c a l e r r o r s a n d r e s e r v e s t h e r i g h t t o m a k e c h a n g e s t o p r o d u c t s a n d d o c u m e n t a t i o n w i t h o u t p r i o r n o t i fi c a t i o n .71-0055 R e v C .01.07.2004JAI A·S, DenmarkPhone +45 4457 JAI UK Ltd., EnglandPhone: +44 189 582 JAI Corporation, Japan Phone: +81 045 440 0154www.jai-corp.co.jpJAI PULNiX, GermanyPhone +49-(0) 60 55-93 79-10 (toll-free)180****5444���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������Covered by patent #6259478B1SPECIFICATIONSImager 1/2” progressive scan interline transfer CCD Active Area 5.8mm x 4.3mm Active Pixel 648 (H) x 484 (V)Cell Size 9.0 µm x 9.0 µmScan Modes (Active Pixels)648 (H) x 484 (V) @ 120 Hz/60 Hz 648 (H) x 200 lines @ 236 Hz 648 (H) x 100 lines @ 300 Hz648 (H) x 226 lines @ 238 Hz (two row binning)SyncHD= 30.49KHz ±5% (at 50.980MHz)Vertical async. reset. or VD=120Hz±5%HD=23.97KHz±5% (at 40.00MHz - optional)Vertical async. reset. or VD=96Hz±5% (opt.)Data Clock Output 25.49 MHz (50.98MHz analog) or 20.03 MHz (40.06MHz analog)TV Resolution Analog: 500 pixels (H) x 484 lines (V)S/N Ratio 45dB min. (AGC = off)Min. Illumination 4 lux at normal speed (120 frame/sec)Video OutputAnalog: 1.0 Vp-p composite , 75Ω non-interlace Digital: Camera LinkAGC OFF (AGC ON is a factory option)Gamma 1.0 (Gamma 0.45 is a factory option)Lens Mount C-mount Power Req.12V DC, 700 mA Operating Temp.-10˚C to 50˚CVibration 7 Grms (10Hz x 2000Hz)Shock70GSize (W x H x L)46.1mm x 39.6mm x 140.0mm (1.81” x 1.56” x 5.51”)Weight260 gr (9.2 oz)MUST BE ORDERED SEPARATELYOptional Functions AGC ON, Gamma 0.45Optional Accessories Power Cable Power SupplyCamera Link Cable12P-02SPD-12UUP series 26CL-02-26。
Image j 基本操作
Image j 基本操作imagej菜单栏列出了ImageJ的所有命令，它包含八个菜单：File：基本的文件操作，包括打开、保存、创建新图片，大多数命令看名字就知道什么意思Edit：编辑和绘制操作，以及全局设定Image：图像显示，包括图像格式的转化、怎样显示等Process：图像处理，包括点操作、过滤器和算术运算Analyze：图像分析，统计测量、直方图绘制和其他与图像分析有关的操作Plugins：创建、编辑和管理插件，列出了用户安装的所有宏、脚本和插件。
Window：已打开的窗口的选择和管理Help：升级，文档资源和版本信息File菜单New新建可以新建的东西有很多：Image：可以指定图片的标题、类型、尺寸、初始填充。
且如果Slices大于1，则创建了一个stackHyperstack：与Image-Hyperstacks-New Hyperstack相同Text Window：创建一个编写宏的文本窗口Internal Clipboard：打开ImageJ内部剪贴板中的内容System Clipboard：打开系统剪贴板中的内容TrakEM2：Fiji中还加入了编写TrakEM2程序Script：Fiji中还加入了新建脚本。
Open打开可以打开的东西也有很多：常见图片，后缀有TIFF、GIF、JPEG、DICOM、BMP、PGM和FITS格式。
也可以通过插件打开额外的后缀的图片ImageJ和NIH的图片查询表，后缀是.lut以制表符分割的表格，后缀是.xls和.csv选区，后缀是.roi和.zip文本文件，后缀是.txt、.ijm、.js和.java其他Open Next打开下一个关闭当前图片，打开目录中的下一个图片（如果有的话）。
按住Alt打开目录中的前一个图片（如果有的话）。
Open Samples打开样例打开ImageJ服务器上的样例图片，可以用来测试宏、脚本、插件等。
Open Recent打开最近文件子菜单会显示最近15个打开的文件，可以选择其中一个。
COLMAP简易教程（命令行模式）
COLMAP简易教程（命令⾏模式）完整的 multi view stereo pipeline 会有以下步骤1. structure from motion(SfM)==> camera parameters, sparse point cloud2. multi view stereo(MVS)==>depth map, dense point cloud3. surface reconstruction(SR)==>poisson or delauny reconstruction, mesh4. texture mapping(TM)==>get mesh with textureCOLMAP整体流程如下图所⽰COLMAP重建过程主要步骤COLMAP 兼容好⼏种不同的相机模型，我们在使⽤时可以对相机模型进⾏限制以获得最好的效果。
如果提前不知道相机内参，最好使⽤包含畸变系数的模型，默认为SIMPLE_RAIDIAL。
如果已知相机没有畸变或畸变影响很⼩，建议使⽤SIMPLE_PINHOLE模型。
可供选择的模型分别为SIMPLE_PINHOLE, PINHOLE, SIMPLE_RADIAL, RADIAL, OPENCV, FULL_OPENCV,SIMPLE_RADIAL_FISHEYE, RADIAL_FISHEYE, OPENCV_FISHEYE, FOV, THIN_PRISM_FISHEYE不同模型含义及参数如下表所⽰，详见Camera ModelsStructure from Motion运动恢复结构流程如下图所⽰运动恢复结构主要步骤运动恢复结构的⽬的是求解相机参数，需要把所有输⼊图⽚放到⼀个⽂件夹下。
按如下步骤依次进⾏。
图像特征提取相机内参已知的情况下我们可以直接通过命令⾏参数ImageReader.camera_params传给 COLMAP。
a. 相机内参已知$ colmap feature_extractor \--database_path ./database.db \--image_path images \--ImageReader.camera_model SIMPLE_PINHOLE \--ImageReader.camera_params "1813.3334,1920,1080" \--SiftExtraction.max_image_size 3840其中camera_params为 std::string 类型，不同的模型有对应的表⽰⽅式。
TooManyCellsR R包的说明书
Package‘TooManyCellsR’October12,2022Title An R Wrapper for'TooManyCells'Version0.1.1.0Author Gregory W.SchwartzMaintainer Gregory W.Schwartz<***********************.edu>Description An R wrapper for using'TooManyCells',a command line program for clustering,visual-izing,and quantifying cell clade relation-ships.See<https://gregoryschwartz.github.io/too-many-cells/>for more details. Imports Matrix,imager,ggplot2,cowplot,jsonliteSystemRequirements'TooManyCells'(https:///GregorySchwartz/too-many-cells)License GPL-3Encoding UTF-8LazyData trueRoxygenNote6.1.1NeedsCompilation noRepository CRANDate/Publication2019-10-0720:20:02UTCR topics documented:importResults (2)tooManyCells (3)tryFunc (4)writeMatrixFiles (5)Index612importResults importResults Import some’too-many-cells make-tree’outputs into a data frame.DescriptionThis function will import some of thefiles resulting from a’too-many-cells make-tree’run into R as data frames.Does not include cluster list.Look at the main tooManyCells function for the cluster list.UsageimportResults(dir="out")Argumentsdir The output directory of a’too-many-cells’run.ValueA list of each output.Reads the followingfiles,see https://gregoryschwartz.github.io/too-many-cells/for more details:"dendrogram.svg","clumpiness.pdf","projection.pdf","la-bel_projection.pdf","clumpiness.csv","cluster_info.csv","node_info.csv",and"cluster_diversity.csv". Examplesinput<-system.file("extdata","mat.csv",package="TooManyCellsR")inputLabels<-system.file("extdata","labels.csv",package="TooManyCellsR")df=read.csv(input,s=1,header=TRUE)mat=Matrix::Matrix(as.matrix(df),sparse=TRUE)labelsDf=read.csv(inputLabels,header=TRUE)#Here we draw this small toy example with no filter or normalization,and#decrease the size of the branches and increase the size of the leaf nodes.#With non-toy real world single cell data,these options should not be#necessary.##Not run:tooManyCells(mat,labels=labelsDf,args=c("make-tree","--no-filter","--normalization","NoneNorm","--draw-max-node-size","40","--draw-max-leaf-node-size","70"))res=importResults("out")plot(res$treePlot,axes=FALSE)##End(Not run)tooManyCells3 tooManyCells Execute’too-many-cells’.DescriptionThis function will run’too-many-cells’on a Matrix.Requires’TooManyCells’to be installed(fol-low instructions at https://gregoryschwartz.github.io/too-many-cells/).UsagetooManyCells(mat,args=c("make-tree"),labels=NULL,output="out",prior=NULL,docker=NULL,mounts=c())Argumentsmat The input Matrix with gene row names and cell barcode column names.args The arguments to give to the command line program.See https://gregoryschwartz.github.io/too-many-cells/for more information.Defaults to"make-tree".labels The input labels data frame with item(cell barcodes)and label(whatever la-bels you want to give them,such as tissue of origin,celltype,etc.)columns.Optional.output The output folder for the’too-many-cells’process.Defaults to"out".prior The location of the tree that was already made(previous’too-many-cells’out-put)so quick visual or pruning changes can be made without remaking the tree(can potentially save hours).docker If using’too-many-cells’with docker,use this argument as the command to call.For instance,if version0.2.1.0was pulled from Docker Hub,set to"gregoryschwartz/too-many-cells:0.2.1.0".mounts Additional directories to mount if needed for docker.The’prior’argument willautomatically mount if specified.ValueA list of each output,including the stdout.Reads the followingfiles,see https://gregoryschwartz.github.io/too-many-cells/for more details:"dendrogram.svg","clumpiness.pdf","projec-tion.pdf","label_projection.pdf","clumpiness.csv","cluster_info.csv","node_info.csv",and"clus-ter_diversity.csv".Examplesinput<-system.file("extdata","mat.csv",package="TooManyCellsR")inputLabels<-system.file("extdata","labels.csv",package="TooManyCellsR")df=read.csv(input,s=1,header=TRUE)mat=Matrix::Matrix(as.matrix(df),sparse=TRUE)labelsDf=read.csv(inputLabels,header=TRUE)#Here we draw this small toy example with no filter or normalization,and4tryFunc #decrease the size of the branches and increase the size of the leaf nodes.#With non-toy real world single cell data,these options should not be#necessary.##Not run:res=tooManyCells(mat,labels=labelsDf,args=c("make-tree","--no-filter","--normalization","NoneNorm","--draw-max-node-size","40","--draw-max-leaf-node-size","70"))plot(res$treePlot,axes=FALSE)res$stdoutres$nodeInfo##End(Not run)tryFunc Different error for importing data.DescriptionThis function will fail gracefully instead of stopping the program with an error.UsagetryFunc(f,file)Argumentsf The function to use.file The inputfile to be read.ValueThe imported data frame or NULL if an error occurred.Examplesinput<-system.file("extdata","mat.csv",package="TooManyCellsR")fail=tryFunc(read.csv,"fail.csv")failsuccess=tryFunc(read.csv,input)successwriteMatrixFiles5 writeMatrixFiles Write a Matrix to a folder.DescriptionThis function will write a Matrix from the Matrix library to a temporary directory containing ma-trix.mtx,genes.tsv,barcodes.tsv,and optionally a labels.csvfile.UsagewriteMatrixFiles(mat,labels=NULL)Argumentsmat The input Matrix with gene row names and cell barcode column names.labels The input labels data frame with item(cell barcodes)and label(whatever la-bels you want to give them,such as tissue of origin,celltype,etc.)columns.Optional.ValueNoneExamplesinput<-system.file("extdata","mat.csv",package="TooManyCellsR")df=read.csv(input,s=1,header=TRUE)mat=Matrix::Matrix(as.matrix(df),sparse=TRUE)writeMatrixFiles(mat)IndeximportResults,2tooManyCells,3tryFunc,4writeMatrixFiles,56。
imagesharp的用法 -回复
imagesharp的用法-回复首先，在讨论Imagesharp的使用方法之前，让我们先了解一下什么是Imagesharp。
Imagesharp是一个基于.NET平台的图像处理库，它提供了丰富的图像处理功能，可以用于在.NET应用程序中对图片进行编辑、调整、转换等操作。
它支持多种图像格式，并具有良好的性能和易用性。
接下来，我们将一步一步地回答"Imagesharp的用法"这个主题。
第一步，安装Imagesharp库。
在使用Imagesharp之前，我们需要首先将其安装到我们的.NET项目中。
可以通过NuGet包管理器来进行安装，也可以手动下载库文件并引用到项目中。
使用NuGet包管理器安装Imagesharp的方法如下：1. 打开Visual Studio，进入你的.NET项目。
2. 在Visual Studio菜单中选择"工具" -> "NuGet包管理器" -> "管理解决方案的NuGet包"。
3. 在右上角的搜索框中输入"Imagesharp"，然后点击"Install"按钮安装最新版本。
手动下载并引用Imagesharp的方法如下：1. 在你的浏览器中搜索"Imagesharp"，找到官方网站或GitHub仓库。
2. 在官方网站或GitHub仓库中找到下载链接，下载最新版本的库文件。
3. 将下载的库文件解压到你的项目文件夹中。
4. 在Visual Studio中打开你的项目，右键点击项目名称，选择"添加" -> "现有项"。
5. 在文件选择对话框中，选择解压后的库文件，然后点击"添加"按钮。
第二步，图像的加载与保存。
在使用Imagesharp处理图像之前，我们需要先加载图像文件，并可以选择将处理后的图像保存到指定的位置。
ERDAS+IMAGINE遥感图像处理练习
陕西师范大学旅游与环境学院遥感图像处理练习 -----利用 ERDAS IMAGINE 软件陕西师范大学旅游与环境学院地理信息系统实验室2003. 9. 10目 录 一．ERDAS Imagine 软件简介1.ERDAS IMAAGINE软件概述（Introduction ）2.在程序菜单中选择ERDAS IMAGINE 8.4 启动3.ERDAS IMAGINE 功能体系（Function System）二、图像显示1.图像显示视窗（Viewer）2.图像显示三、数据输入1.单波段二进制图像数据输入2.组合多波段数据四、数据预处理1.图象几何校正2.图象拼接处理3.图象分幅裁剪五、图像增强处理1.图像解译功能简介（Introduction of Image Interpreter）2.图像空间增强3.辐射增强处理：4.光谱增强处理六、非监督分类1．图像分类简介（Introduction to classification）2 非监督分类（Unsupervised Classification）七、监督分类1.定义分类模板（Define Signature Using signature Editor）2.评价分类模板（Evaluating Signatures ）3.执行监督分类(Perform Supervised Classification)4.评价分类结果(Evaluate classification)5.分类后处理(Post-Classification Process)一、ERDAS Imagine软件简介.实习目的：了解ERDAS Imagine 软件模块构成、功能.内 容：·ERDAS IMAGINE软件概述（Introduction）·ERDAS IMAGINE目标面板（Function System）·ERDAS IMAGINE功能体系（Function System）1． ERDAS IMAAGINE软件概述（Introduction ）ERDAS IMAGINE是美国ERDAS公司开发的专业遥感图像处理与地理信息系统软件。
GIS专业英语
GIS专业英语Abscissa 横坐标absolute accuracy 绝对精度absolute coordinates 绝对坐标Absorption 吸收abstraction 抽取accuracy 精度Add Data 添加数据Across-track scanner 跨径扫描仪active remote sensing 主动遥感Address geocoding 地址地理编码address locator地址定位器Address matching 地址匹配agreement licensee 协议被许可人Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer 高级甚高分辨率辐射仪Air station 航摄站alidade照准仪along-track scanner 沿径扫描仪Alphanumeric grid 字母数字网格Anaglyph 视差立体图analog image模拟图像Analysis mask 分析掩模anisotropy各向异性Antipode对跖点apogee远地点Arc 弧architecture 架构archive档案argument参数Arithmetic expression 算术表达式aspatial data 非空间数据aspect ratio纵横比Astrolabe 星盘atlas grid地图集网格atmospheric window大气窗口Atomic clock 原子钟attenuation 衰减authentication 身份验证author 作者Autocorrelation 自相关automated cartography 自动化制图automation scale 自动化比例Autovectorization 自动矢量化axis 轴azimuthal projection 方位投影Backscatter 后向散射band 波段band ratio 波段比band-pass filter 带通滤波器Bandwidth 带宽bar scale比例尺(图形比例尺) base layer 底层base station基站Batch 批量batch geocoding 批量地理编码batch processing 批处理Batch vectorization 批量矢量化bathymetric curve 等深线battleships grid战舰网格Bayesian statistics 贝叶斯统计bearing方位角Bézier curve 贝塞尔曲线Bilinear interpolation 双线性内插法binding绑定binomial distribution 二项式分布Biogeography 生物地理学blind digitizing 盲目数字化block group街区群Block kriging 块段克里金法bookmark 书签boolean 1.布尔数据类型; 2.布尔值Boolean operator 布尔运算符boundary边界boundary line 界线Boundary monument 界标boundary survey 边界测量bounding rectangle边界矩形Bowditch rule 包狄法则break point 断点breakline断裂线browser 浏览器Buffer area 缓冲区business logic 业务逻辑CAD 计算机辅助设计(computer-aided design)Cadastral survey 地籍测量cadastre 地籍calibration 校准,定标callout line标注线Camera station 摄站capacity容量cardinal point方位基点cardinality基数Cartesian coordinate system 笛卡尔坐标系cartogram 统计图cartographer 制图员Cartography 制图学cartouche地图饰框catalog tree 目录树catchment流域Categorical raster 类目栅格celestial sphere天球cell size栅格大小cells 栅格Cellular automaton 元胞自动机census block人口普查区块Census geography人口普查地理学center 中心点centerline中心线centerpoint中点Central meridian中央子午线centroid 重心chart 图表chi-square statistic卡方统计Choropleth map 面量图chroma色度chronometer 天文钟circle圆Circular variance 圆方差civilian code民用码Clarke Belt克拉克带Clarke ellipsoid 克拉克椭球Clarke spheroid 克拉克椭球面Clearinghouse(信息或服务)交换中心clinometric map坡度图code-phase GPS 码相位GPS Cognitive map认知图coincident重叠cokriging协同克里金法command 命令Command line 命令行compass north罗经北compass point 罗经点compass rose罗经盘Compass rule罗盘仪法则compression program 压缩程序Computational geometry计算几何学Containment 包含Conformal projection 等角投影,保角投影,正形投影conformality保形性Conic projection 圆锥投影conjoint boundary共同边界constant azimuth恒定方位Content Standard for Digital Geospatial Metadata 数字地理空间元数据的内容标准Continuous raster 连续栅格contour 等高线,等值线contour drawings 等高线图,等值线图Contour interval 等高线间距,等值线间距contour line等高线,等值线Contour tagging 等高线标注,等值线标注contrast ratio 对比度Contrast stretch 对比度扩展convergence angle收敛角conversion转换Convex hull 凸包coordinate geometry坐标几何学coordinate system 坐标系Coordinated universal time 协调世界时correlation相关Corridor analysis走廊分析, 廊道分析county subdivision县级分区Covariance 协方差Coverage 1.覆盖面；2.ESRI图层Cracking 裂化Crandall rule Crandall 法则crop guide 裁切参考线crop marks 裁切标记Cross correlation 交叉相关cross covariance 交叉协方差cross tabulation 交叉表Cross validation 交叉验证Cross variogram交叉变差函数Cubic convolution立方卷积插值法cultural feature人文要素Cultural geography文化地理学curb approach路边通道curve fitting曲线拟合Customizations 自定义cylindrical projection圆柱投影Dangle length悬线长度Dangle tolerance 悬线容差dangling arc 悬弧Dasymetric mapping分区制图（多用于人口数据）data management 数据管理Data table 数据表dataset 数据集datum基准DBMS 数据库管理系统(data-base management system) Dead reckoning 航位推测法Declination 1.偏角;2.磁偏角degree slope坡度Delaunay triangulation 德洛内三角Delimiter 分隔符demography人口统计学Densify 增密densitometer密度计Density slicing 密度分割deploy 部署或安装（硬件、软件等）Depression contour 洼地等高线depth contour等深线Depth curve 深度曲线Descending node 降交点Desire-line analysis期望线分析desktop 桌面Desktop clients 桌面客户端Desktop GIS 桌面GIS destination目标Determinate flow direction确定性流向Deterministic model 确定性模型Detrending 趋势分离developable surface可展表面developer 开发人员Development environment 开发环境Diazo process重氮晒印法difference 差异Differential correction 差分校正Differential Global Positioning System 差分全球定位系统Diffusion 扩散Digital elevation model 数字高程模型Digital Geographic Information Exchange Standard 数字化地理信息交换标准Digital Geographic Information Working Group 数字地理信息工作组Digital image processing 数字图像处理Digital line graph 数字线划图Digital nautical chart 数字海图Digital number 数值Digital orthophoto quadrangle 数字正射影像图Digital orthophoto quarter quadrangle 数字正射影像象限图Digital raster graphic 数字栅格图digital terrain elevation data 数字地形高程数据Digital terrain model 数字地形模型digitizer数字化仪Dijkstra’s algorithm狄捷斯特拉算法dilution of precision精度衰减因子Dimension 尺寸，维，维度directed network flow有向网络流Direction 方向Dirichlet tessellation荻瑞斯莱特镶嵌，荻瑞斯莱特剖分Discovery 发现discrete data离散数据discrete digitizing离散数字化Discrete raster 离散栅格数据Displacement 位移display scale显示比例Display unit显示单位dissemination扩散,传播distance距离Distance decay距离衰减Distance unit距离单位Distortion变形district 地区Dithering 抖动Diurnal arc周日弧docking停靠Doppler shift多普勒位移Doppler-aided GPS 多普勒辅助GPS dot density map点密度图Dot distribution map 点分布图double precision双精度Double-coordinate precision 双坐标精度Douglas-Peucker algorithm 道格拉斯-普克算法downstream下游Drafting 描绘draping叠加，披盖drift漂移drive-time area驾车时间区Drop-down list 下拉列表drum scanner鼓式扫描仪Dual Independent Map Encoding 双重独立坐标地图编码Dynamic zoom 动态缩放Easting 东距eccentricity 偏心率ecliptic 黄道edge边Edgematching 边缘匹配elastic transformation弹性变形Electromagnetic spectrum 电磁光谱electronic atlas电子地图集element 元素Electronic navigational chart 电子航海图Elevation guide 高程指南ellipsoid 椭球体Ellipticity 椭圆率End offset 末端偏移endpoint 端点enterprise GIS 企业级GIS Entity objects 实体对象envelope包络矩形environmental model 环境模型Ephemeris 星历表equal competition area平等竞争区equal-area classification等积分类Equal-area projection 等积投影equal-interval classification等距分类Equatorial plane 赤道面equidistant projection等距投影ESRI Data ESRI 数据Event 事件exponent指数export导出exposure station 摄站expression表达式Extended 扩展extent范围extrapolation 外插法extrude 拉伸extrusion拉伸Face 平面false easting 东移假定值false northing北移假定值feature 要素Federal Geographic Data Committee 美国联邦地理数据委员会field 字段Fill 填充fillet圆角filter过滤器，过滤flow direction流向flow map流向图Focal analysis邻域分析focal functions邻域函数form 地形，形式fractal 分形Framework 框架frequency 频率from-node 起点Full Extent 完整范围Fuzzy boundary 模糊边界Fuzzy classification 模糊分类fuzzy set 模糊集合Fuzzy tolerance 模糊容差Gauss-Krüger projection 高斯-克吕格投影Generalization 概化，（数据库或地图的）综合技术Geocentric coordinate system 地心坐标系geocode地理编码geocoding 地理编码Geocomputation 地理计算geodata 地理数据geodatabase 地理数据库Geodatabase data model 地理数据库数据模型Geodataset 地理数据集Geodesic 测地线Geodetic 测地学geographic coordinate system 地理坐标系Geographic information science 地理信息学Geographic Information System (GIS) 地理信息系统(GIS)Geography 地理学geography level 地理等级Geography Markup Language地理标记语言Geoid 大地水准面geoid-ellipsoid separation大地水准面-地球椭球面分离Geolocation 几何定位geometric coincidence 几何重叠Geometric correction 几何校正Geometric dilution of precision 几何精度衰减因子Geometric network 几何网络Geometric transformation 几何变换Geometry 几何学geomorphology 地貌学Geoprocessing 地理处理Georectification地理校正Georeference 地理参考Georeferencing 地理参考georelational data model 地理相关数据模型Geospatial data 地理空间数据geospatial data clearinghouse 地理空间数据交换中心Geospatial technology 地理空间技术Geospecific model 地学相关模型Geostationary 对地静止geostatistics地理统计学geosynchronous 对地同步Geotypical model 典型地理模型GIS地理信息系统GIScience地理信息学Global Navigation Satellite System 全球卫星导航系统Global Positioning System 全球定位系统GUI GUI (图形用户界面)Global spatial data infrastructure 全球空间数据基础架构Glyph 字形gnomonic projection日晷投影Go to ǿȀ转至ǿȀGPS 全球定位系统Grad 梯度(原英文单词可能有误) gradian 梯度gradient 坡度，斜率graticule 经纬网Gravimeter 重力计gravimetric geodesy 大地重力学gravity model 引力模型Gray scale 灰度great circle 大圆Greenwich mean time格林尼治标准时间Greenwich meridian格林尼治子午线grid 网格grid cell网格单元ground 大地,地面Hachure 晕渲线Hamiltonian circuit汉密尔顿回路Hamiltonian path汉密尔顿路径Height 高度Helmert transformation 线性正形变换hemisphere半球Heuristic 试探算法，试探函数hexadecimal 十六进制High Accuracy Reference Network高精度基准网High Precision Geodetic Network高精度大地基准网Hillshading 坡面阴影，晕渲histogram equalization直方图均衡化Hole 孔洞Horizontal geodetic datum 水平大地基准human geography 人文地理学Hydrography 水文地理学hydrologic cycle水循环hydrology水文学hyperlink 超链接Hypsography 测高学，地势图hypsometric curve等高线hypsometric map地势图Hypsometry 测高法Identify 识别identity link一致性链接illumination照度image coordinate图像坐标Image data 图像数据image division图像除法运算image scale 图像比例尺Image space 图像空间imager成像仪impedance阻抗import 导入IMS IMS (网络地图服务器,Internet Map Server) incident energy入射能量Index 索引index map索引图infrared scanner红外扫描仪Infrastructure 基础设施inset map插图instance 实例instantiation实例化Integer data 整数型数据integration 集成intensity 亮度Interactive vectorization 交互矢量化Interchange format 交换格式Interferogram干涉图intermediate data中间数据International date line 国际日期变更线international meridian国际子午线International Organization for Standardization 国际标准化组织Interpolation内插法interrupted projection分瓣投影intrinsic stationarity 内在稳态Inverse distance weighted interpolation 反距离加权内插法Irregular triangular mesh 不规则三角网Irregular triangular surface model 不规则三角面模型Isanomal 等地平Isarithm 等数线Isobar 等压线isochrone 等时线Isohyet 等雨量线Isolines 等值线isometric line 等容线isopleth 等值线isotherm等温线Isotropy无向性iteration 迭代iterative procedure迭代过程Jaggies 锯齿Jenks’ optimization詹克斯优化joint operations graphic 联合作战地图Junction element 交点元素Kernel 内核key identifier 主标识符kinematic positioning 动态定位Knockout 分离区(信号或通讯的中断) known point 已知点Kohonen map 柯霍南图Kriging 克里金法label标签labeling 标注lag 间隔land cover土地覆盖land information system土地信息系统land use土地利用landform 地形landmark 地标Landsat 陆地卫星landscape ecology景观生态学large scale 大比例尺lattice 点阵面layers 层layout 布局least squares 最小二乘法level 水平leveling 水平测量library 类库license 许可证license agreement 许可协议licensee 被许可人lidar 激光雷达line线line feature线要素line of sight 视线line simplification 线条简化line smoothing 线条平滑linear dimension 线性尺寸linear feature 线性要素linear interpolation 线性内插法linear referencing 线性参考(用于交通GIS) linear unit 线性单位localization 本地化location query 位置查询location-allocation 位置分配location-based services 基于位置的服务logarithm 对数logical network逻辑网络loop traverse 闭合导线loxodrome 恒向线Magnetic bearing 磁方位magnetometer 磁力计majority resampling 多数重新采样Map algebra 地图代数map collar地图边缘map display 地图显示Map document地图文档map element地图元素map extent地图范围Map feature 地图要素map generalization 地图概化,地图综合Map projection 地图投影Map query 地图查询map reading地图阅读map scale 地图比例尺map series地图系列Map service 地图服务map sheet地图map style地图风格map unit 地图单位Mapping 制图mask掩模mass point散点mathematical operator 数学运算符Matrix 矩阵mean center平均中心mean sea level 平均海平面Mean stationarity 平均稳态Measure 测量measure value 测量值Measurement residual 测量残差median中间数median center平均中心Mental map 意境图meridian子午线metadata 元数据Metropolitan statistical area 大都市统计区microdensitometer 测微密度计Micrometer 1.测微计; 2.微米minimum bounding rectangle 最小边界矩形Minimum map unit 最小地图单位minor axis短轴misclosure 闭合差Mitigation 减轻mobile clients 移动客户端Mobile GIS 移动GIS Model 模型Monument 标石morphology 形态学mosaic 镶嵌图mud pit 泥浆池Multichannel receiver 多频道接收器multidimensional data多维数据Multipart feature 多部分要素multipatch feature 带纹理要素Multiplexing channel receiver 多路复用频道接收器multipoint feature 多点要素Multispectral scanner 多光谱扫描仪multivariate analysis 多元分析My Places 我的位置National Spatial Data Infrastructure 美国国家空间数据基础设施Natural breaks classification 自然分类navigation 导航Navstar Navstar (美国国防部全球定位系统联合服务项目)Neighborhood statistics 邻域统计networked 联网node 节点Noncoterminous polygon 非相连多边形nonversioned 非版本normal distribution 正态分布Normal probability distribution 正态概率分布northing 北距Oblate ellipsoid扁椭球体oblate spheroid扁椭球面offset 偏移Oill spill 溢油(原文oill 应为Oil) Online GIS 在线GISOpen Geodata Interoperability Specification 开放地理空间数据互操作规范Open Geospatial Consortium 开放地理空间协会open traverse 不闭合导线OpenGIS Consortium OpenGIS 协会OpenLS OpenLS (OpenGIS所包含的Open Location Service)Operand 运算数operator运算符optical center 光学中心ordinal data序数数据Ordinary kriging 普通克里金法ordinate 纵坐标Ordnance Survey 英国陆地测量局Orientation 方向origin point 原点orthogonal offset 正交偏移Orthographic 正交orthomorphic 正形orthophoto 正射影像Orthophotograph 正射影像orthophotoquad 无等高线正射影像overview map 总览图Orthophotoscope 正射投影仪orthorectification 正射校正outlier 异常值Outline vectorization 轮廓矢量化output data 输出数据Overlay 重叠Overprinting 套印Pan 平移panchromatic sharpening 全色锐化parallax bar 视差尺Parameter 参数parametric curve 参数曲线passive remote sensing 被动遥感Passive sensors 被动传感器Path 路径Pathfinding 路径搜寻peak山峰Percent slope 斜率perigee 近地点persistence 持久性photogeology 摄影地质学Photogrammetry 摄影测量学Photomap 摄影地图photometer光度计Physical geography 自然地理学pit 洼地，山谷placement 放置Planar coordinate system 平面坐标系planar enforcement 平面强化planarize平面化Plane 平面planimetric map 平面图planimetric shift 平面位移Platform 平台Plot 绘图plotter绘图仪plumb line铅垂线point 点point digitizing 点数字化Point event 点事件point feature 点要素point line 点线Point mode digitizing 点模式数字化point size点大小Point-in-polygon overlay 多边形内点重叠polar aspect 极方位坡向Polar flattening 极向扁率polar orbit 极轨道polar radius 极半径Policy and management 政策与管理Polygon overlay 多边形重叠Polyhedron 多面体Polyline 折线position位置postal code 邮政编码precision code 精确码Prime meridian 本初子午线prime vertical 东西圈probability map概率图Profile graph 剖面图projected coordinate system 投影坐标系Projective transformation 射影变换prolate ellipsoid 长椭球体property属性Proximity analysis 邻近分析pseudo node 伪节点pseudo-random number伪随机数Public Land Survey System美国公共土地测量系统pyramid金字塔QQ plot QQ 图quadrangle maps 梯形图幅quadrant象限quadrat analysis样方分析Quadtree 四叉树quantile 分位数quantile classification 分位数分类Quantile scatter chart 分位数散点图quantitative data 数量数据Quantitative geography 数量地理学query 查询Radar altimeter 雷达测高计Radar interferometry 雷达干涉测量Radian 弧度Radiation 辐射radio button 单选按钮radio waves 无线电波radiometer 辐射计Radiometric 辐射测量radius半径random noise随机噪声range范围,距离Range domain 范围域,距离域raster 栅格raster band栅格层raster cell 栅格单元Raster data model栅格数据模型Raster dataset band 栅格数据层Raster model 栅格模型Raster preprocessing 栅格预处理Raster snapping 栅格贴齐Raster tracing 栅格跟踪Rasterization 栅格化ratioing 比值法ray tracing 光线跟踪RDBMS 关系数据库管理系统reclassification 重分类Record 记录Record selector 记录选择器rectangular survey 矩形测量rectification 校正Rectilinear 直线,纵横线redistricting 重新区划reference data 参考数据Reference grid 参考网格Reference level 基准面Reference map 基准图Reference spheroid 参考椭球面Reference system 参考系统Referential integrity 参照完整性Reflectance 反射率reflected back 反射Region 地区，区域regression回归relational join 关系结合Relational operator 关系运算符relationship 关系relative accuracy相对精度Relative bearing 相对方位relative mode 相对模式relative path 相对路径Release of hazardous liquids 有害液体的泄漏relief efforts 救助Relief shading 地貌晕渲remote-sensing imagery 遥感图像Replaced hachuring 替代晕渲法replication 复制Representation 表示法，表现Representative fraction数字比例尺reprojection 重新投影resampling 重采样Residuals 残差resolution merging 分辨率融合restriction 限制Reverse geocoding 反地理编码rhumb line 恒向线ring 圆环ring study圆环分析River addressing 河道寻址rotation 旋转route路线row行R-tree R 树Satellite image 卫星图像satellite imagery 卫星图像saturation饱和度Scalable 可伸缩scale bar 比例尺scale factor 比例系数scale range 比例尺范围Scatter chart 散点图scene 场景,景(卫星图像单位) Schema 架构Seamless pan 无缝平移secant projection 正割投影section 弧段segment线段Self-organizing map 自组织影射图semantics 语义semimajor axis 半长轴Semiminor axis 半短轴semivariogram 半变差函数Sensitivity analysis 敏感度分析Sensor 传感器sequence 序列sequential analysis 顺序分析Serialization 序列化Server GIS 服务器GIS sextant 六分仪shaded relief image 晕渲地貌图Shaded relief map 晕渲地貌图shading 晕渲Shape 形状Shapefile 形状文件(ESRI数据格式) shield盾牌,(地质学)地盾shift位移Shortcuts 快捷方式short-range variation 短程变化signal 信号Signal-to-noise ratio 信噪比signature特征significance level 显著性水平Sill 基台simple kriging 简单克里金法simultaneous conveyance 同时传达Sink 端点，汇点site prospecting 选址分析slope坡度smooth 平滑Snapping tolerance 捕捉容差soil 土壤sonar 声纳soundex 语音编码算法Source 起点，源点source data 源数据space coordinate system 空间坐标系Spaghetti data 无位相数据spaghetti digitizing 无位相数字化spatial analysis 空间分析Spatial cognition 空间认知spatial data 空间数据Spatial Data Transfer Standard空间数据传输标准spatial database空间数据库Spatial join 空间结合spatial modeling 空间建模spatial overlay空间叠加Spatial query 空间查询spatial reference空间参考spatial weights matrix空间权重矩阵Spatialization 空间化spectral resolution 光谱分辨率spectral signature 光谱特征Spectrometer 光谱仪spectrophotometer分光光度计Spectroscopy 光谱学Spectrum 光谱sphere球体spheroid 椭球面,椭球体spider diagram蛛网图Spike 尖峰，异常线spline 样条函数spot 点spurious polygon 伪多边形Standard deviation 标准偏差Standard Generalized Markup Language 标准通用标记语言Standard Industrial Classification codes 标准工业分类代码Star diagram 星形图state状态state plane coordinate system 国家平面坐标系Static positioning 静态定位Stationarity 稳态Stationing 定位参考Statistical surface 统计表面steep 陡峭steradian 球面度Stereocompilation 立体测图Stereogrammatic organization 立体法结构Stereographic projection 球极平面投影Stereometer 体积计Stereomodel 立体模型Stereopair 立体像对Stereoplotter 立体绘图仪stochastic model 随机性模型stream digitizing 流数字化Stream mode digitizing 流模式数字化stream tolerance 流容差streaming 数据流Stretch 拉伸string 线段串，字符串Structure 结构study area 研究区域Surface fitting 曲面拟合surface model 曲面模型surround element 周边元素Survey marker 方位标survey monument方位标survey station测点Symbol 符号Tangent projection 切面投影taskbar 任务栏temporal data 时态数据Temporal GIS 时态GIS territory 地域Tessellation 网格化textbox 文本框Texture 纹理thematic map 专题地图theodolite 经纬仪Thiessen polygons 泰森多边形Thinning 细化third normal form 第三范式three-dimensional shape 三维形状Three-tier configuration 三层结构threshold ring analysis 阈值环分析Tidal datum 潮位基准面tie point 连接点tie survey 连接测量Tissot indicatrix 天梭指示线tolerance 容差toolbar 工具栏,工具条toolbox 工具箱Tools toolbox 工具工具箱topographic contours 地形等高线topography地形学, 地形Topological overlay 拓扑重叠Topology error 拓扑误差toponym 地名tour巡回路线Township 镇区tracing 跟踪tracking data 跟踪数据tract 人口普查区transaction事务Transformation 变换transit rule 过渡法则translation平移，转换Transverse aspect横轴法投影traverse 导线triangulated irregular network 不规则三角网Triangulation 三角测量trilateration 三边测量true bearing 真实方位true curve 真实曲线True north 真北tuple 元组turn impedance转弯阻抗turn-by-turn maps多段显示地图Tutorial 教程uninitialized flow direction 未初始化的流向United States Geological Survey 美国地质勘测局univariate distribution 一元分布Universal kriging 通用克里金法universal polar stereographic 通用极球面投影坐标网Universal Soil Loss Equation 通用土壤流失方程universal time 世界时Universal transverse Mercator 统一横轴墨卡托投影upstream 上游Urban geography 城市地理学Urban Vector Map 城市矢量图Valency 度validation验证variable 变量variance 方差Variance-covariance matrix 方差协方差矩阵 Variogram 变差函数Variography 变差法Vector 矢量vectorization 矢量化verbal scale 言语比例尺Vertex 顶点Vertical axis 纵轴vertical coordinate system 垂直坐标系Vertical exaggeration 垂直夸大Vertical geodetic datum垂直大地基准Vertical photograph 垂直航拍图viewshed 视域visible scale range 可见比例范围Visual center 视觉中心visual hierarchy 视觉层次visualization可视化V oronoi diagram V oronoi 图V oxel 三维像素Warping 变形waterfall model 瀑布模型Watershed 分水岭Wavelength 波长wavelet compression 小波压缩wayfinding 路线搜寻Waypoint 路点Web clients Web 客户端Web-enabled 支持Web Weight 权重Weighted mean center 加权平均中心weighted moving average 加权移动平均Weighted overlay 加权重叠weird polygon 复杂多边形well 水井World 世界Windowing 窗口Wireframe 线框workbook 工作簿,练习册workflow 工作流Zenithal projection 天顶投影zonal analysis 区域分析zonal functions 区域函数zone of interpolation 内插区zoning 分区zoom 缩放。