托福阅读-句子简化题

句中带有并列信息点
• Until this period most churches had beamed wooden roofs, which not only posed a threat of fire but also limited the height to which architects could aspire. • A. Architects wanted to build higher ceilings in churches, but they were limited because of the fire hazard caused by wooden beams in the roofs. • B. The majority of the churches prior to this time were constructed with wooden roofs that caused a considerable fire hazard because of their height. • C. The wood beams in the roofs of most churches before this period were a concern because of fire and the constraints they imposed on the height of the ceiling. • D. The limitations on the architecture of the churches were a result of the construction materials and the limited vision of the architects.
因果 • 明显因果关系的特色词汇: because, because of, since, for, as, due to, owing to, in that, so, so that, as a result, therefore, there by, hence, consequently, accordingly.
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句子简化题---带有明确的逻辑关系标志词的题目
• 转折：however, but, even though, even if, although, while, whereas（比较和转折）, yet（句首和句中表转折句末 表否定）, despite, in spite of • 因果：because, since, in that, so, therefore, thus, hence, result in, result from, as a result, consequently, in as much as（既然）, reason, lead to, accordingly, on account of • 否定：no, not, none, nor, neither, never, deny, fail to, lack, remove, ignore, miss, refuse, • 比较：more…than, less…than, as…as, increase, decrease, improve, outweigh, surpass, transcend, maximum, minimum, top, peak
隐含因果关系的特色词汇:
a. 表示导致含义: lead to, cause, result, result in, give rise to, render, produce, make, 使役动词, support, support, stimulate, spur, spark, fuel, motivate, prompt.
解决句子中带有明确逻辑关系标志 词的句子题
• 1. 逻圈：圈出句中的逻辑关系标志词 • 2. 对比：将选项进行错误点的对比（假、 大、错）假—虚假的逻辑关系（表现为虚假 修饰关系which，who ,that, what从句）大— 将原句中的细节过分发大（同位语，插入 语、定状成分）错—引入原文中未出现信息 点或与原文矛盾 • 3.排除：排除假大错，保留原文重现和同义 改写
• Sample1 • The deserts, which already occupy approximately a fourth of the Earth’s surface, have in recent decades been increasing at an alarming pace.
• 比较
– 明显比较关系的特色词汇: 同级比较\比较级 – 隐含比较关系的特色词汇:
a. “ 变化 ”: change, vary, alter, modify, revise, increase, decrease, destroy, develop, improve, progress, advance, grow, degenerate, continue, remain, stay, stable, still. b. “差异”: same, different. c. “超越”: surpass, exceed, transcend, ex内层的过程
• That the paintings did have meaning to the Paleolithic peoples who made and observed them cannot, however, be doubted.
• A. It is true that the paintings were meaningful to the Paleolithic peoples. • B. Doubtless, the Paleolithic peoples were the ones who made the paintings. • C. There is no doubt about the meaning of the Paleolithic paintings. • D. Paintings that had meaning for the Paleolithic peoples are doubtful.
• 句子的分类 • 简单句（只有一套主谓结构的句子） • 非简单句（主从复合句）
简单句的解法：保留主谓宾，剔除定状补同
非简单句的构成：并列&嵌套 关系的简单句 并列---连词：+ 嵌套---关联词：框行结构表示 非简单句的步骤：1.谓语动词---简单句的数量 2.连接词或关联词 3.并列或嵌套
4.形成框行结构图
• 逻辑---句子的骨架（转折、因果、否定、比 较） 否定：全局否定（我不想告诉他—我不愿意告诉 他） 局部否定（我想告诉的不是他）
比较：比较的双方，比较的方面（正确答案应 包含这些信息）
• The structure of the backbone shows, however, that Amblocetus swam like modern whales by moving the rear portion of its body up and down, even though a fluke was missing. • A. Even though Ambulocetus swam by moving its body up and down, it did not have a backbone. • B. The backbone of Ambulocetus, which allowed it to swim, provides evidence of its missing fluke. • C. Although Ambulocetus had no fluke, its backbone structure shows that it swam like modern whales. • D. By moving the rear parts of their bodies up and down, modern whales swim in a different way from the way Ambulocetus swam.
句子简化题
句子简化题(Sentence Simplification Question) (1) 句子简化题简介和提问方式
(2) 句子简化的两个层面: 语义和逻辑 (3) 常见的逻辑关系转换 ---- 四大 “ 明显 ”/ “隐含” 关系
• 否定
– 明显否定关系的特色词汇: no, not, none, never, neither, deny – 隐含否定关系的特色词汇: fail to, absent from, lack, lack of, refuse, few, little, 否定词缀less.
• 最高级\绝对化 明显最高级/绝对化关系的特色词汇: -est/ 比 较级 隐含最高级\绝对化关系的特色词汇: a. 自身含有最高级含义: maximum, minimum, outstanding, extreme. b. 否定加比较: nothing can be better than that c. 程 度 较 深 的 词 : surprisingly, amazingly, prohibitively(修饰价格的high)
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Sample2
• The cinema did not emerge as a form of mass consumption until its technology evolved from the initial “peepshow” format to the point where images were projected on a screen in a darkened theater.
b. 由……而来: come from, result from, originate, derive from, initiate from, stem from, be attributable to, be responsive to. c. 反映 , 体现 : reflect, present, suggest, show, imply, demonstrate. d. 考虑到…, 依赖…: give, considering, on account of, in view of, thanks to, according to, rely on, depend on, resort to. e. 条件关系: if, when, while, as, as soon as, as long as, 虚拟条件句.