CH2_6_ATM流量控制技术
华北理工水质工程学教案10循环冷却水水质稳定处理

补充水带进盐:S B (P 1+P 2+Pa+P 1)风吹、排污渗漏及生产耗水带走的盐量:S(P 2+P 3+P 4)系统运行一定时间后,带进盐、带走盐系统中的含盐量趋于一个稳定值,用SP 表示,即:S B (P 1+P 2+P3+P4)=S P (P2+P3+P4)Sp=:+/+.+/二P 二qSBm+BP —a PFκ一一浓缩倍数。
由于有B-K 大于l-Sp>Su-系统有可能结垢。
4、溶解度与温度的关系:单位:mg/L水温变化的影响:(1)热交换器中:t 升高,Ca-Mg2'的盐类溶解度降低。
当C /、Mg?.及HC(V 、OFT 含量高于溶解度时。
水失去稳定性(可能)产生结垢。
(2)冷却塔:t 下降;Ca/Mg'的盐类溶解度升高。
即有HCO3水显酸性产生腐蚀。
令其为:K- - 1 ÷SB5(3)系统由温度引发的:低温区(设备冷水进口)一一腐蚀高温区(设备热水出口)一一结垢(二)金属化学腐蚀:化学已学过:是电位差使电子迁移的过程。
1、电池阳极:铁失去了2个电子:Fe-2e-Fe2,2、电池阴极:电子沿铁中电阻小的途径达到阴极部位。
(1)酸性水或中性水:H'2H++2e^-H2而Fe2++20H^-Fe(OH)2Fe(OH)2致密层,保护铁不再被氧化。
由比和Fe(OH)2的生成而引起电位差的变化称为极化。
极化的作用一一抑制金属腐蚀。
(阻兰;烤兰)(2)当水中有溶解氧时H2^^O2→H2O阴极继续:2Fe(θH%+;5+ f2Fe(θH)3+OH」Fe(OH)3一铁锈,起去极化作用,继续腐蚀金属。
(3)碱性水中:阴极直接产生OIFH2O+^O2+2e~→20H-→F*→Fe{θH∖3、凡是金属表面的两部位间存在差异(电位差),就会发生腐蚀。
电位低的成为阳极,受腐蚀。
电位高的成为阴极,产生沉积物。
4、形成差异的原因:PH值(H∖0H);溶解氧;溶解盐;悬浮物;沉积物微生物等。
Belimo Z2075Q-K 流量控制器说明书

Dirección del flujo El sentido del flujo es posible en ambas direcciones.
Ajuste de flujo
El ángulo de giro del actuador puede modificarse en incrementos de 2.5° mediante un clip. Este se utiliza para ajustar el valor kvs (flujo máximo de la válvula).
Ficha técnica
Z2075Q-K
Notas de instalación
Servicio
Las válvulas de bola y los actuadores giratorios no requieren mantenimiento.
Antes de realizar cualquier trabajo de servicio en el elemento de control, es esencial aislar el actuador de rotación completa de la fuente de alimentación (desconectando el cableado eléctrico si fuera necesario). También deben apagarse todas las bombas situadas en el circuito de tuberías correspondiente y deben cerrarse las válvulas de distribución adecuadas (si es necesario, deje que todos los componentes se enfríen primero y reduzca siempre la presión del sistema hasta lograr una presión ambiental).
瑞士福特林 red-y 质量流量控制器 产品手册说明书

瑞士福特林Red-y多用途的质量流量控制器瑞士的Vogtlin Red-y系列多用途质量流量控制器可以在各种应用行业中用于测量和控制气体的流量,提供了全量程从5sccm到450slm,最低可至0.2sccm提供了快速的、可重复流量控制的解决方案,可提供(Analog,Profibus DP,RS485/Modbus)等多种通讯方式。
Red-y 系列精巧型的外形和尺寸,可以使气体供应系统更精巧,在同样的条件下提供更高的性能,+24VDC或±15VDC都可以提供供电。
Red-y 利用了高精度的CMOS传感器用于流量测量,以及快速响应的流量比例阀和控制电路。
Red-y是由铝合金或316L不锈钢构成和提供了多种橡胶密封材料用于各种气体。
产品特点:●专利技术的CMOS传感器设计,杜绝了零点漂移的问题。
●小于150ms的超快速的响应时间。
●5sccm到450slm的量程范围内确保了精确和可重复的流量测量和控制●高精度的测量精度(读数值的0.5%+0.3%的全量程)●独特的内部抗紊流设计,可以消除因上游的压力变化而导致下游气体流量的变化。
●多达6个点的流量校准点,比很多其他品牌流量计5个点的校准点,意味着更好的线性度;特别是在0-20%的流量控制范围。
●只有1秒的热机时间,减少因MFC预热时间而影响生产●全量程1%-100%的超宽量程比控制,为用户提供更广的应用选择●不锈钢的表面处理、洁净室要求的处理,和最少的橡胶密封件使用保证了在清洁工艺中的使用要求。
●可以显示流量设定值,实际测量值,气体类型以及累积气体消耗量等信息。
●可提供Analog(0-5VDC,4-20mA),Profibus DP,RS485/Modbus等控制方式,●可提供16种气体的多气体/多量程的设置●3年超长的质量保证●符合欧洲CE,EMC标志软件控制:每一个Vogtlin的质量流量计/质量流量控制器/压力控制器,都可以通过“get red-y”软件来编辑参数和进行故障分析,例如:查看流量/气体温度,设置设定值,选择气体类型,调节控制参数等等。
温敏流量控制器(分析型)模型202A精密流动2温敏流量控制器说明书

2For more information call +1 603 595 1500 or email ppfinfo @Visit Typical Applications• Bioreactor Gas Management• Burner Ratio Control for Ceramics and Metals • Environmental Analyzers – Carrier Gas Control • Laboratory and Process Gas Chromatography •Environmental and Emissions MonitoringTraditional Analog Flow ControlPhysical PropertiesModel 202AThermal Mass Flow ControllersProduct SpecificationsParker Model 202A Thermal Mass Flow Controllers provide reliable analog flow measurements configured for your process conditions. Each controller offers a linear flow signal output proportional to a calibrated flow rate and isavailable with a D-connector.Features• Fast response to setpoint changes• Stable Zero Control Preventing Gas Flow Overshoot • Soft recovery valve override preventing processsystem damage • Normally closed control valve for safe operation • Cleaned for Analytical Service Use • RoHS and REACH compliant3T h e r m a l M a s s F l For more information call +1 603 595 1500 or email ppfinfo @Visit Principle of OperationModel 202A Thermal Mass Flow ControllersParker Model 202A Mass Flow Controllers (MFC) incorporate an operating principle based on the thermodynamic properties of the process gas being measured.Mass flow measurement relates to the amount of heat absorbed by the process gas. The amount of heat the gas absorbs is determined by the gas molecular structure. Specific heat, the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of one gram of a given gas onedegree centigrade quantitatively describes this “thermal absorbency”.Mass flow measurement consists of a bypass sensing tube with a heater wound around the center of the sensing tube and precision resistance type temperature sensors located equidistant upstream and downstream of the heater. A laminar flow element package, located in the main flow stream, acts as an appropriate restriction creating a pressure drop forcing a fixed percentage of the total flow, approximately 10 sccm, through the bypass sensing tube for temperature differential detection. As gas flows through the sensing tube, heat is displaced to the downstream temperature sensor creating a temperature differential between the upstream anddownstream temperature sensors. The upstream and downstream temperature sensors form two legs of a bridge network at the sensor assembly inputs to the PCB. The resulting temperature differential is amplified on the PCB assembly to a 0-5 VDC output signal directly proportional to the gas mass flow rate. To ensure an accurate flow measurement, flow disturbances must be eliminated or greatly reduced. Accordingly, both the sensor tube and the laminar flow element package are designed for laminar flow. Actual gas or gas factors are used in calibration to account for the specific heat of the measured gas.4For more information call +1 603 595 1500 or email ppfinfo @Visit Model 202AThermal Mass Flow Controllers Mechanical IntegrationDimensionsBasic Dimensions Models 202AUnitsIn (mm)5For more information call +1 603 595 1500 or email ppfinfo @Visit Model 202A Thermal Mass Flow ControllersElectrical Integration and RecommendationNote: Cable color codes are for reference only and aresubject to change without notice* No connection required for Series 100 MFM** Resistor values 6.2k ohms (+12VDC power supply)or 9.1k ohms (+15VDC power supply)*** 0-5VDC flow signal outputs only5KProcess FlowValve Voltage ABZ DisablePushPower SupplyDigital Display Note:Voltage Flow signal output models may be connected into existing installations having dual power supply voltages of ±15VDC with no modification to the installation.Reference Voltage DVMDVMSet Point1 2 3 40V+12***/+15VDCS e r i e s 100M a s s F l o w m e t e r o r S e r i e s 200M a s s F l o w C o n t r o l l e r123456789V R E F *F S I G S T P T *Signal Common VLVTST*Power InPower Common /0VDC ShieldSIM–VO**6For more information call +1 603 595 1500 or email ppfinfo @Visit Model 202A Thermal Mass Flow ControllersElectrical Integration and RecommendationNote: Cable color codes are for reference only and aresubject to change without noticeMFCPLCTo DriverPower SupplyNotes:1.Setpoint:4-20 mA2.For input/output designations (i.e., iondividual pin functions)fo pin numbers not shown,refer to electrical integration drawing on previous page.7T h e r m a l M a s s For more information call +1 603 595 1500 or email ppfinfo @ Visit Model 202A Thermal Mass Flow Controllers Typical Flow DiagramGas ChromatographyOUT ProcessOUT ProcessOUT ProcessN 2O 2ArOUT Process8For more information call +1 603 595 1500 or email ppfinfo @Visit Model 202A Thermal Mass Flow ControllersOxidant ININ Purging GasTypical Flow DiagramBurn Ratio Control9For more information call +1 603 595 1500 or email ppfinfo @Visit Installation Guide• Clean dry area with adequate space • Indoor use only• Follow process connection manufacturer guidelines and leak check all connections • Purge all gas lines with nitrogen before installation • Remove all loose particulate or debris from systemModel 202A Thermal Mass Flow Controllers Key Things to Remember:• Standard Flow Sizing Specifications 1. Gas Type 5. Operating Temperature 2. Flow Rate 6. Standard Calibration Condition* 3. Inlet Pressure 7. Connection Fitting Size and Type4. Outlet Pressure8. Set point / Output signal• CM-400 4-channel Power Supply / Control • Power Cables• PN: C-700-002, Interface cable with flying leads on one end • PN: C-1666-010, CABLE ASSY, MFC, CM-400* Default standard calibration conditions = 21.1C and 14.7 PSIA. Consult Applications for support to specify other common calibration standards such as: 0C, 20C, 25C.10For more information call +1 603 595 1500 or email ppfinfo @Visit Model 202A Thermal Mass Flow Controllers Ordering Information1)NX CE Approved Design Assembly / Calibration feature must beselected in tandem with W 9-Pin CE approved design PC-board.2)Consult factory for information pertaining to the Silconert processand estimated additional lead times.M odel Number Example: NOTE: In order to provide the best possible solution for your application, please provide the following requirements when contacting Applications Engineering: • Media, Inlet & Outlet Pressures • Minimum Required Flow Rate.For more detailed information, visit us on the web or call Applications Engineering.Parker Hannifin Precision Fluidics Division reserves the right to make changes. Drawings are for reference only.11T h e r m For more information call +1 603 595 1500 or email ppfinfo @Visit Portfolio ReviewCustomization Contact Division Applications at (603) 595 1500 or ppfinfo @parker .com.Model 203AModel 204AModel 201Model 202Model 202ASeries 200Thermal Mass Flow Controllers1 The maximum full scale flow rate available.2The maximum operating inlet pressure available.3The minimum required pressure differential for maximum full scale.Portfolio is continued on the following page.12Portfolio ReviewCustomizationContact Division Applications at (603) 595 1500 or ppfinfo @parker.com.Model 251Model 261Model 2201Series 200Thermal Mass Flow Controllers1 The maximum full scale flow rate available.2The maximum operating inlet pressure available.3The minimum required pressure differential for maximum full scale.PPF TMFMC-A - 002 Model 202A March 2018Thermal Mass Flow Meters and Controllers (Analog)© 2018 Parker Hannifin CorporationParker Hannifin Corporation Precision Fluidics Division 26 Clinton Dr., Unit 103Hollis, NH 03049phone 603 595 1500fax 603 595 。
丙烯腈介绍

回收和分离过程分析
反应气中有未反应的氨,在碱性条件下易发生许多副反应,使 丙烯腈产率降低,堵塞管道等,因此设置中和塔,采用硫酸中 和法除去氨; 为防止反应气体冷凝,中和塔操作温度应控制在80~100℃; 反应气组成中还含有易溶于水的有机物和不溶或微溶于水的惰 性气体,可以用水吸收法将其分离。
丙烯的转化率通常大于90%。
丙稀腈生产的主要合成反应-丙烷氨氧化法
主反应:C3H8 + 2 O2 + NH3 == C3H3N (acrylonitrile) + 4 H2O C3H8 + 0.5 O2 == C3H6 + H2O C3H6 + 1.5 O2 + NH3 == C3H3N (acrylonitrile) + 3 H2O 副反应:C3H6 + 2 O2 + 2 NH3 ==C2H3N (acetonitrile) + HCN + 4 H2O C3H3N + 2 O2 === HCN + CO + CO2 + H2O CO + 0.5 O2 === CO2 2 NH3 + 1.5 O2 === N2 + 3 H2O C3H8 + 4 O2 === 2 CO + CO2 + 4 H2O
活
泼,可以发生加成、聚合、腈基及氢乙基化等反应。 聚合反应和加成反应都发生在丙稀腈的C=C双键上,纯丙稀腈在 光 的作用下能自行聚合,与强碱(NaOH)混和时,聚合十分剧 烈,大量放热,易爆炸; 除发生自聚外,丙稀腈还能与苯乙烯、丁二烯、乙酸乙烯、丙稀 酰 胺等发生共聚反应,由此可制得合成纤维、塑料、涂料和胶 粘 剂等。 丙稀腈经电解加氢偶联反应可以制得己二腈。 氰基反应包括水合反应、水解反应、醇解反应等,丙稀腈和水在 铜 催化剂存在下,可以水合制取丙稀酰胺。
GenieATM6000产品介绍

Worm 病毒流量的检测
一些已知的WORM病毒产生流量在网络中传播,多数情况下不会对运营 商网络造成影响。因为多数的主机已经安装了病毒防范软件,或者在 防火墙保护的范围之内. GenieATM 可以准确定位感染了WORM病毒的正在进行流量传播的主 机。当这些主机发送病毒流量的时候,它将会会被快速准确的识别。 GenieATM 会统计Worm流量中的一下一些特性:
GenieATM 6000 (ISP)
功能强大的流量流向分析和异常流量检测 系统
Jan 2011
公司简介 Company Profile
2000年创立
自主研发电信级流量管理方案 GenieATM流量分析系统 GenieATP流量探针 GenieNPC流量控制系统 电信用户 国际企业
产品线包括
Analyze
GenieATM series
全网的异常流量检测
对一下几种异常进行自动的攻击和牺牲IP地址的检测
Protocol-Misuse : DDoS Application Anomaly : Worm Traffic Anomaly : Zero-Day Attacks Dark IP : DoS backscatter Interface Anomaly
Black Hole
Drop traffic to the Null Route
ATTACKER
3
ip route 192.1.1.2 255.255.255.255 Null0
2
BGP announcement
GenieATM
ip route 192.1.1.2 255.255.255.255 Null0
第2章-数据通信基础知识

同步 TDM
带宽浪费
A1 B1 C1 D1 A2 B2 C2 D2
周期1 统计TDM
周期2 可用带宽
A1 B1 B2 C2
周期1
周期2
2.5 差错控制与流量控制
1.差错的产生
1)差错的定义
通过通信信道后接收的数据与发送的数据不 一致的现象。
2)差错产生的原因和类型
差错产生的原因是热噪声。主要有信道固有 的随机热噪声和外界因素引起的冲击热噪声。
外护套
加固材料 塑料屏蔽层
玻璃纤维和包层
图2-4光缆结构
(4)无线通信
电磁波传播方式有两种:无线、有线 常用的有微波、红外线和可见光。 无线通信系统有:微波通信、蜂窝移动通信和卫星通信。
微波只能沿直线传播,在地面一般采用点对点方式通信。 蜂窝移动通信是广播式传输,采用多址接入技术区分用户。
卫星通信覆盖面积大,通信距离远,通信费用和距离无关, 有传输延迟。
• 单工:数据单向传输(无线电广播)
• 半双工:数据可以双向传输,但不能在同一时刻双向传输
(对讲机) • 全双工:数据可同时双向传输(电话)
两个方向的信号共享链路带宽: 1)链路具有两条物理上独立的传输线路,或 2)将带宽一分为二,分别用于不同方向的信号传输
数据通信的操作方式
3.数据通信中的主要技术指标
统计时分多路复用(ATDM)-也叫异步时分多路复用
根据用户对时间片的需要来分配时间片,没有数据传 输的用户不分配时间片,同时,对每一个时间片加上用户 标识,以区别该时间片属于哪一个用户。提高了通信线路 利用率。
该技术为异步传输模式ATM的研究奠定了理论基础。
t1 t2 t3
A B C D
待发数据
数字流量检测器(远程类型传感器单元)说明书

No.PF※※-OMJ0016-J Digital Flow Switch(Remote type sensor unit)PFM5##Safety Instructions 2 Model Indication and How to Order 10 Summary of Product parts 13 Mounting and Installation 14 Installation 14 Piping 16 Wiring 17 Troubleshooting 19 Error indication 20 Specification 21 Specifications 21 Characteristics data 23 Dimensions 25Safety InstructionsThese safety instructions are intended to prevent hazardous situations and/or equipment damage.These instructions indicate the level of potential hazard with the labels of "Caution", "Warning" or "Danger". They are all important notes for safety and must be followed in addition to International Standards(ISO/IEC)*1), and other safety regulations.*1) ISO 4414: Pneumatic fluid power -- General rules relating to systems.ISO 4413: Hydraulic fluid power -- General rules relating to systems.IEC 60204-1: Safety of machinery -- Electrical equipment of machines .(Part 1: General requirements)ISO 10218: Manipulating industrial robots -Safety.etc.Caution Caution indicates a hazard with a low level of risk which, if not avoided, couldresult in minor or moderate injury.Warning Warning indicates a hazard with a medium level of risk which, if not avoided,could result in death or serious injury.Danger Danger indicates a hazard with a high level of risk which, if not avoided, willresult in death or serious injury.Warning1. The compatibility of the product is the responsibility of the person who designs theequipment or decides its specifications.Since the product specified here is used under various operating conditions, its compatibility with specific equipment must be decided by the person who designs the equipment or decides its specifications based on necessary analysis and test results.The expected performance and safety assurance of the equipment will be the responsibility of the person who has determined its compatibility with the product.This person should also continuously review all specifications of the product referring to its latest catalog information, with a view to giving due consideration to any possibility of equipment failure whenconfiguring the equipment.2. Only personnel with appropriate training should operate machinery and equipment.The product specified here may become unsafe if handled incorrectly.The assembly, operation and maintenance of machines or equipment including our products must be performed by an operator who is appropriately trained and experienced.3. Do not service or attempt to remove product and machinery/equipment until safety isconfirmed.1. The inspection and maintenance of machinery/equipment should only be performed after measures toprevent falling or runaway of the driven objects have been confirmed.2. When the product is to be removed, confirm that the safety measures as mentioned above areimplemented and the power from any appropriate source is cut, and read and understand the specific product precautions of all relevant products carefully.3. Before machinery/equipment is restarted, take measures to prevent unexpected operation and malfunction.4. Contact SMC beforehand and take special consideration of safety measures if theproduct is to be used in any of the following conditions.1. Conditions and environments outside of the given specifications, or use outdoors or in a placeexposed to direct sunlight.2. Installation on equipment in conjunction with atomic energy, railways, air navigation, space, shipping,vehicles, military, medical treatment, combustion and recreation, or equipment in contact with food and beverages, emergency stop circuits, clutch and brake circuits in press applications, safety equipment or other applications unsuitable for the standard specifications described in the product catalog.3. An application which could have negative effects on people, property, or animals requiring specialsafety analysis.4. Use in an interlock circuit, which requires the provision of double interlock for possible failure by usinga mechanical protective function, and periodical checks to confirm proper operation.Safety InstructionsCaution1.The product is provided for use in manufacturing industries.The product herein described is basically provided for peaceful use in manufacturing industries.If considering using the product in other industries, consult SMC beforehand and exchange specifications or a contract if necessary.If anything is unclear, contact your nearest sales branch.Limited warranty and Disclaimer/Compliance RequirementsThe product used is subject to the following "Limited warranty and Disclaimer" and "Compliance Requirements".Read and accept them before using the product.Limited warranty and Disclaimer1. The warranty period of the product is 1 year in service or 1.5 years after the product is delivered,whichever is first.*2)Also, the product may have specified durability, running distance or replacement parts. Please consult your nearest sales branch.2. For any failure or damage reported within the warranty period which is clearly our responsibility,a replacement product or necessary parts will be provided.This limited warranty applies only to our product independently, and not to any other damage incurred due to the failure of the product.3. Prior to using SMC products, please read and understand the warranty terms and disclaimersnoted in the specified catalog for the particular products.*2) Vacuum pads are excluded from this 1 year warranty.A vacuum pad is a consumable part, so it is warranted for a year after it is delivered.Also, even within the warranty period, the wear of a product due to the use of the vacuumpad or failure due to the deterioration of rubber material are not covered by the limitedwarranty.Compliance Requirements1. The use of SMC products with production equipment for the manufacture of weapons of massdestruction (WMD) or any other weapon is strictly prohibited.2. The exports of SMC products or technology from one country to another are governed by therelevant security laws and regulation of the countries involved in the transaction. Prior to the shipment of a SMC product to another country, assure that all local rules governing that export are known and followed.CautionSMC products are not intended for use as instruments for legal metrology.Products that SMC manufactures or sells are not measurement instruments that are qualified by pattern approval tests relating to the measurement laws of each country.Therefore, SMC products cannot be used for business or certification ordained by the measurement laws of each country.■NOTE○Follow the instructions given below when designing, selecting and handling the product.●The instructions on design and selection (installation, wiring, environment, adjustment, operation,maintenance, etc.) described below must also be followed.*Product specifications•The direct current power supply used should be UL approved as follows.Circuit (Class 2) of maximum 30 Vrms (42.4 V peak) or less, with UL1310 Class 2 power supply unit or UL1585 Class 2 transformer.•The product is a UL approved product only if it has a mark on the body.•Use the specified voltage.Otherwise failure or malfunction can result.Insufficient supply voltage may not drive a load due to a voltage drop inside the product.Verify the operating voltage of the load before use.•Do not exceed the specified maximum allowable load.Otherwise it can cause damage or shorten the lifetime of the product.•Applicable operating fluid depends on the product.Check the details of the specifications before using.•Before designing piping confirm the pressure loss at the sensor from the pressure loss graph.Confirm pressure loss of the sensor from the characteristics data.•For the details of compressed air quality, refer to ISO 8573-1, 1.1.2 to 1.6.2.•Use the specified measurement flow rate and operating pressure.Otherwise it can cause damage to the product or inability to measure correctly.•Reserve a space for maintenance.Allow sufficient space for maintenance when designing the system.●Product handling*Installation•Tighten to the specified tightening torque.If the tightening torque is exceeded the mounting screws and brackets may damaged.If the tightening torque is insufficient, the product may be displaced and the mounting screws may come loose (Refer to page 14 "Mounting and Installation".)•Do not apply excessive stress to the product when it is mounted with a panel mount.Otherwise damage to the product and disconnection from the panel mount can result.•Ensure that the FG terminal is connected to ground when using a commercially available switch-mode power supply.•Do not drop, hit or apply excessive shock to the product.Otherwise damage to the internal parts can result, causing malfunction.•Do not pull the lead wire forcefully, or lift the product by the lead wire. (Tensile force 49 N or less)Hold the product body when handling, to prevent damage, failure or malfunction•For piping of the product, hold the piping with a spanner on the metal part of the product (Pipingattachment).Holding other parts with a spanner leads to may damage the product.•Any dust left in the piping should be flushed out by air blow before connecting the piping to the product.Otherwise damage or malfunction can result.•Refer to the flow direction of the fluid indicated on the product label for installation and piping.Remaining air can cause inability to measure accurately.•Do not mount the body with the bottom facing upwards.Remaining air can cause inability to measure accurately.•Do not insert metal wires or other foreign matter into the piping port.This can damage the sensor causing failure or malfunction.•Never mount a product in a location that will be used as a foothold.The product may be damaged if excessive force is applied by stepping or climbing onto it.•If there is a risk of foreign matter entering the fluid, install and pipe a filter or the mist separator at the inlet to avoid failure and malfunction.Otherwise damage or malfunction can result.And it can cause inability to measure accurately.Refer to the figure below for the recommended pneumatic circuit.*Wiring•Do not pull the lead wires.In particular, never lift a product equipped with fitting and piping by holding the lead wires.Otherwise damage to the internal parts can result, causing malfunction or disconnection of the connector. •Avoid repeatedly bending or stretching the lead wire, or placing heavy loads on itRepeated bending stress or tensile stress can cause damage to the sheath, or breakage of the wires.If the lead wire can move, fix it near the body of the product.The recommended bend radius of the lead wire is 6 times the outside diameter of the sheath, or 33 times the outside diameter of the wire insulation material, whichever is larger.Replace any damaged lead wire with a new one.•Wire correctly.Incorrect wiring can damage the product.•Do not perform wiring while the power is on.Otherwise damage to the internal parts can result, causing malfunction.•Do not route wires and cables together with power or high voltage cables.Otherwise the product can malfunction due to interference or noise and surge voltage from power and high voltage cables.•Confirm proper insulation of wiring.Poor insulation (interference from another circuit, poor insulation between terminals, etc.) can lead to excess voltage or current being applied to the product, causing damage.•Keep wiring as short as possible to prevent interference from electromagnetic noise and surge voltage.Do not use a cable longer than 30 m.Wire the DC (-) line (blue) as close as possible to the power supply.•When analogue output is used, install a noise filter (line noise filter, ferrite element, etc.) between the switch-mode power supply and this product.*Environment•Do not use the product in area that is exposed to corrosive gases, chemicals, sea water, water or steam.Otherwise failure or malfunction can result.•Do not use in a place where the product could be splashed by oil or chemicals.If the product is to be used in an environment containing oils or chemicals such as coolant or cleaning solvent, even for a short time, it may be adversely affected (damage, malfunction, or hardening of the lead wires)•Do not use in an area where electrical surges are generated.If there is equipment generates large electrical surges (solenoid type lifter, high frequency induction furnace, motor, etc.) close to the product, damage or failure of the internal circuit may occur. Take measures against the surge sources, and prevent the wires from coming into close contact.•Do not use a load which generates a surge voltage.When a surge-generating load such as a relay or solenoid is driven directly, use a product with a built-in surge absorbing element.•The product is CE/UKCA marked, but not immune to lightning strikes. Take measures against lightning strikes in the system.•Do not use the product in areas that are exposed to vibration or impact.Otherwise failure or malfunction can result.•Do not use the product in the presence of a magnetic field.This may lead to the malfunction of the product.•Prevent foreign matter such as wire debris from entering the product.Otherwise failure or malfunction can result.•Do not use the product in areas subject to large temperature cycle.Heating/cooling cycles other than ordinary changes in temperature can adversely affect the internal structure of the product•Do not expose the product to direct sunlight.If using in a location directly exposed to sunlight, use a suitable protective cover.Otherwise failure or malfunction can result.•Keep within the operating fluid temperature and operating temperatures range.The operating fluid temperature and operating temperature range is 0 to 50 o C.Operation below the minimum temperature limit may cause damage or operation failure due to frozen moisture in the fluid or air.An air dryer is recommended for elimination of drainage and water.Avoid sudden temperature changes even within the specified temperature range.•Do not operate close to a heat source, or in a location exposed to radiant heat.Otherwise malfunction can result.•The temperature between products rises when sticking is installed, and there is a possibility to influence the performance of the product.*Adjustment and Operation•Do not short-circuit the load.When the product load is short circuit, generated excess current lead to cause the damage of the product. •Supply the power when there is no flow.*Maintenance•Perform regular maintenance and inspections.There is a risk of unexpected malfunction of components due to the malfunction of equipment and machinery. •Turn off the power supply, stop the supplied air, exhaust the residual pressure and verify the release of air before performing maintenance.There is a risk of unexpected malfunction.•Perform drainage regularly.If condensate enters the outside, it can cause operating failure of pneumatic equipment.•Do not use solvents such as benzene, thinner etc. to clean the product.They could damage the surface of the body and erase the markings on the body.Use a soft cloth to remove stains.For heavy stains, use a cloth lightly dampened with diluted neutral detergent, then wipe up any residue with a dry cloth.*Other•If it has a restrictor, the flow adjustment valve may rotate due to vibration and change the flow rate. •Accuracy may vary by 2 to 3% if the customer removes or replaces the piping port themselves.: Each accessory is not assembled with the product, but shipped together.Accessories/Part number*: The table shows the specifications when a flow adjusting valve is included.■Installation•Refer to the flow direction of the fluid indication on the product label for installation and piping. Panel mounting•Insert Panel Mount Adapter B (supplied as an accessory) into Section A of Panel Mount Adapter A.Push Panel Mount Adapter B from behind until the display is fixed onto the panel.The pin of bracket engages the notched part of panel adapter A section C to fix the display.•The switch can be mounted on a panel with a thickness of 1 to 3.2 mm.•Refer to the dimension drawing (page 37) for panel cut-out dimensions.Bracket mounting•Mount the bracket using the mounting screws supplied. •The required tightening torque is 0.5 ± 0.05 N•m.Without flow adjustment valve (using ZS-33-M)With flow adjustment valve (using ZS-33-MS)•Install the product (with bracket) using the M3 screws (4 pcs.).•Bracket thickness is approximately 1.2 mm.•Refer to the dimension drawing of the bracket (page 37) for mounting hole dimensions.DIN rail mounting (using ZS-33-R )•Mount the DIN rail mounting parts using DIN rail mounting screws and joint screws supplied. •The required tightening torque of the DIN rail mounting screws and joint screws is 0.4±0.05 N•m.■PipingFor the metal piping attachments•Ensure that the metal piping attachments are tightened to the required torque (refer to the table below). •If the tightening torque is exceeded, the product can be broken. If the tightening torque is insufficient, the fittings may become loose.•When connecting piping to the product, a spanner should be used on the metal piping attachment only.Using a spanner on other parts may damage the product.•Avoid any sealing tape from entering inside the piping.•Ensure that there is no leakage from loose piping.For one-touch fittings•Insert the tube until it bottoms out, to ensure it cannot be pulled out.•Insertion with excessive force can cause damage.•Ensure that there is no leakage after piping.•Use this product within the specified operating pressure and temperature ranges.•Proof pressure is 1.0 MPa.■WiringWiring of connector•Connections should only be made with the power supply turned off.•Use separate routes for the product wiring and any power or high voltage wiring. Otherwise, malfunction may result due to noise.•Ensure that the FG terminal is connected to ground when using a commercially available switch-mode power supply. When a switch-mode power supply is connected to the product, switching noise will be superimposed and the product specification can no longer be met. This can be prevented by inserting a noise filter, such as a line noise filter and ferrite core, between the switch-mode power supply and the product, or by using a series power supply instead of a switch-mode power supply.Connecting/Disconnecting• When mounting the connector, insert it straight into the socket, holding the lever and connector body, and push the connector until the lever hooks into the housing, and locks.•When removing the connector, press down the lever to release the hook from the housing and pull the connector straight out.Connector pin numbers (on the lead wire)Internal circuit and wiring exampleAnalogue output: 1 to 5 VOutput impedance: 1 kΩAnalogue output: 4 to 20 mAMax. load impedance: 600 Ω (24 VDC)Min. load impedance: 50 ΩSelect response time (input): No voltage input (reed switch or solid state switch), 30 ms or more Select response time (input)The response time can be selected to improve the stability of the analogue output, if the output is unstable due to flow rate pulsation.How to select the response timeConnect the response time input wire (white) to GND. While connected, the response time will be 1.0 second, or 50 ms when not connected.TroubleshootingIf an operation failure occurs with the product, use the chart below to find out the cause of the problem. If none of the countermeasures seem to be applicable, or a replacement product operates normally when installed, the product may be faulty. A product can be damaged by the operating environment (system configuration etc). If the product seems to be faulty, please contact SMC.If the error cannot be reset after the above measures are taken, then please contact SMC.■Characteristics data●Analogue output characteristics*: Analogue output at maximum rated flow rate when CO2 is selected is 4.57 [V] for the voltage output type and 18.28 [mA] for the current output type.Model Max. rated flow[L/min]PFM510- -1 10 (5)PFM525- -1 25 (12.5)PFM550- -1 50 (25)PFM511- -1 100 (50) *: ( ): Fluid: CO2ModelMax. rated flow[L/min] PFM510- -2 10 (5)PFM525- -2 25 (12.5)PFM550- -2 50 (25)PFM511- -2 100 (50) *: ( ): Fluid: CO2●Flow adjustment needle revolution - Flow characteristics (reference value)●Pressure loss (at 350 [kPa])■DimensionsPFM5 -(N)01/(N)02/F01-1/2PFM5 -(N)01L/(N)02L/F01L-1/2PFM5 S-(N)01/(N)02/F01-1/2PFM5 S-(N)01L/(N)02L/F01L-1/2PFM5 -F02-1/2PFM5 -F02L-1/2PFM5 S-F02-1/2PFM5 S-F02L-1/2PFM5 -C/N -1/2PFM5 -C/N L-1/2PFM5 S-C/N -1/2PFM5 S-C/N L-1/2Panel cut-out dimensions*1: These are the minimum dimensions for bottom entry piping. If using straight entry piping, the material and tubing need to be taken into consideration when deciding panel cut-out spacing. *2: If a bend (R) is used, limit it to R3 or less. *3: Suitable for panel thickness of 1 to 3.2 mm.Bracket (ZS-33-M)Bracket (ZS-33-MS)Flow adjustment valveANone54 +0.5 0With flow adjustment valve74+0.5 0Lead wire and connector (ZS-33-D) Connector cover (ZS-33-F)4-14-1, Sotokanda, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0021 JAPANTel: + 81 3 5207 8249 Fax: +81 3 5298 5362URL https://Note: Specifications are subject to change without prior notice and any obligation on the part of the manufacturer.。
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1. ATM网络业务流控制特点
电路交换
每个连接的宽带是固定的,在整个通信过程中网络 可提供给通信双方恒定的数据速率。 在建立该连接时,采用很简单的呼叫接纳过程:
• 当可提供信道给呼叫方和被叫方时,则建立连接; • 反之,则拒绝该呼叫。
一旦建立连接,该连接就不受网络中其他用户的影 响,此时,即时网络处于饱和状态,仍能保证该连 接的服务质量。
连接释放时间:
• 指从用户发出呼叫释放消息到收到呼叫释放应答的那段时间。
呼叫阻塞概率:
• 指一段时间内呼叫被拒绝的比例。 • 这个不仅与网络资源分配(链路速率、网络拓扑、交换容量)有关 ,还与各个呼叫到达的随机过程、各个呼叫持续时间的分布有关。 • 减小这个概率的一个途径是,在规划设计网络时,根据用户呼叫的 统计特性来优化设计网络的拓扑结构、交换容量等。
这个呼叫/连接接纳控制涉及到几个问题: • 哪些用户业务参数可以准确地描述用户的业务流特性? • 哪些服务质量参数可以恰当地反映用户的服务质量要求? • 在已提供用户业务参数和服务质量参数的前提下,这个呼叫/连接所 需的带宽是多少? • 在接纳这个呼叫/连接入网后,这个用户的业务流与已建立的连接的 业务流进行异步时分复接,能否保证不影响已建立连接的服务质量? • 这个呼叫/连接接纳控制机制能否实时运行? • 能否在满足各个连接的服务质量要求的前提下,进一步提高资源利用 率?
ATM流量控制技术
主要内容
ATM网络业务流控制特点 呼叫/连接接纳控制(CAC) 业务流警管(Traffic policing) 选择性丢弃 反应式拥塞控制 ATM论坛关于业务流管理的技术
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ATM网络业务流控制特点
在通信网络中,各类资源(信道容量、节点中缓冲器容量等 )是有限的,因此,它所能支持的连接和业务流量也是有限 的。当网络中的连接数目和业务流量超过它能支持的限度时 ,网络的服务质量会变差,如时延增加、丢失增加。这种情 况就叫做拥塞。 业务流控制就是要对用户利用网络资源加以控制,以使网络 能处于正常的工作状态,即使当网络负荷超过网络容量时, 网络的服务质量仍可处于可接受的水平。
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2.3 服务质量参数
ATM服务质量参数可分为两类: • 与呼叫控制过程有关的参数(连接建立时间、连接释放 时间、呼叫阻塞概率) • 与信元转移质量有关的参数(误码率、时延、时延抖动 等)。
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(1)与呼叫控制过程有关的参数
连接建立时间:
• 指从用户发出呼叫建立消息到收到呼叫建立应答消息的那段时间, 这个时间是由各个信号转移点处理时延所决定的。 • ATM网的信令系统通过一个定时器来限制这个时间,当连接建立时 间超过这个时间,则重新发呼叫建立消息。
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(2)与信元转移质量有关的参数
误码率 • 主要取决于传输系统的性能。ATM网络中主要以光纤作 为传输媒介,误码率很低,可以满足各种业务的传输需 求。 信元丢失率(Cell Loss Rate) • 指在一段时间内丢失的信元数与用户发送的信元数之比 。造成信元丢失的原因大致有四个:
信元在网络中传输时遇到缓存器溢出而丢失; 信元头在传输过程中发生不能纠正的误码而丢弃信元; VPI/VCI发生误码但未被检测出来,此时信元将被传递到错误的 信宿去。对于该此连接的接收方而言,信元发生了丢失。 对于实时业务,时延过大也会造成信元丢失。
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(2)与信元转移质量有关的参数
信元插入率(Cell Insertion Rate-CTD) • 信元头的误码不仅会造成信元丢失,还会在某种情况下造 成信元误传,VPI/VCI发生误码但未被检测出来,此时该 信元会被传送到错误的信宿去。 • 信元插入率 指的是误传到错误信宿的信元数与用户发送 的信元数之比。 信元的误传比信元丢失造成的危害要大: • 一方面,对于AAL1协议,信元误传会引起同步的丢失; • 另一方面,误传的信元会加重它所经过链路的业务流量, 在特别严重时,会引起它所经过链路的拥塞。
建立连接的服务质量。
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1.
ห้องสมุดไป่ตู้
ATM网络业务流控制特点
ATM网中的业务流管理
分组交换网中的流量控制是在每个节点上进行的,增加了 节点处理的开销,降低了网络速率,不能适应ATM网的高 速要求。
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ATM网络业务流控制特点
ATM网中的业务流管理 分组交换网中的拥塞控制是反应式的,这种方法在低速的 分组交换网中尚能适用,但是在高速的ATM网中不能完全 适用。 假设网络中A、B两节点相距100公里,则信元的传播时延 为500us。 若网络速率为1Mbit/s,则发送一个53B的信元需要424us ,这个值与传播时延接近。但是若将信道速率提高到 1Gbit/s,则发送一个信元只需0.424us,这个值远远小于 传播时延,当B节点接收到A节点发出的信元时,A节点已 经发送了一百多个信元了。 换而言之,当B节点接收到A节点发出的信息时,这已是相 对“过时”的信息。
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(2)与信元转移质量有关的参数
信元转移时延(Cell Transfer Delay):指信元第一比特 进入网络至最后一个比特离开网络的那段时间。包括: • 打包时延(Packetization Delay)
形成一个信元所需的时间,64kb/s PCM话音的PD为( 47×8/64)ms 在传输媒介上传播的时间。光纤信道的传播时延为每公里5us, 同轴电缆为每公里4us。 发射机将信元发往物理媒介所需时间,这与发射机速率有关, 在155.520Mb/s情况下,TD=2.82us
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(2)与信元转移质量有关的参数
时延抖动(Cell Delay Variation) 在理想状态下,相邻信元到达信宿的时间间隔,应与离开 信源时的时间间隔相同。但是,在实际网络中,由于排队 时延的加入和业务随机性的影响,两者是不相等的。 即,各个信元经ATM网络转移的时延是不等的,相对于平 均转移时延有一个随机变化的值。称这个相对于平均转移 时延变化的值为时延抖动。 时延抖动会给电话、视频等业务的定时恢复带来困难,造 成服务质量下降。 在ATM网络中,常使用峰-峰时延抖动(Peak-to-Peak Cell Delay Variation),指的是在连续时间内,信元最大转 移时延与最小转移时延的差值。
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1. ATM网络业务流控制特点
ATM网中的业务流管理
电路交换网和分组交换网已得到广泛的应用,其业务流管理 的方法也被证明是成功的。 这些传统的业务流管理方法能否直接应用于ATM网络中? 这些方法能否完全解决ATM网络中的拥塞?
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1. ATM网络业务流控制特点
ATM网中的业务流管理 在电路交换网中,由于各个连接占用专用的固定速率的信 道,所以,简单的呼叫接纳(拒绝)方法就能保证已被接 纳的所有呼叫的服务质量。 但是,在ATM网络中情况则不一样。 在ATM网络中,信元是采用异步时分复接方法共享资源的 ,各个连接没有专用的信道,当某一连接的业务流量增加 时,它会占用其他连接的资源,从而会影响其他连接的服 务质量。 更为严重的是,ATM网中业务是高度突发的,其速率变化 很大。 因此,如果只采用电路交换网中的呼叫接纳(拒绝)方法 ,既不能保证该呼叫建立连接的服务质量,也不能保证已
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1.
ATM网络业务流控制特点
ATM网中的业务流管理
因此,在检测到拥塞发生时,拥塞早已发生了。这种反应 式的拥塞控制法无疑对网络中的变换(拥塞的发生、拥塞 的消除)不太灵敏。 所以,这些传统的方法不能有效地应用于ATM网络中。 ITU-T经研究制定了I.371建议,提出在ATM网络中,业务 流控制不能单纯地采用一种方法,而是一系列、一整套方 法一起工作。 ATM网络中的各种业务流控制方法,大致可以分为两类: • 在拥塞后采取措施消除的反应式方法; • 在拥塞未发生时就采取措施避免的预防式方法。
• 传播时延(Propagation Delay)
• 传输时延(Transmission Delay)
• 交换时延(Switching Delay)
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信元穿过ATM交换机所需时间,包括查路由表所需时间和在内 部交换所需时间。这是衡量ATM交换机性能的一个重要指标。
(2)与信元转移质量有关的参数
2013-7-10
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1. ATM网络业务流控制特点
分组交换-流量控制
流量控制采用窗口技术: • 每个节点发送和中转的分组数是受限制的,这个数由窗 口大小W决定。 • 当节点发送中转完W个分组后,就停止发送,等到下游 节点有应答后,才能继续发送。 这种方法保证了节点已发送但未收到应答的分组数不超过 W,从而使网络中每条链路上的分组数低于某一门限值。
• 排队时延(Queueing Delay) 为解决输出端口竞争和内部竞争,要在交换机输入端 口或输出端口或内部加缓存器。信元等待在这些缓存 器中的时间称为排队时延。 • 重装时延(Reassembly Delay) 信元到达信宿后,信宿的AAL层可能需要将多个信元 组装成一个完整的帧转交给上层。上层接收完这个完 整的帧后才进行信息的重现。
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1. ATM网络业务流控制特点
分组交换
因此,分组交换网中资源的利用率是比较低的,如何减小 分组网中的业务流量呢? 分组交换网采取了流量控制和拥塞控制两种方法。
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流量控制与拥塞控制
流量控制 对输入网络的流量进行管理,避免网络进入拥塞状态而采取 的措施,业务量控制贯串用户接入控制、网络资源调度、传 输控制等整个过程。 拥塞控制 在拥塞发生时采用的定位拥塞原因和位置,防止拥塞扩散, 缓解拥塞造成的影响、最终解决拥塞问题所采取的措施; 拥塞控制可以看作流量控制的一部分。