2009年攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题
中科院考研真题2009物理化学甲
中国科学院研究生院2009年招收攻读硕士学位研究生入学统一考试试题科目名称：物理化学（甲）考生须知：1. 本试卷满分为150分，全部考试时间总计180分钟。
2. 所有答案必须写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或草稿纸上一律无效。
3. 可以使用不带储存功能的计算器。
下列一些基本常数供解题时参考：普朗克常数h=6.626×10-34J·S ; 玻兹曼常数k B=1.381×10 -23J·K-1摩尔气体常数R=8.314J·mol-1·K-1 ; 法拉第常数F=96500C·mol-1一、是非题（每小题1分，共15分）（判断下列各题是否正确，正确用“√”表示，错误用“×”表示）1. 某气体状态方程为p=f(V)T,f(V)只是体积的函数，恒温下该气体的熵随体积V的增加而增加。
2. 在恒温恒压不做非体积功的情况下，△H>0,△S>0的过程不一定能自发进行。
3. 已知X和Y可构成固溶体。
在X中随着加入Y可使系统的熔点升高，则Y在固溶体中的含量比Y在液相中的含量低。
4. 稀溶液的依数性是指在指定溶液的种类和数量后，其性质仅取决于所含溶质分子的数目，而与溶质的本性无关。
5. 在非理想液态混合物中，正规混合物的非理想性是完全由混合热效应引起的。
6. 多孔硅胶具有强烈的吸水性能，这表明自由水分子的化学势较吸附于硅胶表面的水分子的化学势为低。
7. 在一定温度下，分子的平动，振动及转动的能级间隔大小顺序为：振动能>转动能> 平动能。
8. 原电池的电动势等于构成电池的各相同的各个界面上所产生的电势差的代数和。
9. 工业上用电解食盐水制造NaOH的反应为：2NaCl+2H2O 电解2NaOH+H2(g)+Cl2(g),阴极反应为：2NaCl+2e- 2Na+ + Cl2(g)。
10. 碰撞理论中的阈能Ec是与阿伦尼乌斯活化能Ea在数值上必须相等，碰撞才是有效的。
四川大学华西药学院706药学综合考研试题
四川大学2009年攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题科目：药学综合代玛：706#专业：药理学、药物化学、药剂学、生药学、药物分析学微生物与生化药学、生物化学与分子生物学、生物医学工程；（试题共13页）(答案必须写在答题纸上,写在试题上不给分）物理化学部分（50分）一、选择题（第14题为多选题。
答案须全对才给分；其余为单选题每小题2.5分，共50分）（）1、H2(g)和N2(g)在密闭的绝热钢瓶中生成NH3(g)，则体系A. ΔU=0，ΔH<0B. ΔU=0，ΔH=0C. ΔU<0，ΔH=0D. ΔU>0，ΔH=0（）2.基尔霍夫定律(Kirchhoff’s Law)A.只适用于讨论化学反应的热效应随温度的变化B.只适用于讨论相变化时的相变热随温度的变化C.同时适用于讨论化学反应及相变化时热效应随温度的变化D.适用于讨论任何过程的ΔH随温度的变化（）3、在253k 和101325 Pa下，1 mol的过冷水结成冰，则体系、环境及总熵变应该是：A ΔS体系>0, ΔS环境>0，ΔS总>0B ΔS体系<0, ΔS环境>0，ΔS总>0C ΔS体系<0, ΔS环境<0，ΔS总<0D ΔS体系<0, ΔS环境>0，ΔS总<0（）4、2 mol理想气体经一等温可逆压缩过程，则A. ΔG>ΔAB. ΔG=ΔAC. ΔG<ΔAD.无法比较（）5、已知温度T时反应(1)H2O(g)H2(g) + 1/2 O2 (g) 的标准平衡常数K1θ及反应(2)CO2(g)CO(g)+1/2O2(g) 的标准平衡常数K2θ，则同温度下反应(3) CO(g)+H2O(g) CO2(g)+H2(g)的标准平衡常数K3θ为（假定气体均为理想气体）A K3θ=K1θ+K2θB K3θ=K1θ* K2θC K3θ=K2θ/ K1θD K3θ=K1θ/ K2θ（ ）6.在一个抽空的容器中，放入过量的NH 4I (s)发生下列反应并达平衡：NH 4I(s)NH 3(g)+ HI(g)2HI(g)H 2(g)+ l 2(g)则体系的相数φ、组分数K 和自由度fA. φ=2，K =2， f =2B. φ=2，K =1， f =1C. φ=2，K =2， f =1D. φ=2，K =1， f =0（ ）7.氯仿（A)和丙酮（B)生成恒沸混合物，最高恒沸温度为337.7K,恒沸组成中B 20%(w/w),现将组成含B 为40%(w/w)的混合液在精馏塔中分离，则：A. 可分离得纯A 和恒沸混合物B. 可分离得纯B 和恒沸混合物C. 可同时分离得纯A 和纯BD. 既不能分离得纯A,也不能分离得纯B（ ）8.若要使CO 2 在水中的溶解度为最大，应选择的条件是A.高温低压B.高温高压C.低温低压D.低溫高压（ ）9.电解质溶液在稀释过程中A.电导率增加B.电导率减少C.摩尔电导率增加D.摩尔电导率减少（ ）10.某电池在298 K 、101325 Pa 下的放电过程，若电池反应的可逆热Q 2=-100 J 则该反应的焓变Δt H mA. Δt H m = -100JB. Δt H m =0JC. Δt H m > -100JD. Δt H m < -100J（ ）11.下列电池中，反应不可逆的是A. Zn(s) | H 2S04(a) | Cu(s)B. (Pt) H 2 (p) | NaOH (a) | HgO (s) | Hg( I)C. Zn (s) | Zn 2+ (a1)|| H +(a2) | H 2(p) (Pt)D. Cu (s) | Cu 2+(a1) || Ag +(a2) | Ag (s)（ ）12.某化学反应其反应物消耗一半所需的时间是它消耗掉1/4所需时间的2倍，则反 应级数为A. 一级B. 二级C.三级D.零级（ ）13. 一定温度下,在反应器中刚开始只有反应物A,结果发生如下对峙反应:下列说法中哪一项是不正确的？A 开始时A 的消耗速率最快B. 反应进行的净速率是正，逆反应速率之差C. k1/k2的值是恒定的D. 达到平衡时正、逆反应速率常数相等（）14. 一定体积的水，当聚成一个大水球，或者分散成许多小水滴，同溫度下，两种状态相比较，以下性质保持不变的有：A 表面张力 B.饱和蒸气压 C.液面下的附加压力 D.比表面E.对玻璃的润湿性（）15. 293 K 时，σ=27 X 10-3N·m-1，σ水=72 X 10-3N·m-1，σ正庚醇,水=8 x 10-3正庚醇N·m-1互相饱和后，σ’正庚醇=26 X 10-3N·m-1，σ’水=28X 10-3N·m-1，σ’正庚醇,水=σ正庚醇,水。
2009年硕士研究生入学考试试题
2009年硕士研究生入学考试试题一：名词解释1：粗差2：系统误差3：偶然误差4水准测量的原理5：验潮站6：4D产品7：数字高程模型8：等高线3-8一定是，1，2好像有一个，不确定。
其它的就想不起来了。
二：简答题1：偶然误差的特性2：GPS测量中的误差来源3：光电测距仪测定的距离进行哪几方面的改正计算4：计算机中的坐标与实地中的坐标如何转换5：三角高程测量的方法1-4一定是，第5个就是两种情况之一三：论述题（5选2）1：各种坐标系的定义；原点，X轴，Y轴是如何规定的。
2：结合所学专业，论述本专业的现状和发展前景。
一、中国遥感技术应用现状1957年第一颗人造地球卫星升空标志着人类进入了太空时代，从此人类以崭新的角度开始重新认识自己赖以生存的地球。
空间信息技术是本世纪60年代发展起来的一门新兴的科学技术，遥感技术，包括地理信息系统和全球定位系统，则是对地观测的重要手段。
中国的遥感技术从70年代起步，经过十几年的艰苦努力，已发展到目前的实用化和国际化阶段，具体表现在具备了为国民经济建设服务的实用化能力和全方位地开展国际合作使其走向世界的国际化能力。
1为国民经济可持续发展提供科学的决策依据2具有对重大自然灾害灾情进行动态监测和评估的能力中国是自然灾害频繁且严重的国家，每年因灾害所造成的损失高达上千亿元人民币。
对重大灾害进行动态监测和灾情评估，减轻自然灾害所造成的损失是遥感技术应用的重要领域。
3利用遥感技术进行农作物估产和林业资源调查4地质矿产资源遥感调查此外，近年来发展起来的干涉测量雷达技术已经在三峡大坝等大型工程的环境监测和油气区地面沉降等应用领域显示出巨大的应用潜力。
二、中国遥感技术应用展望“九五”期间，中国国家科委已经把“遥感、地理信息系统及全球定位系统技术综合应用研究”列为“九五”国家科技攻关重中之重项目，至此遥感信息技术已连续四个五年计划被列入国家优先项目，说明了国家对遥感事业的重视。
可以预见，该项目的实施，可以有效地将这一高新技术广泛地应用于国民经济建设的各个方面，使其走上产业化发展的道路。
2009 年华南理工攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试卷
2009 年攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试卷一：1. 2 手段办法（为达到目的所必须采取的方法）2. 3 约定商定，规则规矩，宿命因缘缘分3. 1 技术手艺4. 4 地震5. 2 朋友6. 1 剧场剧院7. 3 名字8. 3 公司9. 2 准备预备，准备打点10. 4 通船班船船班船期，船运水运二：问1. ３観光：观光游览1.慣行：例行惯行习俗2.刊行：刊行出版4.完工：完工工程完了竣工问2. 2 簡単：简单1. 感嘆：感叹赞叹 3 肝胆：肝和胆，肝胆（心意真心）4. 感歎：感叹赞叹同1问3. 1 友好：友好2.有効：有效能，有效（在法律上有效）3. 有功：有功4. 遊行：无目的的行走问4. 4 返事：答应回答回话回复，回信回函1.変じる：变化，改变变更2.変事:事故（不同寻常的事件异常的事）3.片時：片刻顷刻暂时问5. 2. 故障：故障障碍毛病，异议1.呼称：称呼称名3.小姓：侍童家童，小姓小性（武家旳职务名，在将军府担负杂役）4.誇称：夸称自夸问6. 4. 正確：正确准确1.性格：性格，特征 2 .政客：政治家3.精確：精确详密正确问7. 3. 会議：开会会议1.懐疑：怀疑2. 快技：美技4 .海技：航海技术船员技术问8. 4. 辞書：词典1.地所：地皮2. 自書：自己书写的东西3. 自署：自己署名问9.1. 工場:工厂工场2 .交情：交情(交往中产生的亲切感清），交情私情（男女友肉体关系）3 .恒常：恒常恒久4 .交情：和2一样问10. 3 .敬語：敬语1.警固：加强警戒警备 4. 警護：和1一样三：1—5：4 3 3 4 16—10：2 4 3 2 4四：1—5 : C A B A C6—10: D D D A B小知识：帽子をかぶる/戴帽子2.ズボンをはく。
/穿裤子（穿下半身的都用はく）3.シャツを着る：穿衬衫（上半身穿衣服用着る４．めがねをかける：戴眼镜五：1.答案：C A C C B B全文翻译：日本的小学是六年。
2009年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试真题加答案
2009年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)Research on animal intelligence always makes me wonder just how smart humans are.1 the fruit-fly experiments described in Carl Zimmer‘s piece in the Science Times on Tuesday. Fruit flies who were taught to be smarter than the average fruit fly 2 to live shorter lives. This suggests that 3 bulbs burn longer, that there is an 4 in not being too terrifically bright.Intelligence, it 5 out, is a high-priced option. It takes more upkeep, burns more fuel and is slow 6 the starting line because it depends on learning — a gradual 7 — instead of instinct. Plenty of other species are able to learn, and one of the things they‘ve apparently learned is when to 8 .Is there an adaptive value to 9 intelligence? That‘s the question behind this new research. I like it. Instead of casting a wistful glance 10 at all the species we‘ve left in the dust I.Q.-wise, it implicitly asks what the real11 of our own intelligence might be. This is 12 the mind of every animal I‘ve ever met.Research on animal intelligence also makes me wonder what experiments animals would 13 on humans if they had the chance. Every cat with an owner, 14 , is running a small-scale study in operant conditioning. we believe that 15 animals ran the labs, they would test us to 16 the limits of our patience, our faithfulness, our memory for terrain. They would try to decide what intelligence in humans is really 17 , not merely how much of it there is. 18 , they would hope to study a 19 question: Are humans actually aware of the world they live in? 20 the results are inconclusive.1. [A] Suppose [B] Consider [C] Observe [D] Imagine2. [A] tended [B] feared [C] happened [D] threatened3. [A] thinner [B] stabler [C] lighter [D] dimmer4. [A] tendency [B] advantage [C] inclination [D] priority5. [A] insists on [B] sums up [C] turns out [D] puts forward6. [A] off [B] behind [C] over [D] along7. [A] incredible [B] spontaneous [C]inevitable [D] gradual8. [A] fight [B] doubt [C] stop [D] think19. [A] invisible [B] limited [C] indefinite [D] different10. [A] upward [B] forward [C] afterward [D] backward11. [A] features [B] influences [C] results [D] costs12. [A] outside [B] on [C] by [D] across13. [A] deliver [B] carry [C] perform [D] apply14. [A] by chance [B] in contrast [C] as usual [D] for instance15. [A] if [B] unless [C] as [D] lest16. [A] moderate [B] overcome [C] determine [D] reach17. [A] at [B] for [C] after [D] with18. [A] Above all [B] After all [C] However [D] Otherwise19. [A] fundamental [B] comprehensive [C] equivalent [D] hostile20. [A] By accident [B] In time [C] So far [D] Better stillSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Text1Habits are a funny thing. We reach for them mindlessly, setting our brains on auto-pilot and relaxing into the unconscious comfort of familiar routine. ―Not choice, but habit rules the unreflecting herd,‖ William Wordsworth said in the 19th century. In the ever-changing 21st century, even the word ―habit‖ carries a ne gative connotation.So it seems antithetical to talk about habits in the same context as creativity and innovation. But brain researchers have discovered that when we consciously develop new habits, we create parallel synaptic paths, and even entirely new brain cells, that can jump our trains of thought onto new, innovative tracks.But don‘t bother trying to kill off old habits; once those ruts of procedure are worn into the hippocampus, they‘re there to stay. Instead, the new habits we deliberately ingrain into ourselves create parallel pathways that can bypass those old roads.―The first thing needed for innovation is a fascination with wonder,‖ says Dawna Markova, author of ―The Open Mind‖ and an executive change consultant for Professional Thinking Part ners. ―But we are taught instead to ‗decide,‘ just as our president calls himself ‗the Decider.‘‖ She adds, however, that ―to decide is to kill off all possibilities but one. A good innovational thinker is always exploring the many other possibilities.‖A ll of us work through problems in ways of which we‘re unaware, she says. Researchers in the late 1960 covered that humans are born with the capacity to2approach challenges in four primary ways: analytically, procedurally, relationally (or collaboratively) and innovatively. At puberty, however, the brain shuts down half of that capacity, preserving only those modes of thought that have seemed most valuable during the first decade or so of life.The current emphasis on standardized testing highlights analysis and procedure, meaning that few of us inherently use our innovative and collaborative modes of thought. ―This breaks the major rule in the American belief system — that anyone can do anything,‖ explains M. J. Ryan, author of the 2006 book ―This Year I Will...‖ and Ms. Markova‘s business partner. ―That‘s a lie that we have perpetuated, and it fosters commonness. Knowing what you‘re good at and doing even more of it creates excellence.‖ This is where developing new habits comes in.21. The view of Wordsworth habit is claimed by beingA. casualB. familiarC. mechanicalD. changeable.22. The researchers have discovered that the formation of habit can beA. predictedB. regulatedC. tracedD. guided23.‖ ruts‖(in li ne one, paragraph 3) has closest meaning toA. tracksB. seriesC. characteristicsD. connections24. Ms. Markova‘s comments suggest that the practice of standard testing ? A, prevents new habits form being formedB, no longer emphasizes commonnessC, maintains the inherent American thinking modelD, complies with the American belief system25. Ryan most probably agree thatA. ideas are born of a relaxing mindB. innovativeness could be taughtC. decisiveness derives from fantastic ideasD. curiosity activates creative mindsText 2It is a wise father that knows his own child, but today a man can boost his paternal (fatherly) wisdom –or at least confirm that he‘s the kid‘s dad. All he needs to do is shell our $30 for paternity testing kit (PTK) at his local drugstore – and another $120 to get the results.More than 60,000 people have purchased the PTKs since they first become available without prescriptions last years, according to Doug Fog, chief operating officer of Identigene, which makes the over-the-counter kits. More than two dozen companies sell DNA tests Directly to the public , ranging in price from a few hundred dollars to more than $2500.3Among the most popular : paternity and kinship testing , which adopted children can use to find their biological relatives and latest rage a many passionate genealogists-and supports businesses that offer to search for a family‘s geographic roots .Most tests require collecting cells by webbing saliva in the mouth and sending it to the company for testing. All tests require a potential candidate with whom to compare DNA.But some observers are skeptical, ―There is a kind of false precision being hawked by people claiming they are doing ancestry testing,‖ says Trey Duster, a New York University sociologist. He notes that each individual has many ancestors-numbering in the hundreds just a few centuries back. Yet most ancestry testing only considers a single lineage, either the Y chromosome inherited through men in a father‘s line or mito chondrial DNA, which a passed down only from mothers. This DNA can reveal genetic information about only one or two ancestors, even though, for example, just three generations back people also have six other great-grandparents or, four generations back, 14 other great-great-grandparents.Critics also argue that commercial genetic testing is only as good as the reference collections to which a sample is compared. Databases used by some companies don‘t rely on data collected systematically but rather lump together information from different research projects. This means that a DNA database may differ depending on the company that processes the results. In addition, the computer programs a company uses to estimate relationships may be patented and not subject to peer review or outside evaluation.26.In paragraphs 1 and 2 , the text shows PTK‘s ___________.[A]easy availability[B]flexibility in pricing[C] successful promotion[D] popularity with households27. PTK is used to __________.[A]locate one‘s b irth place[B]promote genetic research[C] identify parent-child kinship[D] choose children for adoption28. Skeptical observers believe that ancestry testing fails to__________.[A]trace distant ancestors[B] rebuild reliable bloodlines[C] fully use genetic information[D] achieve the claimed accuracy29. In the last paragraph ,a problem commercial genetic testing faces is __________.4[A]disorganized data collection[B] overlapping database building30. An appropriate title for the text is most likely to be__________.[A]Fors and Againsts of DNA testing[B] DNA testing and It‘s problems[C]DNA testing outside the lab[D] lies behind DNA testingText 3The relationship between formal education and economic growth in poor countries is widely misunderstood by economists and politicians alike progress in both area is undoubtedly necessary for the social, political and intellectual development of these and all other societies; however, the conventional view that education should be one of the very highest priorities for promoting rapid economic development in poor countries is wrong. We are fortunate that is it, because new educational systems there and putting enough people through them to improve economic performance would require two or three generations. The findings of a research institution have consistently shown that workers in all countries can be trained on the job to achieve radical higher productivity and, as a result, radically higher standards of living.Ironically, the first evidence for this idea appeared in the United States. Not long ago, with the country entering a recessing and Japan at its pre-bubble peak. The U.S. workforce was derided as poorly educated and one of primary cause of the poor U.S. economic performance. Japan was, and remains, the global leader in automotive-assembly productivity. Yet the research revealed that the U.S. factories of Honda Nissan, and Toyota achieved about 95 percent of the productivity of their Japanese countere pants a result of the training that U.S. workers received on the job.More recently, while examing housing construction, the researchers discovered that illiterate, non-English- speaking Mexican workers in Houston, Texas, consistently met best-practice labor productivity standards despite the complexity of the building industry‘s work.What is the real relationship between education and economic development? We have to suspect that continuing economic growth promotes the development of education even when governments don‘t force it. After all, that‘s how education got started. When our ancestors were hunters and gatherers 10,000 years ago, they didn‘t have time to wonder much about anything besides finding food. Only when humanity began to get its food in a more productive way was there time for other things.As education improved, humanity‘s productivity potential, they could in turn afford more education. This increasingly high level of education is probably a necessary, but not a sufficient, condition for the complex political systems required by advanced5economic performance. Thus poor countries might not be able to escape their poverty traps without political changes that may be possible only with broader formal education. A lack of formal education, however, doesn‘t const rain the ability of the developing world‘s workforce to substantially improve productivity for the forested future. On the contrary, constraints on improving productivity explain why education isn‘t developing more quickly there than it is.31. The author holds in paragraph 1 that the important of education in poor countries ___________.[A] is subject groundless doubts[B] has fallen victim of bias[C] is conventional downgraded[D] has been overestimated32. It is stated in paragraph 1 that construction of a new education system __________.[A]challenges economists and politicians[B]takes efforts of generations[C] demands priority from the government[D] requires sufficient labor force33.A major difference between the Japanese and U.S workforces is that __________.[A] the Japanese workforce is better disciplined[B] the Japanese workforce is more productive[C]the U.S workforce has a better education[D] ]the U.S workforce is more organize34. The author quotes the example of our ancestors to show that education emerged __________.[A] when people had enough time[B] prior to better ways of finding food[C] when people on longer went hung[D] as a result of pressure on government35. According to the last paragraph , development of education __________.[A] results directly from competitive environments[B] does not depend on economic performance[C] follows improved productivity[D] cannot afford political changesText 4The most thoroughly studied in the history of the new world are the ministers and political leaders of seventeenth-century New England. According to the standard history of American philosophy, nowhere else in colonial America was ―So much6important attached to intellectual pursuits ‖ Accord ing to many books and articles, New England‘s leaders established the basic themes and preoccupations of an unfolding, dominant Puritan tradition in American intellectual life.To take this approach to the New Englanders normally mean to start with the Puritans‘ theological innovations and their distinctive ideas about the church-important subjects that we may not neglect. But in keeping with our examination of southern intellectual life, we may consider the original Puritans as carriers of European culture adjusting to New world circumstances. The New England colonies were the scenes of important episodes in the pursuit of widely understood ideals of civility and virtuosity.The early settlers of Massachusetts Bay included men of impressive education and influence in England. `Besides the ninety or so learned ministers who came to Massachusetts church in the decade after 1629,There were political leaders like John Winthrop, an educated gentleman, lawyer, and official of the Crown before he journeyed to Boston. There men wrote and published extensively, reaching both New World and Old World audiences, and giving New England an atmosphere of intellectual earnestness.We should not forget , however, that most New Englanders were less well educated. While few crafts men or farmers, let alone dependents and servants, left literary compositions to be analyzed, The in thinking often had a traditional superstitions quality. A tailor named John Dane, who emigrated in the late 1630s, left an account of his reasons for leaving England that is filled with signs. sexual confusion, economic frustrations , and religious hope-all name together in a decisive moment when he opened the Bible, told his father the first line he saw would settle his fate, and read th e magical words: ―come out from among them, touch no unclean thing , and I will be your God and you shall be my people.‖ One wonders what Dane thought of the careful sermons explaining the Bible that he heard in puritan churched.Mean while , many se ttles had slighter religious commitments than Dane‘s, as one clergyman learned in confronting folk along the coast who mocked that they had not come to the New world for religion . ―Our main end was to catch fish. ‖36. The author notes that in the seventeenth-century New England___________.[A] Puritan tradition dominated political life.[B] intellectual interests were encouraged.[C] Politics benefited much from intellectual endeavors.[D] intellectual pursuits enjoyed a liberal environment.37. It is suggested in paragraph 2 that New Englanders__________.[A] experienced a comparatively peaceful early history.[B] brought with them the culture of the Old World[C] paid little attention to southern intellectual life[D] were obsessed with religious innovations738. The early ministers and political leaders in Massachusetts Bay__________.[A] were famous in the New World for their writings[B] gained increasing importance in religious affairs[C] abandoned high positions before coming to the New World[D] created a new intellectual atmosphere in New England39. The story of John Dane shows that less well-educated New Englanders were often __________.[A] influenced by superstitions[B] troubled with religious beliefs[C] puzzled by church sermons[D] frustrated with family earnings40. The text suggests that early settlers in New England__________.[A] were mostly engaged in political activities[B] were motivated by an illusory prospect[C] came from different backgrounds.[D] left few formal records for later referencePart BDirections:Directions: In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions (41-45), choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blank. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the gaps. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)Coinciding with the groundbreaking theory of biological evolution proposed by British naturalist Charles Darwin in the 1860s, British social philosopher Herbert Spencer put forward his own theory of biological and cultural evolution. Spencer argued that all worldly phenomena, including human societies, changed over time, advancing toward perfection. 41.____________.American social scientist Lewis Henry Morgan introduced another theory of cultural evolution in the late 1800s. Morgan, along with Tylor, was one of the founders of modern anthropology. In his work, he attempted to show how all aspects of culture changed together in the evolution of societies.42._____________.In the early 1900s in North America, German-born American anthropologist Franz Boas developed a new theory of culture known as historical particularism. Historical particularism, which emphasized the uniqueness of all cultures, gave new direction to anthropology. 43._____________ .8Boas felt that the culture of any society must be understood as the result of a unique history and not as one of many cultures belonging to a broader evolutionary stage or type of culture. 44._______________.Historical particularism became a dominant approach to the study of culture in American anthropology, largely through the influence of many students of Boas. But a number of anthropologists in the early 1900s also rejected the particularist theory of culture in favor of diffusionism. Some attributed virtually every important cultural achievement to the inventions of a few, especially gifted peoples that, according to diffusionists, then spread to other cultures. 45.________________.Also in the early 1900s, French sociologist Émile Durkheim developed a theory of culture that would greatly influence anthropology. Durkheim proposed that religious beliefs functioned to reinforce social solidarity. An interest in the relationship between the function of society and culture—known as functionalism—became a major theme in European, and especially British, anthropology.[A] Other anthropologists believed that cultural innovations, such as inventions, had a single origin and passed from society to society. This theory was known as diffusionism.[B] In order to study particular cultures as completely as possible, Boas became skilled in linguistics, the study of languages, and in physical anthropology, the study of human biology and anatomy.[C] He argued that human evolution was characterized by a struggle he called the ―survival of the fittest,‖ in which weaker races and societies must eventu ally be replaced by stronger, more advanced races and societies.[D] They also focused on important rituals that appeared to preserve a people‘s social structure, such as initiation ceremonies that formally signify children‘s entrance into adulthood.[E] Thus, in his view, diverse aspects of culture, such as the structure of families, forms of marriage, categories of kinship, ownership of property, forms of government, technology, and systems of food production, all changed as societies evolved.[F]Supporters of the theory viewed as a collection of integrated parts that work together to keep a society functioning.[G] For example, British anthropologists Grafton Elliot Smith and W. J. Perry incorrectly suggested, on the basis of inadequate information, that farming, pottery9making, and metallurgy all originated in ancient Egypt and diffused throughout the world. In fact, all of these cultural developments occurred separately at different times in many parts of the world.Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written carefully on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)There is a marked difference between the education which every one gets from living with others, and the deliberate educating of the young. In the former case the education is incidental; it is natural and important, but it is not the express reason of the association.46It may be said that the measure of the worth of any social institution is its effect in enlarging and improving experience; but this effect is not a part of its original motive. Religious associations began, for example, in the desire to secure the favor of overruling powers and to ward off evil influences; family life in the desire to gratify appetites and secure family perpetuity; systematic labor, for the most part, because of enslavement to others, etc. 47Only gradually was the by-product of the institution noted, and only more gradually still was this effect considered as a directive factor in the conduct of the institution. Even today, in our industrial life, apart from certain values of industriousness and thrift, the intellectual and emotional reaction of the forms of human association under which the world's work is carried on receives little attention as compared with physical output.But in dealing with the young, the fact of association itself as an immediate human fact, gains in importance.48 While it is easy to ignore in our contact with them the effect of our acts upon their disposition, it is not so easy as in dealing with adults. The need of training is too evident; the pressure to accomplish a change in their attitude and habits is too urgent to leave these consequences wholly out of account. 49Since our chief business with them is to enable them to share in a common life we cannot help considering whether or no we are forming the powers which will secure this ability.If humanity has made some headway in realizing that the ultimate value of every institution is its distinctively human effect we may well believe that this lesson has been learned largely through dealings with the young.50 We are thus led to distinguish, within the broad educational process which we have been so far considering, a more formal kind of education -- that of direct tuition or schooling. In undeveloped social groups, we find very little formal teaching and training. These groups mainly rely for instilling needed dispositions into the young upon the same sort of association which keeps the adults loyal to their group.Section & Writing10Part A51. Directions:Restrictions on the use of plastic bags have not been so successful in some regions. ―White pollution ‖is still going on. Write a letter to the editor(s) of your local newspaper to1)give your opinions briefly and2)make two or three suggestionsYou should write about 100 words. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use "Li Ming" instead. You do not need to write the address.Part B52. Directions:In your essay, you should1) describe the drawing briefly,2) explain its intended meaning, and then3) give your comments.You should write neatly on ANSHWER SHEET 2. (20 points)11。
2009年攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题(法律基础续2)
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当包括被相关公众认知的其他名称，即使其他名称，如简称、俗称等，如果有商业价值而被他人仿冒，引起市场上的混淆，同样可以构成不正当竞争。
本案中，被告小拖公司作为洛阳当地的企业，又是同行业的经营者，对—拖公司的名称及产品的知名情况不可能不了解。
被告小拖公司还将住所设在原告一拖公司4号大门附近区域内，其产品外观与原告—拖公司的同类产品又明显相似，并擅自以“洛拖”为商标进行销售，主观上都存在着混淆市场主体及其商品来源、攀附和利用原告一拖公司的商业信誉推销自己商品的明显故意，客观上也容易造成混淆的后果。
2006年10月，洛阳市中级人民法院作出判决，判定被告小拖公司的行为已经构成了不正当竞争，判令其停止在其生产或销售的拖拉机产品上使用“洛拖”商标，根据法院现场证据保全的小拖公司自2003年9月5日成立以来的销售和利润记录，判令其赔偿原告经济损失108479.8元，并支付原告因调查不正当竞争行为所支付的合理费用27878.70元。
请用知识产权法律制度评析洛阳市中级人民法院的这一判决。
2009年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试教育学专业基础综合试题及答案
2009年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试教育学专业基础综合试题一、单项选择题：1-45小题，每小题2分，共90分。
下列每题给出的四个选项中，只有一个选项是符合题目要求的。
1．19世纪末20世纪初德国教育家梅伊曼和拉伊创立的教育学说是A．实验教育学 B．文化教育学C．批判教育学 D．科学教育学2．人的发展总是受到社会的制约，这意味着A．教育要坚持社会本位的价值取向B．教育要充分考虑社会发展的需要C．教育目的的确定不应从个人出发D．教育要为社会生活做准备3．人力资本理论认为，人力资本是经济增长的关键，教育是形成人力资本的重要力量。
这一理论的主要缺陷是A．忽视了教育的其他社会功能B．有教育万能论的倾向C．忽视了劳动力市场中的其他筛选标准D．夸大了教育对人力资本的作用4．联合国教科文组织在《教育--财富蕴藏其中》中提出面向21世纪教育的四大支柱是学会认知、学会做事、学会共同生活和A．学会关心 B．学会生存 C．学会创造 D．学会交往5．马克思主义经典作家关于人的全面发展的基本涵义是A．人的劳动能力的全面发展 B．德智体全面发展C．人的独立个性全面发展 D．人的身心全面发展6．小明的爷爷当年就读于半工半读学校，半天读书，半天劳动，既学到了系统的文化知识，又掌握了劳动技能。
他接受的教育属于A．正规教育 B．半正规教育C．非正规教育 D．业余教育7．18一19世纪的西欧，在社会政治、经济发展及特定历史文化背景下，逐渐形成了带有等级特权痕迹的双轨学制。
其“双轨”是指A．公立学校系统与私立学校系统B．职业学校系统与普通学校系统C．大学一中学系统与小学一初等职业学校系统D．义务教育系统与非义务教育系统8．班主任在与小明谈话时说：“根据前段时间你的表现，虽然学习效果不很理想，但非常努力，如果注意改进学习方法，相信成绩会不断提高。
”其中的评价属于A．配置性评价 B．形成性评价C．终结性评价 D．鉴定性评价9．学科课程分科过细，偏重书本知识，同实际生活距离较远，不能照顾到儿童的需要和兴趣，难以发挥学生的主动性。
2009级攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题.doc
2009年攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试卷（请在答题纸上做答，试卷上做答无效，试后本卷必须与答题纸一同交回）科目名称：微生物生化(含工业微生物学、生物化学)适用专业：生物化工，发酵工程，生物制药共 3 页一、填空题(每个空1 分，共35 分)1．侵染寄主细胞后暂不引起细胞裂解的噬菌体称为（）。
2. 芽孢是芽孢细菌的（）器官。
3．某些酵母在繁殖过程中,芽体不脱落,并相连接成藕节状,形似菌丝称（）。
4．根瘤菌可与（）植物共生固氮。
5. 荚膜的主要化学成分有（）和（）等，常采用（）方法进行荚膜染色。
6．微生物的培养基按用途通常分为基础培养基、完全培养基、（）、（）、（）五大类。
7．Lipopolysaccharides(LPSs) contain both lipid and carbohydrate, and consist of threeparts: （）, （）, and （）. (此题要求英语做答)8．Genetic recombination occurs in eucaryotes through sexual reproduction. In bacteria, recombination occurs through the processes of （），（）, and （）. (此题要求英语做答)9．The multiplication cycle of bacteriophages, like that of all viruses, can be divided intofive distinct stages: （）, （）, biosynthesis of viral components, （）, and （）. (此题要求英语做答)+10．TCA循环中，α-酮戊二酸脱氢酶催化的反应需要的辅因子有：NAD 、TPP 、（）、（）、（）和（）。
11. 腺嘌呤环上的第（）位氮原子与戊糖的第（）位碳原子相连形成（）。
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2. 在胶体中，若胶粒为带状、层状或棒状的，则流动性较差，易产生触变现 象，试简述触变的含义，并举例说明？(5’)
3. 在实际化学反应中，由于缺乏反应速率常数数据，故常常在考虑温度对反 应速率影响时采用范霍夫近似规律，试问范霍夫近似规律的含义？(5’)
2K2OiCaOi6SiO2 、 K2Oi3CaOi6SiO2 、 K2Oi2CaOi6SiO2 ，请你帮他解决以 下问题：(20’)
(1) 为什么试样中存在的晶相多于三个？ (2) 原始配料的组成点在哪个副三角形内？ (3) 电源停电前，高温炉已达到的(最低)温度是多少摄氏度？ (4) 在分析 x 射线图谱时，这位学生开始认为有 K2OiCaOiSiO2 晶相存在
的可疑迹象，但经过考虑后，确认该晶相是不会从试样中析晶的。他 为什么能得出这个结论？
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K2O - CaO - SiO2 系统相图
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4. 等含量规则和定比例规则是在相图分析中的重要规则，试简述等含量规则 和定比例规则的含义？(5’)
5. 简述朗缪尔单分子层吸附理论的基本假设，并根据基本假设推导出吸附等
温式θ = bp 。(5’)？ 1+ bp
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6. 在材料的烧结致密化过程中，扩散是一种常见的现象，而 Fick 第一和第 二定律是描述扩散的基本定律，试简述 Fick 第一和第二定律的含义？(5’)
1. 构造异构与立体异构 2. 线性结构与体型结构 3. 晶相高聚物与非晶相高聚物 4. 热平衡与相平衡 5. 卡诺循环与卡诺定理 6. 基元反应与总反应 7. 一致熔融化合物与不一致熔融化合物 8. 偏摩尔量与化学势 9. 阴极与阳极 10. 物理吸附与化学吸附
二、 简答题(50 分，每题 5 分)
南京大学 2009 年攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题 B 卷(三小时)
考试科目名称及代码 适用专业：
材料化学基础 848 材料物理与化学、材料学
注意： 1. 所有答案必须写在研究生入学考试答题纸上，写在试卷和其他纸上无效； 2. 本科目允许使用无字典存储和编程功能的计算器；
一、 名词解释(40 分，每题 4 分)
六、 某学生进行 K2O - CaO - SiO2 系统试验，某日下午用高温炉熔融由 K2O 、
CaO 和 SiO2 配合均匀的混合料。到傍晚，配合料已呈完全熔融状态，正在高 温时，由于停电，高温炉在夜间缓慢自然冷却。第二天，该生由于好奇，将 已冷却在高温炉中的试样作 x 射线分析，所得结果使他大惑不解，因为他发 现 试 样 中 存 在 五 种 矿 物 晶 相 ： β − CaSiO3 、 2K2OiCaOi3SiO2 、
三、 以氧气作为氧化剂，氢气作为燃料所组成的燃料电池，试写出该燃料电池 电动势的表达式？若改变溶液的 pH 值，该燃料电池的电动势如何变化？另 外，采取什么措施可以提高燃料电池的电动势？(10’)
四、 在 298.15 K及 p 的条件下，将一可逆电池短路，使有 1 F(即 96500 Cimol−1 )的电量通过，电池此时放出的热量恰为该电池可逆操作时所吸收热 量的 43 倍。在此条件下，该电池电动势的温度系数为 1.4×10-4 V iK −1 。(20’)
7. 什么是表面张力和表面能？在固态下和液态下这两者有何差别？ 8. 若在水中加入少量乙醇，四个依数性质将发生怎样变化？若加入 NaCl，
则又会发生怎样的变化？ 9. 现在高温难熔的碳化物、氮化物、硅化物等材料由一种新型的合成法—
自蔓延高温合成法来合成，试简述自蔓延高温合成法的基本原理及基本 特点？(5’) 10. 化学气相沉积(CVD)法是功能薄膜制备中经常采用的一种方法，试简述 CVD 法的基本原理和特点？(5’)
(1) 求该电池反应的 Δr Sm 、 Δr Hm 、 ΔrGm 、势？
五、 实际气体和理想气体发生偏差的主要原因是什么？在范德华方程中对它 们是如何考虑的？范德华方程适用于何种情况下的实际气体？(10’)
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