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IEEE Standards for Prognostics and Health Management

IEEE Standards for Prognostics and Health ManagementJohn W. Sheppard1, Mark A. Kaufman2, Timothy J. Wilmering3 1The Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N. Charles Street, Baltimore, MD 21218, jsheppa2@ 2NSWC Corona Division, PO Box 5000, Corona, CA 92878, mark.kaufman@3The Boeing Company, PO Box 516, M/C S270-3800, St. Louis, MO 63166, timothy.j.wilmering@Abstract – Recently, operators of complex systems such as aircraft, power plants, and networks, have been emphasizing the need for online health monitoring for purposes of maximizing operational availability and safety. The discipline of prognostics and health management (PHM) is being formalized to address the information management and prediction requirements for addressing these needs. In this paper, we will explore how standards currently under development within the IEEE can be used to support PHM applications. Particular emphasis will be placed on the role of PHM and PHM-related standards with Department of Defense (DOD) automatic test systems-related research.Keywords – Prognostics, PHM, CBM, AI-ESTATE, SIMICAI.INTRODUCTIONIn 1976, the IEEE established the Standards Coordinating Committee 20 (SCC20) for purposes of standardizing on the Abbreviated Test Language for All Systems (ATLAS). Since then, SCC20 has expanded its scope to develop standards for larger system-level test and diagnostic related systems. In 1989, the IEEE approved a project authorization request (PAR) for SCC20 to develop a new standard focusing on diagnostic systems that use techniques from the maturing field of artificial intelligence—the Artificial Intelligence Exchange and Service Tie to All Test Environments (AI-ESTATE) standard under project P1232. In 1995, SCC20 approved and published the AI-ESTATE standard, IEEE Std 1232-1995, and in 2002, the standard was updated. Today, SCC20, under the management of its Diagnostic and Maintenance Control (DMC) subcommittee is completing a new update to the AI-ESTATE standard, and this standard is emphasizing its broad scope by embracing PHM-related issues.The DOD ATS Framework Working Group is a multi-service/industry/academic partnership that is focusing on defining an information framework and identifying standards for next-generation automatic test systems (ATS). Based on work in the 1990s when the ATS Research and Development Integrated Product Team defined a set of “critical interfaces” for ATS, the current working group has been selecting, supporting the development of, and demonstrating commercial standards to be used in ATS. In 2007, the working group decided to expand its scope to embrace information requirements for PHM as well and added two new “elements” to its framework—an element for prognostic data (PROD) and an element for prognostic services (PROS). The working group decided to focus on these elements to parallel the diagnostic data and diagnostic service elements already contained in the framework.PHM has been defined as “a maintenance and asset management approach utilizing signals, measurements, models, and algorithms to detect, assess, and track degraded health, and to predict failure progression [1].” As defined, PHM encompasses much more than is currently addressed by SCC20; however, the AI-ESTATE standard has been foundto address many PHM issues related to fault/failure diagnosis. The DMC is currently developing standards under the Software Interface for Maintenance Information Collection and Analysis (SIMICA) project (P1636) that are likely to address additional information management requirements for PHM. These standards capture historic information that can be used to analyze maintenance and diagnostic processes andto tie these analyses to system fleets or to individual systems. The result is a collection of standards that can support diagnostic maturation and PHM process improvement. The focus of this paper is on applying the AI-ESTATE and SIMICA standards in PHM systems. The discussion in this paper highlights the recent results in developing these standards and focuses on how they can be used to satisfy PHM information management requirements.II.APPROACHES TO PHMGenerally, PHM systems incorporate functions of condition monitoring, state assessment, fault or failure diagnostics, failure progression analysis, predictive diagnostics (i.e., prognostics), and maintenance or operational decision support. Ultimately, the purpose of a PHM system isto maximize the operational availability and safety of the target system.The primary area of interest in this paper is the impact and potential benefit of standardization supporting interoperability for PHM systems. More specifically, the areaof interest lies in the “predictive” portion of PHM—the ability to predict from information about some system state when a significant future event affecting the performance of the system (such as failure) might occur. Often, this prediction is characterized as estimating the remaining useful life (RUL) of a component or system [2], [3]. Standardizationin information systems involves careful, formal definition of concepts and information elements for the target system. We believe RUL is misleading at the system level in that it suggests no repair is possible, thus extending the RUL of the system. Therefore, we suggest the term time to fail (TTF) butnote possible confusion with the TTF measure as defined in [4]. Specifically, Vachtsevanos et al. define TTF as “the duration between initiation of the fault and the time when the failure occurs.” As an alternative, we define TTF to be “the time from a measurement of system state to some failure of interest in the system.” One can think of PHM as being applied in an operating environment in which there is interaction with and feedback to the system being monitored (Figure 1). When building a PHM system, three components are necessary for prognostics to be effective (which are highlighted in Figure 1)—the ability to estimate the current state of the system, the ability to predict future state, and thereby time to fail, and the ability to determine the impact of the assessment on system performance and the need for corrective or mitigating action. In all three cases, system-specific models must also be provided. In support of these components, several approaches are being applied. Physics Model-Based Methods: Perhaps the most effective method in terms of high-fidelity prediction of system degradation is the application of physics-of-failure (POF) models to structural degradation and structural health monitoring systems [5]. POF methods focus on issues such as material deformation, fracture, fatigue, and material loss. Recent attempts at applying POF methods to electronic prognosis have focused on the material degradation of interconnects and substrates [6], [7]. While highly accurate, POF approaches tend to be computationally prohibitive to apply at the system level. This limitation has led to alternative approaches being developed and applied, sometimes in combination with POF methods. Reliability-Based Methods: Perhaps the simplest approach to predicting failure is based on statistical reliability models of component failure. Recall that reliability is defined as the probability that a component or unit will be functioning at time t [8]. Usually, reliability predictions are used to estimate future failure based on current test results by applying a probability distribution such as the exponential distribution (i.e., P (D i ) = 1 – exp[–λi t ]). One of the principal shortcomings of using the exponential distribution is that it imposes a “Markov” assumption, meaning that the future prediction of a failure is independent of the history of the unit given the current measurement. Given the strength of this assumption, alternative reliability methods have applied the Weibull distribution for the predictions since it relaxes the assumption of constant failure rates as well as the Markov assumption [9]. Data-Driven Methods: In a sense, POF and reliability-based methods form end-posts along a spectrum of techniques for prognostic methods. POF methods depend on high-resolution models but do not scale well. Reliability methods rely on statistical characteristics of populations of systems and do not handle idiosyncrasies of specific systems. As an attempt to provide a compromise approach, data-driven methods such as regression models [10], time series analysis [11], and neural networks [12] are being applied. Each offer an advantage of being able to learn models based on empirical data but also suffer from the inability to learn portions of the model where no such data exists. Probability-Based Methods: Lessons drawn from signal processing, target tracking, and state estimation have identified a number of probabilistic models showing promise for PHM. Specifically dynamic Bayesian network (DBN) architectures such as hidden Markov models (HMM) [13] and Kalman filters [11] have been suggested as methods for using historical, sequential data to predict future failure. The concern with these models relates to the so-called “diffusion of context” phenomenon where, because of conditional independence, the affect of past experience diffuses the ModelsO r g a n i z a t i o nS t a t e E s t i m a t i o nFigure 1. Notional CBM/PHM Systemability to predict. This, in fact, is directly related to the Markov assumption also inherent in the reliability models discussed above [14]. The use of so-called “input-output hidden Markov models” has been suggested as an approach to combat this problem [15].As should be evident from the above review, the “silver bullet” for PHM systems has yet to be discovered or developed. In fact, arguably, PHM technology is still very much in its infancy. Therefore, it is interesting to be considering standardization of PHM elements. Even so, the Machinery Information Management Open Systems Alliance (MIMOSA) has adopted the development and support of the Open System Architecture Condition Based Management (OSA-CBM) standard that purports to provide a standard architecture for CBM and PHM systems.OSA-CBM is an architecture standard organized around seven “hierarchical” layers: sensor/transducer, data acquisition, data manipulation, state detection, health assessment, prognostic assessment, and advisory generation. Of particular interest here are the health assessment, prognostic, and decision support layers [16]. Using the three key components of a PHM system identified above, we see the health assessment layer being responsible for health state estimation, and the prognostics layer being responsible for predicting time to fail. Both layers must address uncertainty management and confidence prediction. These layers are shown to be connected with state detection below and advisory generation above.Currently, the OSA-CBM standard provides a Unified Modeling Language (UML) model identifying key “objects” to be defined in a standard CBM system [17]. Unfortunately, current implementations of the OSA-CBM architecture have not incorporated the means of standardizing the semantics of the information being communicated between system components, This is where the work of SCC20 hopes to contribute and is what we discuss next.III.STANDARDS IN MAINTENANCE ANDDIAGNOSTICSFundamentally, prognosis is an extension of fault or failure diagnosis. In addition, given the fact prognosis attempts to anticipate and predict impending failure, the nature of the maintenance process under a PHM system is fundamentally different from a maintenance process based on taking corrective action in response to a reported failure. Currently, few standards exist of direct relevance to prognostic systems and PHM systems; however, because of the close ties between PHM and traditional diagnostic and maintenance systems, several standards for the maintenance and diagnostic communities can be applied to PHM. As we will discuss below, it is also hoped that these same standards will serve as a starting point for the development or maturation of standards for PHM.Since the mid 1970s, SCC20 has been developing standards, originally focused on test specification and test programming, but more recently focusing on test, diagnostics, and maintenance system interfaces. These standards, developed under the auspices of the IEEE Standards Coordinating Committee 20 on Test and Diagnosis for Electronic Systems include the Signal and Test Definition standard [18], the Automatic Test Markup Language (ATML) family of standards [19], the AI-ESTATE standard [20], and the SIMICA standards [21]. Of particular interest to us are the AI-ESTATE and SIMICA standards. Within the SIMICA family are two additional standards—Test Results [22] and Maintenance Action Information [23].A.AI-ESTATEIEEE Std 1232 describes the information comprising the diagnostics domain, i.e., information related to system test and diagnosis. The description of the diagnostic domain enables the exchange of diagnostic information between applications. IEEE Std 1232 also supports modular diagnostic architectures and interoperability with other test-related software assets. The 1232 standard was developed using information modeling practices with the ISO EXPRESS modeling language [24], resulting in the definition of five models addressing static and dynamic aspects of the diagnostic domain.Based on the formal information models, AI-ESTATE provides two different mechanisms for exchanging diagnostic information. The historical approach uses the Standards for the Exchange of Product model data (STEP) Physical File Format defined in [25]. This format specifies a simple ASCII, flat file utilizing tokens within an attribute-value structure and must be used in conjunction with the EXPRESS Schema. SCC20 also plans to use an XML schema consistent with the information model based on ISO 10303 Part 28 [26].Finally, in addition to the information models being developed, AI-ESTATE defines a set of software services to be used when integrating a diagnostic reasoner into a test system. The reasoner services are being specified using the Web Services Description Language (WSDL) [27], arising mostly due to the increased emphasis on web services and XML for exchanging information.Given both the published AI-ESTATE and the current revision being developed by SCC20, several relationships are apparent between AI-ESTATE information elements and key components of PHM systems. For instance, it is sometimes desirable to qualify test using measures of confidence, and failure/fault predictions can be provided with associated probabilities and levels of confidence. That said, AI-ESTATE is currently limited to assigning discrete outcomes, both to tests and diagnostic conclusions. Currently, AI-ESTATE is also limited to supporting systems that provide state assessments at the current point in time, assuming propositional representations of the associated diagnoses. This is significant because, currently, none of the models support time to fail predictions. Prior proposals have been supplied to SCC20 for supporting temporal logic [28] and dynamic Bayesian networks that would be useful for prognostic algorithms [29]; however, neither was consideredsufficiently mature to be included in the standard. In fact, it is unclear that industry consensus exists on the semantics of an elementary TTF metric at this point in time.B.Test ResultsThe current draft of the SIMICA standard is focused on providing a top-level information model for maintenance information. This model will provide an “umbrella” representation to correlate the semantics of several lower-level partitions of the system operational and maintenance information domain. While that information model was being completed, two of those lower level “component” standards within the SIMICA family have been under development as well. The first—SIMICA Test Results—has been approved and published as a trial use standard.The Test Results standard provides an XML schema and accompanying information model to specify a means for exchanging test measurement information. The focus of the standard is to capture historical information about the actual conduct of tests and includes information such as UUT identification, measurements, specified test limits, and information specific to test session such as setup, test sequence, and fault indictment information [22], [30].Typically, PHM requires systems that perform online monitoring of the system of interest. The 1636.1 standard provides direct support for a PHM system in that it captures the history of the monitored data. Measurements, test limits, outcomes, and calibration information, coupled with time stamps for when the data was collected, enable offline processing of the data to determine system state, perform diagnosis, and when coupled with a prognostic model, contribute to the prediction of future system state.Since the 1636.1 standard emphasizes data exchange through XML, real-time applications of the standard are not directly supported. A PHM system can, however, make use of the information model to determine the relevant types of information to be captured and the definitions, relationships, and constraints on that information necessary to ensure interoperability between other components that may require the data (such as a diagnostic system). By applying a similar “service-oriented” architecture for the PHM system as that proposed in AI-ESTATE, online processing of the test results could be supported in a standardized way.C.Maintenance Action InformationRecently, a new initiative was undertaken that was initially intended to support the capture and processing of historical maintenance data for military systems. This process involved surveying maintenance processes for each of the US military services to identify common, essential maintenance information that is captured on maintenance action forms (MAF). SCC20 then proceeded to generalize the information, to address maintenance processes in non-military applications. The result was the development of an information model and XML schema for maintenance action information (MAI), being standardized under IEEE P1636.2 [23].The MAI standard is not intended to support a PHM process directly, as the Test Results standard or AI-ESTATE might. Instead, MAI captures what has been done with respect to a system of interest, either in response to a failure or during preventative maintenance. Nevertheless, the information captured in an MAI document can be used to perform data mining and data analysis to support diagnostic and maintenance system maturation as well as to assist in developing prognostic models and systems.D.Related Non-IEEE StandardsThis paper has focused on the IEEE standards that have potential in supporting PHM. Currently, no IEEE standards exist that are dedicated to PHM; however, standards exist outside of the IEEE, in addition to OSA-CBM, that focus on issues such as health monitoring and condition-based maintenance (CBM).ISO 10303 Part 239 defines an “application protocol” for product life cycle support (PLCS) [32]. The purpose of this standard is to facilitate exchange of information about complex “engineering assets” for the purposes of life cycle support. The data exchange is accomplished through the definition of data exchange specifications (DEX) tied to specific domains and derived from the PLCS information model.With recent emphasis being placed on modifying product maintenance practices from reactive to condition-based or “just-in-time,” product-specific data has become critical. The Organization for the Advancement of Structured Information Standards (OASIS) has developed a PLCS DEX specifically targeted at aviation maintenance [33]. The Aviation Maintenance DEX focuses on sharing information in four categories:1.Historical maintenance activities;2.Activities that, while not maintenance-specific, mayimpact future maintenance (e.g., flying sorties);3.Estimation of system state (e.g., fault state, andserviceability); and4.Activities affecting product inventories.The PLCS architecture uses multiple DEXs to support information exchange between agents needing the information. DEXs related to the Aviation Maintenance DEX include:1.Product as-designed structure;2.Specific product as-delivered structure;3.Maintenance plan;4.Faults related to the product; and5.Specific information on maintenance tasks.ISO also provides a collection of standards focusing on condition monitoring and diagnosis of machines [34]. Thesestandards are developed by the technical committee on mechanical vibration and shock and focus on test design, measurement, and data processing focused specifically in these areas.IV.STANDARDIZING PHMIn this paper, we have been focusing on standards for information exchange. We recognize that standards are also necessary for communications, form-fit-function of devices, physical interfaces, timing, calibration, etc. Many standards exist to support such elements, and such standards also need careful consideration when building a PHM system. In the previous section, we reviewed the principal standards supporting maintenance and diagnosis and suggested how these standards might support the PHM enterprise. In this section, we will discuss the key PHM characteristics that are present or that need to be included in standards to meet PHM requirements.A.PHM Characteristics in Current StandardsFundamentally, PHM systems incorporate functions of condition monitoring, state assessment, fault or failure diagnostics, failure progression analysis, predictive diagnostics (i.e., prognostics), and maintenance support. Thus these functions must be supported in any collection of PHM-related standard. Specifically, PHM-related standards must be able to represent and exchange measured, observed, and inferred information about the target system and its operational environment, information about the current state as well as either an estimate of some future state or an estimate of when some target state might be reached, historical information about the operation and maintenance of the target system, and various models of the system.The OSA-CBM standard provides a detailed object model, represented in UML that identifies key data items, objects, and their relationships within a CBM system. Note that the algorithms are referenced via MIMExtTypes which are extensions to MIME types. No facility is provided for standard algorithm specification. In addition, OSA-CBM provides detailed facilities for exchanging logical propositions about the system. These are supported by detailed health assessment data items that include health level of the system and health grade of an item.The IEEE standards provide sound support for information exchange supporting the process of test and diagnosis of the target system. The AI-ESTATE standard provides a foundation for diagnostic assessment and includes four alternatives for diagnosis—static fault trees (or decision trees), D-matrix-based systems (e.g., dependency models), logic-based models (e.g., rule-based expert systems), and Bayesian networks. All four alternatives have been demonstrated to provide effective and accurate diagnostics. In addition, the standard has been defined to address all test environments, thus there is no implicit or explicit focus on ATS. As stated earlier, they do not currently provide facilities for prediction and are based on discrete test and diagnosis outcomes.The SIMICA family of standards (including Test Results and MAI) focuses on historical information but provide a means for using that information to improve both diagnostics and prognostics. Recognizing that PHM systems based entirely on discrete, outcome-based testing will be severely limited in their ability to predict future states, we find that the Test Results standard, while providing outcome-based data, also provides a method for capturing actual measurement data. This standard is oriented towards automatic test systems; however, the supporting information model providesa means for transitioning to a real-time health monitoring system as well.The MAI standard also provides both an XML schema and an information model. MAI focuses on the maintenance process rather than the test process; therefore, it is easily generalizable to PHM.B.Enhancements Needed to Current StandardsThe primary challenge facing SCC20 is in determining how best to extend or adapt current standards to PHM. We believe that, at a minimum, the following must be provided as enhancements or additions to the current set of standards:1. A means for representing graded health informationrather than limiting diagnostics to discrete outcomes.2.Given the ability to represent graded healthinformation, a means to “roll up” failure progressioninformation to higher levels in the system hierarchy.3.Relaxation or augmentation of the outcome-basedapproach to diagnosis to support state estimationbased on real-valued test results.4.The ability to support periodic measurements andcorrelation between time series.5.Incorporation of usage, operational, andenvironmental data in performing state assessmentand diagnosis.6.Representation of failure progression/degradationinformation for specific systems.7. A framework for integrating and combininginformation from multiple models and model types(e.g., physics-based, reliability-based, and datadriven) to exploit the specific advantages of eachtype.As a specific example, SCC20 is currently exploring a change to the AI-ESTATE standard that would address the need for capturing “grayscale” (i.e., graded) health information. Including grayscale health supports reasoning about current state of degradation and projecting future failure progression. It is also applicable to incipient fault detection. To address grayscale health, changes will be required in the Common Element Model to specify that a diagnosis outcome need not be discrete as well as the Dynamic Context Model to record the inferred grayscalemodels (i.e., fault tree, D-matrix, logic, and Bayes) will have to be updated to indicate inferences of grayscale health from test results or outcomes.Figure 2 illustrates one possible change to the definition of the Outcome entity in the Common Element Model. The only difference from the definition in [35] is the addition of the “softOutcome” attribute. The purpose of this attribute is to associate a soft or gray-scale function to the outcome where the domain of the function is specified but the range is [0, 1]. Six types of functions have been identified—triangular, trapezoidal, radial (e.g., Gaussian), hard limiter, linear threshold, and sigmoidal. The first three correspond to common “membership” functions from fuzzy logic, and the latter three correspond to common transfer functions for function approximators such as neural networks. The attributes, “minx,” “maxX,” “midpoint,” and “shape” provide key parameters for the function. The minimum and maximum X values specify the domain of the function. All of the functions have a point about which the functions are (usually) symmetric. This is identified with “midpoint.” Finally, the “shape” parameter is specific to the type of function. For example, for the radial function, the shape parameter represents the spread (or variance) of the function where, for the sigmoid function, it represents the slope at the point of inflection. Given the soft outcome, a corresponding attribute can then be added to “ActualOutcome” in the AI-ESTATE Dynamic Context Model to assign a value to the outcome based on the associated function.V.CONCLUSIONTwo of the primary reasons for standardization are to reduce cost by improving interoperability and minimizing repeated design of similar systems. The IEEE SCC20 standards focus on promoting information interoperability between components of a test or health monitoring system. The emphasis by the DOD on acquisition reform based on commercial standards for ATS, combined with declining budgets mandates the need for more affordable health management system development and operation. Cost must be reduced. Interoperability must be achieved. Information must be shared.The cost of reactive maintenance has become prohibitive, especially for complex systems. Even with the development of comprehensive standards focusing on interoperability and reuse, the way systems are maintained must and is changing. Providers are required to implement interoperable systems based on these standards. With the recent focus on CBM and prognostics, the need exists for exchanging more robust information in a timely way that will enable identifying and correcting a fault before it occurs. As with traditional testing, standards for CBM and PHM are also required.Technological advances in CBM and PHM have identified core types of information needed for health monitoring systems. What we have found is that there is a strong overlap between the type of information needed for health monitoring and the type of information used in traditional diagnosis. Therefore, the IEEE has been working to identify and expand。

AIB HACCP检查清单

Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point (HACCP) StandardPrerequisite Programs ChecklistREQUIREMENTS RESULTS / COMMENTS 1.SANITATIONPlant has a documented Sanitation Program♦Master Cleaning Schedule has been developed.•Facility (floors, walls, non-processingequipment, etc are included•All process lines are included•Processing utensils are included♦Written cleaning procedures are developed for allplant areas and equipment•Food contact surfaces have been identified.•Chemicals, chemical concentration, detailedcleaning procedures, etc identified•Post-maintenance equipment cleaningrequired for food contact surfaces♦Cleaning activities are documented•Appropriate procedures used to verifycleaning chemical concentration•Appropriate used to verify equipment rinseprocedure following sanitation•Post sanitation/pre-start up inspectionscompleted♦Corrective action is documented♦Plant has validated cleaning procedures2.GMP PROGRAMSPlant has a documented 3rd party inspectionsPlant has a documented Internal InspectionProgram♦Internal inspections required and completed asscheduled♦Corrective action follow up required anddocumentedPlant has a documented Internal Audit Program♦Results completed and documented asscheduled♦Corrective action follow up required anddocumentedPlant has documented GMP Programs♦Personnel Hygiene Program•Employee uniform policy•Employee glove policy•Cuts, open sores, illness, etc policy♦Blood Borne Pathogen/Body Fluid Program•Clean up kit available♦Metal Detector Reject Review Program♦Sifter Tailing Review Program (if applicable)♦Air Quality Program♦Glass and Brittle Plastic Control ProgramPlant has a documented Buildings and Ground Program♦Design and construction standards areestablished♦Building exterior and grounds are properly maintained♦Building interior, maintenance, design,construction, lighting, ventilation foot traffic, etcsupport food safety♦Product flow is designed to reduce or eliminate the potential for cross contamination♦Sanitary facilities (rest rooms and hand washing facilities) maintained for employees.Plant has a documented Water Quality Program ♦ A water quality certificate is on file (city water) or annual checks completed (well).♦Internal water analysis (TPC/coliform) completed per plant schedule (at least twice per year)♦Ice is tested or a COA is available (if applicable) for TPC/Coliform♦Back flow preventors in place•Location(s) identified (must be on the main water line)•Annual certification completed on main water line♦Hoses have check valve at inlet.•Check valves are dated and replaced on pre-scheduled basisPlant has a documented Transportation and Storage Program♦Food carriers and distribution vehicles are inspected prior to unloading/loading•Truck, load and driver identification arechecked and documented•Bulk tank number recorded•Bulk tank wash tickets inspected•Wash ticket for current load or withinapproved schedule•Bulk seals verified against supplier record♦Appropriate facilities for raw material and finished product storage are provided•Date of receipt recorded•Lot number recorded♦Temperature controls are appropriate and monitored.Plant has a documented Equipment Maintenance Program♦Design standards established•Equipment is designed for the process.♦Equipment calibration procedures established and documented♦Equipment maintenance procedures established and documented•Preventative•EmergencyPlant has a documented Training Programs♦GMP♦Personnel Hygiene♦Sanitation♦Personal Safety♦HACCP•General training for all employees•Specific training for personnel at CCP’s♦All training activities documented3.FOOD SAFETY CUSTOMER COMPLAINTS Plant has a documented Customer/Consumer Complaint Program.♦Food safety complaints available at the plant♦Food Safety complaints separated from all other complaints♦Annual documented evaluation of food safety complaints by HACCP Team♦All food safety complaints investigated•Corrective action procedure in-place•Corrective action has been documented.4.TRACEABILITY AND RECALLPlant has a documented Traceability Program♦Name of records required for tracing product identified♦Location of trace records identified♦Lot identification procedures are included♦Traceability exercises conducted at least twice annually•Traceability exercise results are documented •Traceability exercise has been completed backwards (Supplier information, deliveryvehicle identification, date and quantity ofreceipt•Traceability exercise has been completed forwards (First point of shipment)•Traceability exercise effectiveness isdocumented. (At least two customerscontacted)o Customer data confirms plant data Plant has a documented Recall Program♦Plan is plant specific♦Plant Recall Team members identified•Coordinator identified•Alternates identified♦Emergency contact numbers available♦Roles and responsibilities for all Team Members documented•Method to identify and locate products(Traceability Program) identified•Recall exercises performed at least annually •Recall exercise results are documented.•Recall exercise time (from initial call to first team member to exercise completion)documented♦Post Recall exercise evaluation completed and documented.•Follow up to issues identified and addressed 5.CHEMICAL CONTROL PROGRAMPlant has a documented Chemical Control Program♦Chemical approval process identified♦ A Chemical Log is available.•All chemicals are identified•Sanitation chemical quantities agree with the Chemical Log.♦Chemical storage maintains control of chemicals ♦Chemical storage allows for separation of chemical types•Sanitation•Pest Control•Maintenance•Boilero Approved for incidental food contact ifsteam comes in direct contact with food •Laboratory♦MSDS forms available for all chemicals♦Contractor chemical approval procedure available•Approval procedure identified•MSDS forms available6.PEST CONTROL PROGRAMPlant has a documented Pest Control Program ♦Individual responsible (plant personnel) is identified♦There is a certified PCO on staff (if applicable) External Service♦An outside pest control service is used (Name)•Company’s license is available and current o License is for working in food plants •Insurance is available and current.•Applicator’s license available and current o License is for working in food plants Internal or External♦Record of pest control chemicals•All pest control chemicals identified•Pest control chemicals used according to label directions•MSDS sheets are available•Pest chemical labels available•Pest control chemicals stored in accordance with state and federal regulations (ifapplicable)♦Inspection or service reports are available •All pest activity is noted♦Pest control device information is on file •Map of all pest control devices is available•All rodent bait stations are located outside the facilityo Type of bait (liquid, granular, block)identified•Pheromone trap information notedo Pheromone traps are dated and current •Insect light traps notedo Light bulbs are dated and current♦Corrective action taken in regards to pest activities has been noted and recorded7.ALLERGEN CONTROL PROGRAMPlant has a documented Allergen Control Program♦Recognized allergens listed♦All allergen containing raw materials identified♦Warehouse has designated allergen storage area•Allergens are clearly identified.•Like allergens stored like above like♦All allergen containing formula identified♦Weigh area control procedures identified and implemented•Allergen containers have individual scoops or measuring devices♦All critical process/plant areas and equipment identified♦Cleaning procedures between allergen runs identified•Allergen cleaning activities documented♦Rework control implemented.•“Like into Like” procedure used•Rework usage documented♦Package labels for allergen containing products have appropriate allergens in their ingredientstatement.Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point (HACCP) StandardHACCP Manual & HACCP Plan ChecklistREQUIREMENTS RESULTS / COMMENTS SECTION 1: PLANT INFORMATION This is a descriptive section telling about theplant, where it is located, who is in charge andproducts produced.♦Plant description is completed•Address and contact information available♦Management Team is identified♦History of operation is completed♦Location of plant is identified♦Products produced are listedSECTION 2: HACCP TEAM This is a description of the HACCP Team.♦HACCP Team is identified♦HACCP Coordinator is identified•Training of the HACCP Coordinatoridentified♦HACCP Team represents all aspects ofoperation♦HACCP Team members participate in andunderstand the HACCP Plan development andimplementation.SECTION 3: PREREQUISITE PROGRAMS Each Prerequisite Program identified in theProcess Hazard Analysis should be described inthe manual. Information should becomprehensive enough that the reader will knowthe program is in effect, where it can be locatedand who is responsible for it.♦Sanitation Program♦Good Manufacturing Practices (GMPs)♦Customer Complaint Program♦Pest Control Program♦Chemical Control Program♦Recall Program♦Allergen Control Program♦Any other Prerequisite Program or ProcessControl identified in the Process Hazard AnalysisSECTION 4: INGREDIENT HAZARD ANALYSIS A Hazard Analysis should be completed for eachraw material used in the plant. Often a singlehazard analysis will be completed for all rawmaterials. The Raw Material Hazard Analysis willfocus on Biological, Chemical and Physicalhazards associated with the raw material. Qualityissues should not be addressed in this analysis. ♦All raw materials have been identified.♦All biological, chemical and physical hazardshave been noted.♦Hazards have been assessed for significance.♦Control measures have been developed andimplemented to control all hazards.♦External resources used to supplement TeamSECTION 5: PRODUCT DESCRIPTION A Product Description must be completed for eachprocess or family of products. This descriptionwill include general information about the product,a technical description of the product andpackage, and food safety issues and their controlassociated with the product.Finished Product or Process♦Finished product or process description isprovided.♦Distribution and storage conditions are outlined.♦Product use and consumer is identified.♦Sensitive group(s) (elderly, infirm, children, etc.)is (are) identified.♦ A technical description of the product or processis given.♦Product shelf life and lot identification isidentified.♦Possible food safety and misuse♦Food safety control activities identified for eachpossible food safety issue.♦Product Description is signed and dated by thesenior management representative.SECTION 6: FLOW DIAGRAM A flow diagram should be completed for eachprocess. This should start with raw materialreceiving and continue through the individualprocessing steps. The flow diagram should bedetailed enough to show each processing stepand each CCP.♦ A detailed Process Flow has been developed.•All operations are included.•Process Flow Diagram starts with Receivingand ends with Distribution / Shipping.•All process steps are identified.•Each CCP is identified on the flow diagram♦ A floor diagram is available.♦The Process Flow Diagram has been verified bythe HACCP Team.♦ A simplified Process Flow Diagram is in the Plan•Each CCP is identified on the flow diagramSECTION 7: PROCESS HAZARD ANALYSIS This information must be completed for each stepshown in the Process Flow Diagram. The ProcessHazard Analysis will focus on Biological, Chemicaland Physical hazards associated with the process.Quality issues should not be addressed in thisanalysis.♦ A hazard analysis has been completed for eachprocess step identified on the process flowdiagram. (Principle 1)♦All biological, chemical and physical hazardshave been noted.♦Hazards have been assessed for significance.♦Control measures have been developed andimplemented to control all hazards.♦External resources used to supplement Team♦The process hazard analysis worksheetadequately determines CCPs (if applicable)(Principle 2)•CCPs have been identified for eachsignificant hazard that is not controlled by apre-requisite program.•These are the correct CCPs to controlhazards.•External resources used to supplement TeamSECTION 8: MASTER PLAN The Master Plan is a single sheet for each product orgroup of products. It includes the plant information(name, location), product(s) name, distributionmethod, customer (general population, elderly,infants), and each of the seven HACCP principles(hazard analysis, CCPs, CLs, etc.).♦ A HACCP Master Plan has been developed foreach product, process or group of products.Master Plan♦ A Master Plan has been developed for eachCritical Control Point.•Critical Control Point(s) are indicated.•Critical Hazards (Biological, Physical, andChemical) are identified.•Critical Limit (Actual Measurable Value) isestablished for each CCP. (Principle 3)♦The critical limits have been verified by anoutside source.o Critical limits were determined by anoutside source.o Critical limits were determined byexperimentation.o External resources are being used tosupplement team knowledge.♦Monitoring requirements are established.(Principle 4)•Monitoring procedures specify who, what,when, how and where.•Frequency is sufficient to ensure control.•Product lot identification is consistent withmonitoring frequency.•Monitoring records are signed.•Monitoring records are verified on a timelybasis.♦Corrective Action in the event of a Critical Limitfailure during Monitoring is described.(Principle 5)•Corrective actions developed for each CCP.•Corrective actions ensure process has beenbrought under control.•Corrective actions ensure all suspect producthas been identified and captured.•Corrective actions include procedures toprevent recurrence.♦Verification procedures are described andimplemented. (Principle 6)•Verification procedures have beenimplemented to demonstrate effectiveness ofHACCP Plan.•Reference device(s) accreditation(s).♦Records are available for all CCP’s. (Principle 7)•All CCP critical limits have been met.•Corrective action records are available for alldeviations.•Records are available for all verificationactivities.•Record of “trained individual” training isavailable.•Records of employee training are available.♦There is a document control program.•All changes are recorded.•All changes are dated.Section 9: Deviation Report This may be a document developed by thecompany or one issued by a regulatory agency. Itmust include the product, date, lot number,description of the unusual occurrence, CL(s)exceeded, corrective action, any action to preventreoccurrence, recommended HACCP Planmodification (if necessary), signature of individualwho completed the form, date, and signature ofHACCP Coordinator and date. It is recommendedthe plant include a blank copy of their DeviationReport in their HACCP Plan.♦The manual contains a blank copy of theDeviation Record used by the facility.♦Validation Procedures are described andimplemented.•There is a program in place to verify HACCPPlan.•The HACCP Plan has been updated.•The HACCP Plan update has beendocumented.•The scientific basis for HACCP Plan isvalidated annually.•The scientific basis for HACCP Plan wasvalidated initially.。

新概念英语三单词表

guinea/ 'gini/mania/ 'meiniE/West VirginiaPersia/ 'pE:VE/puma/ 'pju:mE/ phenomena/ fi'nRminE/chinaera/ 'iErE/camera/ 'kAmErE/grab/ grAb/bomb/ bRm/snob/ snRb/absorb/ Eb'sR:b/suburb/ 'sQbE:b/perturb/ pE'tE:b/rub/ rQb/scrub/ skrQb/scientific/ ,saiEn'tifik/ magic/ 'mAdVik/tragic/ 'trAdVik/ republic/ ri'pQblik/idyllic/ ai'dilik/comic/ 'kRmik/ economic/ ,i:kE'nRmik/ mechanic/ mi'kAnik/panic/ 'pAnik/ electronic/ ,ilek'trRnik/ microscopicprehistoriceccentric/ ik'sentrik/ dramatic/ drE'mAtik/ pneumatic/ nju:'mAtik/ democratic/ ,demE'krAtik/ apologetic/ E,pRlE'dVetik/ unsympathetic/ 'Qn,simpE'Wetik/ cosmetic/ kRz'metik/ fantastic/ fAn'tAstik/ domestic/ dEu'mestik/ realistic/ riE'listik/ unrealistic/ ,QnriE'listik/ characteristic/ ,kArEktE'ristik/ artistic/ B:'tistik/attic/ 'Atik/lead/ li:d, led/lead/ li:d, led/lead/ li:d, led/plead/ pli:d/dread/ dred/dread/ dred/nomad/ 'nEumEd/load/ lEud/load/ lEud/sad/ sAd/add/ Ad/odd/ Rd/seabed/ 'si:bed/ embed/ im'bed/high-handedlike-mindedstrong-mindedquick-mindednarrow-mindedwoundedproceed/ prEu'si:d/ breed/ bri:d/ wretched/ 'retFid/shed/ Fed/cow sheddistinguished/ dis'tiNgwiFt/ justifiedvaried/ 'vZErid/ muffleddetailed/ 'di:teild/so-calledmuch-travelleduncrumpledashamed/ E'Feimd/ perfumedhardenedenlightened/ in'laitnd/ manned/ mAnd/old-fashionedcramped/ 'krAmpt/ sacred/ 'seikrid/ disordered/ dis'R:dEd/ shelteredpuncturedpleased/ pli:zd/ disuseddedicated/ 'dedikeitid/ complicated/ 'kRmplikeitid/ dilapidatedunrelatedsparsely-populatedunexpected/ ,Qnik'spektid/ re-unitedunwanted/ ,Qn'wRntid/ contented/ kEn'tentid/ haunteddeserted/ di'zE:tid/ assorted/ E'sR:tid/ exhaustedcivilized/ 'sivilaizd/ raid/ reid/air-raidrid/ rid/liquid/ 'likwid/vivid/ 'vivid/wild/ waild/untoldband/ bAnd/farm handmainland/ 'meinlEnd/ overland/ 'EuvElAnd/ demand/ di'mB:nd/ reprimand/ 'reprimB:nd/ stand/ stAnd/ withstand/ wiT'stAnd/end/ end/bend/ bend/descend/ di'send/fend/ fend/suspend/ sE'spend/ suspend/ sE'spend/tend/ tend/attend/ E'tend/extend/ ik'stend/bind/ baind/find/ faind/find/ faind/beyond/ bi'jRnd/ beyond/ bi'jRnd/ bound/ baund/ rebound/ ri'baund/ found/ faund/pound/ paund/ background/ 'bAkgraund/ underground/ 'QndEgraund/ underground/ 'QndEgraund/ sound/ saund/sound/ saund/astound/ E'staund/ wound/ wu:nd/ period/ 'piEriEd/ good/ gud/ neighbourhoodflood/ flQd/wood/ wud/discard/ dis'kB:d/ standard/ 'stAndEd/ standard/ 'stAndEd/ regard/ ri'gB:d/ disregard/ ,disri'gB:d/ board/ bR:d/board/ bR:d/ Electricity Boardcardboard/ 'kB:dbR:d/ dashboard/ 'dAFbR:d/ cupboard/ 'kQpbR:d/ safeguard/ 'seifgB:d/ reward/ ri'wR:d/ back-yardstuffed birdweird/ wiEd/accord/ E'kR:d/ record/ ri'kR:d/ record/ ri'kR:d/ record/ ri'kR:d/ gramophone recordlord/ lR:d/mud/ mQd/shrewd/ Fru:d/jibe/ dVaib/ inscribe/ in'skraib/ wardrobe/ 'wR:drEub/ peace/ pi:s/face/ feis/ surface/ 'sE:fis/ palace/ 'pAlis/ necklace/ 'neklis/ fireplace/ 'faiEpleis/ pace/ peis/outer spacetrace/ treis/trace/ treis/trace/ treis/ retrace/ ri'treis/ piece/ pi:s/masterpiece/ 'mB:stEpi:s/ prejudice/ 'predVudis/ sacrifice/ 'sAkrifais/ price/ prais/practice/ 'prAktis/ practice/ 'prAktis/ justice/ 'dVQstis/ novice/ 'nRvis/service/ 'sE:vis/ chance/ tFAns, tFB:ns/ overbalance/ ,EuvE'bAlEns/ resemblance/ ri'zemblEns/ performance/ pE'fR:mEns/ appearance/ E'piErEns/ disappearance/ ,disE'piErEns/ tolerance/ 'tRlErEns/ ignorance/ 'ignErEns/ entrance/ 'entrEns/ acquaintance/ E'kweintEns/ substance/ 'sQbstEns/ circumstance/ 'sE:kEmstEns/ instance/ 'instEns/ advance/ Ed'vB:ns/ advance/ Ed'vB:ns/ grievance/ 'gri:vEns/ innocence/ 'inEsEns/self-confidenceevidence/ 'evidEns/ independence/ ,indi'pendEns/ correspondence/ ,kRri'spRndEns/ defence/ di'fens/ negligence/ 'neglidVEns/ science/ 'saiEns/ audience/ 'R:diEns/ experience/ ik'spiEriEns/ silence/ 'sailEns/ sixpence/ 'sikspEns/ press conferenceinterference/ ,intE'fiErEns/ Florence/ 'flR:rEns/ occurrence/ E'kQrEns/ presence/ 'prezns/ existence/ ig'zistEns/ influence/ 'influEns/ sequence/ 'si:kwEns/ consequence/ 'kRnsikwEns/convince/ kEn'vins/ pounce/ pauns/pounce/ pauns/deduce/ di'dju:s/reduce/ ri'dju:s/reduce/ ri'dju:s/ introduce/ ,intrE'dju:s/ arcade/ B:'keid/fire-brigadeshade/ Feid/hand-mademan-madeunmadewade/ weid/collide/ kE'laid/slide/ slaid/bus ridepride/ praid/astride/ E'straid/side/ said/preside/ pri'zaid/ alongside/ E'lRN'said/ underside/ 'QndEsaid/ provide/ prE'vaid/code/ kEud/horde/ hR:d/conclude/ kEn'klu:d/ prelude/ 'prelju:d/crude/ kru:d/solitude/ 'sRlitju:d/fee/ fi:/flee/ fli:/free/ fri:/degree/ di'gri:/peach treecage/ keidV/baggage/ 'bAgidV/ luggage/ 'lQgidV/engage/ in'geidV/ drainage/ 'dreinidV/ courage/ 'kQridV/ passage/ 'pAsidV/ advantage/ Ed'vB:ntidV/ disadvantage/ ,disEd'vB:ntidV/ stage/ steidV/cottage/ 'kRtidV/salvage/ 'sAlvidV/ salvage/ 'sAlvidV/ wage/ weidV/ voyage/ 'vRiidV/ edge/ edV/ knowledge/ 'nRlidV/ lodge/ lRdV/judge/ dVQdV/judge/ dVQdV/ grudge/ grQdV/ privilege/ 'privilidV/ oblige/ E'blaidV/ indulge/ in'dQldV/ exchange/ iks'tFeindV/ arrange/ E'reindV/ plunge/ plQndV/ plunge/ plQndV/ submerge/ sEb'mE:dV/ emerge/ i'mE:dV/ catastrophe/ kE'tAstrEfi/ magpie/ 'mAgpai/ eerie/ 'iEri/tie/ tai/bake/ beik/brake/ breik/ undertake/ ,QndE'teik/ overtake/ ,EuvE'teik/ amber-likealike/ E'laik/ dislike/ dis'laik/ strike/ straik/ practical jokescale/ skeil/ improbable/ im'prRbEbl/ cable/ 'keibl/ formidable/ 'fR:midEbl/ noticeable/ 'nEutisEbl/ agreeable/ E'griEbl/ knowledgeable/ 'nRlidVEbl/ unshakableunsinkableremarkable/ ri'mB:kEbl/ available/ E'veilEbl/ syllable/ 'silEbl/ unreasonable/ ,Qn'ri:znEbl/ considerable/ kEn'sidErEbl/ miserabletime-tableinflatable/ in'fleitEbl/ respectable/ ri'spektEbl/ hospitable/ 'hRspitEbl/ veritable/ 'veritEbl/ insurmountable/ ,insE'mauntEbl/ notable/ 'nEutEbl/ unacceptable/ ,QnEk'septEbl/ comfortable/ 'kQmfEtEbl/ constable/ 'kQnstEbl/ inconceivable/ ,inkEn'si:vEbl/ unforgivablelovable/ 'lQvEbl/ enjoyable/ in'dVRiEbl/ hobble/ 'hRbl/rubble/ 'rQbl/the Bibleincredible/ in'kredEbl/ invisible/ in'vizEbl/ inaccessible/ ,inAk'sesEbl/ scramble/ 'skrAmbl/ tremble/ 'trembl/ assemble/ E'sembl/ reassemble/ ,ri:E'sembl/ fumble/ 'fQmbl/ mumble/ 'mQmbl/ mumble/ 'mQmbl/stumble/ 'stQmbl/noble/ 'nEubl/marble/ 'mB:bl/trouble/ 'trQbl/miracle/ 'mirEkl/ obstacle/ 'RbstEkl/ vehicle/ 'vi:ikl/article/ 'B:tikl/uncle/ QNkl/bundle/ 'bQndl/dawdle/ 'dR:dl/ bedraggle/ bi'drAgl/ dangle/ 'dANgl/jungle/ 'dVQNgl/file/ fail/compile/ kEm'pail/ versatile/ 'vE:sEtail/ hostile/ 'hRstail/ freckle/ 'frekl/the Bastillerole/ rEul/ console/ kEn'sEul/ sample/ 'sAmpl/ example/ ig'zAmpl/ simple/ 'simpl/ grapple/ grApl/ couple/ 'kQpl/ couple/ 'kQpl/ subtle/ 'sQtl/ beetle/ 'bi:tl/title/ 'taitl/ dismantle/ dis'mAntl/ gentle/ 'dVentl/ cattle/ kAtl/rattle/ 'rAtl/ settle/ 'setl/ settle/ 'setl/ ridicule/ 'ridikju:l/ rule/ ru:l/ capsule/ 'kApsju:l/ puzzle/ 'pQzl/ puzzle/ 'pQzl/ jigsaw puzzlefame/ feim/ blame/ bleim/ human framescheme/ ski:m/ extreme/ ik'stri:m/ crime/ kraim/ dome/ dEum/family hometiresome/ 'taiEsEm/ perfume/ 'pE:fju:m/ presume/ pri'zu:m/ assume/ E'sju:m/ costume/ 'kRstju:m/ hurricane/ 'hE:rikEn/ crane/ krein/ wane/ wein/ scene/ si:n/ champagne/ FAm'pein/ turbine/ 'tE:bain/ medicine/ 'medisin/ sardine/ sB:'di:n/ imagine/ i'mAdVin/ line/ lain/self-disciplineheroine/ 'herEuin/ submarine/ 'sQbmEri:n/ Florentine/ 'flR:rEnti:n/ routine/ ru:'ti:n/ genuine/ 'dVenjuin/ alone/ E'lEun/lime-stonemilestone/ 'mailstEun/ fortune/ 'fR:tFEn/ misfortune/ mis'fR:tFEn/ Robinson Crusoelandscape/ 'lAndskeip/ shape/ Feip/shape/ Feip/tape/ teip/ magnetic tapepipe/ paip/ telescope/ 'teliskEup/ rope/ rEup/bare/ bZE/care/ kZE/share/ FZE/blare/ blZE/declare/ di'klZE/ glare/ glZE/ nightmare/ 'naitmZE/ stare/ stZE/silver-waresphere/ sfiE/ atmosphere/ 'AtmEsfiE/ mere/ miE/severe/ si'viE/fire/ 'faiE/hire/ haiE/hire/ haiE/spire/ spaiE/ conspire/ kEn'spaiE/ sire/ saiE/desire/ di'zaiE/tire/ taiE/acquire/ E'kwaiE/wire/ 'waiE/bore/ bR:/adore/ E'dR:/ explore/ ik'splR:/ furthermore/ 'fE:TE'mR:/ store/ stR:/obscure/ Eb'skjuE/ figure/ 'figE/figure/ 'figE/injure/ 'indVE/lure/ luE/sure/ FuE/leisure/ 'li:VE/ insure/ in'FuE/ enclosure/ in'klEuVE/ composure/ kEm'pEuVE/ fissure/ 'fiFE/living creatureminiature/ 'miniEtFE/ nature/ 'neitFE/ nature/ 'neitFE/ juncture/ 'dVQNktFE/ structure/ 'strQktFE/ antique furnitureagriculture/ 'AgrikQltFE/ capture/ 'kAptFE/ rapture/ 'rAptFE/ sculpture/ 'skQlptFE/ departure/ di'pB:tFE/ pasture/ 'pAstFE/ future/ 'fju:tFE/ mixture/ 'mikstFE/ base/ beis/case/ keis/ packing-caseease/ i:z/cease/ si:s/please/ pli:z/ grease/ gri:s/ purchase/ 'pE:tFEs/ purchase/ 'pE:tFEs/ phase/ feiz/erase/ i'reis/ phrase/ freiz/raise/ reiz/raise/ reiz/praise/ preiz/ precise/ pri'sais/ paradise/ 'pArEdais/ despise/ di'spaiz/ rise/ raiz/advise/ Ed'vaiz/ devise/ di'vaiz/wise/ waiz/impulse/ 'impQls/dense/ dens/sense/ sens/response/ ri'spRns/ response/ ri'spRns/close/ klEuz/diagnose/ 'daiEgnEuz/ loose/ lu:s/propose/ prE'pEuz/ universe/ 'ju:nivE:s/ course/ kR:s/cause/ kR:z/abuse/ E'bju:s,E'bju:z/ abuse/ E'bju:s,E'bju:z/ accuse/ E'kju:z/fuse/ fju:z/confuse/ kEn'fju:z/ recluse/ ri'klu:s/house/ haus/country housefarmhouse/ 'fB:mhaus/ boathouse/ 'bEuthaus/ arouse/ E'rauz/dedicate/ 'dedikeit/ indicate/ 'indikeit/ delicate/ 'delikEt/ communicate/ kE'mju:nikeit/ lubricate/ 'lu:brikeit/ intoxicate/ in'tRksikeit/ locate/ 'lEukeit/locate/ 'lEukeit/ dislocate/ 'dislEukeit/ intimidate/ in'timideit/ investigate/ in'vestigeit/ hate/ heit/appreciate/ E'pri:Fieit/ associate/ E'sEuFieit/ relate/ ri'leit/ correlate/ 'kRrEleit/ immaculate/ i'mAkjulit/ gesticulate/ dVes'tikjuleit/ calculate/ 'kAlkjuleit/ accumulate/ E'kju:mjuleit/ estimate/ 'estimeit/ underestimate/ ,QndEr'estimeit/ coordinate/ kEu'R:dineit/contaminate/ kEn'tAmineit/ indiscriminate/ ,indis'kriminit/ unfortunate/ ,Qn'fR:tFEnit/ anticipate/ An'tisipeit/ rate/ reit/separate/ 'sepEreit/ tolerate/ 'tRlEreit/ operate/ 'RpEreit/ inveterate/ in'vetErit/ emigrate/ 'emigreit/ elaborate/ i'lAbEreit/ decorate/ 'dekEreit/ decorate/ 'dekEreit/ demonstrate/ 'demEnstreit/ remonstrate/ ri'mRnstreit/ illustrate/ 'ilEstreit/ compensate/ 'kRmpenseit/ imitate/ 'imiteit/city-statefete/ feit/mete/ mi:t/concrete/ 'kRnkri:t/bite/ bait/satellite/ 'sAtlait/ stalagmite/ 'stAlEgmait/ definite/ 'definit/ despite/ di'spait/ favourite/ 'feivErit/site/ sait/requisite/ 'rekwizit/ opposite/ 'RpEzit/ stalactite/ 'stAlEktait/ remote/ ri'mEut/remote/ ri'mEut/note/ nEut/footnote/ 'futnEut/taste/ teist/couchetteprosecute/ 'prRsikju:t/due/ dju:/colleague/ 'kRli:g/argue/ 'B:gju/clue/ klu:/unique/ ju:'ni:k/ antique/ An'ti:k/pursue/ pE'sju:/virtue/ 'vE:tju:/grave/ greiv/grave/ greiv/engrave/ in'greiv/heat-waveeve/ i:v/sleeve/ sli:v/shirt sleeverelieve/ ri'li:v/grieve/ gri:v/naive/ nB:'i:v/dive/ daiv/forgive/ fE'giv/ repulsive/ ri'pQlsiv/ comprehensive/ ,kRmpri'hensiv/ impressive/ im'presiv/ exclusive/ ik'sklu:siv/ creative/ kri:'eitiv/ alternative/ R:l'tE:nEtiv/ representative/ ,repri'zentEtiv/ effective/ i'fektiv/ objective/ Eb'dVektiv/ detective/ di'tektiv/ secretive/ si'kri:tiv/ primitive/ 'primitiv/ inquisitive/ in'kwizEtiv/ positive/ 'pRzitiv/motive/ 'mEutiv/survive/ sE'vaiv/solve/ sRlv/resolve/ ri'zRlv/evolve/ i'vRlv/revolve/ ri'vRlv/involve/ in'vRlv/glove/ glQv/carve/ kB:v/starve/ stB:v/observe/ Eb'zE:v/ preserve/ pri'zE:v/ swerve/ swE:v/awe/ R:/dye/ dai/amaze/ E'meiz/craze/ kreiz/squeeze/ skwi:z/seize/ si:z/apologize/ E'pRlEdVaiz/ specialize/ 'speFElaiz/prize/ praiz/ capsize/ kAp'saiz/ magnetize/ 'mAgnitaiz/ hypnotize/ 'hipnEtaiz/ doze/ dEuz/chief/ tFi:f/relief/ ri'li:f/brief/ bri:f/staff/ stB:f/stuff/ stQf/do-it-yourselfnag/ nAg/zig-zagbeg/ beg/rig/ rig/ disturbing/ dis'tE:biN/ forbidding/ fE'bidiN/ pudding/ 'pudiN/ landing/ 'lAndiN/ grinding/ 'graindiN/ flooding/ 'flQdiN/ hoarding/ 'hR:diN/ includingbeing/ 'bi:iN/ human beingbreath-takingundertaking/ ,QndE'teikiN/ stocking/ 'stRkiN/ sinking/ 'siNkiN/ modern-lookingugly-lookingsorry-lookingmarking/ 'mB:kiN/ marking/ 'mB:kiN/ rambling/ 'rAmbliN/ trembling/ 'trembliN/ cling/ kliN/feeling/ 'fi:liN/ stragglingceiling/ 'si:liN/ potholingunsettlinggleamingbooming/ 'bu:miN/pre-conditioningwarning/ 'wR:niN/ turning/ 'tE:niN/undoing/ ,Qn'du:iN/ sweeping/ 'swi:piN/ring/ riN/ring/ riN/bearing/ 'bZEriN/ bewildering/ bi'wildEriN/ suffering/ 'sQfEriN/ gathering/ 'gATEriN/ string/ striN/ pressing/ 'presiN/ missing/ 'misiN/ exhilarating/ ig'zilEreitiN/ irritating/ 'iriteitiN/ self-respectingunrelenting/ ,Qnri'lentiN/ disappointing/ ,disE'pRintiN/ hunting/ 'hQntiN/ comfortingsting/ stiN/diving/ 'daiviN/ boxing/ 'bRksiN/ saying/ 'seiiN/ terrifyingsatisfying/ 'sAtisfaiiN/ varyingagonizing/ 'AgEnaiziN/ along/ E'lRN/belong/ bi'lRN/watch-dogfog/ fRg/clog/ klRg/iceberg/ 'aisbE:g/ chug/ tFQg/plug/ plQg/rug/ rQg/shrug/ FrQg/stomach/ 'stQmEk/ reproach/ ri'prEutF/ attach/ E'tAtF/attach/ E'tAtF/winch/ wintF/launch/ lR:ntF/search/ sE:tF/march/ mB:tF/perch/ pE:tF/perch/ pE:tF/match/ mAtF/match/ mAtF/snatch/ snAtF/fetch/ fetF/sketch/ sketF/ stretch/ stretF/ stretch/ stretF/ switch/ switF/clutch/ klQtF/weigh/ wei/rough/ rQf/triumph/ 'traiEmf/ dash/ dAF/flash/ flAF/flash/ flAF/fresh/ freF/dish/ diF/pie dishoutlandish/ aut'lAndiF/ publish/ 'pQbliF/ polishdiminish/ di'miniF/ cherish/ 'tFeriF/ flourish/ 'flQriF/ distinguish/ dis'tiNgwiF/ greyishpush/ puF/wreath/ ri:W/length/ leNW/full-lengthstrength/ streNW/faith/ feiW/ labyrinth/ 'lAbErinW/ cloth/ klR:W, klRW/ table-clothmoth/ mRW/ mammoth/ 'mAmEW/ smooth/ smu:T/depth/ depW/birth/ bE:W/mirth/ mE:W/Miami/ mai'Ami/ Tau Cetilack/ lAk/unpack/ ,Qn'pAk/ crack/ krAk/track/ trAk/ ransack/ 'rAnsAk/stack/ stAk/stack/ stAk/attack/ E'tAk/deck/ dek/wreck/ rek/click/ klik/sea-sickstick/ stik/stick/ stik/cock/ kRk/shock/ FRk/shock/ FRk/block/ blRk/unlock/ ,Qn'lRk/stock/ stRk/tuck/ tQk/seek/ si:k/silk/ silk/old folktown-folkblank/ blANk/plank/ plANk/petrol tanklink/ liNk/monk/ mQNk/chunk/ tFQNk/junk/ dVQNk/drunk/ drQNk/trunk/ trQNk/recovery trunkreference booklog bookexpert cookboathook/ 'bEuthuk/Noah's arkembark/ im'bB:k/embark/ im'bB:k/ disembark/ ,disim'bB:k/ chalk-marklife worknetwork/ 'netwE:k/lurk/ lE:k/asterisk/ 'AstErisk/tusk/ tQsk/medical/ 'medikl/illogical/ i'lRdVikl/ geological/ ,dViEu'lRdVikEl/typical/ 'tipikl/clerical/ 'klerikEl/ theatrical/ Wi'Atrikl/ classical/ 'klAsikl/ physical/ 'fizikl/ mathematical/ ,mAWE'mAtikl/ arithmetical/ ,AriW'metikl/ critical/ 'kritikEl/ conceal/ kEn'si:l/deal/ di:l/ideal/ ai'diEl/appeal/ E'pi:l/appeal/ E'pi:l/real/ 'riEl/reveal/ ri'vi:l/official/ E'fiFEl/public officialartificial/ ,B:ti'fiFEl/ material/ mE'tiEriEl/trial/ 'traiEl/ essential/ i'senFEl/partial/ 'pB:FEl/toy animalinformal/ in'fR:mEl/canal/ kE'nAl/signal/ 'signl/random signalfinal/ 'fainl/ professional/ prE'feFEnl/ national/ 'nAFEnEl/ conventional/ kEn'venFEnl/ personal/ 'pE:snl/internal/ in'tE:nEl/ general/ 'dVenErEl/ funeral/ 'fju:nErEl/ coral/ 'kRrEl/pastoral/ 'pAstErEl/rural/ 'ruErEl/natural/ 'nAtFErEl/ architectural/ ,B:ki'tektFErEl/ universal/ ,ju:ni'vE:sl/ colossal/ kE'lRsEl/mental/ 'mentl/ fundamental/ ,fQndE'mentEl/ total/ 'tEutl/immortal/ i'mR:tEl/ individual/ ,indi'vidVuEl/individual/ ,indi'vidVuEl/ manual/ 'mAnjuEl/ annual/ 'AnjuEl/equal/ 'i:kwEl/ intellectual/ ,intE'lektFuEl/ punctual/ 'pENktFuEl/ over-punctualperpetual/ pE'petFuEl/ spiritual/ 'spiritFuEl/ naval/ 'neivl/cancel/ 'kAnsEl/wheel/ hwi:l/steel/ sti:l/tunnel/ 'tQnl/repel/ ri'pel/propel/ prEu'pel/dispel/ dis'pel/ quarrel/ 'kwRrEl/vessel/ 'vesl/drilling vessellevel/ 'levl/level/ 'levl/fail/ feil/snail/ sneil/trail/ treil/sail/ seil/assail/ E'seil/detail/ 'di:teil/fulfil/ ful'fil/hair-oilnostril/ 'nRstril/civil/ 'sivEl/snow fallbefall/ bi'fR:l/ downfall/ 'daunfR:l/ waterfall/ 'wRtEfR:l/ pitfall/ 'pitfR:l/ overall/ 'EuvErR:l/stall/ stR:l/install/ in'stR:l/cell/ sel/spell/ spel/foretell/ fR:'tel/skill/ 'skil/drill/ dril/roll/ rEul/roll/ rEul/stroll/ strEul/lull/ lQl/symbol/ 'simbl/cool/ ku:l/wool/ wul/patrol/ pE'trEul/ extol/ ik'stEul/ shop girlhaul/ hR:l/ dreadful/ 'dredful/ peaceful/ 'pi:sful/ graceful/ 'greisful/ resourceful/ ri'sR:sful/ grateful/ 'greitful/ distasteful/ dis'teistful/ fanciful/ 'fAnsiful/ colourfuldoubtful/ 'dautful/ delightful/ di'laitful/ shawl/ FR:l/crawl/ krR:l/stream/ stri:m/ stream/ stri:m/ upstream/ 'Qp'stri:m/ traffic jamslam/ slAm/ telegramitem/ 'aitEm/stem/ stem/system/ 'sistEm/ rhythm/ 'riTEm/claim/ kleim/dim/ dim/rim/ rim/realm/ relm/ freedom/ 'fri:dEm/ boredom/ 'bR:dEm/ wisdom/ 'wizdEm/ store-roomdrawing-roomguest-roomransom/ 'rAnsEm/ bottom/ 'bRtEm/harm/ hB:m/alarm/ E'lB:m/alarm/ E'lB:m/ swarm/ swR:m/form/ fR:m/form/ fR:m/perform/ pE'fR:m/ platform/ 'plAtfR:m/ chasm/ 'kAzEm/ enthusiasm/ in'Wju:ziAzEm/ premium/ 'pri:miEm/ Caribbean/ ,kAri'bi:En/ Aegean/ i:'dVi:En/ electrician/ ,ilek'triFEn/ comedian/ kE'mi:djEn/ historian/ hi'stR:riEn/ Scandinavianhandy mangentleman/ 'dVentlmEn/ cavemanRoman/ 'rEumEn/ Justiteombudsmantradesman/ 'treidzmEn/ spokesman/ 'spEuksmEn/ boatman/ 'bEutmEn/ dustman/ 'dQstmEn/ human/ 'hju:mEn/ countryman/ 'kQntrimEn/ span/ spAn/guard's vankeen/ ki:n/screen/ skri:n/ windscreenunforeseen/ ,QnfR:'si:n/ hen/ hen/alien/ 'eiljEn/ken/ ken/mistaken/ mis'teikEn/ blacken/ 'blAkEn/ quicken/ 'kwikEn/ sunken/ 'sQNkEn/ unbrokenspecimen/ 'spesimEn/ siren/ 'saiErin/ frighten/ 'fraitn/ tighten/ 'taitn/fasten/ 'fB:sEn/ glisten/ 'glisn/citizen/ 'sitizn/ dozen/ 'dQzn/regain/ ri'gein/bargain/ 'bB:gin/chain/ tFein/remain/ ri'mein/pain/ pein/drain/ drein/obtain/ Eb'tein/ maintain/ mein'tein/ ascertain/ ,AsE'tein/ entertain/ ,entE'tein/ entertain/ ,entE'tein/ curtain/ 'kE:tEn/within/ wi'Tin/Charlie Chaplinjoin/ dVRin/tin/ tin/ruin/ ruin/condemn/ kEn'dem/column/ 'kRlEm/column/ 'kRlEm/abandon/ E'bAndEn/ surgeon/ 'sE:dVEn/ fashion/ 'fAFEn/bullion/ 'buljEn/ occasion/ E'keiVEn/ collision/ kE'liVEn/ revulsion/ ri'vQlFEn/ diversion/ dai'vE:VEn/ passion/ 'pAFEn/ procession/ prE'seFEn/ impression/ im'preFEn/ expression/ ik'spreFEn/ permission/ pE'miFEn/ confusion/ kEn'fju:VEn/ conclusion/ kEn'klu:VEn/ delusion/ di'lu:VEn/ illusion/ i'lju:VEn/ disillusion/ ,disi'lu:VEn/ qualification/ ,kwRlifi'keiFEn/ publication/ ,pQbli'keiFEn/ provocation/ ,prRvE'keiFEn/ foundation/ faun'deiFEn/ living accommodationrelation/ ri'leiFEn/ speculation/ ,spekju'leiFEn/ shifting populationautomation/ ,R:tE'meiFEn/ information/ ,infE'meiFEn/fascination/ ,fAsi'neiFEn/ destination/ ,desti'neiFEn/ celebration/ ,seli'breiFEn/ operation/ ,RpE'reiFEn/ operation/ ,RpE'reiFEn/ frustration/ frQs'treiFEn/ frustration/ frQs'treiFEn/ accusation/ Akju:'zeiFEn/ reputation/ ,repju'teiFEn/ situation/ ,sitju'eiFEn/ situation/ ,sitju'eiFEn/ relaxation/ ,ri:lAk'seiFEn/ commercializationcivilization/ si,vilai'zeiFEn/ action/ 'AkFEn/reaction/ ri'AkFEn/ selection/ si'lekFEn/ protection/ prE'tekFEn/ fiction/ 'fikFEn/science fictionconcoction/ kEn'kRkFEn/ ambition/ Am'biFEn/ tradition/ trE'diFEn/ addition/ E'diFEn/ acquisition/ ,Akwi'ziFEn/ position/ pE'ziFEn/ position/ pE'ziFEn/ composition/ kRmpE'ziFEn/ mention/ 'menFEn/ intention/ in'tenFEn/ contention/ kEn'teinFEn/ convention/ kEn'venFEn/ deception/ di'sepFEn/ conception/ kRn'sepFEn/ exception/ ik'sepFEn/ description/ di'skripFEn/ assumption/ E'sQmpFEn/ proportion/ prE'pR:FEn/ suggestion/ sE'dVestFEn/ solution/ sE'lu:FEn/ solution/ sE'lu:FEn/ resolution/ ,rezE'lu:FEn/ common/ 'kRmEn/Byronpoison/ 'pRizn/poison/ 'pRizn/prison/ 'prizn/imprison/ im'prizn/ skeleton/ 'skelEtn/ Southamptonhorizon/ hE'raizEn/ earn/ E:n/ northern/ 'nR:TEn/ southern/ 'sQTEn/ cavern/ 'kAvEn/ corn/ kR:n/scorn/ skR:n/ adorn/ E'dR:n/ horn/ hR:n/turn/ tE:n/turn/ tE:n/fun/ fQn/spear gunrun/ rQn/run/ rQn/dawn/ dR:n/dawn/ dR:n/ unknown/ ,Qn'nEun/ crown/ kraun/ fresco/ 'freskEu/ torpedo/ tR:'pi:dEu/ Chicago/ Fi'kB:gEu/ cargo/ 'kB:gEu/ zoo/ zu:/hero/ 'hiErEu/ zero/ 'ziErEu/be glued tocap/ kAp/gap/ gAp/snap/ snAp/trap/ trAp/creep/ kri:p/ steep/ sti:p/ sweep/ swi:p/step/ step/hip/ hip/chip/ tFip/ sailing shipsteam-shipslip/ slip/rip/ rip/drip/ drip/trip/ trip/sip/ sip/tip/ tip/equip/ i'kwip/ clamp/ klAmp/ tramp/ trAmp/ bump/ bQmp/ bump/ bQmp/ dump/ dQmp/ clump/ klQmp/ pump/ pQmp/ pump/ pQmp/ develop/ di'velEp/ scoop/ sku:p/ troop/ tru:p/ wasp/ wRsp/pent-upbar/ bB:/ model carcalendar/ 'kAlindE/ bear/ bZE/dear/ 'diE/gear/ giE/gear/ giE/ nuclear/ 'nju:kliE/ disappear/ ,disE'piE/ tear/ tiE, tZE/ tear/ tiE, tZE/ tear/ tiE, tZE/ burglar/ 'bE:glE/ similar/ 'similE/ wine-cellarcollar/ 'kRlE/ regular/ 'regjulE/ roar/ rR:/soar/ sR:/ quasar/ 'kweisB:/ rubber/ 'rQbE/ plumber/ 'plQmE/ grocer/ 'grEusE/ rope ladderrudder/ 'rQdE/ spider/ 'spaidE/ elder/ 'eldE/ boulder/ 'bEuldE/ hinder/ 'hindE/ wonder/ 'wQndE/ intruder/ in'tru:dE/ deer/ diE/pioneer/ ,paiE'niE/peer/ piE/volunteer/ ,vRlEn'tiE/ steer/ stiE/refer/ ri'fE:/teenager/ 'ti:nidVE/ dagger/ 'dAgE/stagger/ 'stAgE/searcher/ 'sE:tFE/ photographerphilosopher/ fi'lRsEfE/ gather/ 'gATE/wither/ 'wiTE/bother/ 'bRTE/bother/ 'bRTE/further/ 'fE:TE/skier/ 'ski:E/frontier/ 'frQntjE/flicker/ 'flikE/tankerdealer/ 'di:lE/rambler/ 'rAmblE/ smuggler/ 'smQglE/ traveller/ 'trAvlE/dweller/ 'dwelE/jewellergaoler/ 'dVeilE/ potholerhammer/ 'hAmE/ newcomer/ nju:'kQmE/ astronomer/ E'strRnEmE/ consumer/ kEn'sju:mE/ vacuum cleanerlistener/ 'lisnE/liner/ 'lainE/learner/ 'lE:nE/corner/ 'kR:nE/brown paperbook-keeperbeekeeper/ 'bi:fki:pE/ kidnapperfarm labourermanufacturer/ ,mAnju'fAktFErE/ advertiser/ 'AdvEtaizE/ cruiser/ 'kru:zE/hawser/ 'hR:zE/cater/ 'keitE/backwater/ 'bAk,wR:tE/ meter/ 'mi:tE/ milometerprize-fighteralter/ 'R:ltE/ falter/ 'fR:ltE/ shelter/ 'FeltE/ carpenter/ 'kB:pintE/ porter/ 'pR:tE/ Easter/ 'i:stE/ plaster/ 'plAstE/ station-masterdisaster/ di'zB:stE/ lobster/ 'lRbstE/ pester/ 'pestE/ gangster/ 'gANstE/ cluster/ 'klQstE/ muster/ 'mQstE/litter/ 'litE/radio transmitterradio transmittertwitter/ 'twitE/ clutter/ 'klQtE/ computer/ kEm'pju:tE/ shiver/ 'FivE/silver/ 'silvE/ recover/ ri'kQvE/ drawer/ 'drR:E/ shower/ 'FauE/ shower/ 'FauE/lawn-mowerpower/ 'pauE/boxer/ 'bRksE/ record playerair/ ZE/the airreservoir/ 'rezEvwB:/ corridor/ 'kRridR:/ anchor/ 'ANkE/junior/ 'dVu:njE/ superior/ sju:'piEriE/ major/ 'meidVE/ signorminor/ 'mainE/ parquet floormoor/ muE/error/ 'erE/horror/ 'hRrE/ predecessor/ ,predi'sesE/ equator/ i'kweitE/ fellow-actorcollector/ kE'lektE/ taxcollectorinspector/ in'spektE/ health inspectoreditor/ 'editE/ recur/ ri'kE:/ scour/ 'skauE/rush hourpour/ pR:/pour/ pR:/tour/ tuE/favourdevour/ di'vauE/do'sTexas/ 'teksEs/ statistics/ stE'tistiks/ odds/ Rdz/newly-wedsVirgin Islandsaphidesmodel clothesunderclothes/ 'QndEklEuTz/ series/ 'siEri:z/ times/ taimz/lineswaresphysical exercisespremisesragspleadingsbeingsbelongings/ bi'lRNiNz/ greetingsmantis/ 'mAntis/ marquis/ 'mB:kwis/ means/ mi:nz/cloud plainsremains/ ri'meins/ the Balkinspossessionschaos/ 'keiRs/ Dauphine AlpsMars/ mB:z/。

中国标准英文版本

中国标准英文版本Chinese Standard English VersionIntroduction:English is one of the most widely spoken languages in the world and has become the lingua franca of business, education, and international communication. As China’s global presence continues to grow, it is crucial for the country to establish a set of standardized English language guidelines that cater specifically to the Chinese context. This article aims to explore the importance of creating a Chinese Standard English Version and its potential benefits.Section 1: The Need for a Chinese Standard English Version1.1. Language Barrier:As China's economy integrates more with the global market, there has been a significant increase in cross-border interactions. However, language barriers often hinder effective communication between Chinese professionals and their international counterparts. In many cases, this results in misunderstandings and inefficiencies. Developing a Chinese Standard English Version would bridge this gap and facilitate smoother communication.1.2. Cultural Context:English, as it is taught and used in China, often lacks a focus on cultural nuances. The imposition of Western culture in English textbooks and learning materials can lead to misunderstandings when applied in a Chinesecontext. A Chinese Standard English Version would take into account the cultural differences and provide language guidelines that are culturally appropriate and accurate.Section 2: Benefits of the Chinese Standard English Version2.1. Improved Global Communication:Having a standardized English version in China would enhance communication with the global community. Clear guidelines would ensure that Chinese professionals can express their ideas accurately without misinterpretation. It would also help non-native English speakers better understand and interpret English materials produced by their Chinese counterparts.2.2. Boosting International Trade and Investment:In the current globalized world, international trade and investment play a vital role in economic growth. The availability of a Chinese Standard English Version would facilitate trade negotiations, business agreements, and investment activities with English-speaking countries. It would give Chinese companies a competitive edge and attract more foreign investment.2.3. Enhancing Education and Research:A Chinese Standard English Version would benefit Chinese students and researchers by providing a consistent and reliable set of language guidelines. It would ensure that academic papers, research studies, and scientific literature are of high quality and meet international standards. This, in turn, would enhance China's reputation in the academic and research community.Section 3: Implementing the Chinese Standard English Version3.1. Collaboration with Experts:Developing a Chinese Standard English Version requires the expertise of language specialists, linguistic scholars, and English teachers. Collaborating with experienced professionals would ensure the accuracy and authenticity of the guidelines. These experts would review existing English teaching materials, textbooks, and examination standards to identify areas that need improvement.3.2. Integrating Language Skills:The Chinese Standard English Version should focus on integrating all language skills: reading, writing, listening, and speaking. Language proficiency should be assessed through comprehensive examinations that evaluate these skills. By emphasizing real-life communication scenarios, the guidelines would encourage practical language application rather than rote memorization.3.3. Continuous Updates and Improvement:Language is ever-evolving, and as such, the Chinese Standard English Version should be regularly updated to reflect changes in usage, new vocabulary, and cultural shifts. Establishing a committee responsible for reviewing and updating the guidelines periodically would ensure that they remain relevant and up-to-date.Conclusion:The creation of a Chinese Standard English Version is crucial for China's global engagement and effective communication with the international community. Such guidelines would bridge the language barrier, promote cultural understanding, and elevate China's global image. By improving global communication, boosting trade and investment, and enhancing education and research, the Chinese Standard English Version would be a valuable asset in China's journey towards becoming a global leader.。

AIB标准 09中文版

AIB 国际统一检查标准前提程序和食品安全计划免责声明(c) AIB 国际 2008本版本或其它任何版本的《AIB 国际统一标准》中所提供的信息均非法律意见，而是基于良好加工规范、共同的法规要求以及食品安全操作规范等食品加工企业的特定要求所形成的通用信息，本标准已被制成最佳操作指南，但在任何情况下，都无意取代或修改为遵守现行法律法规而制定的要求。

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AIB 国际有权随时对本规定进行变更。

若关于这些标准的英文版与中文版有任何冲突或差异，以最后发布的英文版为准。

AIB 国际美国堪萨斯州 66505-3999曼哈顿市贝克斯大道 1213 号3999 号邮箱AIB 国际检查统一标准，于 2008 年 10 月发布国际标准书号 1-880877-72-4AIB 国际统一检查标准前提程序和食品安全计划目录前言 (ii)检查和审核 (1)检查和审核的定义 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1检查和审核的益处 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1检查和审核的原因 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21. 法规 (2)2. 行业最佳操作规范 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23. 客户需求 (2)4. 过程优化 (2)AIB 国际 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3历史 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3使命 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3主要内容 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3统一标准和培训式检查 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3基准标准审核 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3统一标准介绍 (4)类别 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4如何解读标准 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5评级 (6)第 1 步 1：评估 (6)第 2 步 2：各类别得分 (6)第 3 步 3：总分数 (7)第 4 步 4：评级 (7)评级例外情况 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8例外情况 1：出现“不满意”的观察项 (8)例外情况 2：出现“严重”的观察项 (9)例外情况 3：某一类别的观察项比“健全的前提程序和食品安全计划”类别的观察项差 (10)“不满意”的自动评估 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11公众认可 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12统一检查标准 (13)操作方法和人员操作规范 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13食品安全维护 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23清洁操作规范 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29综合虫害管理 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31健全的前提程序和食品安全计划 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37附录 (47)检查过程A：参与检查 (48)B：准备供检查用的文件 (50)C：冲突解决过程 (56)维持和扩展程序D：进行自我检查 (57)E：非评级程序的增加 (59)F：全球食品安全倡议 (GFSI) 基准标准审核要求 (65)学习G：综合质量系统 (IQS) (68)H：培训和教育材料 (70)I：术语表 (71)标准索引 (74)AIB 国际—i前言前言标准说明《AIB 国际前提程序和食品安全计划统一检查标》准汇集了大量的信息，以帮助读者了解：●什么是检查●检查和审核的区别●检查或审核的益处和原因● AIB 国际在检查和审核中的作用● AIB 国际对于检查的统一标准是什么●如何阅读和使用 AIB 国际统一标准● AIB 国际统一检查如何评级●如何准备及参与 AIB 国际检查●理解、贯彻和扩充前提程序和食品安全计划的其它资源标准的读者本标准适用于多种读者，且读者的目的也可以有很多种：●准备接受 AIB 国际检查的工厂人员●需要了解前提程序和食品安全计划有关要素及原因的食品行业新人●希望方便使用 AIB 国际统一标准作为参考的有经验人员●希望把检查达到的成就作为业务支持的公司和工厂人员●为行业标准指导和支持作决策的法规部门和贸易协会●希望实施全球共同标准的跨国组织●需要核心标准评价多个供应商的组织●参与食品以下过程的任何企业：◇生产◇加工◇包装◇贮藏◇分销●希望建立和维持一个健康和安全的食品加工环境的任何企业ii — AIB 国际前言标准结构检查和审核本节定义了检查和审核，介绍了检查和审核的益处，以及进行检查和审核的详细原因。

食品工厂AIB审核

5. AP = Adequacy of Pre-requisite & Food Safety Program
健全的前提和食品安全程序
AIB审核工具
AIB基础知识介绍
类别分数
• Score Range : Risk Assessment
• Max 200 • • 180 ~ 195 • • 160 ~ 175 • • 140 ~ 155 • • ≤135 •
3、安全防卫设备
非关键要求
需要维护或设计的物理安全措施应当包括： ➢周边围栏 ➢监视摄像机 ➢可以上锁的大门 ➢安全警卫室 ➢受控制的进入途径 ➢受控制的散货存放区域
4、布局
设备、原材料和建筑物应宽敞布局，以便于检查、清洁和维护。
4、布局
关键要求
➢设备和建筑结构中间必须有空间，以便进行清洁和维护。
可能会导致计划或程序的失败。
Serious (140-155) 严重
Unsatisfactory(< or = 135) 不满意
存在重大的食品安全风险或导致程序失败的风险. 迫近的食品安全危害、计划或程序失败或偏离了良好操
作规范
AIB审核
• AIB专门制定了一套《AIB食品安全统一标准》，这套标准包含了对食品供应商的品质与安全卫生保证能力的考核要求，标准总分1000分；
5、地面、墙壁和天花板
➢对于高风险操作来说, 排水设施的流向必须是从高风险区域流出（例如生的和熟的）。
➢必须提供空心或吊顶天花板的通道以方便清洁、维修和检查。 ➢必须及时识别、控制和修理屋顶渗漏问题。
5、地面、墙壁和天花板
非关键要求
➢天花板、顶盖和墙壁必须妥善设计、构建、完成和维护以便：防止污物积聚；减少冷凝物和霉菌生长；方便清洁；

海运术语

abbreviations0-93G3rd Generation Networks3PL3rd Party Logistics4PL4th Party Logistics4SC4-High Straddle Carrier5-S Seiri, Seiton, Seiso, Seiketsu, ShitsukeAABC ABC ClassificationAGVs Automated Guided VehiclesAI Artificial IntelligenceAMPS Administrative Monetary Penalty SystemAMS Automated Manifest SystemANERA Asia North America Eastbound Rate Agreement A.P.All purposesAPEC Asia-Pacific Economic CooperationAPI Application Programming InterfaceASME American Society of Mechanical Engineers ASN Advanced Shipping NoticeASP Active Sever PageAS/RS Automated Storage and Retrieval Systema.t.s.All time savedAWB Air WaybillBB2B Business to BusinessB2C Business to CustomerBAF Bunker Adjustment FactorB/B Break BulkBCC Blind Carbon CopyBCO Beneficial Cargo OwnerBIMCO The Baltic and International Maritime Council B/L Bill of LadingBPO Business Process OutsourcingBSC Balanced ScorecardBSP British Standard Pipe TreadCCAF Currency Adjustment FactorCBM Cubic MetreCBO Community Based OrganizationCC Carbon CopyCCR Commodity Classification RatesCDMA Code Division Multiple AddressCEP Courier, Express, ParcelCEPA Closer Economic Partnership Arrangement C&F Cost and FreightCF Collapsible Flat RackCFM Cubic Feet per MinuteCFR Cost and FreightCFS Container Freight StationCGI Common Gateway InterfaceCIF Cost, Insurance and FreightCILT The Chartered Institute of Logistics andTransportCIM The Chartered Institute of MarketingCIP Carriage and Insurance Paid ToCIS Commonwealth of Independent States CKD Completely Knocked DownCLM The Council of Logistics ManagementCLP Container Load PlanCNOOC China National Offshore Oil Corp.C/O Certificate of OriginCOA Contract of AffreightmentC.O.C.Carrier's Own ContainerC.O.D.Cash On DeliveryCOFC Container-on-flatcarCOGS Cost of Goods SoldCon-Ro Container-Roll ShipCOP Custom of the PortCOSCO China Ocean Shipping CompanyCOSL China Oilfield Services LimitedC/P Charter PartyCPFR Collaborative Planning Forecasting andReplenishmentCPT Carriage Paid ToCQD Customary Quick DispatchCRM Customer Relationship ManagementCRP Continuous Replenishment ProgramCSC International Convention for Safe ContainerCSF Critical Success FactorCSI Container Securtiy IntiativeCSP Commerce Service ProvidersCY Container YardDD/A Document Against Acceptance DAF Delivered at FrontierDC Distribution CentreD1/2D Demurrage Half DispatchDDC Destination Delivery ChargeDDF Documentation Fee – Destination DDP Delivered Duty PaidDDU Delivered Duty UnpaidDEQ Delivered Ex-QuayDES Delivered Ex-Shipd.f.Dead FreightDFZ Duty Free ZoneD.G.Dangerous GoodsDHC Handling Charge – Destination DNS Domain Name SystemD/O Delivery OrderD.O.P Dropping Outward PilotDOS Disk Operating SystemD/P Document Against PaymentDPA Transport Arbitrary – Destination DPP Damage Protection PlanD/R Dock ReceiptDRP Distribution Resources Planning DWCT Deadweight Cargo TonnageDWT Deadweight Tonnage (All Told)EECR Efficient Customer Response ECSI Export Cargo Shipping Instruction EDI Electronic Data InterchangeEH&S Environment Health & SafetyEIR Equipment Interchange Receipt E.I.U.Even If UsedE.&O.E.Errors and Omissions Excepted EOQ Economic Order QuantityEPQ Economic Production Quantity ERM Enterprise Resources Management ERP Enterprise Resources Planning ETA Estimated Time of ArrivalETD Estimated Time of DepartureETR Estimated Time of ReadinessETS Estimated Time of SailingEXW Ex-WorksFFAF Fuel Adjustment FactorFAK Freight All KindsFAQ Frequently Asked QuestionFAS Free Alongside ShipFB/L FIATA Combined Transport Bill of Lading FBO Faith Based OrganisationFCA Free CarrierFCL Full Container LoadFCR Forwarder's Cargo ReceiptFEFC Far East Freight ConferenceFEU Forty Feet Equivalent UnitF.H.E.X.Fridays and holidays excludedF.I.Free InFIATA International Federation of Forwarding Agent AssociationsFIBC Flexible Intermediate Bulk ContainerFIFO First-in, First-outF.I.O.Free In and OutFIOST Free In, Out, Stowed & TrimmedFIS Fixed-Interval SystemFMC Federal Maritime CommissionFMCG Fast Moving Consumer GoodsF.O.Free OutFOA Fire Defence Agency (Japanese)FOB Free On BoardF.O.R.Free On RailF.O.T.Free On TruckF.P.A.Free of Paticular AverageFQS Fixed-Quantity SystemFR Flat Rack ContainerFRC Fuel Recovery ChargeFSDC Full-Service Distribution CompanyFT Freight TonFTP File Transfer ProtocolFTZ Free Trade ZonesGGATT General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade GCC Gas Carrier CodeGCR General Cargo RatesGDP Gross Domestic ProductGIF Graphics Interchange FormatGMDSS Global Maritime Distree and Safety System GP General Purpose ContainerGPRS General Packet Radio ServiceGPS Global Positioning SystemGRI General Rate IncreaseGRT Gross Registered TonnageGSA General Sales AgentGSC Global Supply ChainGSM Global System for Mobile CommunicationsGVW Gross Vehicle WeightsGWT Gross WeightHHAFFA Hong Kong Association of Freight Forwarding and Logistics Ltd.HAWB House Air WaybillH.F.O.Heavy Fuel OilH/H Half Height ContainerHKIM Hong Kong Institute of MarketingHSCodesHarmonized System of CodesHTML Hypertext Mark-up LanguageHTTP Hypertext Transfer ProtocolII.A.Im AuftragIADA Intra Asia Discussion AgreementIAF Inflation Adjustment FactorI.A.RatesIndependent Action RatesIATA International Air Transport AssociationIBC Intermediate Bulk ContainerICAO International Civil Aviation OrganizationICC International Chamber of CommerceICD Inland Container DepotICP Internet Content ProviderICT Information and Communications TechnologyIEEE the Institute of Electronic and Electrical EngineeringIICL Institute of International Container Lessors IMDG International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code IMF International Monetary FundIMO International Maritime OrganizationIncotermsInternational Commercial TermsIP Internet ProtocolIPI Interior Point IntermodalIPO Initial Public OfferingIRA Informal Rate AgreementISAPI Internet Server Application ProgrammingInterfaceISDN Integrated Server Digital NetworkISO International Standard OrganizationISP Internet Service ProviderISPS International Ship and Port Facility Security ITF International Transport Workers' Federation IWL Institute Warranty LimitsJJIT Just In TimeKKbps Kilobits per secondKPI Key Performance IndicatorKSF Key Success FactorK/T Kilo TonsLLAN Local Area NetworkingLASH Ligther Aboard ShipLAYCAN Laydays/Cancelling (Dates)L/C Letter of CreditLCL Less than a Container LoadL/G Letter of GuaranteeL.I.Liner InwardLIFO Liner In Free OutLILO Last-In, Last-OutL.I.O.Liner In and OutL/L Loading ListL.L.M.C Limitation of Liability for Maritime Claims LMX Leader-Member ExchangeLNG Liquefied Natural GasL.O.A.Lenght OverallLo-Lo Lift-on Lift-off ShipLPG Liquefied Petroleum GasLSD Landing, Storage and DeliveryLT Lead TimeLTL Less-Than-TruckloadMMAWB Master Air WaybillMB MegabyteMBO Management By ObjectiveMbps Millions of Bits Per SecondMIS Management Information SystemMLB Mainland BridgeMLO Main Line OperatorsMMS Multimedia Messaging ServicesM/N Marks and NumbersMNC Multinational Corporationmol.More or LessMOLCHMore or Less in Character's OptionOPMOLOO More or Less in Owner's OptionMPEG Motion Picture Experts GroupMPS Master Production ScheduleMQC Minimum Quantity CommitmentM/R Mate RateMRP Material Requirements PlanningMRP II Manufacturing Resource PlanningM/S Motor ShipMSDS Material Safety Data SheetMT Metric TonMTO Multimode Transport OperatorNN/A Not Applicable/Not AvailableNAFTA North America Free Trade AgreementNAP Network Access PointNCV No Customs ValuationNEC Not Elsewhere ClassifiedNGO Non-Governmental OrganizationN.O.E.Not Otherwise EnumeratedNOI Not Otherwise IndexedNOIBN Not Otherwise Indexed by NameNOR Notice of ReadinessN.O.S.Not Otherwise SpecifiedNPO Non Profit OrganizationNRT Net Registered TonnageNVD No Value DeclaredNVOCC Non Vessel Operating Common Carrier NWT Net WeightOOCP Overland Common PointOD Organization DevelopmentODC Odd Dimension CargoesODF Documentaion Free - OriginOECD Organization for Economic Cooperation and DevelopmentOEM Original Equipment ManufacturerO/H Over HeightOHC Handling Charge - OriginOJT On-the-Job TrainingOMC Occupational Market ConditionOPM Other People's MoneyORC Origin Receiving ChargeO/S Open Side ContainerOS&D Over, Short and DamagedOSHA Occupational Safety & Health ActOT Open Top ContainerO/T Over TimeOTROff-the-Road TyresTyresO/W Over WidthOWS Overweight SurchargePP2P Path to ProfitP2P Peer-to-PeerPAI Peformance Appraisal InterviewPAQ Position Analysis QuestionairePCD Pitch Circle DiameterPCS Port Congestion SurchargePDA Personal Digital AssistantPDF Portable Document FormatPDPR Per Day Pro RataPENAVIChina Ocean Shipping CompanyCOP.F.T.Per Freight TonP. & I.Protection and Indemnity Club (Association) ClubPKI Public Key InfrastructurePOD Port of DischargePOL Port of LoadingPOP Point of PresencePOS Point of SaleP.P.Per ProeurationemPPP Point-to-Point ProtocolPRD Pearl River DeltaPS Port SurchargePSS Peak Season SurchargePSTN Public Switched Telephone NetworkPTO Please Turn OverleafPWS Personal Web ServerQQDII Qualified Domestic Institutional Investors QFII Qualified Foreign Institutional InvestorsQR Quick ResponseRRAM Random Access MemoryREIT Real Estate Investment TrustRF Reefer ContainerRFID Radio Frequency IdentificationRFP Request for ProposalRFQ Request for QuotationRFRC Rail Fuel Recovery ChargeRMB RenminbiRMG Rail Mounted GantryROA Return on AssetsR.O.B.Remaining on BoardROI Return on InvestmentRo-Ro Roll-on Roll-off ShipRRS Rate Restoration SurchargeR/T Revenue TonsR.T.W.Round the World ServiceRVNX Released Value Not ExceedingSS.A.Safe GroundSAN Storage Area NetworkS.B.Safe BerthSBT Segregated Ballast TankS/C Service ContractSCM Supply Chain ManagementSCQ Special Commodity QuotationSCR Specific Commodity RatesS.D.Single Deck ShipSED Shipper's Export DeclarationSER Carrier Security ChargeSET Secure Electronic TransactionS.G.Specific GravitySHEX Saturday and Holidays Excluded SHINC Saturday and Holidays Included SIM.SUSimilar SubstituteB.SKU Stock Keeping UnitSLA Services Level AgreementSME Small and Medium-size Enterprises SMS Short Message ServicesSMTP Simple Mail Transport Protocol SNMP Simple Network Management Protocol S/O Shipping OrderS.O.C.Shipper's Own ContainerS.P.Safe PortSPC Statistical Process ControlSPIM Single Period Inventory ModelsSQL Structure Query LanguageSS Safety StockS/S SteamshipS.S.H.E. X.Saturdays, Sundays and Holidays ExcludedS.S.H.I.N.C.Saturdays, Sundays and Holidays Included SSL Secure Socket LayerS.T.C.Said To ContainSTCC Standard Transportation Commodity CodeTTACA Transatlantic Conference AgreementTBN To Be NominatedTCP Transmission Control ProtocolTDW Total DeadweightTEU Twenty-foot Equivalent UnitT.H.C.Terminal Handling ChargeTMS Transportation Management SystemTOFC Trailer-On-FlatcarTPC Tones Per CentimeterTPD Tones Per DayTPI Tones Per InchTQC Total Quality ControlTQM Total Quality ManagementT.R.S.Terminal Receiving StationTSA Transpacific Stabilization AgreementTSR Trans Siberian RailwayTT Telegraphic TransferTVC Time Volume ContractTWRA Transpacific Westbound Rate AgreementUUBC Universal Bulk CarrierUCP Uniform Customs and Practice for Documentary CreditsUHF Ultra High frequencyULCC Ultra Large Crude CarrierULD Unit Load DeviceUNCTAD United Nations Conference of Trade andDevelopmentURL Uniform Resource LocatorUU Unless UsedVVAN Value-Added NetworksV.A.T.Value Added TaxVHF Very High Frequencyly (Used in Tariffs to Specify Commodities VLCC Very Large Crude CarrierVMI Vendor Managed InventoryVOC Vessel Operating CarrierV.O.W.Vehicle On WheelVPN Virtual Private NetworkV.S.A.Vessel Sharing AgreementVSL VesselWWAP Wireless Appreciation ProtocolWCS Wireless Communications ServiceWDEX Warehouse Withdrawal for Transportation Immediate ExportationWDT Warehouse Withdrawal for TransportationWDT&E Warehouse WithdrawalforTransportationExportationW.E.F.With Effect FromW.I.B.O. N.Whether In Berth Or NotW.I.F.P.O.N.Whether In Free Pratique Or NotWI-FI Wireless FidelityWIP Work in ProcessW.I.P.O.N.Whether In Port Or NotW/M Weight or MeasurementWMS Warehouse Management SystemWPA With Paticular AverageW.P.Weather PermittingW.R.War RisksWTO World Trade OrganizationW.T.S.Working Time SavedW.W.Warehouse WarrantWWD Weather Working DaysW.W.R.C.D.Whe n Wh ere Ready on Completion of Discharge WWW World Wide WebXXML Extensible Mark-up LanguageYYAS Yen Appreciate Surcharge第三代網路第三方物流第四方物流集裝箱高跨車吊具常組織、常整頓、常清潔、常規範、常自律ABC分類化自動導引車人工智能行政罰款制度海關自動艙單系統亞洲北美東向運協會全部裝卸時間亞太經濟合作組織程式設定介面機械工程師美洲協會事前出貨通知單動態伺服端網員自動化存儲和修復系統操作節省的全部時間空運提單企業與企業之間的交易企業與客戶之間的交易燃油附加費散件雜貨密件抄送貨物擁有者權益波羅的海國際海運公會海運提單企業外判程序平衡記分卡英國標準的管子踩踏幣值附加費立方米社區性組織抄送等價貨物運價分發(部門)若干位址編碼-更緊密經貿關系的安排成本和運費折疊式板架集裝箱每分鐘的立方尺成本和運費集裝箱貨物集散站共同閘道介面成本和運費兼付保險費英國特許物流運輸學會英國特許市務學會兼付指定運費及保險費獨立國家聯合體全拆裝物流管理學會集裝箱/裝載計劃表中國海洋石油總公司產地來源證包運合同船東提供集裝箱交貨付現集裝箱輸送銷貨成本集裝箱/滾裝兩用船港口慣例中國遠洋運輸公司中海油田服務股份有限公司租船合同(租約)預報和補充合作計劃兼付指定運費習慣快速裝運客戶關係管理連續補充庫存計劃對安全容器的國際規定-商業服務提供商集裝箱堆場承兌交單貨交邊境配送中心速遣費為滯期費的一半目的地提貨費目的地文件費貨交入口國家連稅貨交入口國家倉庫貨交指定港口倉庫貨交指定港口船上虧艙費貨交指定港口倉庫危險品貨物目的地操作費網絡領域名字系統出貨單引航員下船時磁盤作業系統付款交單目的地運輸附加費集裝箱損壤保險場站收據分發資源計劃淨載重吨位總載重吨位(量)有效回應顧客的準則-電子資訊傳遞職業環境健康安全集裝箱設備交接單即使使用錯誤和遺漏不在此限經濟訂購量經濟生產批量企業資源管理企業資源計劃預定扺港時間預定離港時間預計準備就緒時間到戶取貨燃料附加費同一費率常見問題船邊交貨國際運輸商協會聯運提單宗教組織貨交貨運商人整箱集裝貨運承運人領貨單遠東歐州運費公會40英呎標準雜裝箱計算單位星期五和節假日除外船方負責裝船費用國際運輸商協-貨物先進倉和先出倉的安排船方不負擔裝卸費船方不負責裝船卸船理艙及平艙費用定期訂貨方式美國聯邦海事委員會快速銷售消費品船方不負責卸船費用防禦代辦處離岸價格火車上交貨貨車上交貨-定量訂貨方式平板集裝箱恢復燃料費全方位物流服務公司運費吨檔案傳輸協定自由貿易區關與貿易總協定-普通貨物運價國民生產總值圖形學交換版式-多用途集裝箱全球衛星定位系統全部費率調高注冊(容積)總吨總推廣代理全球供應鏈全球系統之機動通信-毛重香港貨運物流業協會有限公司代理空運提單重油半高集裝箱香港市務學會-超文本記號超文本傳送-亞洲集裝箱運輸研討協定通貨膨脹調整系數獨立等級價格國際航空運輸協會中型液體集裝箱國際民用航空組織國際商會?陸集裝箱聯網內容供應商資訊和通訊技術電子和電的工程學院國際集裝箱出租商學會國際危險的商品代碼-國際海事組織國際貿易術語國際網路議定書經美國西岸入內陸運輸首次上市集資項目非正式運價協定國際網路伺服器應用式設計介面數位式多功能公眾通信網路國際標準化組織網絡供應商國際船舶與港口保安設施規則國際運輸工人聯合會(倫敦保險人)協會保証航行範圍運送及時千分之一秒關鍵績效指標成功因素公噸本區域網絡集裝箱子母船-信用證併箱散貨保函入口航線運費不包括卸貨費貨物後進倉和後出倉的安排船方負責裝卸費,但不包碼頭費裝貨清單海事索賠任限制領導-成員交換理論液化天然氣全長吊裝船液化石油汽卸貨、倉儲和送貨費訂貨到交貨的時間散貨拼車空運提單百萬位元目標管理數百萬位分之一秒管理資訊系統大陸橋運輸模式遠洋船公司多型通訊聯繫服務嘜頭-增减承租人有增選擇權船東有增選擇權活動圖片小組專家總生產日程表最小數量承諾-材料需要計劃-輪船材料安全資料表公吨聯運商不適用／無資料北美自由貿易協定網路途徑點無聲明價值-非政府組織除非另有列名--船舶準備就緒通知書除非另有指定非營利組織注冊(容積)淨吨不要求聲明價值無船舶公共承運商-內陸公共交貨點組織發展特殊尺寸貨物來源地文件費-原產商超出正常高度來源地操作費在職培訓-籌集資金始發港付加費開邊集裝箱超, 欠及破損 (指收貨與提單不一致的三種情況) -開頂集裝箱加班時間-超出正常闊度超重附加費對得益的路徑同儕網路運算---港口擠塞附加費電子手賬便攜式文件版式-中國外輸代理公司（外代)每運費吨船東保賠協會公開鑰匙基礎卸貨港裝貨港存在的點--點對點的草案泛珠三角州港口附加費季節附加費公開轉換電話網路請閱後頁私人伺服器國內機構投資者赴海外投資資格認定制度國外機構投資者到內地投資資格認定制度快速反應隨機途徑記憶（存儲器)領匯房地產投資信託基金冷藏集裝箱無線射頻識別技術書面建議要求書面報價要求軌道燃料恢復費用人民幣台軌道式龍門吊資產回報船上所有投資回報滾裝船比率修復附加費計費噸全球性服務-安全擱淺網路存儲安全泊位分隔壓載水艙貨量簽訂合同鏈鎖供給管理特種商品報價特種貨物運價單層甲板船-船東保安費用安全電子交易比重--相似替換船儲備保持的單位服務等級協議中、小型企業短訊服務簡單郵件運輸草案簡單網路管理草案裝船單付貨人所屬集箱安全港口統計製程管制單一週期的存貨模式架構疑問語安全庫存-星期六、日和節假日除外星期六、日和節假日包括在內付款加密法據報內裝-跨大西洋公會協定指定船舶傳輸控制草案總載重量20英呎標準集裝箱計算單位碼頭操作費運輸管理系統集裝箱車架輸送每厘米吃水吨數每天裝卸吨數每英寸吃水吨數全面品質控制全面品質管理碼頭收貨站跨太平洋穩定協議西伯利亞大鐵路電匯時間貨量合同泛太平洋西向運費協會通用散裝貨船跟單信用證統一慣例和實務特高頻50萬噸油輸成組器聯合國貿發會議網址-增值網增值稅甚高頻-20萬噸油輪供應商的存貨管理系統船舶承運商可駕駛的車輛虛疑網路船舶共用協議輪船無線應(運)用草案無線通信服務---自生效無論靠泊與否無論是否通過檢驗無線相容認證未完工的產品不論是否在港內重量/體積倉庫管理系統-天氣允許兵險-節省的裝卸時間--何時何處還船全球資訊網(發源地－歐洲量子物理實驗室)可延長的記號語言日圓調整費。

常用的一些测试英语缩写

Full Name
Advanced Audio Distribution Profile Authentication, Authorization, and Accounting Advanced Audio Coding ATM Adaptation Layer type 1 Authentication Algorithm Number Activity-Based Buggeting Activity-Based Costing Activity-Base Management Available Bit Rate Alternating Current Audio Coder-3 Accept Anisotropic Conductive Film Advanced Configuration & Power Interface AT Command Interpreter Acknowledgement SMS Access Control List Add, Compare, Select Agency Dept. Automatic data capture Absolute Dimension Measurement Administration Function at the LIAN Audio Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line Adaptive Dynamic Threshold Additional Elementary Functions Association for Electric Home Appliances Advance Encryption standard Alternative Frequency List Audio Frequency Control Annual Failure Rate Access Gateway Audio Gateway Anti-Glare Advanced Global Alignment Accelerated Graphics Port、Advanced Graphics Port Assisted Global Positioning System Auto Insertion Acquisition Indicatior Acquisition Indication Channel Article Inspection report Article Inspection report ATM Line Interface Module subrack alternate lighting of surfaces Accelerated Life Test General Administration Dept.

食品工厂AIB审核介绍

通过AIB的审核，也就成了食品生产商们把产品销入北美市场的一个重要条件。
GFSI——“全球食品安全行动计划”，已将AIB认可为该组织向其成员推荐使用的标准。
AIB基础知识介绍 5大类别
1. OP = Operational Methods & Personnel Practices 人员操作和操作规范
产品接触面（管道、传感器探头等）或者开放产品潜在或间接接触区域设备生锈
图示案例：CIP系统的板式热交换器出口管道生锈，严重掉锈渣。后无CIP过滤器。（U）
MS
2.14设备和器具构造
案例分析与检讨
标准要求：设备和器具的设计应便于维护且满足前提方案和食品安全程序的要求。不符合：
产品接触面不平整、凹槽、焊点粗糙、毛刺（分流伞毛刺），设备涂层脱落
2. MS = Maintenance of Food Safety 食品安全维护
3. CP = Cleaning Practice 清洁操作规范
4. IPM = Integrated Pest Management 综合虫害管理
5. AP = Adequacy of Pre-requisite & Food Safety Program健全的前提和食品安全程序
认可基于企业的总分数。在下列情况下，向企业颁发认可证书：检查仅基于《AIB 国际统一检查标准》（非客户定义的解释或指导）并且：各类
别得分不小于或等于 135 分没有“不满意”的发现项（即使总得分等于或高于 700 分）
MS
2.14设备和器具构造
案例分析与检讨
标准要求：设备和器具的设计应便于维护且满足前提方案和食品安全程序的要求。不符合：
: Improvement needed 需改善

国际中文教育中文水平等级标准英文

国际中文教育中文水平等级标准英文International Chinese Language Education Chinese Proficiency Level StandardsIn the realm of international Chinese languageeducation,establishing a clear and comprehensive set of proficiency level standards is essential to facilitate effective teaching,learning,and assessment.The following English explanation outlines the Chinese language proficiency level standards for international learners.IntroductionChinese language proficiency levels are categorized into six stages,providing a systematic framework to assess learners'language skills.These levels are designed to guide educators,learners,and assessment agencies in understanding and evaluating Chinese language proficiency in a consistent manner.Levels and Descriptions1.Beginner Level(A1-A2)A1–Novice Low:Learners at this level can understand and use basic greetings,express personal information,and comprehend simple sentences.A2–Novice Mid:Learners can engage in shortconversations,understand commonly used expressions,and read simple texts with assistance.2.Elementary Level(B1-B2)B1–Novice High:Learners are capable of handling daily communication,expressing opinions,and comprehending simple written materials.B2–Intermediate Low:Learners can participate in discussions on familiar topics,read short articles,and write basic essays.3.Intermediate Level(C1-C2)C1–Intermediate Mid:Learners can engage in extended conversations,comprehend more complex texts,and express opinions on various subjects.C2–Intermediate High:Learners demonstrate a high level of proficiency in both spoken and written Chinese,discussing diverse topics and producing well-structured essays.Proficiency Skill AreasListening Comprehension:Ability to understand spoken Chinese across various contexts and accents.Speaking:Capacity to communicate effectively,express thoughts,and engage in conversations.Reading Comprehension:Competence in understanding written Chinese,ranging from basictexts to more complex materials.Writing:Skill in producing written content,including essays,reports,and creative pieces.Assessment CriteriaListening:Understands conversations and speeches on familiar topics.Grasps essential information from spoken materials.Speaking:Can communicate in routine tasks.Expresses opinions and ideas coherently.Reading:Comprehends the main ideas of texts on familiar subjects.Understands specific information and details.Writing:Writes clear and coherent texts.Demonstrates the ability to convey ideas effectively.Implications for EducationCurriculum Development:Design courses aligned with the proficiency levels to meet learners'developmental needs.Teaching Strategies:Implement diverse teaching methods to enhancelistening,speaking,reading,and writing skills.Assessment Practices:Develop assessments that align with the proficiency standards to accurately measure learners'language abilities.Cultural Competence:Integrate cultural elements into language education to enhance learners'cultural understanding and communication skills.ConclusionEstablishing these Chinese language proficiency level standards in international education provides a structured and consistent framework.This not only guides educators in effective teaching but also helps learners understand their progress and communicate their language abilities globally.The standards play a crucial role in promoting the growth and standardization of international Chinese language education.。

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AIB 食品安全统一标准AIB Consolidated StandardsFOOD SAFETYAIBI食品卫生安全部堪萨斯州（66505-3999），曼哈顿市，1213贝克斯道，3999 邮政信箱联合王国瑟瑞郡（KT22 7YZ）立德赫市 11邮政信箱，(c)版权1956，1978，1985，1991，1995，2000美国烘烤技术研究所ISBN 1-880877-51-1版权所有该版权名下作品之任何部分，未经版权所有者特别许可，不得以任何方法摘录、复制、抄袭、复写。

上述禁止事项还包括转录、磁带录音，以及进入电子存储和恢复系统，并且不限于上述规定事项。

目录AIB标准机密性按照标准自我检查:检查组自我检查类型检查准备检查记录解释AIB食品安全定级系统:评分程序应用类别定级种类工厂定级种类检查报告和矫正计划调节公众承认第一节健全的食品安全计划第二节虫害控制第三节操作方法和个人规范第四节食品安全方面的维修工作第五节清洁规范不满意得分条件附录得分分析摘要总清洁计划原材料接收检查记录冰箱/冷柜监控记录杀虫剂使用日志限制用杀虫剂购买记录散装面粉筛后残渣测试记录日常筛后残渣的原料滤网测试记录AIB标准《AIB食品安全统一标准》之出版,可以作为一个工具,使食品生产商得以评估生产中的食品安全风险,和检验对于该标准中的准则的遵守程度.上述标准包含准则以及评级方法,用以对厂家给出一个数字评分.而这些准则得自下列货品管理法则:《美国联邦食品药物和化妆品法》(1938)，《生产质量管理规范》,《美国军用卫生标准》,《美国联邦杀虫剂、杀真菌剂、灭鼠剂法》,《英国食品安全(普通食品卫生)规则》《1995(1995/1763),《英国食品安全(温度控制)》1995,和《食品营养法—食品卫生基本条例》（1999）。

生产厂家的管理队伍可以用该文件及评分程序对设备进行自我评定，以了解设备对AIB标准的遵守情况。

按照定级方法，可在检查后给定厂家一个数字评分，并且对食品安全计划的总体效用进行评估。

第一节健全的食品安全计划本节概括了管理层对正式制定计划书的责任，而计划书对于建立和维持一个有效的食品安全程序至关重要。

在本文件的第二至第五节，将详细讨论上述程序。

该程序的成功应用将可以减少生产厂家中食品污染的潜在危险。

食品安全程序的有效性可以通过厂家存档的有关保持和不断改善行动的的文件中自我检查和纠正行动的部分来评价。

第二节虫害控制本节描述了一个必须遵循统一标准的、正式、书面的防止食品掺杂计划的构成元素，详细描述了几种不同类型的程序，列举了所需的记录，以及为防止虫害、虫害迹象、杀虫剂引起的食品掺杂现象的特殊的程序。

第三节操作方法和个人规范本节列举了保护食品在储存和制造过程中免受掺杂的程序和技术,讲述了如何验收和储存原材料、如何转移和处理原产料、操作面、操作、交付、以及个人规范.第四节食品安全方面的维修工作本节要求厂家具备一个已经建立的、并已执行的维修计划、文件化的维修工作布置系统,以及为防止食品遭受来自建筑物,设备和器具的污染而制定的卫生准则.第五节清洁规范本节包括建筑物、地面、设备、器具的预定清洁计划，以及与电子和机械系统在维修人员协助清洁维护系统。

机密性AIB国际公司在公司/企业检查中所获得的所有信息将被视为在客户和AIB 国际之间的绝对机密。

检查报告将由AIB通过一个指定的密码提供给客户。

除非法律需要，未经客户书面授权，AIB不会将有关检查的任何信息和报告泄露给第三方。

自我检查标准应用：检查组厂方管理层应当每月至少对所有设备、工具检查一次，并且应当填写一份检查结果的正式报告。

检查组人员应当包含厂方经理和生产、维修、质量控制、卫生、验收和仓库等部门的代表。

这样做的目的是让教育水准、经历和责任各不相同的人员组成一个检查组，使他们在检查工作中群策群力，共同关注食品安全问题。

这种做法的好处是：1．检查组是对食品安全问题负有管理义务是显而易见的。

强调这种做法之重要性，表明生产出安全产品是厂家不容推卸的责任。

2．成立检查组有利于让横向的部门成员来寻找和应付食品安全问题。

同时有利于检查组成员集中关注诸如管理系统、厂家政策、和雇员培训如何能够影响和如何确实影响食品安全系统的问题。

自我检查类型在此有两种自我检查类型。

第一种是指每位主管在其责任范围内所进行的日常检查，例如主管责任所在的生产线以及其他生产领域。

生产厂家的卫生管理人员、质量保证经理/主管，以及其他指定人员应当每天在开工前和生产过程中检查整个工厂，以防范风险。

列出一个简表，记录下检查所得的问题，以期作出快速补救措施。

第二种则是包括各种专业的管理队伍，主管以及雇员在各自责任范围内的定期正式检查。

检查时间应当简短、集中，以获得最大效益。

一个时间长度为两小时，高度集中于某一领域的检查，其效果要好于一个耗时更长，检查组成员受其他工作干扰或导致他们丧失注意力或兴趣的检查。

如前所述，检查组成员应当包括各自领域负责的主管。

此种检查还可用于作培训雇员。

文件必须存档，并列出偏差。

对于每一处偏差，应当提供纠正方针、负责人员、确定的纠正日期，以及预期的完成日期。

对于已在检查中发现的在市场上造成项目失败或食品安全风险的问题，高层管理人员有责任寻找和提供纠正方法。

自我检查的运作检查组应当至少每月对工厂进行一次自我检查，如果工厂较小，抑或只有一条生产线或一个生产系统，那么整个工厂的检查工作应当在一次检查中完成。

而如果工厂较大，那么就有必要将工厂分为两个、三个、或四个检查地带。

每一地带应当每周检查一次，这意味着整个工厂的检查工作将在一个时间跨度为两周、三周、或四周的单循环后结束。

如果将工厂分为几个部分，分割区域应分别命名，并按照合理顺序一并检查：例如，批量储存系统区、原材料仓库区、加工区（可进一步细分为生产线，例如，生产线#1、生产线#2，等等），包装区、成品储存区、支持区（维修，带锁的存物柜，洗手间等）、外部地面和屋顶，以及其余规定有管理责任的区域。

上述做法将有助于与相应检查地带和责任人员有关的食品安全风险得以发现。

检查的准备工作自我检查组的成员在检查以前，应当详细复核检查标准的要求，并审查以前的检查报告。

上述举动不可受到干扰。

检查组成员在检查过程中应当排除干扰，专注于检查工作。

如果工厂较大，检查工作将集中于选定的区域，这些区域应当详细检查。

重要的是，检查组是按照AIB标准中的规则，进行彻底检查。

检查组成员应当穿着公司的统一制服，携带适当的检查装备，包括手电筒、抹刀、拆卸设备的工具、记录用的录音机或纸张，以及安全设备。

他们还应遵守所有生效的工厂制度。

检查记录应当安排一人专门为检查组作记录。

此人受指派自始自终担任记录员。

检查工作应当系统化。

从某一区域例如接收区域开始，而后按照一合理顺序进行，直至生产区域或生产线。

记录应当与接受检查的区域直接相关。

这样一来，可以使管理层按照记录，专注于那些产生最大食品安全风险的生产领域或生产操作。

检查组的所有观察报告都应该由记录员记录在案，这一点至关重要。

检查组应该讨论观察报告，使得所有成员明了观测到的危险、所需的矫正措施、以及管理部门作哪些改变以防范食品安全问题及风险的再现。

每一个书面观察报告可用以下适当的AIB目录代码表示：1．（AP）健全的食品安全计划2．（PC）虫害控制3．（OP）操作方法与个人规范4．（MS）食品安全方面的机修工作5．（CP）清洁工作6．（COM）评论-并非缺陷，大体上只是事实的陈述，不需要任何行动。

如果检查报告符合AIB标准中的代码定义的话，记录员还应当对每一个观察报告用以下代码表示：“严重”、“不满意”、或“需要提高”等等。

定义不满意食品安全风险迫近，计划失败，或偏离“良好的操作规范 GMP”严重重大潜在食品安全风险或计划失败风险需要改进潜在危险，局部计划遗漏或与“良好的操作规范GMP”不一致的食品安全问题。

如果这种危险，遗漏或问题不被纠正，可能导致计划失败。

必须按照AIB标准的要求应该按照AIB标准的推荐生产地带位于暴露的原材料、中间产品或原料、以及完工还未包装的食品成品、加工设备、和接触食品的设备表面的正上方的区域。

生产区域紧密靠近生产地带的区域AIB食品安全评分系统:评分程序应用检查工作结束以后，记录员应该将所有的检查报告编号，并把它们转换到（报告项目编号）AIB得分分析摘要表格（附录I）。

项目编号应该按照适当的类别进入摘要表格。

名为“严重”或者“不满意”的任一项目应该以相应的名称在分类盒中做好记录。

在每个类别中的有缺陷项的总数应该置于TBC栏中。

这样做对于记录员给每个类别评定一个正确的分数（不包括任何意见项）是必需的。

记录员和检查组成员应该重读一下检查报告，以确认已分派了正确的类别。

这个步骤使记录员和检查组得以用AIB标准中的准则分析检查报告，并将它们转化成为数字评分。

此后记录员应该按照下一节中指出的给定类别评分种类的范围，给每一个类别定一个分值。

该分值应当与每一类别中食品安全的最差项相关。

例如，检查记录可以指出某一风险将被划归为“不满意”项、“严重”项、“需要改进/潜在危险”、或者“较小改进”项。

项目总数和最差项的严重程度将决定该类别的分数是在各个类别分数范围的高端或是低端。

类别的分数包括在五个加分值内。

如果某一类别被定为“严重”或者“不满意”，那么给予该类别的分数应该在此范围内降低。

给予“健全的食品安全计划”这一类别的分数应当与其余四个类别记录在案的分析及报告中的评价准则、结果、以及观测报告的分值相一致。

这一点很重要，因为这将能使我们对检查中发现的导致缺陷产生的项目或实践作出客观分析。

工厂的检查结果总分等于所有类别分数之和。

类别评分种类下列范围描述符号可以用于给定类别分数需要较小改进，无潜在污染危险 180-200 需要作些改进，发现潜在危险 160-175 严重缺陷（见定义） 140-155 不满意的缺陷 < 140如果已经认定了一个不满意项，或者一项管理计划已被认定为不令人满意，又或者其中一个类别被打了一个140以下的低分，那么无论总分为多少，整个评分种类都将是“不满意”。

工厂评分种类按照下表中的数值范围，工厂将得到一个总分种类优秀 900-1000 良好 800-895 满意 700-795 不满意 < 700检查报告和矫正计划评分完毕，报告经讨论以后，应当实施一项减轻食品安全风险的计划。

该项计划应当不仅关注矫正有缺陷的项目，还应当关注改进管理系统工作，以防止有缺陷项目的再现。

公众承认按照AIB食品安全统一标准的准则和评分系统，每一个检查结果为“优秀”和“良好”的厂家将被颁发荣誉证书，以表彰他们的成就。

按照AIB准则和定级系统，成绩为“满意”的厂家将获得一份参与证书。

I．健全的食品安全计划A．必须明确指定一个或几个有能力的主管级人员，授以职责和职权，保证对联邦、州、政府的或其他适当的法律法规或方针政策的遵守，还应该包括一个有效的组织结构图。