英—中文对照翻译1
商务英语口语900句中英文对照中文翻译全文翻译
商务英语口语900句中英文对照中文翻译全文翻译Unit 1希望与要求Part 11. We’d like to express our desire to establish business relationship with you on the basis of quality， mutual benefit and exchange of needed goods 。
我们希望在保证质量、互惠互利以及交易彼此需要的货物的基础上和你们建立业务关系。
2 .In order to extend our export business to your country we wish to enter direct business relations with you.为了扩大我们在贵国的出口业务，我们希望和你们建立直接贸易关系。
3。
Our hope is to establish mutually beneficial trading relations between us 。
希望在我们之间能够建立互惠互利的贸易关系.4。
We looking forward to further extension of pleasant business relations。
我们期待进一步保持愉快的业务关系.5. It's our hope to continue with considerable business dealing with you。
我们的希望是和你们保持可观的生意往来。
6。
We look forward to receiving your quotation very soon。
我们期待尽快收到你们的报价单。
7。
I hope you see from the reduction that we are really doing our utmost。
我希望你能够看到我们事实上已经作出了最大程度的让价。
物联网工程中英文对照外文翻译文献
中英文对照外文翻译(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)Android: A Programmer’s Guide1 What Is Android1.1 Key Skills & Concepts● History of embedded device programming● Explanation of Open Handset Alliance● First look at the Android home screenIt can be said that, for a while, traditional desktop application developers have been spoiled. This is not to say that traditional desktop application development is easier than other forms of develop ment. However, as traditional desktop application developers, we have had the ability to create alm ost any kind of application we can imagine. I am including myself in this grouping because I got my start in desktop programming.One aspect that has made desktop programming more accessible is that we have had the ability to interact with the desktop operating system, and thus interact with any underlying hardware, pretty1freely (or at least with minimal exceptions). This kind of freedom to program independently, how ever, has never really been available to the small group of programmers who dared to venture int o the murky waters of cell phone development.NOTE ：I refer to two different kinds of developers in this discussion: traditional desktop applicati on developers, who work in almost any language and whose end product, applications, are built to run on any “desktop” operating system; and Android developers, J ava developers who develop for the Android platform. This is not for the purposes of saying one is by any means better or wors e than the other. Rather, the distinction is made for purposes of comparing the development styles and tools of desktop operating system environments to the mobile operating system environment1.2 Brief History of Embedded Device ProgrammingFor a long time, cell phone developers comprised a small sect of a slightly larger group of developers known as embedded device developers. Seen as a less “glamorous” sibling to desktop—and later web—development, embedded device development typically got the proverbial short end of the stick as far as hardware and operating system features, because embedded device manufacturers were notoriously stingy on feature support.Embedded device manufacturers typically needed to guard their hardware secrets closely, so they gave embedded device developers few libraries to call when trying to interact with a specific device. Embedded devices differ fro m desktops in that an embedded device is typically a “computer on a chip.” For example, consider your standard television remote control; it is not really seen as an overwhelming achievement of technological complexity. When any button is pressed, a chip interprets the signal in a way that has been programmed into the device. This allows the device to know what to expect from the input device (key pad), and how to respond to those commands (for example, turn on the television). This is a simple form of embedded device programming. However, believe it or not, simple devices such as these are definitely related to the roots of early cell phone devices and development.Most embedded devices ran (and in some cases still run) proprietary operating systems. The reason for choosing to create a proprietary operating system rather than use any consumer system was really a product of necessity. Simple devices did not need very robust and optimized operating systems.As a product of device evolution, many of the more complex embedded devices, such as early PDAs, household security systems, and GPSs, moved to somewhat standardized operating system platforms about five years ago. Small-footprint operating systems such as Linux, or even an embedded version of Microsoft Windows, have become more prevalent on many embedded devices. Around this time in device evolution, cell phones branched from other embedded devices onto their own path. This branching is evident whenyou examine their architecture.Nearly since their inception, cell phones have been fringe devices insofar as they run on proprietary software—software that is owned and controlled by the manufacturer, and is almost always considered to be a “closed” system. The practice of manufacturers using proprietary operating systems began more out of necessity than any other reason. That is, cell phone manufacturers typically used hardware that was completely developed in-house, or at least hardware that was specifically developed for the purposes of running cell phone equipment. As a result, there were no openly available, off-the-shelf software packages or solutions that would reliably interact with their hardware. Since the manufacturers also wanted to guard very closely their hardware trade secrets, some of which could be revealed by allowing access to the software level of the device, the common practice was, and in most cases still is, to use completely proprietary and closed software to run their devices. The downside to this is that anyone who wanted to develop applications for cell phones needed to have intimate knowledge of the proprietary environment within which it was to run. The solution was to purchase expensive development tools directly from the manufacturer. This isolated many of the “homebrew” develo pers.NOTE：A growing culture of homebrew developers has embraced cell phone application development. The term “homebrew” refers to the fact that these developers typically do not work for a cell phone development company and generally produce small, one-off products on their own time.Another, more compelling “necessity” that kept cell phone development out of the hands of theeveryday developer was the hardware manufacturers’ solution to the “memory versus need” dilemma. Until recently, cell phones did little more than execute and receive phone calls, track your contacts, and possiblysend and receive short text messages; not really the “Swiss army knives” of technology they are today.Even as late as 2002, cell phones with cameras were not commonly found in the hands of consumers.By 1997, small applications such as calculators and games (Tetris, for example) crept their way ontocell phones, but the overwhelming function was still that of a phone dialer itself. Cell phones had not yetbecome the multiuse, multifunction personal tools they are today. No one yet saw the need for Internetbrowsing, MP3 playing, or any of the multitudes of functions we are accustomed to using today. It ispossible that the cell phone manufacturers of 1997 did not fully perceive the need consumers would havefor an all-in-one device. However, even if the need was present, a lack of device memory and storagecapacity was an even bigger obstacle to overcome. More people may have wanted their devices to be all-in-one tools, but manufacturers still had to climb the memory hurdle.To put the problem simply, it takes memory to store and run applications on any device, cell phones included. Cell phones, as a device, until recently did not have the amount of memory available to them thatwould facilitate the inclusion of “extra” programs. Within the last two years, the price of memory hasreached very low levels. Device manufacturers now have the ability to include more memory at lowerprices. Many cell phones now have more standard memory than the average PC had in the mid-1990s. So,now that we have the need, and the memory, we can all jump in and develop cool applications for cellphones around the world, right? Not exactly.Device manufacturers still closely guard the operating systems that run on their devices. While a fewhave opened up to the point where they will allow some Java-based applications to run within a smallenvironment on the phone, many do not allow this. Even the systems that do allow some Java apps to rundo not allow the kind of access to the “core” system that standard desktop developers are accustomed to having.1.3 Open Handset Alliance and AndroidThis barrier to application development began to crumble in November of 2007 when Google, under theOpen Handset Alliance, released Android. The Open Handset Alliance is a group of hardware and softwaredevelopers, including Google, NTT DoCoMo, Sprint Nextel, and HTC, whose goal is to create a more opencell phone environment. The first product to be released under the alliance is the mobile device operatingsystem, Android.With the release of Android, Google made available a host of development tools and tutorials to aid would-be developers onto the new system. Help files, the platform software development kit (SDK), and even a developers’ community can be found at Google’s Android website, This site should be your starting point, and I highly encourage you to visit the site.NOTE ：Google, in promoting the new Android operating system, even went as far as to create a $10million contest looking for new and exciting Android applications.While cell phones running Linux, Windows, and even PalmOS are easy to find, as of this writing, nohardware platforms have been announced for Android to run on. HTC, LG Electronics, Motorola, andSamsung are members of the Open Handset Alliance, under which Android has been released, so we canonly hope that they have plans for a few Android-based devices in the near future. With its release inNovember 2007, the system itself is still in a software-only beta. This is good news for developers because it gives us a rare advance look at a future system and a chance to begin developing applications that willrun as soon as the hardware is released.NOTE：This strategy clearly gives the Open Handset Alliance a big advantage over other cell phone operating system developers, because there could be an uncountable number of applications available immediately for the first devices released to run Android.Introduction to AndroidAndroid, as a system, is a Java-based operating system that runs on the Linux 2.6 kernel. The system is very lightweight and full featured. Android applications are developed using Java and can be ported rather easily to the new platform. If you have not yet downloaded Java or are unsure about which version you need, I detail the installation of the development environment in Chapter 2. Other features of Android include an accelerated 3-D graphics engine (based on hardware support), database support powered by SQLite, and an integrated web browser.If you are familiar with Java programming or are an OOP developer of any sort, you are likely used to programmatic user interface (UI) development—that is, UI placement which is handled directly within the program code. Android, while recognizing and allowing for programmatic UI development, also supports the newer, XML-based UI layout. XML UI layout is a fairly new concept to the average desktop developer. I will cover both the XML UI layout and the programmatic UI development in the supporting chapters of this book.One of the more exciting and compelling features of Android is that, because of its architecture, third-partyapplications—including those that are “home grown”—are executed with the same system priority as those that are bundled with the core system. This is a major departure from most systems, which give embeddedsystem apps a greater execution priority than the thread priority available to apps created by third-partydevelopers. Also, each application is executed within its own thread using a very lightweight virtualmachine.Aside from the very generous SDK and the well-formed libraries that are available to us to develop with,the most exciting feature for Android developers is that we now have access to anything the operatingsystem has access to. In other words, if you want to create an application that dials the phone, you haveaccess to the phone’s dialer; if you want to create an application that utilizes the phone’s internal GPS (ifequipped), you have access to it. The potential for developers to create dynamic and intriguing applicationsis now wide open.On top of all the features that are available from the Android side of the equation, Google has thrown insome very tantalizing features of its own. Developers of Android applications will be able to tie their applications into existing Google offerings such as Google Maps and the omnipresent Google Search.Suppose you want to write an application that pulls up a Google map of where an incoming call isemanating from, or you want to be able to store common search results with your contacts; the doors ofpossibility have been flung wide open with Android.Chapter 2 begins your journey to Android development. You will learn the how’s and why’s of usingspecific development environments or integrated development environments (IDE), and you will downloadand install the Java IDE Eclipse.2 Application: Hello World2.1 Key Skills & Concepts● Creating new Android projects● Working with Views● Using a TextView● Modifying the main.xml file● Running applications on the Android EmulatorIn this chapter, you will be creating your first Android Activity. This chapter examines theapplication-building process from start to finish. I will show you how to create an Android project inEclipse, add code to the initial files, and run the finished application in the Android Emulator. The resultingapplication will be a fully functioning program running in an Android environment.Actually, as you move through this chapter, you will be creating more than one Android Activity.Computer programming tradition dictates that your first application be the typical Hello World! application,so in the first section you will create a standard Hello World! application with just a blank background andthe “Hello World!” text. Then, for the sake of enabling you to get to know the language better, the next section explains in detail the files automatically created by Android for your Hello World! application. You will create two iterations of this Activity, each using different techniques for displaying information to the screen. You will also create two different versions of a Hello World! application that will display an image that delivers the “Hello World!” message. This will give you a good introduction to the controls and inner workings of Android.NOTE：You will often see “application” and “Activity” used interchangeably. The difference between the two is that an application can be composed of multiple Activities, but one application must have at leastone Activity. Each “window” or screen of your application is a separate Activity. Therefore, if you create a fairly simple application with only one screen of data (like the Hello World! application in this chapter),that will be one Activity. In future chapters you will create applications with multiple Activities.To make sure that you get a good overall look at programming in Android, in Chapter 6 you will createboth of these applications in the Android SDK command-line environment for Microsoft Windows andLinux. In other words, this chapter covers the creation process in Eclipse, and Chapter 6 covers the creationprocess using the command-line tools. Therefore, before continuing, you should check that your Eclipseenvironment is correctly configured. Review the steps in Chapter 3 for setting the PATH statement for theAndroid SDK. You should also ensure that the JRE is correctly in your PATH statement.TIP：If you have configuration-related issues while attempting to work with any of the command-lineexamples, try referring to the configuration steps in Chapters 2 and 3; and look at the Android SDK documentation.2.2 Creating Your First Android Project in EclipseTo start your first Android project, open Eclipse. When you open Eclipse for the first time, it opens toan empty development environment (see Figure 5-1), which is where you want to begin. Your first task isto set up and name the workspace for your application. Choose File | New | Android Project, which willlaunch the New Android Project wizard.CAUTION Do not select Java Project from the New menu. While Android applications are written in Java, and you are doing all of your development in Java projects, this option will create a standard Java application. Selecting Android Project enables you to create Android-specific applications.If you do not see the option for Android Project, this indicates that the Android plugin for Eclipse was not fully or correctly installed. Review the procedure in Chapter 3 for installing the Android plugin for Eclipse to correct this.2.3 The New Android Project wizard creates two things for youA shell application that ties into the Android SDK, using the android.jar file, and ties the project intothe Android Emulator. This allows you to code using all of the Android libraries and packages, and alsolets you debug your applications in the proper environment.Your first shell files for the new project. These shell files contain some of the vital application blocksupon which you will be building your programs. In much the same way as creating a Microsoft .NETapplication in Visual Studio generates some Windows-created program code in your files, using the Android Project wizard in Eclipse generates your initial program files and some Android-created code. Inaddition, the New Android Project wizard contains a few options, shown next, that you must set to initiate your Android project. For the Project Name field, for purposes of this example, use the titleHelloWorldText. This name sufficiently distinguishes this Hello World! project from the others that youwill be creating in this chapter.In the Contents area, keep the default selections: the Create New Project inWorkspace radio button should be selected and the Use Default Location check box should be checked.This will allow Eclipse to create your project in your default workspace directory. The advantage ofkeeping the default options is that your projects are kept in a central location, which makes ordering,managing, and finding these projects quite easy. For example, if you are working in a Unix-basedenvironment, this path points to your $HOME directory.If you are working in a Microsoft Windows environment, the workspace path will beC:/Users/<username>/workspace, as shown in the previous illustration. However, for any number of reasons, you may want to uncheck the Use Default Location check box and select a different location for your project. One reason you may want to specify a different location here is simply if you want to choose a location for this specific project that is separate from other Android projects. For example, you may want to keep the projects that you create in this book in a different location from projects that you create in the future on your own. If so, simply override the Location option to specify your own custom location directory for this project.3 Application FundamentalsAndroid applications are written in the Java programming language. The compiled Java code — along with any data and resource files required by the application — is bundled by the aapt tool into an Androidpackage, an archive file marked by an .apk suffix. This file is the vehicle for distributing the application and installing it on mobile devices; it's the file users download to their devices. All the code in a single .apk file is considered to be one application.In many ways, each Android application lives in its own world:1. By default, every application runs in its own Linux process. Android starts the process when any of the application's code needs to be executed, and shuts down the process when it's no longer needed and system resources are required by other applications.2. Each process has its own virtual machine (VM), so application code runs in isolation from the code of all other applications.3. By default, each application is assigned a unique Linux user ID. Permissions are set so that the application's files are visible only to that user and only to the application itself — although there are ways to export them to other applications as well.It's possible to arrange for two applications to share the same user ID, in which case they will be able to see each other's files. To conserve system resources, applications with the same ID can also arrange to run in the same Linux process, sharing the same VM.3.1 Application ComponentsA central feature of Android is that one application can make use of elements of other applications (provided those applications permit it). For example, if your application needs to display a scrolling list of images and another application has developed a suitable scroller and made it available to others, you can call upon that scroller to do the work, rather than develop your own. Application have four types of components:(1)ActivitiesAn activity presents a visual user interface for one focused endeavor the user can undertake. For example, an activity might present a list of menu items users can choose from or it might display photographs along with their captions. A text messaging application might have one activity that shows a list of contacts to send messages to, a second activity to write the message to the chosen contact, and other activities to review old messages or change settings. Though they work together to form a cohesive user interface, each activity is independent of the others. Each one is implemented as a subclass of the Activity base class.An application might consist of just one activity or, like the text messaging application just mentioned, it may contain several. What the activities are, and how many there are depends, of course, on the application and its design. Typically, one of the activities is marked as the first one that should be presented to the user when the application is launched. Moving from one activity to another is accomplished by having the current activity start the next one.Each activity is given a default window to draw in. Typically, the window fills the screen, but it might be smaller than the screen and float on top of other windows. An activity can also make use of additional windows —— for example, a pop-up dialog that calls for a user response in the midst of the activity, or a windowswindow that presents users with vital information when they select a particular item on-screen.The visual content of the window is provided by a hierarchy of views — objects derived from the base View class. Each view controls a particular rectangular space within the window. Parent views contain and organize the layout of their children. Leaf views (those at the bottom of the hierarchy) draw in the rectangles they control and respond to user actions directed at that space. Thus, views are where the activity's interaction with the user takes place.For example, a view might display a small image and initiate an action when the user taps that image. Android has a number of ready-made views that you can use — including buttons, text fields, scroll bars, menu items, check boxes, and more.A view hierarchy is placed within an activity's window by the Activity.setContentView() method. The content view is the View object at the root of the hierarchy. (See the separate User Interface document for more information on views and the hierarchy.)(2)ServicesA service doesn't have a visual user interface, but rather runs in the background for an indefinite period of time. For example, a service might play background music as the user attends to other matters, or it might fetch data over the network or calculate something and provide the result to activities that need it. Each service extends the Service base class.A prime example is a media player playing songs from a play list. The player application would probably have one or more activities that allow the user to choose songs and start playing them. However, the musicplayback itself would not be handled by an activity because users will expect the music to keep playing even after they leave the player and begin something different. To keep the music going, the media player activity could start a service to run in the background. The system would then keep the music playback service running even after the activity that started it leaves the screen.It's possible to connect to (bind to) an ongoing service (and start the service if it's not already running). While connected, you can communicate with the service through an interface that the service exposes. For the music service, this interface might allow users to pause, rewind, stop, and restart the playback.Like activities and the other components, services run in the main thread of the application process. So that they won't block other components or the user interface, they often spawn another thread for time-consuming tasks (like music playback). See Processes and Threads, later.(3)Broadcast receiversA broadcast receiver is a component that does nothing but receive and react to broadcast announcements. Many broadcasts originate in system code — for example, announcements that the timezone has changed, that the battery is low, that a picture has been taken, or that the user changed a language preference. Applications can also initiate broadcasts — for example, to let other applications know that some data has been downloaded to the device and is available for them to use.An application can have any number of broadcast receivers to respond to any announcements it considers important. All receivers extend the BroadcastReceiver base class.Broadcast receivers do not display a user interface. However, they may start an activity in response to the information they receive, or they may use the NotificationManager to alert the user. Notifications can get the user's attention in various ways —— flashing the backlight, vibrating the device, playing a sound, and so the user's attention in various wayson. They typically place a persistent icon in the status bar, which users can open to get the message.(4)Content providersA content provider makes a specific set of the application's data available to other applications. The data can be stored in the file system, in an SQLite database, or in any other manner that makes sense. The content provider extends the ContentProvider base class to implement a standard set of methods that enable other applications to retrieve and store data of the type it controls. However, applications do not call these methods directly. Rather they use a ContentResolver object and call its methods instead. A ContentResolver can talk to any content provider; it cooperates with the provider to manage any interprocess communication that's involved.See the separate Content Providers document for more information on using content providers. Whenever there's a request that should be handled by a particular component, Android makes sure that the application process of the component is running, starting it if necessary, and that an appropriate instance of the component is available, creating the instance if necessary.3.2 Activating components: intentsContent providers are activated when they're targeted by a request from a ContentResolver. The other three components — activities, services, and broadcast receivers — are activated by asynchronous messages called intents. An intent is an Intent object that holds the content of the message. For activities and services, it names the action being requested and specifies the URI of the data to act on, among other things. For example, it might convey a request for an activity to present an image to the user or let the user edit some text. For broadcast receivers, theIntent object names the action being announced. For example, it might announce to interested parties that the camera button has been pressed.。
考试 英语翻译 中英文对照
英语翻译2013-6-5Unit1In1812napoleon bonaparte,emperor of the french led his grand army into russia.1812的法国皇帝拿破仑波拿巴，率领大军入侵俄罗斯。
He was prepared for the fierce resistance of the russian people defending their homeland.他准备好俄罗斯人民会为保卫祖国而奋勇抵抗。
He was prepared for the long march across russian soil to moscow the capital city.他准备好在俄罗斯广袤的国土上要经过长途跋涉才能进军首都莫斯科。
But he was not prepared for the devastaing enemy that met him in moscow the raw bitter,bleak russian winter.但他没有料到在莫斯科他会遭遇劲敌—俄罗斯阴冷凄苦的寒冬。
In1941,adolf hitler,leader of nazi germany,launched an attach against the soviet union,as russiaa then was called.1941年，纳粹德国元首阿道夫·希特勒进攻当时被称作苏联的俄罗斯。
Hitler's military might was unequaled.希特勒的军事实力堪称无敌。
His war machine had mowed down resistance in most of europe.他的战争机器扫除了欧洲绝大部分地区的抵抗。
Hitler expected a short campaign but,like napoleon before him,was taught a painful lesson.希特勒希望速战速决，但是，就像在他之前的拿破仑一样，他得到的是痛苦的教训。
常用单位的中英文对照翻译
精心整理常用单位的中英文对照翻译单位Unit.单位制systemofunits米meter(m)毫米millimeter(mm)英尺foot(ft)英寸inch(in)弧度radian(rad)度摄氏华氏巴bar克牛顿吨千磅平方米方毫米立方米升转／分焦（耳）千瓦伏（特）volt(V)安（培）ampere(A)欧（姆）ohm(Ω)（小）时hour(h)分minute(min)秒second(s)管道组成件专业英语(中英文对照)1管道组成件Pipingcomponent1.1管子Pipe管子(按照配管标准规格制造的)pipe管子(不按配管标准规格制造的其他用管)tube钢管steelpipe铸铁管castironpipe衬里管linedpipe复合管cladpipe碳钢管carbonsteelpipe合金钢管不锈钢轧制钢管锻铁管无缝钢管焊接钢管镀锌钢管塑料管玻璃管橡胶管直管1.2管件Fitting弯头elbow异径弯头reducingelbow带支座弯头baseelbowk半径弯头longradiuselbow短半径弯头shortradiuselbow长半径180°弯头longradiusreturn短半径180°弯头shortradiusreturn带侧向口的弯头（右向或左向）sideoutletelbow(righthandorlefthand) 双支管弯头（形）doublebranchelbow三通tee异径三通reducingtee等径三通straighttee带侧向口的三通（右向或左向）sideoutlettee(righthandor1efthand)异径三通（分支口为异径）reducingtee(reducingonoutlet)异径三通（一个直通口为异径）reducingtee(reducingononerun)带支座三通basetee异径三通（一个直通口及分支口为异径）reducingtee(reducingononerunandoutlet) 异径三通（两个直通口为异径，双头式）reducingtee(reducingonbothruns,bullhead)45Y四通等径四通异径四通异径管弯头支管台elbolet斜接支管台latrolet镶入式支管嘴sweepolet短管支管台nipolet支管台.插入式支管台boss管接头coupling,fullcoupling半管接头halfcoupling异径管接头reducingcoupling活接头union内外螺纹缩接（俗称补芯）bushing管帽cap(C)堵头plug短节nipple异径短节reducingnipple;swagenipple1.3弯管Bend预制弯管fabricatedpipebend跨越弯管（^形）cross-overbend偏置弯管（"形）offsetbend90°弯管quarterbend环形弯管单侧偏置S单侧偏置U双偏置U斜接弯管折皱弯管圆度1.4法兰钢管法兰螺纹法兰松套法兰对焊法兰法兰盖孔板法兰orificeflange异径法兰reducingflange盘座式法兰??padtypeflange松套带颈法兰loosehubbedflange焊接板式法兰??weldingplateflange对焊环weldingneckcollar（与stubend相似）平焊环welding-oncollar突缘短节stubend,lap翻边端lappedpipeend松套板式法兰looseplateflange压力级pressurerating,pressureratingclass压力—温度等级pressure-temperaturerating法兰密封面，法兰面flangefacing突面raisedface(RF)凸面maleface(MF)凹面femaleface(FMF)榫面tongueface槽面grooveface环连接面ringjointface全平面.光滑突面粗糙度光滑的齿形均方根配对法兰螺栓圆1.5垫片平垫片无石墨压缩白石棉垫片nongraphitedcompressedwhiteasbestosgasket天然白橡胶垫片naturalwhiterubbergasket压缩石棉垫片compressedasbestosclassgasket浸聚四氟乙烯的石棉垫片PTFEimpregnatedasbestosgasket夹石棉的缠绕金属垫片spiral-woundmetalgasketwithasbestosfiller内环innerring外环，外定位环outerring波纹金属垫片corrugatedmetalgasket波纹金属包嵌石棉垫片corrugatedmetalgasketwithasbestosinserted双夹套波纹金属包石棉垫片corrugatedmetaldoublejacketedasbestosfilledgasket双夹套垫片doublejacketedgasket金属包石棉平垫片flatmetaljacketedasbestosfilledgasket 整体金属齿形垫片solidmetalserratedgasket槽形金属垫片groovedmetalgasket环形连接金属垫片ringjointmetalgasket八角环形垫片octagonalringgasket椭圆环形垫片ovalringgasket透镜式垫片lensgasket非金属垫片non-metallicgasket1.6阀门1.6.1阀轭阀杆内螺纹阀轭套阀杆环阀座阀盘阀体阀盖阀盖衬套螺纹阀帽螺纹阀盖screwbonnet螺栓连接的阀盖boltedbonnet(BB)活接阀盖（帽）unionbonnet(cap)螺栓连接的阀帽boltedcap(BC)焊接阀盖weldedbonnet(WB)本体阀杆密封bodystemseal石棉安全密封asbestosemenenseal倒密封backseal压力密封的阀盖pressure-tightbonnet动力操纵器poweredoperator电动操纵器electricmotoroperator气动操纵器pneumaticoperator液压操纵器hydraulicoperator快速操纵器quick-actingoperator滑动阀杆slidingstem正齿轮传动spurgearoperated伞齿轮传动bevelgearoperated扳手操作wrenchoperated链轮chainwheel手轮手柄等径孔道异径孔道短型笼式环压盖阀杆填料阀盖垫片指示器/注油器1.6.2(1）闸阀平行双闸板doublediscparallelseat 开口楔形闸板splitwedge挠性整体楔形闸扳flexiblesolidwedge 整体楔形闸板solidwedge塞型闸阀pluggatevalve直通型闸阀throughconduitgatevalve (2)截止阀globevalve球心型阀盘globetypedisc塞型阀盘plugtypedisc可转动的阀盘swiveldisc(3)节流闪阀throttlevalve针阀needlevalve(4)角阀anglevalve(5)Y型阀（Y型阀体截止阀）Y-valve(Y-bodyglobevalve)(6)球阀ballvalve三通球阀3-wayballvalve装有底轴的trunnionmounted耐火型firesafetype浮动球型floatingballtype(7)蝶阀凸耳式8)柱塞阀(9)旋塞衬套旋塞(10)(11)(12)升降式止回阀liftcheckvalve旋启式止回阀swingcheckvalve,flapcheckvalve落球式止回阀ballcheckvalve弹簧球式止回阀springballcheckvalve双板对夹式止回阀dualplatewafertypecheckvalve无撞击声止回阀non-slamcheekvalve底阀footvalve切断式止回阀stopcheckvalve;non-returnvalve活塞式止回阀pistoncheckvalve斜翻盘止回阀tiltingdisccheckvalve蝶式止回阀butterflycheckvalve1.6.3其它用途的阀安全泄气阀safetyvalve(SV)安全泄液阀reliefvalve(RV)安全泄压阀safetyreliefvalve杠杆重锤式leverandweighttype引导阀操纵的安全泄气阀pilotoperatedsafetyvalve 复式安全泄气阀twintypesafetyvalve罐底排污阀flush-bottomtankvalve电磁阀电动阀气动阀低温用阀盖阀flatvalve换向阀divertingvalve,reversingvalve热膨胀阀thermoexpansionvalve自动关闭阀self-closinggatevalve自动排液阀self-drainingvalve管道盲板阀line-blindvalve挤压阀squeezevalve（用于泥浆及粉尘等）呼吸阀breathervalve风门、挡板damper减压阀pressurereducingvalve,reducingvalve控制阀controlvalve膜式控制阀diaphragmoperatedcontrolvalve执行机构actuator背压调节阀backpressureregulatingvalve差压调节阀differentialpressureregulatingvalve 压力比例调节阀pressureratioregulatingvalve 1.6.4未指明结构（或阀型）的阀切断阀blockvalve;shut-offvalve;stopvalve调节阀regulatingvalve快开阀快闭阀隔断阀三通阀夹套阔排污阀排液阀放空阀卸载阀排出阀吸入阀多通路阀取样阀手动阀锻造阀铸造阀抽出液阀（小阀）bleedvalve旁路阀by-passvalve软管阀hosevalve混合阀mixingvalve破真空阀vacuumbreaker冲洗阀flushvalve第一道阀；根部阀primaryvalve根部阀rootvalve总管阀headervalve事故切断阀emergencyvalve1.7管道特殊件PipingSpecialty1.7.1管道特殊件（组件）粗滤器strainer过滤器filter临时粗滤器（锥型）temporarystrainer(conetype)y型粗滤器y-typestrainerT型粗滤器T-typestrainer永久过滤器permanentfilter丝网粗滤器gauzestrainer视镜阻火器消声器膨胀节单波双波多波单向滑动填料函补偿器singleactionpackedslipjoint 1.7.2管道特殊元件PipingSpecialElement软管接头hoseconnection(HC)快速接头quickcoupling金属软管metalhose橡胶管rubberhose挠性管flexibletube鞍形补强板reinforcingsaddles补强板reinforcementpad漏斗funnel排液环dripring排液漏斗drainfunnel插板blank垫环spacer8字盲板spectacleblind;figure8blind限流孔板restrictionorifice爆破片rupturedisk法兰盖贴面protectivedisc1.8法兰端坡口端对焊端平端承插焊端螺纹端承口焊接端环垫接头万向接头搭接接头，松套连接lappedjoint外侧厚度切斜角bevelforoutsidethickncss内侧厚度切斜角bevelforinsidethickness内外侧厚度切斜角bevelforcombinedthickness 法兰式的flanged(FLGD)对焊的buttwelded(BW)螺纹的threaded(THD)承插焊的socketwelded(SW)小端为平的smallendplain(SEP)两端平bothendsplain(BEP)小端带螺纹smallendthread(SET)大端带螺纹largeendthread(LET)两端带螺纹bothendthread(BET)一端带螺纹oneendthread(OET)支管连接branchconnection焊接支管branchpipeweldeddirectlytotherunpipe 常用的颜色英语单词（中英文对照）黑色black炭黑暗黑漆黑白色象牙白牡蛎白珍珠白玉石白银白羊毛白乳白米白雪白灰白纯白本白粉红白浅紫白灰色银灰色silvergrey炭灰色charcoalgrey烟灰smokygrey雾灰mistygrey黑灰greyblack金色gold银色silver青古铜色bronze;bronzy卡其色khaki奶油色cream豆沙色cameobrown水晶色crystal荧光色iridescent彩虹色iris;rainbow棕色brown茶褐umber;auburn淡褐lightbrown咖啡一.红色朱红粉红梅红玫瑰红桃红樱桃红桔红石榴红garnet枣红purplishred;jujubered;datered 莲红lotusred浅莲红fuchsiapink豉豆红beanred辣椒红capsicumred高粱红Kaoliangred芙蓉红hibiscusred;poppyred;poppy胭脂红rogueredcarmine;cochineal;lake 鲑鱼红salmon玳瑁红海螺红宝石红玛瑙红珊瑚红金红铁红铁锈红镉红铬红chromered砖红brickred土红laterite;reddle郎窑红lang-kilnred均红Jun-kilnred釉底红underglazered威尼斯红Venetianred法国红Frenchvermilion茜红alizarinred;madderred洋红carmine;magenta品红猩红油红紫红玫瑰紫红深紫红深藕红棕红暗红darkred;dullred鲜红scarletred;scarlet;brightred;freshred;bloodred; madder;ruby;cerise;cherry血红bloodred;incarnadine血牙红shellpink;peachbeige绯红scarlet;crimson;geraniumpink米红silverpink深红deepred;crimson淡红lightred;carnation二.橙色类橙色三.黄色桔黄深桔黄,浅桔黄,柠檬黄玉米黄橄榄黄樱草黄primroseyellow稻草黄strawyellow芥末黄mustard杏黄apricot;apricotbuff;bronzeyellow 蛋黄vitelline;yolkyellow;eggyellow藤黄rattanyellow鳝鱼黄eelyellow象牙黄ivory日光黄sunnyyellow石黄mineralyellow土黄apricot砂黄金黄铁黄镉黄铬黄钴黄深黄,棕黄tan青黄bluishyellow灰黄isabelsallowgreyyellow 米黄apricotcreamcream嫩黄yellowcream鲜黄cadmiumyellowcanary鹅黄lightyellow中黄midiumyellow浅黄lightyellow;paleyellow;buff淡黄jasmin(e);primrose四.绿色豆绿浅豆绿橄榄绿茶绿葱绿苹果绿原野绿森林绿forestgreen洋蓟绿artichokegreen苔藓绿mossgreenbrackengreen草地绿,草绿grassgreenmeadowgreenolivergreen olivedrab水草绿watergrassgreen深草绿junglegreen灰湖绿agategreen水绿aquagreen海水绿marinegreen酸性绿水晶绿玉绿石绿松石绿铜绿铜锈绿镉绿铬绿钴绿cobaltgreen孔雀绿peacockgreen威尼斯绿Venetiangreen巴黎绿Parisgreenking'sgreen墨绿blackishgreengreenblack;jasper;darkgreendeepgreen墨玉绿emeraldblack深绿darkgreenpetrol;Chinesegreen;bottlegreen 暗绿sapgreendarkgreendeepgreen青绿darkgreen碧绿翠绿深翠绿蓝绿黄绿灰绿褐绿品绿lightgreenmalachitegreen鲜绿cleargreen;emeraldgreenvividgreen嫩绿pomonagreenverdancy中绿mediumgreen;golfgreen浅绿lightgreen淡绿palegreen五.青色类青色ceruleanbluebluegreen豆青peagreen;beangreen花青flowerblue茶青葱青天青霁青石青铁青蟹青鳝鱼青蛋青影青mistyblue;whiteblue黛青bluish群青,伟青ultramarine暗青darkblue;deepcerulean藏青navyblue;darkblue;Mingblue靛青indigo大青smalt粉青lightgreenishblue鲜青clearcerulean浅青lightblue;lightcerulean淡青六.蓝色天蓝蔚蓝月光蓝海洋蓝海蓝湖蓝acidblue深湖蓝vividblue中湖蓝brightblue浅湖蓝canalblue清水蓝waterblue冰雪蓝ice-snowblue孔雀蓝peacockblue宝石蓝sapphire;jewelry粉末蓝powderblue铁蓝ironblue钴蓝普鲁士蓝北京蓝士林蓝品蓝靛蓝菘蓝石磨蓝藏蓝海军蓝navyblue;navy宝蓝royalblue墨蓝blueblack绿蓝turquoiseblue紫蓝hyacinth;purplishblue浅紫蓝Dutchblue青蓝ultramarine深灰蓝blueashes深蓝deepblue;darkbluenavybluemandarinblue Antwerpbluemazarinesmaltultramarine暗蓝鲜蓝中蓝浅蓝淡蓝七.紫色紫罗兰色紫藤色紫水晶色amethyst葡萄紫grape茄皮紫aubergine;wineberry玫瑰紫roseviolet丁香紫lilac钴紫cobaltviolet墨紫violetblack绛紫darkreddishpurple暗紫violetdeep;dullpurple;damson 乌紫raisin蓝紫鲜紫深紫浅紫淡紫淡白紫青莲深青莲雪青墨绛红purpleblack暗绛红purpledeep浅绛红purplelight表面处理和热处理词汇agehardening||时效硬化airhardening||气体硬化airpatenting||空气韧化annealing||退火anodeeffect||阳极效应bonderizing||磷酸盐皮膜处理boxannealing||箱型退火boxcarburizing||封箱渗碳brightelectroplating||辉面电镀bypassheattreatment||旁路热处理carbide||炭化物carburizedcasedepth||浸碳硬化深层carburizing||渗碳decarburization||脱碳处理decarburizing||脱碳退火depthofhardening||硬化深层diffusion||扩散electrolytichardening||电解淬火embossing||压花etching||表面蚀刻ferrite||肥粒铁hardenabilitycurve||硬化性曲线hardening||硬化heattreatment||热处理hotbathquenching||热浴淬火hotdipping||热浸镀inductionhardening||高周波硬化ioncarbonitriding||离子渗碳氮化ioncarburizing||离子渗碳处理ionplating||离子电镀isothermalannealing||等温退火normalizing||正常化oilquenching||油淬化overageing||过老化overheating||过热pearlite||针尖组织phosphating||磷酸盐皮膜处理physicalvapordeposition||物理蒸镀plasmanitriding||离子氮化pre－annealing||预备退火precipitation||析出recrystallization||再结晶redshortness||红热脆性residualstress||残留应力retainedaustenite||残留奥rustprevention||防蚀saltbathquenching||盐浴淬火sandblast||喷砂处理seasoning||时效处理secondstageannealing||第二段退火seculardistortion||经年变形stabilizingtreatment||安定化处理straighteningannealing||矫直退火strainageing||应变老化stressrelievingannealing||应力消除退火subzerotreatment||生冷处理supercooling||过冷surfacehardening||表面硬化处理temperbrittleness||回火脆性tempercolour||回火颜色vacuumcarburizing||真空渗碳处理vacuumhardening||真空淬火vacuumheattreatment||真空热处理vacuumnitriding||真空氮化waterquenching||水淬火wetout||浸润处理个人简历常用词汇个人品质able有才干的，能干的adaptable适应性强的active主动的，活跃的aggressive有进取心的ambitious有雄心壮志的amiable和蔼可亲的amicable友好的analytical善于分析的carefuldutifulfrankgenteelhumorouslogicalmodestpreciserealistic实事求是的responsible负责的sensible明白事理的sporting光明正大的steady踏实的systematic有系统的purposeful意志坚强的sweet-tempered性情温和的temperate稳健的tireless孜孜不倦的-----------------------------------教育程度。
专八英译汉段落翻译完整版_中英文对照
1
我的第一份工作
当我十二岁时我永远地离开了学校,同时得到了我的第一份全职工作,作为一个食品杂货商的男孩。我每天都在搬沉重的货物,不过干得倒也挺带劲。要不是我能干重活，我早就给辞退了，因为老板要我毕恭毕敬的给那些上等人说话，这样干，我实在受不了。
种观念与思想，而不是依随那一直以来的相反方向去解释这些观念与
思想。
3
For my sons there is of course the rural bounty of fresh-grown vegetables, line-caught fish and the shared riches of neighbors’’ orchards
但是有一个星期二，到了我的忍耐极限----这是我歇半天的假日。那一天，在我回家的路上,我又像往常一样，替老捎了一大篮子吃的东西，给他的嫂子送去。因为顺路，我也从没说过不乐意。
然而,在这个特别的星期二，就在我们正关门的时候, 一大批的
他打开火腿包，拿出一只，熏火腿送到了商店。“等一下,”老板说,开始剔骨头，然后 Nhomakorabea绳子绑起来。
入:比如汽油价格上涨，开发商把眼睛盯住尚未开发的农田;那里充
斥着凶残和偏狭，大城市的种种卑劣行径，小地方也一应俱全。不仅
如此，当人们无法自欺欺人地硬把那些丑恶现象想象成只是小地方的
一小部分或将它们解释为异乡人的为所欲为，而又不得不承认这一切
是我们的一部分时，就更难以忽视它们。
4
In addition, one class of family reasons shares a border with the following category, namely, having children in order to maintain or improve a marriage: to hold the husband or occupy the wife; to repair or rejuvenate the marriage; to increase the number of children on the assumption that family happiness lies that way. The point is underlined by its converse: in some societies the failure to bear children (or males) is a threat to the marriage and a ready cause for divorce.
科技英语中英文对照翻译
mobile and cellular radio移动和细胞广播in comparison to the relative stability and modest technical developments which are occurring in long haul wideband microwave communication systems there is rapid development and expanding deployment of new mobile personal communication system. These rang from wide coverage area pagers,for simple data message transmission,which employ common standards and hence achieve contiguous coverage over large geographical areas,such as all the major urban centres and transport routes in Europe,Asia or the continental USA.This chapter discusses the special channel characteristics of mobile systems and examines the typical cellular clusters adopted to achieve continuous communication with the mobile user.It then highlights the important properties of current,and emerging,TDMA and code division multiple access(CDMA), mobile digital cellular communication systems.Private mobile radioTerrestrial mobile radio works best at around 250 MHz as lower frequencies than this suffer from noise and interference while higher frequencies experience multipath propagation from buildings,etc,section 15.2.In practice modest frequency bands are allocated between 60MHz and 2GHz. Private mobile radio(PMR) is the system which is used by taxi companies,county councils,health authorities,ambulance services,fire services,the utility industries,etc,for mobile communications.PMR has three spectral at VHF,one just below the 88 to 108 MHz FM broadcast band and one just above this band with another allocation at approximately 170MHz.There are also two allocations at UHF around 450MHz. all these spectral allocations provide a total of just over 1000 radio channels with the channels placed at 12KHz channel spacings or centre frequency offsets. Within the 12khz wide channal the analogue modulation in PMR typically allows 7khz of bandwidth for the signal transmission.when further allowance is made for the frequency drift in the oscillators of these systems a peak deviation of only 2 to 3 khz is available for the speech traffic. Traffic is normally impressed on these systems by amplitude modulation or frequency modulation and again the receiver is of the ubiquitous superheterodyne design,Figure 1.4. A double conversion receiver with two separate local oscillator stages is usually required to achieve the required gain and rejection of adjacent channel signals.One of the problems with PMR receiver is that they are requiredto detect very small signals,typically—120dBm at the antenna output,corresponding to 0.2 uV,and,after demodulating this signal,produce ann output with perhaps 1W of audio equipment, the first IF is normally at10.7MHz and the second IF is very orten at 455KHz . unfortunately,with just over 1000 available channels for the whole of the UK and between 20000and30000issued licences for these systems,it is inevitable that the average busuness user will have to share the allocated channel with other companies in their same geographical area.There are various modes of operation for mobile radio communications networks, the simplest of which is singal frequency simplex. In simplex communication, traffic is broadcast, or one way. PMR uses half duplex(see later Table 15.3) where, at the end of each transmission period, there is a handover of the single channel to the user previously receiving, in order to permit them to reply over the same channel. This is efficient in that it requires only one frequency allocation for the communication link but it has the disadvantage that all units canhear all transmissions provided they are within rage of the mobile and frequencies are allocated for the transmissions. One frequency is used for the forward or downlink, namely base-to-mobile communications. This permits simultaneous two-way communication and greatly reduces the level of interference, but it halves other’s transmissions, which can lead to contention with two mobiles attempting to initiate a call, at the same time, on the uplink in a busy syetem.Although PMR employs relatively simple techniques with analogue speech transmission there have been many enhancements to these systems over the years . Data transmission is now in widespread use in PMR systems using FSK modulation. Data transmission also allows the possibility of hard copy graphics output and it gives direct access to computer services such as databases, etc. Data prembles can also be used, in a selective calling mode, when initiating a transmission to address a special receiver and thus obtain more privacy within the system.15.4.5 Trunked radio for paramilitary use集群无线电的军事使用Another related TDMA mobile radio standard is the European trunked radio(TETRA)network which has been developed as part of the public safety radio communications service(PSRCS) for use by police, utilities, customs office, etc. TETRA in fact is part of wider international collaborations for paramilitary radio use.In these portable radios there is a need for frequency hopping (FH) to give an antieavesdropping capability and encryption for security of transmission to extend military mobile radio capabilities to paramilitary use, i.e. for police, customs and excise offices, etc. these capabilities are included in the multiband interteam radio for the associated public safety communications office in the USA while Europe has adopted the TETRA standard.TETRA is essentially the digital TDMA replacement of the analogue PMR systems. The TETRA standard has spectrum allocations of 380 to 400 and 410 to 430MHz, with the lower band used for mobile transmissions and the upper band for base station use. TETRA mobile have 1 W output power and the base stations 25 W using error with the data throughput rate varying, to meet the required quality of service. TETRA can accommodate up to four users each with a basic speech or data rate of 7.2kbit/s. with coding and signaling overheads, the final transmission rate for the four-user slot is 36 kbit/s. this equipment is large and more sophisticated than a commercial cell phone, and it sells for a very much higher price becase the production runs are much small. However, its advanced capabilities are essential for achieving paramilitary communications which are secure from eavesdropping.15.5 Code division multiple accessAnalogue communication systems predominantly adopt frequency division multiple access (FDMA), where each subscriber is allocated a narrow frequency slot within the available channel. The alternative TDMA(GSM) technique allocates the entire channel bandwidth to a subscriber but constrains the subscriber but constrains the subscriber to transmit only regular short bursts of wideband signal. Both these accessing techniques are well established for long haulterrestrial, satellite and mobile communications as they offer very good utilization of the available bandwidth.15.5.1The inflexibility of these coordinated accessing techniques has resulted in the development of new systems based on the uncoordinated spread spectrum concept. In these systems the bits of slow speed data traffic from each subscriber are deliberately multiplied by a high chip rate spreading code, forcing the low rate (narrowband data signal) to fill a wide channel bandwidth.15.7.2 3G systemsThe evolution of the third generation (3G)system began when the ITU produce the initial recommendations for a new universal mobile telecommunications system(UMTS)[www.] The 3G mobile radio service provides higher data rate services ,with a maximum data rate in excess of 2Mbit/s, but the achievable bit rate is linked to mobility. Multimedia applications encompass services such as voice, audio/video, graphics, data, Internet access and e-mail. These packet and circuit switched services have to be supported by the radio interface and the network subsystem.Several radio transmission technologies(RTT) were evaluated by the ITU and adopted into the new standard, IMT-2000. the European standardization body for 3G, the ETSI Special Mobile Group, agreed on a radio access scheme for 3G UMTS universal terrestrial radio access(UTRA) as an evolution of GSM. UTRA consists of two modes : frequency division duplex(FDD) where the uplink and downlink are transmitted on different frequencies; and time division duplex(TDD) where the uplink and downlink are time multiplexed onto the same carrier frequency. The agreement assigned the unpaired bands (i.e. for UTRA TDD ). TD-CDMA is a pure CDMA based system. Both modes of UTRA have been harmonised with respect to basic system parameters such as carrier spacing, chip rate and frame length to ensure the interworking of UTRA with GSM.The 3G proposal were predominantly based wideband CDMA(WCDMA) and a mix of FDD and TDD access techniques. WCDMA is favoured for 3G in poor propagation environments with a mix of high modest speed data traffic. It is generally accepted that CDMA is the preferred accesstechnique and, with the increase in the data rate, then the spreading modulation needs to increase to wideband transmission.WCDMA is based on 3.84Mchip/s spreading codes with spreading ratio, i.e. , K values, of 4-256 giving corresponging data ratas of 960-15 kbit/s. the upper FDD uplink band I from 1920-1980 MHz is paired with a 2110-2170 MHz downlink. In addition uplink bands II & III at 1850-1910 MHz and 1710-1785 MHz are also paired, respectively, with 1930-1990 MHz and 1805-1880 MHz allocations. the system is configured on a 10 ms frame with 15 individual slots to facilitate TDD as well as FDD transmissions. TDD is more flexible as time-slots can be dynamically reassigned to uplink and downlink functions, as required for asymmetric transfer of large files or video on demand traffic. 3G WCDMA systems use an adaptive multirate speech coder with encoded rates of 4.75-12.2 kbit/s. receivers commonly use the easily integrated direct conversion design, in place of the superheterodyne design . receiver sensitivities are typically -155dBm.The 3GPP2 standard aims to achieve a wide area mobile wireless packet switched capability with CDMA2000 1×EV DO revision A (sometimes called IS-856A). Here 1×refers to the single carrier 1.25 Mchip/s system. It achieves a 3.1 Mbit/s downlink and a delay sensitive services. The 3GPP standard has gone through many release with R4 in 2001 which introduced packet data services and R6 in 2005 to further increase the available data transmission rate . R6 pioneers the use of high-speed downlink packet access and multimedia broadcast multicast services which offer reduced delays and increased uplink data rates approaching 6 Mbit/s.In parallel with the European activities extensive work on 3G mobile radio was also performed in Japan. The Japanese standardisation body also chose WCDMA, so that the Japanese and European proposals for the FDD mode were already aligned closely. Very similar concepts have also been adopted by the North American standardization body.In order to work towards a global 3G mobile radio standard, the third generation partnership project(3GPP), consisting of members of the standardization bodies in Europe, the USA, Japan, Korea and China, was formed. It has merged the already well harmonized proposals of the regional standardization bodies to work on a common 3G international mobile radio standard, still called UTRA. The 3GPP Project 2(3GPP2), on the other hand, works towards a 3G mobile radio standard based on cdmaOne/IS-95 evolution, originally called CDMA2000.比起相对稳定、适度的技术发展是发生在宽带微波通信系统,有长期快速发展和扩大部署的新的移动个人通讯系统。
贸易英语—术语例句中英文对照
我的英语翻译—贸易英语—术语例句中英文对照1.TradeTerms贸易术语2.Departure启运3.EXW(ExWorks)工厂交货4.Maincarriageunpaid主要运费未付5.FCA(FreeCarrier)货交承运人6.FAS(FreealongsideShip)装运港船边交货7.FOB(FreeonBoard)装运港船上交货8.Maincarriagepaid主要运费已付9.CFR(Costandfreight)成本加运费10.CIF(CostInsuranceandFreight)成本、保险费的运费11.CPT（CarriagePaidTo）运费付至目的地12.CIP（CarriageandInsurancePaidTo）运费、保险费付至目的地13.Arrival抵达14.DAF（DeliveredAtFrontier）边境交货15.DES（DeliveredExShip）目的港船上交货16.DEQ（DeliveredExQuay）目的港码头交货17.DDU（DeliveredDutyUnpaid）未完税交货18.DDP（DeliveredDutyPaid）完税后交货19.FIO（Freeinandout）船方不负担装卸费20.FI（Freein）船方不负担装货费21.FO（Freeout）船方不负担卸货费22.GrossTerm船方负担装卸费23.ExclusiveSales包销24.Agency代理25.Agent代理人26.Principal本人27.Authorization授权28.GeneralAgency总代理29.ExclusiveAgency或SoleAgency独家代理missionAgency佣金代理31.Consignment寄售32.InvitationtoTender招标33.ToSubmitTender投标34.InernationalCompetitiveBidding，ICB国际竞争性招标35.OpenBidding公开招标36.SelectedBidding选择性招标37.NegotiatedBidding谈判招标38.Two—stageBidding两段招标39.AnnouncementofTender发布招标公告40.BiddingDocuments编制招标文件41.Auction拍卖42.Auctioneer拍卖商43.Bidder竞买者44.DutchAuction荷兰式拍卖45.SealedBids;ClosedBids密封递价46.FuturesTransaction期货交易47.SellingHedging卖期保值48.BuyingHedging买期保值49.CounterTrade对销贸易pensationAgreement补偿协定pensationSystem补偿制52.ProductsBuyback产品回购53.TradeonCompensatoryBasis补偿基础上的贸易54.CounterTrade对销贸易55.Barter易货56.CounterPurchase互购57.Productionsharing产品分成58.Switch转手贸易59.Switcher转手商60.additionalvalue附加价值ofCommodity商品名称62.QualityasperSeller'sSample质量已卖方样品为准63.QualityasperBuyer'sSample质量已买方样品为准64.CounterSample对等样品65.ConfirmationSample确认样品66.Description说明67.FairAverageQuality良好平均品质68.qualitytobeconsiderdeandbeingaboutequaltothesample交货品质和样品大体相符69.condition要件70.Ounce盎司71.Carat克拉72.Gross箩73.Ream令74.Roll、Coil、Reel卷75.Length长度76.Area面积77.Volume体积78.Capacity容积79.Grossweight毛重Weight净重81.ActualTare或RealTare实际皮重82.AverageTare平均皮重83.StandardWeight标准皮重84.CustomaryTare习惯皮重putedTare约定皮重86.ConditionedWeight公量87.LegalWeight法定重量Weight实物净重89.Eachdozeninacardboardboxand20dozensinacarton 纸箱装，每箱20打，每打装一盒90.FlexibleContainer集装包91.Pallet托盘92.Container集装箱93.PriceAdjustmentclause价格调整条款missionRate佣金率95.PriceIncludingCommission含佣金96.ChinaPorts中国港口97.WeatherWorkingDaysof24ConsecutiveHours连续24小时晴天工作日98.CustomaryQuickDespatch习惯快速装卸99.FreefromParticularAverage（FPA）平安险100.WithParticularAverage（WA或WRA）水渍险101.ALLRisks一切险102.Theft，Pilferage&Nondelivery，TPND偷窃提货不着险103.Freshand/orRainWaterDamageRisks，FRWD淡水雨淋险104.RiskofLeakage渗漏险105.RiskofShortageinWeight短量险106.HookDamage钩损险107.RiskofContamination污染险108.RiskofClashingor Break age碰损破碎险109.RiskofOdor串未险110.DamagecausedbySweatingand/orHeating受潮受热险111.Lossand/orDamagecausedby Break ageofPacking包装破裂险112.RiskofRusting锈损险113.WarRisks战争险114.StrikeRisk罢工险115.FailuretoDeliver交货不到险116.ImportDuty进出口关税险117.onDeck舱面险118.Rejection拒收险119.Aflatoxin黄曲霉素险120.WarehousetoWarehouseClause仓至仓条款121.InsurancetobeeffectedbytheBuyer保险由买方办理122.Cashwithorder订货时付现123.DocumentsagainstPayment（D/P）付款交单124.TrustReceipt信托收据125.DocumentsagainstAcceptance（D/A）乘兑交单126.RevocableL/C127.RevocableL/C可撤销信用证128.Confirmed保兑129.ReciprocalCredit对开信用证130.BacktoBackL/C对背信用证131.Stand-byL/C备用信用证132.InspectionCertificate检验证明书133.QualityCertificate品质证明书134.CertificateofAnalysis分析证明书135.WeightCertificate重量证明书136.SanitaryCertificate卫生证明书137.VeterinaryCertificate兽医证明书138.PlantQuarantineCertificate植物检疫证明书139.Inquiry询盘140.Offer发盘141.Counteroffer还盘142.firmcounter-offer还实盘143.Acceptance接受144.BillofExchange，Draft汇票145.Invoice发票mercialInvoice商业发票147.CashDiscount现金折扣148.TradeDiscount贸易折扣149.OptionalCharges选港费150.PortCongestionCharges港口拥挤费151.CertifiedInvoice证实发票152.ReceiptofInvoice收妥发票153.Manufacturer'sInvoice厂商发票154.BillofLading提单155.Consignee提单的收货人156.FreightPrepaid运费已付157.FreighttoCollect运费到付158.InsurancePolicy保险单159.CertificateofOrigin产地证明书160.GeneralizedSystemofPreferencesDocuments普绘制单据161.GSPCertificateoforiginFormA表格A产地证162.CertificateofOriginofTextileProducts纺织品产地证163.ExportLicenceofTextileProducts纺织品出口许可证164.CertificateinregardtoHandlooms,TextileHandcraftsandTraditionalTextileProduc tsoftheCottageIndustry手工制纺织品产地证165.SpunSilkHaboiai绢丝纺166.ShipmentCertificateofTextileProducts纺织品装船证明167.PackingListandWeightMemo装箱单和重量单168.BreachofContract违约169.BreachofCondition违反要件170.BreachofWarranty违反担保171.InnominateTerm无名条款172.MinorBreachofConntract轻微的违约173.MaterialBreachofContract重大的违约174.FundamentalBreachofContract根本性违约175.Non——fundamentalBreachofContract非根本性违约176.Remedies救济方法177.NorminalDamages损害赔偿178.Delivery交货179.Don—delivery不交货180.AcceptanceofGoods接受货物181.ReceiptofGoods收下货物182.Insolvency无力偿付183.Lien留置权184.StoppageinTransit停运权185.theRighttoReselltheGoods转售货物的权利186.WithholdDeliveryoftheGoods扣交货物187.StopDeliveryoftheGoods停止运交货物188.TheHarmonizedCommodityDescriptionandCodingSystem（HS）《商品名称及编码协调制度》189.dateofshipment转船日期，出运口岸190.invoiceno.发票编号191.portofshipment起运地192.portofdestination目的地,到达地193.dateofshipment装船日期,出运口岸moditycode商品编码195.description品名196.quantity数量197.unitprice单价198.totalamount总价weight净重200.grossweight毛重201.measurement尺码202.salescontractno.售货合同编号203.packinglist装箱单204.packageno.包装箱号码205.totalpackages包装总数206.caseno.箱号207.specification规格209.countryoforigin生产国别,原产国210.contractofpurchase定购合同211.salesconfirmation销售确认书212.shipper托运人213.billoflading提单214.consignee收货人215.portofdischarge卸货港216.numberofpackages件数217.surfacetransportcharge地面运输费218.airfreightcharge航空运费219.actualweight实际重量220.chargeableweight计费重量221.airportofdeparture始发站222.airportofdestination目的站223.waybill运单224.airwaybill航空运单225.dateofarrival到达日期226.termsoftrade贸易方式227.importer进口商228.exporter出口商229.termofforeignexchange外汇来源230.countrywhenceconsigned进口国家231.importlicense进口许可证232.validityofimportlicense进口许可证有效期233.exportlicense出口许可证234.meansoftransport运输工具235.consignor发货人寄售人236.placeoforigin产地237.portofdispatch发货口岸238.typeofgoods货物类型239.partialshipment分批装运240.acceptingbank乘兑银行241.acceptinghouse乘兑行242.advaloremduty从价税243.advaloremfreight从价运费244.actualtare实际皮重245.additionalorder追加订单246.adviceofshipment装运通知,装船通知247.airbilloflading空运提单248.airfreight空运费249.amendmentofcontract修改合同250.applicantforthecredit申请开证人251.atsight见票即付252.averageclause海损条款253.bankdraft银行条款254.bartertrade易货贸易255.bearer持票人256.billdrawnpayableatacertaintimeaftersight见票若干日付款的汇票257.billdrawnpayableatsight见票即付的汇票258.billdrawntoorder指定式汇票259.bookinglist订仓清单,装货订舱表260.brokenspace空仓费261.cancelanorder撤销订单262.cancelanoffer撤销发盘263.cargohold货舱264.cargoin bulk散装货265.cargoinsurance货物运输保险266.cashagainstbilloflading凭提单付现267.cashagainstdelivery交货付款268.certificateofquality货物品质证书269.cashagainstshippingdocuments凭单付现270.cashanddelivery付款交货,货到付款271.certificateofquantity货物数量证明书272.checkpayabletobearer不记名支票273.collectionoftheinstrument票据托收274.collectionondocuments跟单托收275.conditionsofcarriage货运条件276.confirmedcredit保兑信用证277.consigneesaddress收货人地址278.confirmingbank保兑银行279.confirminghouse保付商行280.confirmingorder确认书281.consignmentcontract寄售合同282.consignmentagent寄售代理人283.consignmentinvoice寄售发票284.consignmentnote发货通知书285.consignmentsales寄售286.consularinvoice领事签证发票,领事发票287.container集装箱288.container-carryingvessel集装箱船289.containerdepot集装箱装卸站290.contractforthedeliveryofgoodsbyinstallments分批交货的买卖合同291.contractforthepaymentofgoodsbyinstallments分期付款的买卖合同292.contractprice合同(规定的)价格293.cost,insuranceandfreight(C.I.F)成本,保险加运费(价)到岸价294.creditguarantee信贷保证295.customarypacking习惯包装296.customsdrawback海关退税297.customsduty关税298.customsdutyrate关税税率299.customsentry海关进口手续300.customshouse海关301.customsformalities海关手续302.customsfreedepot海关免税仓库303.customsimporttariff海关进口税则304.customsinvoice海关发票305.customsquota关税配额306.customsvaluation海关估价307.dateofdelivery交货日期308.dateofacceptance承兑日期309.deliveryalongsidethevessel船边交货310.cleanbilloflading清洁提单311.dirtybilloflading不清洁提单312.dischargingport卸货港口313.documentsagainstacceptance(D/A)承兑交单314.documentsagainstpayment(D/P)付款交单315.documentsagainstpaymentaftersight(date)远期付款交单316.documentaryacceptance跟单承兑317.documentarybill跟单票据318.documentarycollection跟单托收319.documentarycredit跟单信用证320.documentarydraft跟单汇票321.entryforwarehousing存仓报单322.entryofgoodsinward申报进口323.entryofgoodsoutward申报出口324.exportagent出口代理325.exportbilloflading出口提单326.exportcontrol出口管制327.exportcredit出口信贷328.exportduty出口税329.exportquota出口配额330.exportsusidy出口补贴331.exportdocuments出口单据332.export-processingfreezones加工出口自由(关税)区333.exportpermit出口许可证334.freightbill运费单335.freightcharges运费336.freightrates运费率337.freighttariff运费表338.generalagency总代理339.generalagent总代理人340.generalaverage共同海损341.taxholidays免税期342.immediatedelivery立即交货343.immediatepacking立即包装344.immediatepayment立即支付345.immediateshipment立即装运346.importcontrol进口管制347.importentry进口报关单348.importduty进口税349.importsubstitution进口替代350.importdeposit进口保证金351.importquota进口配额352.importsurcharge进口附加费,进口附加税353.insuranceconditions保险条件354.insurancedocuments保险单据355.instrumentofpayment支付手段356.insurancepolicy保险单ndedprice卸岸价格ndedterms目的港岸上交货价ndedweight到岸重量360.letterofguarantee(L/G)保证书,保函361.letterofcredit(L/C)信用证362.oceanmarinebillofleading海运提货dbilloflading记名提单364.negotiableletterofcredit可转让信用证365.offer报价,报盘366.proformainvoice形式发票367.quotaperiods配额期368.quotaquantities配额数量369.shut-outcargo退关货370.sightletterofcredit即期信用证371.short-landing短卸372.short-landingcertificate短卸证明书373.surveyreportonquality品质鉴定证明书374.surveyreportonweight重量鉴定证明书375.transshipmentgoods转运货物376.transitgoods过境货物377.freeonboard(FOB)船上交货(价)378.freecarrier(FCA)货交承运人(价)379.costinsuranceandfreight(CIF)成本,保险加运费(价)380.promptshipment即刻装运381.irrevocablecredit不可撤销的信用证贸易例句(382-481)382.Excuseme,areyouMr.PierrefromParis?请问,您是从巴黎来的皮埃尔先生吗？383.IworkintheChinaNationalMachineryImportandExportCorporation.我在中国机械进出口总公司工作。
英语(二)上册课文中英文对照翻译
英语（二）上册课文中英文对照翻译U-1 How to be a successful language learner?怎样成为一名成功的语言学习者“Learning a language is easy, even a child can do it!”“学习一门语言很容易，即使小孩也能做得到。
”Most adults who are learning a second language would disagree with this statement. For them, learning a language is a very difficult task. They need hundreds of hours of study and practice, and even this will not gua rantee success for every adult language learner.大多数正在学习第二语言的成年人会不同意这种说法。
对他们来说，学习一门语言是非常困难的事情。
他们需要数百小时的学习与练习，即使这样也不能保证每个成年语言学习者都能学好。
Language learning is different from other kinds of learning. Some people who are very intelligent and successful in their fields find it difficu lt to succeed in language learning. Conversely, some people who are succ essful language learners find it difficult to succeed in other fields.语言学习不同于其他学习。
许多人很聪明，在自己的领域很成功，但他们发现很难学好一门语言。
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英—中文对照翻译How to look at 3G mobile communication applications I.INTRODUCTIONMobile services in the growing market demand driven, 3G technology is gradually applied. Commercial 3G network from the current situation, the user market and the expectations of 3G operators and network exists between the practical application of the gap.In the early 3G, many mobile communication experts and scholars are expected to 3G will be a completely universal and flexible, diversified, individualized 5A (Anyone, Anywhere, Anytime, Anydevice, Anything) method of seamless broadband access solutions, the unity in the network, business integration, service diversity, 3G will be the ideal choice for users. However, with the specification development, product realization, network business, service provision and other aspects of development, we can see, the existing WCDMA, cdma2000, TD-SCDMA technology in the application of three are facing difficulties. Clear understanding of these issues in the mobile communications industry for the development of an important position to occupy the mobile operators, has important strategic significance.Second, 3G network technology problemsFrom the perspective of mobile operators, network technologies, including products, technology implementation technology and network operations. Products to achieve the overall performance of technical network operations technologies, and network operators, technology and implementation techniques to promote the product. This system, combined with the understanding of 3G network technology to the problems facing the application of given analysis.Implementation technology for 3G products, the biggest problem is how to achieve various performance "soft" characteristics of balance and stability. 3G CDMA system, wireless access technology used in the complexity of the system far more than 2G GSM technology. CDMA wireless technology in the way of statisticalmultiplexing of resources, the user distinguish the use of code words, the user at the time, the frequency spectrum was shared characteristics, in order to reduce this "common" cause "self-interference" to achieve high-quality voice user side and data services, 3G networks need in the physical layer, link layer, network layer into a number of key wireless technologies, including power control, soft switching, multi-user detection, smart antennas, radio resource management, and for each of the key technologies not only down to include many types of implementations, and between the horizontal and other technologies associated. Below the power control technology, for example, analysis of product realization technology problems.CDMA power control system to overcome the "distance effect" a key technology used to achieve a balance of power between users, while ensuring that the system balance between coverage and capacity. Compared with GSM, 3G systems dependent on large power control and power control accuracy and speed directly affects the network performance. The realization of the power control process, the base station and mobile speed of response and variability characteristics of the threshold is to limit the power control the speed of objective factors, the user's mobile and wireless environment is to limit the complexity of the power control accuracy of the objective factors. Since both the objective factors exist, the power control in 3G specifications can not give a clear limit. Therefore, the power control technology and applications in the realization was restrictive and uncertainties, which features the one hand, map directly to the 3G network performance, the other hand, with other technologies (such as soft handover) is reflected indirectly related to the 3G network performance in both the network performance will lead to "soft features."Technology for 3G network operators, the biggest challenge is how to quickly and continuously to achieve the network planning of the "direction" and network optimization, "empirically." 3G network planning, "direction" of the difficulty is, not only in planning the technology itself complex, and there is the risk of planning effectiveness. Among them, the risk will be reflected in short-term and long-term of two phases: the recent performance of the network coverage holes, discontinuity of service provision, service quality assurance of uncertainty, the long-term will bereflected in the construction and operation of the network healthy. Obviously, this effect with the GSM network planning there is a big difference.In summary, in the 3G network, wireless access using Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) technology, in theory, to improve radio resource utilization, improve user service quality has advantages. However, 3G technology itself, the complexity of open technical specifications, product realization and other personalized features, making the 3G network in network performance, operations management, there is an unpredictable and even uncontrollable situation. Therefore, 3G network technology problems will be reflected in network operations technologies and products to achieve the match between technologies, coordination and balance.Third, 3G unified service platform system of the difficulty of achieving Diversified business platform, the difference of the data in the development of a business reality, evolution and business development from a business point of view, this situation will be business development, management, increase the difficulty of the market will be reflected to the user data The feasibility of the business roaming. 3G mobile multimedia data services is typical of the technical norms, and a unified business platform business structure and application of the concept, but also put forward the 3G transmission technology based on IP multimedia service platform, a typical product - IMS. However, 2G to 3G services based on the smooth evolution of ideas and realize the many types of existing 2G and new 3G service platform unified business platform, will face a certain degree of technical risk and implementation difficulties.A unified service platform system technical risk in two ways, one is a unified standard of the existing business architecture business platform compatibility, on the other hand is a typical business platform IMS bearer service quality assurance and user acceptance. Obviously, these two aspects of risk will be affected to varying degrees, from the smooth evolution of the business. For the business structure, its goal is to provide an open, independent networking and technology, scalable programming interface, implementation of existing public safety communications network access.Currently, the two mainstream norms OSA / Parlay and OMA's implementation is still in the discussion, 2G and 3G service platform how the OSA / Parlay is compatible with the OMA operators need to consider. The IMS service platform, IP-based SIP applications easy to unity, but the quality of the business will face challenges, can really become a 3G voice and data is expected to carry a unified platform, which fully reflects the operational flexibility, transparency, Integration, need further validation.A unified service platform system technology will also be other restrictions related to technology, such as billing system support technology and data services to support end-to-technology.Fourth, 3G terminal market development dilemmaThe development of 2G data services from the experience, the terminal is to promote the development of mobile data services is a very important factor. Into the 3G era, the market demand for 3G terminals will become operational support with video, audio as a whole, technical support, compatible with 2G and 3G andmulti-service platform to facilitate the agreement to carry the multimedia device. Analysis of the current 3G markets around the world shows that, to some extent, the development of multimedia has become a bottleneck to meet the 3G market demand, mainly in two aspects:(1) terminal technology itself, including the terminal and system compatibility, terminal response time, long standby battery terminals and other factors;(2) On the other hand, the complexity caused by the terminal management costs.Technology development for the terminal, due to the complexity of 3G network technology and "soft features", the terminal in compatibility (for example, Uu IOT) and the standard uniform (such as power control the speed and accuracy) is difficult to avoid the problems faced. Meanwhile, end-to-business integration support requirements, making the terminal battery power capacity to be significantly less than (commercial 3G handsets from the current point of view, the 384kbit / s operation, the battery does not last more than 2h). From a global perspective, NTT DoCoMo develop in the terminal leader. However, nearly 2 years from its 3G developmentprocess point of view, the 3G terminal problem still hinder the rapid development of the main factors.V. Consideration and response to the challengeFrom the above analysis, 3G technology in the application of the challenge facing the end. From a technical point of view, these challenges will help promote the development of the technology itself. However, from the perspective of 3G operators, 3G makes the development of these challenges there is great risk and difficulties, and even restrict the development of market demand for 3G users.As mobile network operators, need to form a healthy, positive perspective of industry chain thinking. Communications industry goal is to meet the growing market demand, and we need to think first of what 3G user demand, this demand chain issues such as what the world demands. Into the 3G era will be for the user more "experience" of the era of advanced technology requires practical application, to provide users with mobile Internet experience more realistic. Secondly, operators need to consider how to optimize technology to form a complete network from the market and business to the development and operation of 3G strategy and tactics, while emphasis on technology development and application of policy guidance. Third, also need to consider multi-carrier pattern, 3G network business model innovation (for example, radio resource sharing network mode). Was still more than the 3G technology system, and the frequency resources are scarce due to limited 3G network technology based on three types of interference between each other and influence the network performance may be reduced to the lowest (this is the problem inherent in CDMA technology) .In short, 2G to 3G mobile development different from the analog communication to the development of mobile digital communications, operators need to consider the technical risk, investment risk and market risk, balancing the market demand, network construction and the complex relationship between business receipts and play mobile industry value leading role in the chain.如何看待3G移动通信应用一、引言在日益增长的移动业务市场需求的推动下，3G技术正在逐步走向应用。