英文资料及中文翻译

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英文采访稿(附中文翻译)(完整资料).doc

【最新整理，下载后即可编辑】STUDENT NUMBER: A12120272NAME: ShileiCLASS: English 1202Inorder to find out what the life it was in the past in China, I intervewed a grangpa in our shool’s little park, who is at about his 60s.Q(Question):Hello, nice to meet you. Thank you for accepting my interview.A(Answer): Nice to meet you too.Q:Em, you look like about at 60s, right? Would you like to tell me when people mostly used bikes?A:Yeah, I was born in 1953 and I’m 61years old now. Actually, you know China was been named of “The Kingdom of Bicycle” in the past. I remember my grandpa told me that bicycle was introduced in China in the late 19th century. Then in 1960s, 1970s, when I was a young man, bicycle along with sewing machine and watch became the necessary three-major-items of marriage. Bicycle became really popular in the 1980s, it was the most important and most universal vehicle at that moment, the famous brands included “Yong jiu”, “Fenghuang”, “Feige”. The flow of thousands of bicycles during the rush hour was extremly awesome which made China became “The Kingdom of Bicycle”. You might cannot realize that kind of feeling, but you have to know who had a bicycle at that time woule be jealous by others, especially our young guys.Q: But a bicycle must be very expensive at that time, right?A: Certainly! One bicycle costed about 200 yuanat that time while people’s salary just a few dozen yuan. It’s very precious.Q: Em, what about bus? When buses appeared? And how the buses of today compare with the buses when you were young?A: Haerbin’s buses were developed in the 1950s. When I was young , buses in Haerbin were still not widespread, just several bus-lines wereoperated. What’s more, the buses’ environment and situation were not very well when compared with the buses of today.Q: Well, I got it. How life was in your 20s’, 30s’, and 40s’? And every day life how it changed when you grew older?A: In my 20s’ , what I remember most was that you had to take the tickets or certificates to buy all the things you wanted and needed , and the number of those stuff was fixed by government, so you couldn’t buy a lot even you had money. Like the liquor, you had to buy it in state-run stores with certificate. If you wanted more, you might suppose to borrow the certificate from other family which was begrudge to buy the liquor , for the numeber of liquor was limited. And later, the individual business appeared and became more and more, so you could buy anything with money in stores. Since followed the policy of reform and opening, our daily lives became more and more colorful.Q: Do you rememberhow life changed when tall building were built? A：Em...In fact, the tall building didn’t bring much impact on our lives. At the beginning, we might feel shocked or wondering, but later we gradually accustomed to it. You can see, there are tall building everywhere nowadays.Q: What do you miss about the old days and what you do not miss? A: What I miss... May be the simplicity and kindness of those people, besides, at that time, they worked harder and braver. But I enjoy the high life quality of today, comprehensive health care system, varieties of entertainments, convenient public transit, etc. You know, the life in the old days is difficult.A: Yeah, sure it is. Alright then, thank to your narration, I know more details about the life in the old days, thank you!Q：It’s my pleasure!为了了解过去中国的生活是什么样的，我在学校的小公园里采访了一位60多岁的老爷爷。

英语翻译学习资料(含中英文解释)

例1.Winners do not dedicate their lives to a concept of what they imagine they should be, rather, they are themselves and as such do not use their energyputting on a performance, maintaining pretence and manipulating（操纵）others . They are aware that there is a difference between being loved andacting loving, between being stupid and acting stupid, between beingknowledgeable and acting knowledgeable. Winners do not need to hidebehind a mask.1.dedicate to 把时间，精力用于2.pretence 虚伪，虚假6 ．1 斤斤于字比句次，措辞生硬例2.Solitude is an excellent laboratory in which to observe the extent to which manners and habits are conditioned by others. My table manners areatrocious( 丑恶)—in this respect I've slipped back hundreds of years in fact, Ihave no manners whatsoever（完全，全然）. If I feel like it, I eat with my fingers, or out of a can, or standing up —in other words, whichever is easiest.孤独是很好的实验室，正好适合观察一个人的举止和习惯在多大程度上受人制约。

英文简历必备-个人资料中英翻译

个人资料name 姓名alias 别名pen name 笔名date of birth 出生日期birth date 出生日期born 出生于birth place 出生地点age 年龄native place 籍贯province 省city 市autonomous region 自治区prefecture 专区county 县nationality 民族，国籍citizenship 国籍duel citizenship 双重国籍address 地址current address 目前地址present address 目前地址permanent address 永久地址postal code 邮政编码home phone 住宅电话office phone 办公电话business phone 办公电话Tel.电话sex 性别male 男female 女height 身高weight 体重marital status 婚姻状况family status 家庭状况married 已婚single/unmarried 未婚divorced 离异separated 分居number of children 子女人数none 无street 街lane 胡同，巷road 路district 区house number 门牌health 健康状况health condition 健康状况blood type 血型short-sighted 近视far-sighted 远视color-blind 色盲ID card No.身份证号码date of availability 可到职时间available 可到职membership 会员，资格president 会长vice-president 副会长director 理事standing director 常务理事secretary general 秘书长society 学会association 协会research society 研究会教育程度education 学历educational background 教育程度educational history 学历curriculum 课程major 主修minor 副修educational highlights 课程重点部分curriculum included 课程包括specialized courses 专门课程courses taken 所学课程courses completed 所学课程special training 特别训练social practice 社会实践part-time jobs 业余工作summer jobs 暑期工作vacation jobs 假期工作refresher course 进修课程extracurricular activities 课外活动physical activities 体育活动recreational activities 娱乐活动academic activities 学术活动social activities 社会活动rewards 奖励scholarship 奖学金"Three Goods" student 三好学生excellent League member 优秀团员excellent leader 优秀干部student council 学生会off-job training 脱产培训in-job training 在职培训educational system 学制academic year 学年semester 学期（美）term 学期（英）president 校长vice-president 副校长dean 院长assistant dean 副院长academic dean 教务长department chairman 系主任professor 教授associate professor 副教授guest professor 客座教授lecturer 讲师teaching assistant助教research fellow 研究员research assistant 助理研究员supervisor 论文导师principal 中学校长（美）headmaster 中学校长（英）master 小学校长（美）dean of studies 教务长dean of students 教导主任dean of students 教导主任teacher 教师probation teacher 代课教师tutor 家庭教师governess 女家庭教师intelligence quotient 智商pass 及格fail 不及格marks 分数grades 分数scores 分数examination 考试grade 年级class 班级monitor 班长vice-monitor副班长commissary in charge of studies 学习委员commissary in charge of entertainment 文娱委员commissary in charge of sports 体育委员commissary in charge of physical labor 劳动委员Party branch secretary 党支部书记League branch secretary 团支部书记commissary in charge of organization 组织委员commissary in charge of publicity 宣传委员degree 学位post doctorate 博士后doctor (Ph.D) 博士master 硕士bachelor 学士student 学生graduate student研究生abroad student 留学生returned student 回国留学生foreign student 外国学生undergraduate 大学肄业生senior 大学四年级学生；高中三年级学生Junior 大学三年级学生；高中二年级学生sophomore 大学二年级学生；高中一年级学生freshman 大学一年级学生guest student 旁听生（英）auditor 旁听生（美）government-supported student 公费生commoner 自费生extern 走读生day-student 走读生intern 实习生prize fellow 奖学金生boarder 寄宿生classmate 同班同学schoolmate 同校同学graduate 毕业生工作经历accomplish 完成（任务等）achievements 工作成就，业绩adapted to 适应于adept in 善于administer 管理advanced worker 先进工作者analyze 分析appointed 被任命的assist 辅助authorized 委任的；核准的be promoted to 被提升为be proposed as 被提名为；被推荐为behave 表现breakthrough 惊人的进展，关键问题的解决break the record 打破记录business background 工作经历business experience 工作经历business history 工作经历conduct 经营，处理control 控制cost 成本；费用create 创造decrease 减少demonstrate 证明，示范design 设计develop 开发，发挥devise 设计，发明direct 指导double 加倍，翻一番duties职责earn 获得，赚取effect 效果，作用eliminate 消除employment experience工作经历employment record 工作经历employment 工作enlarge 扩大enliven 搞活enrich 使丰富establish 设立（公司等）；使开业；确立evaluation 估价，评价excellent League member 优秀团员excellent Party member 优秀党员execute 实行，实施expand 推广；扩大expedite 加快；促进experience 经历exploit开发（资源，产品）export 出口found 创立generate 产生good at 擅长于guide 指导；操纵implement 完成，实施import 进口improve 改进，提高increase 增加influence 影响initiate 创始，开创innovate 改革，革新inspired 受启发的；受鼓舞的install 安装integrate 使结合；使一体化introduce 采用，引进invent 发明invest 投资job title 职位justified 经证明的；合法化的launch 开办（新企业）lead 领导lengthen 延长lessen 减少（生产成本）level 水平localize 使地方化maintain 保持；维修make 制造manage 管理，经营manufacture 制造mastered 精通的modernize 使现代化motivate 促进，激发negotiate 谈判nominated 被提名的；被任命的occupational history 工作经历operate 操作，开动（机器等），经营（厂矿）organize 组织originate 创始，发明overcome 克服（困难等）participate in 参加perfect 使完善；改善perform 执行，履行plan 计划position 职位professional history 职业经历professional 职业经历profit 利润promote 生产，制造promote 推销（商品）；创立（企业）等provide 提供，供应raise 提高reach 达到realize 实现（目标等）；获得（利润）receive 收到，得到，接受recognize 认清（职责等）recommended 被推荐的；被介绍的reconsolidate 重新巩固；重新整顿reconstruct 重建recorded 记载的recover恢复；弥补rectify 整顿，调整redouble 加倍，倍增reduce 减少，降低（成本等）refine 精练，精制reform 改革regenerate 更新，使更生registered 已注册的regularize 使系统化regulate 控制（费用等）rehandle 重铸；重新处理rehash以新形式处理（旧材料）reinforce 加强reckon计算（成本等）renew 重建，换新renovate 革新；修理repair 修复，修补replace 接替，替换representative 代表，代理人research 调查，研究resolve 解决responsibilities 职责second job 第二职业set 创造（纪录等）settle 解决（问题等）shorten 减低......效能show 显示,表明significant 重要的,有效的simplify 简化,精简solve 解决sort out 清理specific experience 具体经历speed up 加速sponsor 主办spread 传播,扩大standard 标准,规格streamline 把......设计流线型strengthen 加强,巩固study研究succeed 成功supervise 监督,管理supply 供给,满足(需要) systematize 使系统化target 目标,指标test 试验,检验top 头等的,最高的total 总数,总额translate 翻译,转化travel 旅行unify 使成一体,统一use 使用，运用useful 有用的utilize 利用valuable 有价值的vivify 使活跃well-trained 训练有素的work experience 工作经历work history 工作经历work 工作,起作用working model 劳动模范worth 使......钱的,有......价值的个人品质able 有才干的，能干的active 主动的，活跃的adaptable 适应性强的adroit 灵巧的，机敏的aggressive 有进取心的alert 机灵的ambitious 有雄心壮志的amiable 和蔼可亲的amicable 友好的analytical 善于分析的apprehensive 有理解力的aspiring 有志气的，有抱负的audacious 大胆的，有冒险精神的capable 有能力的，有才能的careful 办事仔细的candid 正直的charitable 宽厚的competent 能胜任的confident 有信心的conscientious 认真的，自觉的considerate 体贴的constructive 建设性的contemplative 好沉思的cooperative 有合作精神的creative 富创造力的dashing 有一股子冲劲的，有拼搏精神的dedicated 有奉献精神的devoted 有献身精神的dependable 可靠的diplomatic 老练的，有策略的disciplined 守纪律的discreet （在行动，说话等方面）谨慎的dutiful 尽职的dynamic 精悍的earnest 认真的well-educated 受过良好教育的efficient 有效率的energetic 精力充沛的enthusiastic 充满热情的expressive 善于表达faithful守信的，忠诚的forceful （性格）坚强的frank 直率的，真诚的friendly 友好的frugal 俭朴的generous 宽宏大量的genteel 有教养的gentle 有礼貌的hard-working 勤劳的hearty 精神饱满的honest 诚实的hospitable 殷勤的humble恭顺的humorous 幽默的impartial 公正的independent 有主见的industrious 勤奋的ingenious 有独创性的initiative 首创精神have an inquiring mind 爱动脑筋intellective 有智力的intelligent 理解力强的inventive 有发明才能的，有创造力的just 正直的kind-hearted 好心的knowledgeable 有见识的learned 精通某门学问的liberal 心胸宽大的logical 条理分明的loyal 忠心耿耿的methodical 有方法的modest 谦虚的motivated 目的明确的objective 客观的open-minded 虚心的orderly 守纪律的original 有独创性的painstaking 辛勤的，苦干的，刻苦的practical 实际的precise 一丝不苟的persevering 不屈不挠的punctual 严守时刻的purposeful 意志坚强的qualified 合格的rational 有理性的realistic 实事求是的reasonable 讲道理的reliable 可信赖的responsible 负责的self-conscious 自觉的selfless 无私的sensible 明白事理的sincere 真诚的smart 精明的spirited 生气勃勃的sporting 光明正大的steady 塌实的straightforward 老实的strict 严格的systematic 有系统的strong-willed 意志坚强的sweet-tempered 性情温和的temperate 稳健的tireless 孜孜不倦的其它内容objective 目标career objective 职业目标employment objective 工作目标position wanted 希望职位job objective 工作目标position applied for 申请职位position sought 谋求职位position desired 希望职位for more specialized work 为更专门的工作for prospects of promotion 为晋升的前途for higher responsibility 为更高层次的工作责任for wider experience 为扩大工作经验due to close-down of company 由于公司倒闭due to expiry of employment 由于雇用期满offered a more challenging opportunity 获得的更有挑战性的工作机会sought a better job 找到了更好的工作to look for a more challenging opportunity 找一个更有挑战性的工作机会to seek a better job 找一份更好的工作。

中英文对照翻译文章

中英文对照翻译文章不少英文文章都是带有翻译的，为的就是方便读者在不理解文章的时候能够找到对照的意思。

下面就是店铺给大家整理的中英文对照翻译文章，希望大家喜欢。

中英文对照翻译文章篇1：A Sailor's Christmas Gift一个水手的圣诞礼物William J·Lederer威廉·J·莱德勒Last year at Christmas time my wife，three boys，and I were in France，on our way from Paristo Nice.For five wretched days ererything had gone wrong.Our hotels were“touristtraps”;our rented car broke down;we were all restless and irritable in the crowded car.OnChristmas Eve，when we checked into a dingy hotel in Nice，there was no Christmas spirit inour hearts.去年，在圣诞节期间，我和我的妻子以及我们的三个孩子，从法国踏上由巴黎到尼斯的旅途。

由于接连五天的恶劣天气，旅途上一切很不顺心。

我们下榻的旅馆尽是些敲诈勒索旅客的“陷阱”;我们租用的那辆汽车老是发生故障，在拥挤不堪的车子上大家个个显得烦躁不安。

圣诞节前夕，我们住进了尼斯的一家旅店，这家旅店又脏又暗，我们打心眼里感觉不到丝毫的节日气氛。

It was raining and cold when we went out to eat.We found a drab littlejoint shoddily decoratedfor the holiday.It smelled greasy.Only five tables in the restaurant were occupied.Therewere two German couples，two French families，and an American sailor，by himself.In thecorner a piano player listlessly played Christmas music.我们外出就餐时，天正下着小雨，天气寒冷。

中英文文献以及翻译(化工类)

Foreign material：Chemical Industry1.Origins of the Chemical IndustryAlthough the use of chemicals dates back to the ancient civilizations, the evolution of what we know as the modern chemical industry started much more recently. It may be considered to have begun during the Industrial Revolution, about 1800, and developed to provide chemicals roe use by other industries. Examples are alkali for soapmaking, bleaching powder for cotton, and silica and sodium carbonate for glassmaking. It will be noted that these are all inorganic chemicals. The organic chemicals industry started in the 1860s with the exploitation of William Henry Perkin’s discovery if the first synthetic dyestuff—mauve. At the start of the twentieth century the emphasis on research on the applied aspects of chemistry in Germany had paid off handsomely, and by 1914 had resulted in the German chemical industry having 75% of the world market in chemicals. This was based on the discovery of new dyestuffs plus the development of both the contact process for sulphuric acid and the Haber process for ammonia. The later required a major technological breakthrough that of being able to carry out chemical reactions under conditions of very high pressure for the first time. The experience gained with this was to stand Germany in good stead, particularly with the rapidly increased demand for nitrogen-based compounds (ammonium salts for fertilizers and nitric acid for explosives manufacture) with the outbreak of world warⅠin 1914. This initiated profound changes which continued during the inter-war years (1918-1939).Since 1940 the chemical industry has grown at a remarkable rate, although this has slowed significantly in recent years. The lion’s share of this growth has been in the organic chemicals sector due to the development and growth of the petrochemicals area since 1950s. The explosives growth in petrochemicals in the 1960s and 1970s was largely due to the enormous increase in demand for synthetic polymers such as polyethylene, polypropylene, nylon, polyesters and epoxy resins.The chemical industry today is a very diverse sector of manufacturing industry, within which it plays a central role. It makes thousands of different chemicals whichthe general public only usually encounter as end or consumer products. These products are purchased because they have the required properties which make them suitable for some particular application, e.g. a non-stick coating for pans or a weedkiller. Thus chemicals are ultimately sold for the effects that they produce.2. Definition of the Chemical IndustryAt the turn of the century there would have been little difficulty in defining what constituted the chemical industry since only a very limited range of products was manufactured and these were clearly chemicals, e.g., alkali, sulphuric acid. At present, however, many intermediates to products produced, from raw materials like crude oil through (in some cases) many intermediates to products which may be used directly as consumer goods, or readily converted into them. The difficulty cones in deciding at which point in this sequence the particular operation ceases to be part of the chemical industry’s sphere of activities. To consider a specific example to illustrate this dilemma, emulsion paints may contain poly (vinyl chloride) / poly (vinyl acetate). Clearly, synthesis of vinyl chloride (or acetate) and its polymerization are chemical activities. However, if formulation and mixing of the paint, including the polymer, is carried out by a branch of the multinational chemical company which manufactured the ingredients, is this still part of the chemical industry of does it mow belong in the decorating industry?It is therefore apparent that, because of its diversity of operations and close links in many areas with other industries, there is no simple definition of the chemical industry. Instead each official body which collects and publishes statistics on manufacturing industry will have its definition as to which operations are classified as the chemical industry. It is important to bear this in mind when comparing statistical information which is derived from several sources.3. The Need for Chemical IndustryThe chemical industry is concerned with converting raw materials, such as crude oil, firstly into chemical intermediates and then into a tremendous variety of other chemicals. These are then used to produce consumer products, which make our livesmore comfortable or, in some cases such as pharmaceutical produces, help to maintain our well-being or even life itself. At each stage of these operations value is added to the produce and provided this added exceeds the raw material plus processing costs then a profit will be made on the operation. It is the aim of chemical industry to achieve this.It may seem strange in textbook this one to pose the question “do we need a chemical industry?” However trying to answer this question will provide(ⅰ) an indication of the range of the chemical industry’s activities, (ⅱ) its influence on our lives in everyday terms, and (ⅲ) how great is society’s need for a chemical industry. Our approach in answering the question will be to consider the industry’s co ntribution to meeting and satisfying our major needs. What are these? Clearly food (and drink) and health are paramount. Other which we shall consider in their turn are clothing and (briefly) shelter, leisure and transport.(1)Food. The chemical industry makes a major contribution to food production in at least three ways. Firstly, by making available large quantities of artificial fertilizers which are used to replace the elements (mainly nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium) which are removed as nutrients by the growing crops during modern intensive farming. Secondly, by manufacturing crop protection chemicals, i.e., pesticides, which markedly reduce the proportion of the crops consumed by pests. Thirdly, by producing veterinary products which protect livestock from disease or cure their infections.(2)Health. We are all aware of the major contribution which the pharmaceutical sector of the industry has made to help keep us all healthy, e.g. by curing bacterial infections with antibiotics, and even extending life itself, e.g. ß–blockers to lower blood pressure.(3)Clothing. The improvement in properties of modern synthetic fibers over the traditional clothing materials (e.g. cotton and wool) has been quite remarkable. Thus shirts, dresses and suits made from polyesters like Terylene and polyamides like Nylon are crease-resistant, machine-washable, and drip-dry or non-iron. They are also cheaper than natural materials.Parallel developments in the discovery of modern synthetic dyes and the technology to “bond” th em to the fiber has resulted in a tremendous increase in the variety of colors available to the fashion designer. Indeed they now span almost every color and hue of the visible spectrum. Indeed if a suitable shade is not available, structural modification of an existing dye to achieve this canreadily be carried out, provided there is a satisfactory market for the product.Other major advances in this sphere have been in color-fastness, i.e., resistance to the dye being washed out when the garment is cleaned.(4)Shelter, leisure and transport. In terms of shelter the contribution of modern synthetic polymers has been substantial. Plastics are tending to replace traditional building materials like wood because they are lighter, maintenance-free (i.e. they are resistant to weathering and do not need painting). Other polymers, e.g. urea-formaldehyde and polyurethanes, are important insulating materials f or reducing heat losses and hence reducing energy usage.Plastics and polymers have made a considerable impact on leisure activities with applications ranging from all-weather artificial surfaces for athletic tracks, football pitches and tennis courts to nylon strings for racquets and items like golf balls and footballs made entirely from synthetic materials.Like wise the chemical industry’s contribution to transport over the years has led to major improvements. Thus development of improved additives like anti-oxidants and viscosity index improves for engine oil has enabled routine servicing intervals to increase from 3000 to 6000 to 12000 miles. Research and development work has also resulted in improved lubricating oils and greases, and better brake fluids. Yet again the contribution of polymers and plastics has been very striking with the proportion of the total automobile derived from these materials—dashboard, steering wheel, seat padding and covering etc.—now exceeding 40%.So it is quite apparent even from a brief look at the chemical industry’s contribution to meeting our major needs that life in the world would be very different without the products of the industry. Indeed the level of a country’s development may be judged by the production level and sophistication of its chemical industry4. Research and Development (R&D) in Chemical IndustriesOne of the main reasons for the rapid growth of the chemical industry in the developed world has been its great commitment to, and investment in research and development (R&D). A typical figure is 5% of sales income, with this figure being almost doubled for the most research intensive sector, pharmaceuticals. It is important to emphasize that we are quoting percentages here not of profits but of sales income, i.e. the total money received, which has to pay for raw materials, overheads, staff salaries, etc. as well. In the past this tremendous investment has paid off well, leading to many useful and valuable products being introduced to the market. Examplesinclude synthetic polymers like nylons and polyesters, and drugs and pesticides. Although the number of new products introduced to the market has declined significantly in recent years, and in times of recession the research department is usually one of the first to suffer cutbacks, the commitment to R&D remains at a very high level.The chemical industry is a very high technology industry which takes full advantage of the latest advances in electronics and engineering. Computers are very widely used for all sorts of applications, from automatic control of chemical plants, to molecular modeling of structures of new compounds, to the control of analytical instruments in the laboratory.Individual manufacturing plants have capacities ranging from just a few tones per year in the fine chemicals area to the real giants in the fertilizer and petrochemical sectors which range up to 500,000 tonnes. The latter requires enormous capital investment, since a single plant of this size can now cost $520 million! This, coupled with the widespread use of automatic control equipment, helps to explain why the chemical industry is capital-rather than labor-intensive.The major chemical companies are truly multinational and operate their sales and marketing activities in most of the countries of the world, and they also have manufacturing units in a number of countries. This international outlook for operations, or globalization, is a growing trend within the chemical industry, with companies expanding their activities either by erecting manufacturing units in other countries or by taking over companies which are already operating there.化学工业1.化学工业的起源尽管化学品的使用可以追溯到古代文明时代，我们所谓的现代化学工业的发展却是非常近代（才开始的）。

经典中文英文翻译

经典中文的英译但愿人长久，千里共婵娟。

We wish each other a long life so as to share the beauty of this graceful moonlight, even though miles apart.独在异乡为异客，每逢佳节倍思亲。

A lonely stranger in a strange land I am cast, I miss my family all the more on every festive day.大江东去，浪淘尽，千古风流人物。

The endless river eastward flows; with its huge waves are gone all those gallant heroes of bygone years.二人同心，其利断金。

If two people are of the same mind, their sharpness can cut through metal.富贵不能淫，贫贱不能移，威武不能曲，此之谓大丈夫。

It is a true great man whom no money and rank can confuse, no poverty and hardship can shake, and no power and force can suffocate.海内存知己，天涯若比邻。

A bosom friend afar brings distance near.合抱之木，生于毫末，九层之台，起于累土；千里之行始于足下。

A huge tree that fills one’s arms grows f rom a tiny seedling; a nine-storied tower rises from a heap of earth; a thousand li journey starts with the first step.祸兮，福之所依；福兮，祸之所伏。

英汉对照全译大全

英汉对照全译大全全文共四篇示例，供读者参考第一篇示例：英汉对照全译是指将英语原文逐字逐句地翻译成中文，以保留原文的语言风格和表达方式，同时也让读者更容易理解原文的含义。

英汉对照全译不仅可以帮助中文读者学习英语，还可以让熟练掌握英语的读者更加深入地理解原文的含义和细节。

下面将为大家制作一份关于【英汉对照全译大全】的文章，通过英汉对照的方式，为大家提供更多学习和阅读的机会。

1. Hello, how are you? 你好，你好吗？2. I’m fine, thank you. 我很好，谢谢你。

3. What’s your name? 你叫什么名字？4. My name is Lisa. 我的名字是丽莎。

6. I am from China. 我来自中国。

8. Yes, I like reading very much. 是的，我非常喜欢读书。

10. My favorite book is "Pride and Prejudice" by Jane Austen. 我最喜欢的书是简·奥斯汀的《傲慢与偏见》。

12. I am twenty years old. 我二十岁了。

13. What do you do for a living? 你是做什么工作的？14. I am a teacher. 我是一名教师。

16. I enjoy listening to music and watching movies. 我喜欢听音乐和看电影。

17. Have you ever traveled abroad? 你有没有去过国外旅行？21. Do you have any siblings? 你有兄弟姐妹吗？22. Yes, I have one brother and one sister. 是的，我有一个哥哥和一个妹妹。

23. Are you married? 你结婚了吗？26. I plan to further my education and travel around the world. 我计划继续教育并环游世界。

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英文资料及中文翻译Development of a multi-agent system for robot soccer game一、IntroductionAs modern industrial society progresses, the needs for useful robots are growing. Especially, mobile robots are special issue that gradually expands its realm in industrialand studying topics. Researches on mobile robots have been mainly concentrated on single mobile robot. But, the development of multi-agent system is strongly needed by the growth of complexity of tasks for robots to perform.The multi-agent systems have been studied by many researchers[l-3]. Generally, multi-agent system is defined as the system composed of more than 2 robots [4] and performs the given task by cooperation. The system has some different factors compared with single robot system. First, the environment for robots to confront is dynamic. In multi-agent system, the robots themselves constitute dynamic environment, because each robot should recognize the other robots as moving obstacles. Many previous researches on mobile robots assume that the environment is static, even for the researches on single mobile robot[5,6]. Second, since the system performs given task by cooperation, it is necessary to make overall system plan forroles of robots. One of the obvious characteristics of the multi-agent system is cooperation - for example, 4-5 robots carry furniture [7]. To cooperate one another, the changes of robots position must be predictable. There are some ways to know the robots position. For example, robots communicate their position one after another, or a supervisor detects robots' position and transmits them to robots. It is related to communication problem. Third, each component of the system such as robots, a supervisor, sensors, communication equipment is well developed, because they influence the overall system performance. Also, it is necessary to adopt appropriate architecture.Robot soccer is an interesting domain for studying the multi-agent system. The players must work together: It means a sort of cooperation. Also, they play the game in dynamic environment: predictable and unpredictable environment - our robots and opponent's robots, respectively. The main object is to put the ball in opponent's goal as frequently as possible in presence of opponent's robots which have the same task. So, according to a situation, our robots decide which action they take -defense or offense, how they work and so on. In this point, the system needs real-time sensing, quick decision making and fast behaviors. It is related to system architecture and algorithms. As described above , soccer game includes many characteristics of multi-agent system and is abundant in applying AI techniques.One of the advantages of robot soccer game is direct comparison of different systems. Many robot soccer systems are gathered in some competitions. We participated in a Soccer robot competition in Taejon, Korea called MIROSOT96 [8]. MIROSOT makes some rules. The rules describe precise specification for soccer game. The playground is rectangular with its length 130cm, its width 90cm. An orange golf ball is selected as the play ball. The size of a robot is restricted within 7.5*7.5*7.5cm. One team consists of three robots. We purpose to make soccer system with three robots.In this paper, we explain some factors to be considered in establishing complete system. First, since the system architecture is very important, we decide the overall system as a centralized on-line system on the basis of surveys of multi-agent systems. Second, the overall system can be divided into three parts - A robot, communication and vision system. We describe the specifications of components of each part and the reasons to decide them. It would be helpful for later improvement.The rest of the paper is organized as follows. Section 2 gives some surveys of system architectures and selection of our soccer robot system. Section 3 gives detailed descriptions of implemented hardware, especially mini robots. Section 4 gives cooperation and path plan algorithm for robot soccer game. Section 5 gives conclusion of this paper and presents further works.二、Categorization of multi-agent system and selection of soccer robot systemThe survey on this issue is closely related in Arai's work[4]. We can categorize multi- agent system based on two criteria. One is "Who makes decision and orders?" -Centralized / Decentralized , the other is "When does the system make plans?" - On line / Offline.Centralized system means that a supervisor integrates all available data, plans the behaviors of all the robots and makes commands. Since a supervisor considers all the robots simultaneously, the system can achieve the optimization of the motions of all the robots. But, as the number of robot increases, more computational power of a supervisor is needed. If the supervisor makes any fault, there is no way for the robots to correct it.Decentralized system means that each robot makes plan for itself on the basis of collected information from other robots and its own sensors. In the system, there is not considerable increasing computational load as the number of robots increases. Even if one robot fails to work, other robots work well. But, the system cannot guarantee the optimization of the motions of all the robots.Off-line system means that all the paths are planned before all the robots move. Because of no restriction of time and computing power, the system can achieve optimization. But, since the system assumes static environment, it is not robust to small variation of environment. In real world, it may malfunction with some variances.On-line system means real-time planning. It is robust to dynamic environment. But, it needs large computational power and effective algorithm.In a lot of researches, the above two categorizations are interrelated each other. We summarize the researches in Table 1.In MIROSOT96, The size of a robot is restricted. Therefore, it is difficult to implement a robot with large computational power. Also, it is important to decide what a robot must equip. Basically, a robot has to equip actuator module and communication module. Additional equipments are selected and implemented considering the space of a robot. Soccer game needs global information of our robots' position. So, we decide the centralized system as our system. From the viewpoint of path planning time, we decide the on-line system. Soccer game has fast changing nature and necessitates real-time sensing, fast behaviors, and quick decision making. It is reasonable to adopt on-line system.In centralized on-line system, a supervisor acquires all available information of whole environment and the robots. Simultaneously, a supervisor should plan all the robots' paths in real-time. Therefore itrequires fast computing power. To decrease the burden of a supervisor, we choose partitioned system which separate main planning and executing. This is somewhat similar to the works of Shakey[15], Firby[16]. In our soccer robot system, a supervisor makes plans of all the robots on the basis of some strategy. Then, a supervisor transmits next desired position to each robot. Each robot receives desired position and executes its control algorithm for position and velocity controls. Simultaneously, each robot takes data of its own local sensor which are fused with desired position into desired input of its own control loop. Therefore, a robot must possess some logic : a sort of a "brain". So, our robots have micro-controllers. In this architecture, the system partitions computing burdens. Figure 1 shows the functional diagram of our soccer robot system. Since a supervisor receives positions of the ball and all robots, the system doesn't need bi-directional communication. A supervisor only transmits commands to each robot. In the case of bi-directional communication, the logic of transmitting and receiving order and priority must be needed. It may increase complexity of communication system of both a supervisor and a robot.Figure 1. The constitution of our soccer robot system三、System implementationSystem is composed of three parts - a supervisor, vision and 5 robots. A supervisor is a PC - pentium processor -which makes plan in real time, and vision system has two cameras which have red and blue filter respectively, and image processing board which has a DSP and memory. A robot has a CPU, communication module, IR sensors, motors, etc. These three parts are related one another. Detailed descriptions are given in following chapters.1. Configuration of individual robotA robot is consisted of mechanical part, CPU board, communication(receiver) module and sensor board. Its size is within 7.5*7.5*7.5 cm.2. Mechanical partMechanical part of a robot is consisted of two motors, encoders, gearheads, wheels, a ball caster, and a frame. The frame is designed for easy, compact and hardy integration. Motors and gearheads are selected in consideration for operating voltage, internal resistance, mechanical time constant. Its operating voltage is 6V. Reduction ratio of gearhead is 1:41. A diameter of a wheel is 32 mm. The no-load speed of a motor is 15200 rev/min. So, no-load speed of robots can be calculated as about 62 cm/sec. In real robots, we measure the maximum speed of a robot. The result is about 40cm/sec. Two motors are controlled by a CPU in main board independently. The encoder generates 16 pulses per revolution.3. CPU board and sensor boardFigure 2. The CPU board and sensor boardthe locations of LEDs in CPU board forrobot's position and rotationthe locations of IR sensors in sensor boardIn CPU board, data processing and motor control are carried out. CPU boardconsists of two PCBs - same size of 7.5cm*6.0cm. We choose 80C196KC as robot's CPU. Its basic operation is to control motors according to the datafrom a supervisor via communication module. Also, it fuses the data from a supervisor and sensors equipped in itself. 80C196KC has three PWM generators which are used to control motors and 8 channel A/D converters which are used to receive the data from its own sensors. Motor driver is TC 4428 - dual high speed MOSFET driver. For compact spacing, we use EPLD( Erasable Programmable Logic Device) which can perform encoder counting, address decoding, and some logic functions.As can be seen in Figure 2(a), 4 LEDs are in CPU board located above in a robot. Three LEDs make an isosceles triangle. Because LED is the most brightest thing in playground, vision system detects the position and rotation of a robot easily. The other LED located at the center of triangle is used to provide some information to a supervisor. Turning on the LED means that a robot detects the ball by its own sensors.In sensor board, 4 pairs of IR sensor consisted of transmitter and receiver are located in fixed positions. As can be seen in Figure 2(b), one pair is located in higher position to distinguish a robot from the ball. It can detect only the ball. The other three pairs are located in the lower position. They can detect the ball and robots. So, a CPU can recognize the obstacle detected by its own sensors - a ball and a robot. Since sensor board is in front of a robot, it can perform local searching in front of a robot.Figure 3. The shape of digitally coded dataFigure 4. The constitution of communication signal3. CommunicationWe choose unidirectional communication - from a supervisor to robots. Generally, to share more information, bi-directional communication is better. But, it needs more space and increases the complexity of tasks which robots and a supervisor carry out. In our system, we use vision system as a global monitor. So, it is not necessary for a robot to transmit its data to a supervisor. Therefore, we adopt unidirectional communication.There are two prevalent communication methods - IR and R/F. IR communication has a problem such that it is affected by light. So, in real competition, it may malfunction. Therefore, we modify the commercial R/F communication module and introduce a digital method for high precision and good reliability of information transfer. We set the carrier frequency as 4kHz. Two sections make one digital data. If there is a state change between two sections in the digital data, this digital data means " 1" bit. If no state change occurs, it means "0" bit. Between digital data, a state change always takes place. This is described in Figure 3. So, Data transfer ratio is 2000bit/sec. We define a channel as a basic unit and a channel has 9 bits - one bit is start bit and the other 8 bits are data bits. Since supervisor sends position and orientation to each robot, one robot needs 3 channels. We define a block as a basic command unit. As in Figure 4, one block consists of 17 channels because each of five robots needs 3 channels and there are a start channel and an extra channel for an unexpectedfuture purpose. So, the transfer rate is about 13 block per second. It means that a supervisor can transfer information to five robots 13 times per second.4. Vision systemIt is very important to recognize the positions of robots and the ball in real-time. We use two monochrome cameras. One has red filter and the other has blue filter. As mentioned above, a robot has an isosceles triangle shaped LED configuration. Vision system can easily detect a robot. As for a ball, vision system compare two image for detecting the ball. We regulate LUTs( Look Up Table ) of image data from two cameras to eliminate other colors except a ball color before competition. In our experiment, vision system with one monochrome camera cannot detect a ball robustly. Therefore, we use two cameras. As for opponent's robots detection, MIROSOT make it a rule to have a solid 3.5cm*3.5cm patch of its team color visible on top. We also regulate LUTs to make vision system detect opponent's robots. In our experiment, our vision system can detect a ball and ten robots 5 times per asecond.5．Position control of a robotThe block diagram of position control of a robot is presented in Figure 5. The figure shows the partitioned system : Planning and executing. Global Monitoring loop representing the Planning is a feedback loop in which vision system detect a robot position and a supervisor makes commands. As soon as vision system detects positions of robots and the ball, a supervisor makes path planning of each robot according to the current position data. It is slow feedback. In Local Control loop representing executing , each robots execute the position and velocity control with encoder signals and desired position.Figure 5. Constitution of Control systemFigure 6. The configuration of our system.a detailed description.Figure 7. The actual robot with a golf ball三、Cooperation and path plan algorithm for robot soccer gameWe are making algorithms in consideration for two points. One is for cooperation; the other is for path plan of each robot. In MIROSOT96, three robots were permitted to play game. Therefore, we make algorithms considering three robots as a multi-agent system. For viewpoint of cooperation, one robot isa goal keeper, the others takes the roles according to the modes. There can be several modes. We tested4 modes. Figure 8 shows 4 modes. Basically, we use divide-and-conquer heuristics. We divide the playground into two areas; assign each area to two robots. Each robot takes the role according to the assigned area. Mode (a) and (b) are natural division of the playground. Mode (c) has wide attack zone. Mode (d) is that two robots are all-round players. These modes are changed against opponent's strategy. We are going to test established modes and develop more effective modes.For path plan of each robot, we use parametric cubic spline. The cost function is consisted of three term. One is for minimization of variations of curvature, the other is for minimization of time, the third is for obstacle avoidance. The results of one robot experiment show that our algorithm can be applied to robot soccer game[17].We are going to develop more effective algorithm for robot soccer game.Figure 8. The 4 tested modes四、Conclusions and further worksIn this paper, we provide the reasons why we adopt centralized on-line system as our robot soccer system and specification of implemented hardware. We survey many multi-agent systems from the viewpoint of system architecture. Using two criteria, we categorize the multi-agent systems. Then, we select the centralized on-line system considering the nature of robot soccer game. This paper explains suitability of our system to robot soccer game for many reasons. Also, we explain our system in detail. To partitioning the computing burdens, the supervisor makes path plans and the robot executes its control loop - Global Monitoring and Local Control. For local searching, our robots have 4 IR sensors in front of them. 4 LEDs are located in CPU board in the shape of an isosceles triangle for easy detection of position and rotation by vision system. As for communication, we designed digitally coded data format. After they are tested independently, they can be combined easily. Detailed description of our system is helpful to those who plans to participate in soccer game and someone who want to make similar system.Using established system, we are going to build multiple robot path planning system using several techniques - fuzzy, neural network, genetic algorithm and so on. At present, We have established divide-and-conquer heuristics. It is needed to develop more effective soccer algorithms and test our algorithm combined with our real system.在机器人足球赛中多智能体系统的发展一、介绍随着现代工业的发展，应用机器人的需要在增加。