解析新托福听力场景之天文学
托福听力必背词汇大全:关于天文学

托福听力必背词汇大全:关于天文学托福听力必背词汇大全:关于天文学天文学astronomyconstellation 星座zodiac (星象学的星座)planet 行星sun 恒星Jupiter 木星Pluto 冥王星Saturn 土星Mercury 水星Mars 火星V enus 金星Neptune 海王星Uranus 天王星Ceres 谷物星(the largest asteroid and thefirst discovered)White dwarf 白矮星Big Dipper 北斗七星Asteroid belt 小行星带Milky Way 银河系Galaxy n.星系orbit v.运行n.轨道rotate v. 转Axis n.轴track n. 轨道outer space外太空gravity n.重力equator n.赤道tropical 热带的brightness n.亮度dimension n.维度distance n. 距离Eclipse (日月食)Wane, diminish v. 逐渐变小Centripetal 向心Centrifugal 离心Nebula 星云(an immense cloud of gas (mainly hydrogen) and dust in interstellar space)Nebulous adj. 星云的Gas 气体(rock, ice, hydrogen, oxygen) Particle 微粒Polar light 极光Astronomical 天文的Astrophysics 天文物理学Big Dipper 北斗七星Black hole 黑洞Celestial 天体的Celestial map 天体图Centrifugal force 离心力Chondrite 球粒状陨石Chromosphere太阳的色球层Clockwise 顺时针Cluster 星团,一群星星Comet 彗星Cosmos 宇宙,cosmetic宇宙的Cosmology宇宙学Emission 排放物,发射Faint 微弱的Feeble 微弱的Gaseous bodies 气态包Gravitational force 吸引力Greenwich mean time 格林尼治时间High resolution 高清晰度Ignite 引燃Illusive object 幻影物体Image 影响,形象Infinite 无限的Infrared ray 红外射线Interferometer 干扰仪Intergalactic 星系间的International date line 国际日期变更线Interplanetary 星球间的Interstellar星际的Leap year 闰年Light year光年Luminosity光亮度Lunar 阴历的,月亮的Massive 巨大的Meteor 流星Meteor shower 流星雨Meteorite陨石Meteoroid流星体Molten 融化的Naked eye 裸眼Observatory 天文台Photosphere 光球层Planetarium 天文馆Planetoid 小行星Polestar 北极星Pseudoscience 伪科学Quasar 类星体Radiation 辐射Revolution 旋转Rotation 旋转Satellite 卫星Sky atlas 天体图Solar corona 日冕Space debris 太空垃圾Space shuttle 太空飞船Space suit 太空服Spin 快速旋转Star cluster 星群,星团Stellar 星星的Sunspot 太阳黑子Time difference 时差Time zone 时区。
托福TPO18听力答案详细解析

TPO-18 Conversation 1(场景分类——询问工作)Narrow: Listen to a conversation between a student and an administrator in the university employment office.Student:Hi! I hope you can help me. I just transferred fromNortheasternStateUniversitynearChicago.Administrator:Well welcome toCentralUniversity. ButChicagois such a great city. Why did you leave?Student:(2)Everyone asks that. It’s my hometown. And it was sure convenient to go to a school nearby. ButNortheastern is still fairly small. And it doesn’t have the pro gram I’m interested in. I want to major in international studies. And the only program in the State is here.Administrator:We do have a great program. Well how did you get interested in international studies?Student:(3)My family hosted a few foreign exchange students while I was growing up. Then I took part in an international summer program after I graduated from high school. I thought I really I like meeting people from all over, getting to know them.Administrator:OH! Ok! And that led you to our program. (1)Right now though I think you are looking for a job.Student:Yeah, a part time job on campus. I thought I’d save money, being away from the big city. But it doesn’t seem to be working that way .Anyway I’m not having much luck.Administrator:I’m no t surprised. Most of our campus jobs are taken in the first week or two of the semester. What work experience have you had?Student:Well, I worked in the university library last year. But I already checked at the library here. They said their remaining positions were for work-study students getting financial aid. I’ve never run into that before.Administrator:Well, I guess each school has its own policies. (5)Uh, we really don’t have much right now. You might be better waiting until next semester. If you really want something, how are your computer skills?Student:About average I’d say. I helped teach some of the basic computer classes. Northeastern offers for new users, if that helps any?Administrator:OK, the technology support department needs people to work its helpdesk. It’s basically a customer service job, answering questions, helping people solve their computer problems, give you a chance to develop your people skills. Student:Something every diplomat needs. But is there some problem? I mean why is the job still open?Administrator:(4)Well, they have extended hours, from 6am to 2am every day. So they need a large staff. But right now they only need people early mornings, late nights, and weekends. You’d probably end up with a bit of everything ra ther than a regular spot. On the bright side you’ll probably be able to get some studyingdone between calls. At least it could be a start and then you can try for better hours next semester.Student:Um, I see why the hours might be a problem. But I guess I can’t afford to be too picky if I want a job. Still maybe we can work something out..词汇:diplomat n. 外交家helpdesk n. 帮助台spot n. 地点picky adj. 挑剔的;吹毛求疵的题目:1. Why does the student go to the university office?解析:主旨题,文中学生找管理员主要是想寻求工作机会。
托福听力真题及答案解析

托福听力真题及答案解析2015年10月11日托福听力真题讲座1 哲学holism和reductionism的区别(两个学术研究的不同角度)用ants举例,先说D:每个ant有自己的task,每个小的part都发挥自己的作用。
教授下结论,看了individual的作用可以predict整体的作用。
再说H:解释整体的作用并不单纯个体作用的叠加,类似1+1>2。
即整体作用更大。
提到leader的作用。
再说蚁群有queen,但是queen主要是lay eggs而不是organize。
讲座2:植物学botany 讨论动物觅食与物种多样性,整个文章对比polar region与tropical region的动物。
Polar:一个动物吃多种食物,而且还migration,就是因为可以吃的东西选择少,不diverse,这些动物可以被称为generalist,举例foxTropical:动物可以吃东西选择多,而且climate stable所以吃一种就行,这样避免了animals之间的competition。
这些动物是specialist。
举例黄毛的一个动物。
讨论这两种情况呢的利弊:tropical只吃一个,要是被吃的那个消失了,就会导致extinction。
说其实人类并不是extinction的主要原因,但是人类造成的harm也需要考虑,人类需要意识到自己行为的后果。
对话2:学生服务场景student和employee at theater的对话。
学生要买票,因为父母来了,要看看什么play可以看。
Employee说可以看哈姆雷特,同时推荐了season ticket给她,并告诉她三个好处:1. Cheep,因为有discount2. 可以卖extra ticket,但不保证座位在一起,因为这两部分票是分开卖的,女生说没有关系。
3. have permission见performers,学生说这是个selling point。
托福听力TPO24原文Lecture4

托福听力TPO24原文Lecture4下面就让小编来为大家介绍一下托福听力TPO24原文中Lecture4的文本内容吧,大家要好好把握,这些都是非常有价值的材料,同时,大家也可以登录前程百利论坛进行TPO练习辅导,希望能够给准备托福听力的同学带来帮助。
TPO24Lecture4-Astronomy(Shield Volcanoes on Venus)Professor:Many people have been fascinated about Venus for centuries because of its thick cloud cover,this so-called planet of mystery and all of that.Well,what's under those clouds?What's the surface of the planet like?Some questions about the surface are still unresolved but,but we have learned a lot about it in the past several years.First of all,let me talk about how we have been able to get past those clouds.First,there were Soviet modules2that landed directly on the surface and sent back some images ofwhat was around them.Second,we did some radar imaging from satellites from above.Radar can get through the clouds.So what have we learned?Yes,Karen?Student:Well,I remember reading that there's not really a lot going on,that the surface of Venus is just flat and smooth in a lot of places.Professor:Yeah,smooth in a lot of places.But that's not,um...that's not the whole picture.In other areas,you've got canyons,ripped valleys,meteo craters,uh,lava domes, these lava formations that look like giant pancakes.And also volcanoes.Well,one of the most interesting features on the surface are in fact the shield volcanoes.Shield volcanoes formed when magma comes out of the ground in the same spot over and over again.Remember, magma is hot molten rock that's underground,and it is called lava when it reaches the surface. Uh,so the lava builds up,and hardens,and a volcano forms.Now,the lava on Venus is thin. It spreads out easily.So shield volcanoes have very gentle sloping sides.They are called shield volcanoes,because viewed from above,they kind of resemble shields,you know,like a warrior's shield.But what's particularly interesting about these volcanoes is that most of the volcanoes here on Earth are not shield volcanoes.Instead,they are other volcano types,like strata volcanoes,for example,which are a result of tectonic plate movement. Remember tectonic plates?Underneath the Earth's crust,there are a number of shifting slabs or plates that are slowly moving.And in the zones on the edges of the plates where differentplates meet and interact,that's where we get most of Earth's volcanoesOn Venus,however, volcanoes are not clustered in discrete zones like they are on Earth.Instead,they are more or less randomly scattered over Venus's surface.Well,that's significant.Venus has mostly shield volcanoes,and they are randomly scattered,that indicates that Venus does not have moving tectonic plates,and that's a big difference compared to Earth.Here on Earth,moving tectonic plates are a major geological element,just crucial for the whole surface dynamic,right?So why doesn't Venus have them?Well,there are a few theories.One of them is that this has to do with the fact that Venus has no surface water that's needed to kind of lubricate the movement of the plates,you know,like oceans on Earth.Yeah,I forgot to spell that out.Uh,Venus has no surface water.Student:Wait a second.Did you say we have shield volcanoes on Earth?Can you give an example?Professor:Sure.The volcanoes in the Hawaii islands,in the Pacific Ocean are shield volcanoes.They are formed over a hot spot of magma.So while on Earth we have several types of volcanoes,on Venus there's mostly the one type.Uh,Eric?Student:Are the volcanoes on Venus still active?Professor:Well,that's an interesting question.There is still some discussion on that point.But here's what we do now.First,the level of sulfur dioxide gas above Venus's clouds shows large and very frequent fluctuations.It is quite possible that these fluctuations, the huge increase and decrease of sulfur dioxide,happening again and again.It's quite possible that this is due to volcanic eruptions,because volcanic eruptions often emit gases. If that's the case,volcanism could very well be the root cause of Venus's thick cloud cover. And also we have observed bursts of radio energy from the planet's surface.These bursts are similar to what we see when volcanoes erupt on Earth.So this too suggests ongoing volcanic activity.But although this is intriguing evidence,no one's actually observed a Venus volcano erupting yet,so we can't be positive.教授:几个世纪来许多人都对厚云层覆盖的金星有着深厚的兴趣,它被称之为神秘的星球。
托福听力天文学背景

托福听力天文学背景在〔托福〕听力考试中,掌握一些常用的背景知识是非常重要的,下面是我为大家整理的关于托福听力天文学背景的相关资料,希望帮到大家。
托福听力天文学背景知识:天文学(Astronomy)在托福考试听力部分中经常出现,而关于很多同学来说听天文学就像在听天书一样,尤其是那些什么星什么星之类,给大家造成了很大的障碍,所以今天我们就要聊一下天文学。
天文学知识可以从三个角度去讲:宇宙(Universe/Cosmos),恒星或星系(Stars/Galaxy),以及太阳系(The solar system)。
我们分三次来看,今天先看宇宙(Universe/Cosmos)。
宇宙是时间(Time)与空间(Space)的总称,宇代表空间,宙代表时间。
宇宙形成有好多假说及理论,其中最为人所知的就是大爆炸理论(The Big Bang Theory),注意这里是Theory,理论,与一个Fact(事实)要作区分。
关于一个理论或者一个假说,往往托福听力Lecture中的教授可以发表自己的态度,例如同意、中立、反对,而关于Fact是很少有发表态度的,因为已经是一个大家都接受的事实了托福听力太阳系背景知识:1.太阳是太阳系(Solar System)的中心天体,占有太阳系总体质量(total mass)的99.86%。
太阳系中的八大行星(eight planets)、小行星(asteroid)、流星(metero)、彗星(comet)、外海王星天体(trans-neptunian objects)以及星际尘埃(interstellar dust)等,都围绕着太阳公转,而太阳则围绕着银河系(milky way)的中心公转。
2.包括了光球(Photosphere),色球层(Chromosphere),过渡区(Transition Region)和日冕(Solar corona)。
光球(Photosphere)即我们平常看到的太阳圆面,色球层(Chromosphere)指的是紧贴光球的大气,过渡区(Transition region)是太阳大气(the Suns atmosphere)的一个非常不规则的薄层,将炽烈(100万摄氏度)的日冕(Solar Corona)与凉得多(2万摄氏度)的光球层分开。
托福听力单词量要求

托福听力单词量要求一、学术场景类。
1. Biology(生物)- organism ['ɔːɡənɪzəm] n. 生物;有机体。
- species ['spiːʃiːz] n. 物种;种类。
- ecosystem ['iːkəʊsɪstəm] n. 生态系统。
- adaptation [ˌædæp'teɪʃn] n. 适应;改编。
- cell [sel] n. 细胞。
2. Geology(地质学)- stratum ['strɑːtəm] n. (pl. strata)地层;阶层。
- volcano [vɒl'keɪnəʊ] n. 火山。
- igneous ['ɪɡniəs] adj. 火的;[岩] 火成的。
- sedimentary [ˌsedɪ'mentri] adj. 沉淀的;沉积的。
- metamorphic [ˌmetə'mɔːfɪk] adj. 变质的;变形的。
3. Astronomy(天文学)- galaxy ['ɡæləksi] n. 星系;银河系。
- planet ['plænɪt] n. 行星。
- satellite ['sætəlaɪt] n. 卫星;人造卫星。
- orbit ['ɔːbɪt] n. 轨道;眼眶 v. 绕轨道而行。
- constellation [ˌkɒnstə'leɪʃn] n. 星座;星群。
二、校园生活场景类。
1. Course(课程)- curriculum [kə'rɪkjələm] n. 课程;全部课程。
- syllabus ['sɪləbəs] n. 教学大纲;摘要。
- assignment [ə'saɪnmənt] n. 分配;任务;作业。
- lecture ['lektʃə(r)] n. 演讲;讲稿;教训 v. 演讲;讲课。
12月10日托福听力答案解析

12月10日托福听力答案解析C1: 校园对话学生找老师讨论一个poem reading的活动,因为原来准备参加的W教授有事不能来了,会有另一个PG教授来做演讲,然后介绍了这个人的诗歌风格有关孤独,能够引起大家的共鸣。
随后说到为了给社团poem club筹钱,学生想要卖postcards 赚钱,上面会写一些特别的诗且每一张都不相同。
学生想要老师给一块场地来出售postcards。
老师同意这个想法,并且需要学生填写表格。
名师解析:关于校园活动的话题是托福听力必考内容之一,考生在备考时应注意分场景把常见的话题梳理一遍,如本次考试涉及的社团话题,应重点听清楚社团想做的活动内容和目的为何。
同时提到较为学术的内容时,需要更加细致的记笔记,如本文中提到另一位教授的诗歌风格需要认真记录。
最后提醒各位考生,对话部分的主旨题偶尔会出现在文章的靠后位置,关注学生是否提到信号词“我来是为了…”不要盲目的选择开头内容。
相关练习:TPO2-C2,TPO23-C1,TPO30-C1L1: 艺术讲座主要介绍了如何保存油画,光对于画作会产生伤害。
首先介绍了紫外线(ultraviolet)因为波长短所以能量大,会破坏颜料里的有机物,就像太阳晒伤皮肤一样,所以可以采取过滤这种光线的装置来保护油画。
然后介绍了红外线(infrared)会产生热量,导致周围环境温度变高,颜料和木头画框开裂从而造成破坏。
但是我们必须要有光来欣赏作品,所以伤害无法避免。
后续又说到如果没有光线照射的话,油画会有yellowish ,smoky的appearance,且一面有光线照射和一面没有光线照射的油画,光的破坏作用在两面的对比很明显。
名师解析:作为讲座中必然会出现的艺术类话题,本次考试的主题——艺术品保存在TPO 中并不常见。
但是本篇讲座的结构性非常清晰,考生在做笔记时需要按照两种不同波长的光线进行分段,并且对于场景词汇“红外线”(infrared)和“紫外线”(ultraviolet)必须熟练做到听音辨意。
托福听力真题答案及解析(1)

托福考试(TOEFL)/真题题库2015年12月20日托福听力真题答案及解析12月20日托福听力对话:学生服务场景男生去订房间,找到facility的负责人,确认一下自己有没有成功的预定一个教室,后来发现系统上査不到,有可能是因为有人重复提交,总之不是前段时间电脑大面积瘫痪的原因;这个学生要在周五早上预定一个礼堂来举办讲座,后来想定个大点的能容纳40个人的,但是没有定成功,因为那个老师从芝加哥过来,时间很紧;负责人说可能原因是丢失了申请表,或者重复提交了两次导致了错误,后来学生说自己再去确认下能不能改时间,然后负责人说另外有个地方的房间应该可以容纳40个人,最后他们在另外一个建筑预定了礼堂。
讲座:社会科学考古学。
教授讲了两种方法来探寻古代人类的迁徙轨迹。
先讲的是一个古代人种的迁徙,应该是波利尼西亚人的祖先;从台湾开始迁徙,第一步到菲律宾和印度尼西亚,第二步是到波利尼西亚和夏威夷;第二次间隔时间更长,是要等造船技术更成熟了才能迁移;通过比较语言,树和某种细菌的基因变化树可以追踪到迁徙的路径。
讲座:艺术green roof。
建筑讲座,讲芝加哥的屋顶花园。
第一部分说了屋顶花园的概念,屋顶花园是种在屋顶的植物,可以调整屋顶温度和城市气候。
屋顶花园分两种:一种是intensive的土有20inches,可以种不同种类的植物,另一种是extensive的土只有1到5inches,一般只能种一种植物,但是便宜。
所以大部分人还是选择这种。
第二部分说一些科学家的实践,在芝加哥见了一个,很先进,可以控制土的厚度,种了各种植物,灌木还有小树。
教授自己去看过,感觉很梦幻,走在上面前一面还以为是公园,后一秒看到Horns什么的才想起来其实自己在屋顶。
后来别的组织发现屋顶花园还是很好的动物的栖息地。
最后教授说虽然很多人说屋顶花园这个项目很费钱而且很脆弱,但是他有这么多的好处,我们为什么不再多投入一点点。
对话:办公室场景一个学生要去参加农业实习,所以不能上那个教授的课,但是他对那个教授的课很感兴趣,因为他是学农学的,写过一篇跟那个教授上的课程相关的小论文什么的。
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解析新托福听力场景之天文学
众所周知,新托福听力段子越来越难。
虽然ETS出题的规律已经很明显,但对于大多数考生而言,还是有难度。
尤其对于自己不熟悉的领域,段子一长,速度一快,便苦不堪言。
实际上,备考新托福的过程对考生来讲就是一个锻炼语言能力和拓展知识面的过程,考完后,很多考生发现自己变成了一个个“通才”。
上次我们重点分析了生物学听力段子,本次托福专家在这里和广大考生共同探讨一下天文学。
一、概述
天文学应该是许多考生头痛的话题。
在教学过程中,托福专家发现,文科生觉得天文学较难,涉及物理学,比如开普勒定律;理科生虽然物理不错,但是往往缺乏基础知识,比如天狼星的叫法。
天文学考察的频率在lecture中相对较高。
可以从以下几个方面来考察:
☆特定行星:例如木星,冥王星,天狼星,太阳,月球等
☆天文学理论:例如日心说与地心说,不同天文学家的观点,古希腊人对天文现象的解释等
☆宇宙:例如大爆炸理论,恒星与星云,星系,流星等
☆其他话题:往往和其他学科有交叉,如历史等
首先,考生要对这些话题的中心词熟悉。
在做TPO时一定要积累天文学词汇,做到会读和能够快速反应出意思。
可以坚持每天听一个lecture, 记笔记找感觉。
二、案例分析
下面是一个天文学的经典案例:
TPO 21 Part 2-Lecture 1 (Geocentric & Heliocentric theory)听力原文:Professor: Ok, we have been talking about how throughout history, it was often
difficult for people to give up ideas which have long been taken for granted as scientific truth, even if those ideas were false. In Astronomy, for example, the distinction between the solar system and the universe wasn’t clear until modern times. The ancient Greeks believed that what we called the solar system was in fact the entire universe, and that the universe was geocentric. Geocentric means Earth-centered, so the geocentric view holds that the Sun, the planets, and the stars, all revolve around the Earth, which is stationary. Of course, we now know that the planets, including Earth, revolve around the Sun, and that the solar system is only a tiny part of the universe.
So, why did the ancient Greeks believe that the Earth was the center of the universe? Well, it made sense to them. Observations of the sky make it appear as if the Sun, the moon, and the stars all revolve around the Earth everyday, while the Earth itself stayed in one place. And this view is also supported by their philosophical and religious beliefs about the origin and structure of the universe. It was presented in the works of well-known Greek philosophers as early as the fourth century B.C.E., and the geocentric theory continue to prevail in Western thought for almost 2,000 years, until the 17th century.
分析:
这一段是描写古希腊人对地心说的信仰,这两段中划线部分为考点。
托福专家提醒广大考生,80%的段子前三句必出主旨题。
因此,听到第一处划线部分,应马上记笔记(当然,这里有个小例外:考生会认为have been是迂回型主旨句,即在复习上节课的内容,重点在后面;但要注意have been talking是指一直在谈论的内容)。
然后下文有一个重要概念的出现:geocentric。
基础好的考生可根据词根词缀猜测,但若听不到也不要慌,因为段子中只要出现新概念,下文一定会解释。
比如这里随后出现了earth-centered一词。
下文又出现两点原因。
这当然是记笔记的重点,会考细节题。
提醒考生,一个段子6分钟左右,不可能一直保持精力高度集中。
因此应该舍弃不该听的,比如文稿中出现的of course。
这个表达对推动理论的发展没有什么作用,一般情况下可以略听。
此外,重听的
应该是文段中的黑体字,即同位,因果,递进。
有所取舍,才能将段子题攻克。
推荐笔记如下:
diff →弃ideas-古
eg. 天文
geo-心
why?
1) 绕地
2) 哲+ 宗
三、考点追踪
从上面这个例子可以看出,天文类的听力话题具有以下特点:
☆主题概念的引出。
往往考察主旨题。
☆某种理论。
比如上面例子中的地心说和日心说。
一定要注意新词的解释,留心各种形式的同位语。
☆转折,矛盾和列举。
由于篇幅有限,上例未将所有考点罗列出来。
这个段子还考察了含有强转折的矛盾点,原文中用了problem一词;列举提到了一句话:Let me mention two objections.
☆生词。
记笔记时用大写字母记下即可。
只关注与主题有关的细节。
知道这个词的含义并不重要,重要的是知道这个词与其他关键考点的联系和作用。
托福专家建议,广大考生在备考新托福听力的过程中一定要下足功夫。
这包含两个方面:词汇和语感。
词汇就是要求会读、反应快、辨音率高。
另一个方面就是要求考生多听段子找感觉,尤其是对于天文学这种难度较大的话题。
上次提到过,新托福是不会考察过于专业的内容,涉及到的概念也一般是考生接触过的话题。
适当补充此类学科的背景知识,了解ETS的出题点也是需要长期努力的。
*本文版权由朗阁海外考试研究中心专家张萌所有,成都朗阁上传,转载请注明出处。