外文文献翻译、中英文翻译——数控技术和装备发展趋势及对策

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【机械类文献翻译】数控技术与装备

NC technology and equipment数控技术与装备In China,the development of NC technology and equipment has been attached great importance to the considerable progress made in recent years.Especially in the common areas of computer numerical control,PC-based CNC system made that we have been in the forefront of the world.However,the technology research and industrial development in NC is also plagued with problems,especially in the technical innovation capability commercialization process,and other aspects of market share is particularly prominent.At the dawn of the new century,how to effectively address these issues,NC areas along the path of sustainable development in China.into the overall comprehensive advanced in the world,so we have a pivotal position in international competition.NC will be the research and development sector and the important tasks facing manufacturers.在我国，数控技术与装备的发展亦得到了高度重视，近年来取得了相当大的进步。

【精品】数控技术外文文献翻译

【关键字】精品数控技术外文文献翻译(含：英文原文及中文译文)英文原文The development trend of numerical control technologyAbstractThe current trends in the development of numerical control technology and equipment in the world and the status quo of the development and industrialization of CNC equipment technology in are briefly introduced. On this basis, we discuss the development of CNC technology and equipment in under the new environment of 's accession to the WTO and further opening to the outside world. The importance of improving the level of China's manufacturing informatization and international competitiveness, and put forward some views on the development of China's CNC technology and equipment from both strategic and strategic aspects.The technological level and degree of modernization of the equipment industry determine the level of the entire national economy and the degree of modernization. Numerical control technology and equipment are the development of emerging high-tech industries and cutting-edge industries (such as information technology and its industries, biotechnology and its industries, aviation, aerospace, etc.) (Defense Industry Industry) enabling technology and basic equipment. M arx once said that “the difference between various economic times is not what is produced but how it is produced and what labor data it is used to produce”. Manufacturing technology and equipment are the most basic production materials for human production activities, and numerical control technology is the core technology of today's advanced manufacturing technologies and equipment. In the manufacturing industry of the world today, CNC technology is widely used to improve manufacturing capabilities and levels, and to improve the adaptability and competitiveness of dynamic markets. In addition, various industrialized countries in the world have also listed numerical control technology and numerical control equipment as strategic materials of the country. They not only take significant measures to develop their own numerical control technologies and their industries, but also have the key technology and equipment of “high-precision” numerical control. Our country adopts a policy of blockade and restriction. In short, the vigorous development of advanced manufacturing technologies centered on numerical control technology has become an important way for all developed countries in the world to accelerate economic development and improve their overall national strength and national status.Numerical control technology is a technology that uses digital information to control mechanical movement and work process. Numerical control equipment is a mechatronic product formed by the penetration of new technologies represented by numerical control technology into traditional manufacturing industries and emerging manufacturing industries, namely, so-called digital equipment. Its technical scope covers many fields: (1) machinery manufacturing technology; (2) informationprocessing, processing, and transmission technology; (3) automatic control technology; (4) servo drive technology; (5) sensor technology; (6) software Technology and so on.Keywords: CNC technology, machinery manufacturing, information processing, sensors1 Development Trends of Numerical Control TechnologyThe application of numerical control technology has not only brought about revolutionary changes in the traditional manufacturing industry, but also made manufacturing a symbol of industrialization. With the continuous development of numerical control technology and the expansion of application fields, he has made important contributions to the national economy and people's livelihood (IT, automotive The development of light industry, light industry, medical care, etc. is playing an increasingly important role, because the digitalization of the equipment required by these industries is a major trend of modern development. From the current trend of numerical control technology and its equipment development in the world, its main research hotspots are the following aspects [1~4].1.1 New trends in high-speed, high-precision processing technology and equipmentEfficiency and quality are the mainstays of advanced manufacturing technology. High-speed, high-precision machining technology can greatly improve efficiency, improve product quality and grade, shorten production cycle and increase market competitiveness. To this end, the Japanese Advanced Technology Research Institute will list it as one of the five major modern manufacturing technologies. The International Association of Production Engineers (CIRP) has identified it as one of the central research directions for the 21st century.In the passenger car industry, the production cycle of 300,000 vehicles per year is 40 seconds per vehicle, and multi-species processing is one of the key issues that must be addressed for car equipment. In the aviation and aerospace industries, the parts processed by them are mostly thin-walled. With thin ribs, the rigidity is poor, and the material is aluminum or aluminum alloy. These ribs and walls can be processed only when the high cutting speed and cutting force are small. Recently, the method of “hollowing out” large-size aluminum alloy billets has been used to manufacture large parts such as wings and fuselage to replace multiple parts and assembled by numerous rivets, screws, and other coupling methods to obtain strength, stiffness, and reliability of components. improve. All of these require high-speed, high-precision and high-flexibility for processing equipment.From the standpoint of EMO2001, the feed rate of high-speed machining centers can reach /min, or even higher, and the airspeed can reach around /min. At present, many automobile plants in the world, including 's Shanghai General Motors Corporation, have adopted a part of the production line consisting of a high-speed machining center to replace the combined machine tools. The HyperMach machine tool feed rate of CINCINNATI, USA is up to /min, the speed is /min, the acceleration is , and the spindle speed has reached 60,000r/min. It takes only 30 minutes to machine a thin-walled aircraft part, and the same part takes 3h for general high-speed milling and 8h for normal milling; the spindle speed and acceleration of thetwin-spindle lathe of DMG, Germany, reach 12*!000r/mm respectively. And .In terms of machining accuracy, in the past 10 years, the machining accuracy of ordinary CNC machine tools has increased from 10μm to 5μm, precision machining centers have increased from 3~5μm to 1~1.5μm, and ultra-precision machining precision has begun to enter the nanometer level. (0.01μm).In terms of reliability, the MTBF value of foreign numerical control devices has reached more than 6000 hours, and the MTBF value of the servo system has reached more than 30,000 hours, showing very high reliability.In order to achieve high-speed, high-precision machining, the supporting functional components such as electric spindles and linear motors have been rapidly developed and the application fields have been further expanded.1.2 Rapid development of 5-axis simultaneous machining and compound machiningThe use of 5-axis simultaneous machining of 3D surface parts allows cutting with the best geometry of the tool, resulting in not only a high degree of finish, but also a significant increase in efficiency. It is generally considered that the efficiency of a 5-axis machine tool can be equal to 2 3-axis linkage machines. Especially when using ultra-hard material milling tools such as cubic boron nitride for high-speed milling of hardened steel parts, 5-axis simultaneous machining can be compared with 3-axis linkage. Processing to play a higher efficiency. In the past, due to the complexity of the 5-axis linkage CNC system and the host machine structure, the price was several times higher than that of the 3-axis linkage CNC machine tool, and the programming technology was more difficult, which restricted the development of 5-axis linkage machine tools.At present, due to the emergence of electric spindles, the structure of the composite spindle head that realizes 5-axis simultaneous machining is greatly simplified, its manufacturing difficulty and cost are greatly reduced, and the price gap of the numerical control system is reduced. As a result, the development of composite spindle head type 5-axis linkage machine tools and compound machine tools (including 5-sided machine tools) has been promoted.At the EMO2001 exhibition, the new 5-axis machine tool of Nippon Machine Tool Co., Ltd. adopts a compound spindle head, which can realize the processing of four vertical planes and processing at any angle, so that 5-sided machining and 5-axis machining can be realized on the same machine tool. It can realize the processing of inclined surface and inverted cone. Germany DMG company exhibited DMUV oution series machining center, which can be processed in five-face machining and five-axis linkage in a single clamping. It can be directly or indirectly controlled by CNC system control or CAD/CAM.1.3 Intelligentization, openness, and networking have become major trends in the development of modern digital control systemsThe 21st century CNC equipment will be a certain intelligent system. The intelligent content is included in all aspects of the CNC system: in order to pursue the processing efficiency and processing quality in the intelligent, such as the process of adaptive control, process parameters automatically Generated; To improve the driving performance and the use of convenient connection intelligent, such as feed-forwardcontrol, adaptive calculation of motor parameters, automatic identification load automatic selection model, self-tuning, etc.; simplify the programming, simplify the operation of intelligent, such as smart The automatic programming, intelligent man-machine interface, etc.; as well as the contents of intelligent diagnosis, intelligent monitoring, convenient system diagnosis and maintenance.In order to solve the problems of traditional CNC system closure and industrial application of CNC application software. At present, many countries have conducted research on open numerical control systems such as NGC of the , OSACA of the European Community, OSEC of Japan, and ONC of China. The openness of numerical control systems has become the future of CNC systems. The so-called open CNC system is the development of CNC system can be in a unified operating platform, for machine tool manufacturers and end users, by changing, adding or cutting structure objects (CNC function), to form a series, and can be convenient to the user's special The application and technology are integrated into the control system to quickly realize open numerical control systems of different varieties and different grades to form brand-name products with distinctive personality. At present, the architecture specification, communication specification, configuration specification, operation platform, numerical control system function library and numerical control system function software development tool of open CNC system are the core of current research.Networked CNC equipment is a new bright spot in the international well-known machine tool exposition in the past two years. The networking of CNC equipment will greatly satisfy the requirements of information integration for production lines, manufacturing systems, and manufacturing companies. It is also the basic unit for realizing new manufacturing models such as agile manufacturing, virtual enterprise, and global manufacturing. Some famous domestic and foreign CNC machine tools and numerical control system manufacturing companies have introduced relevant new concepts and prototypes in the past two years. For example, at the EMO 2001 exhibition, the “Cyber Production Center” exhibited by Japan's Mazak company Mazak Production Control Center (CPC); Okuma Machine Tool Company, Japan exhibited “ITplaza” (Information Technology Plaza, IT Plaza); Open Manufacturing Environment (Open Manufacturing Environment, OME), exhibited by Siemens, Germany Etc., reflecting the trend of the development of CNC machine tools to the direction of the network.1.4 Emphasizing the Establishment of New Technology Standards and Specifications bout Design and Development of CNC SystemsAs mentioned above, the open CNC system has better versatility, flexibility, adaptability, and expandability. The , the European Community, and have implemented strategic development plans one after another, and have conducted the open architecture system specification (OMAC). , OSACA, OSEC) research and development, the world's three largest economies in the short term carried out almost the same set of scientific plans and norms, indicating that the arrival of a new revolution in digital technology. In 2000, began to conduct research and development of the regulatory framework for 's ONC numerical control system.bout CNC StandardsCNC standards are a trend in the development of manufacturing informatization. The information exchange in the 50 years since the birth of CNC technology was based on the ISO 6983 standard. That is how the G and M codes describe how to process. The essential feature is the processing-oriented process. Obviously, he has been unable to meet the high speed of modern CNC technology. The need for development. For this purpose, a new CNC system standard ISO14649 (STEP-NC) is being researched and developed internationally. Its purpose is to provide a uniform data model that can describe the entire life cycle of a product without relying on a neutral mechanism of a specific system. , in order to achieve the entire manufacturing process, and even the standardization of product information in various industrial fields. The emergence of STEP-NC may be a revolution in CNC technology. It will have a profound impact on the development of CNC technology and even the entire manufacturing industry. First, STEP-NC proposes a brand-new manufacturing concept. In the traditional manufacturing concept, NC machining programs are concentrated on a single computer. Under the new standard, NC programs can be distributed on the Internet. This is the direction of open and networked CNC technology. Secondly, STEP-NC CNC system can also greatly reduce the processing drawings (about 75%), processing program preparation time (about 35%) and processing time (about 50%).At present, European and American countries attach great importance to the research of STEP-NC, and has initiated STEP-NC's IMS plan ( Participation in this program comes from 20 CAD/CAM/CAPP/CNC users, vendors and academic institutions in Europe and . STEPTools of the is the developer of global manufacturing data exchange software. He has developed a SuperModel for the information exchange of CNC machine tools. Its goal is to describe all machining processes with a unified specification. This new data exchange format has now been validated on prototype prototypes equipped with SIEMENS, FIDIA and European OSACA-NC numerical control systems.2 Basic Estimates of 's CNC Technology and Its Industrial DevelopmentCNC technology in started in 1958. The development process in the past 50 years can be roughly divided into three stages: the first stage from 1958 to 1979, which is the closed development stage. At this stage, the development of numerical control technology is relatively slow due to the limitations of foreign technology and 's basic conditions. The second stage is the introduction of technology during the “sixth and fifth” periods of the country, the “seventh five-year plan” period, and the “eighth five-year plan period,” and it will be digested and absorbed t o initially establish the stage of the national production system. At this stage, due to the reform and opening up and the country’s attention, as well as the improvement of the research and development environment and the international environment, China’s CNC technology has made great progress in research, development, and localization of products. The third stage is the implementation of industrialization research in the later period of the "Eighth Five-Year Plan" and the "Ninth Five-Year Plan" period of the country, entering the stage of market competition. At this stage, theindustrialization of domestically-manufactured CNC equipment has achieved its essenceSexual progress. At the end of the “Ninth Five-Year Plan” period, the domestic market share of domestic CNC machine tools reached 50%, and the number of domestically-manufactured numerical control systems (pervasive models) also reached 10%.Looking at the development process of CNC technology in in the past 50 years, especially after four five-year plans, the overall results are as follows:a. It lays the foundation for the development of CNC technology and basically masters modern CNC technology. has now basically mastered the basic technologies from numerical control systems, servo drives, numerical control mainframes, special planes and their accessories. Most of these technologies already have the basis for commercial development. Some technologies have been commercialized and industrialized.b. Initially formed a CNC industrial base. Based on the research results and the commercialization of some technologies, we have established numerical control system production plants such as Huazhong Numerical Control and Aerospace Numerical Control which have mass production capabilities. Lanzhou Electric Machinery Factory, Huazhong Numerical Control and a number of servo systems and servo motor manufacturers, as well as a number of CNC machine manufacturers such as Beijing No. 1 Machine Tool Plant and Jinan No. 1 Machine Tool Plant. These production plants have basically formed 's CNC industrial base.c. Established a basic team of CNC research, development and management talents.Although significant progress has been made in the research, development, and industrialization of numerical control technology, we must also soberly realize that the research and development of high-end numerical control technologies in , especially the status quo of the technological level of industrialization and the actual needs of China There is a big gap. Although our country's development speed is very fast in the vertical direction, the horizontal ratio (compared with foreign countries) not only has a gap in the level of technology, but also has a gap in the development speed in certain aspects, that is, the gap in the technological level of some highly sophisticated numerical control equipment has expanded. From the international point of view, the estimated level of 's numerical control technology and industrialization is roughly as follows:a. On the technical level, it will be about 10 to 15 years behind the advanced level in foreign countries, and it will be even bigger in terms of sophisticated technology.b. At the industrialization level, the market share is low, the variety coverage is small, and scale production has not yet been established; the specialized production level of functional components and the complete set capacity are low; the appearance quality is relatively poor; the reliability is not high, and the degree of commercialization is insufficient; The domestic CNC system has not established its own brand effect, and the user's confidence is insufficient.c. On the ability of sustainable development, the research and development and engineering capabilities of pre-competitive numerical control technology are weak; the application of numerical control technology is not strong; the research and formulation of related standard specifications is lagging behind.The main reasons for analyzing the above gaps are as follows:a. Awareness. Insufficient understanding of the arduous, complex and long-term characteristics of the domestic CNC industry process; Insufficient estimates of market irregularities, foreign blockades, killings, and systems; and insufficient analysis of the application level and capabilities of CNC technology in .b. Systematic aspects. From the point of view of technology, attention has been paid to the issue of CNC industrialization. It has been a time to consider the issue of CNC industrialization from the perspectives of system and industry chain; there is no complete supporting system of high-quality supporting systems, perfect training, and service networks. .c. Mechanisms. Bad mechanisms have led to brain drain, which in turn has restricted technological and technological route innovations and product innovations, and has constrained the effective implementation of planning. It is often planned to be ideal and difficult to implement.d. Technical aspects. Enterprises have little ability to independently innovate in technology, and the engineering ability of core technologies is not strong. The standard of machine tools is backward, the level is low, and the new standard of CNC system is not enough.3 Strategic Thinking on the Development of CNC Technology and Industrialization in 3.1 Strategic Considerationsis a manufacturing country, and we must try to accept the transfer of the front-end rather than the back-end in the industrial transfer of the world. That is to master the advanced manufacturing core technologies, otherwise, in the new round of international industrial restructuring, 's manufacturing industry will further “empty core”. At the expense of resources, the environment, and the market, we may obtain only the international "processing centers" and "assembly centers" in the world's new economic structure, rather than the status of manufacturing centers that master core technologies. This will seriously affect our country. The development of modern manufacturing.We should pay attention to numerical control technology and industrial issues from the perspective of national security strategy. First of all, we must look at social security because manufacturing industry is the industry with the largest number of employed people in . Manufacturing industry development can not only improve the people’s living standards, but also ease the country’s The pressure of employment guarantees social stability. Secondly, from the perspective of national defense security, Western developed countries classify high-precision numerical control products as national strategic materials and implement embargoes and restrictions on . The “Toshiba Incident” and the “Cox Report” "This is the best illustration.3.2 Development StrategyFrom the perspective of China’s basic national conditions, taking the countr y’s strategic needs and the market demand of the national economy as the guide, and aiming at improving the comprehensive competitiveness and industrialization level of China’s manufacturing equipment industry, we can use systematic methods to choose to dominate the early 21st century in China. The key technologies for the development and upgrade of the manufacturing equipment industry and supporting technologies and supporting technologies for supporting industrialization development are the contents of research and development and the leap-forward development of the manufacturing equipment industry. Emphasizing the market demand as the orientation, that is, taking CNC terminal products as the mainstay, and driving the CNC industry with complete machines (such as large-scale CNC lathes, milling machines, high-speed, high-precision and high-performance CNC machine tools, typical digital machines, key equipment of key industries, etc.). development of. The focus is on the reliability and production scale of CNC systems and related functional components (digital servos and motors, high-speed spindle systems and accessories for new equipment, etc.). Without scale, there will be no high-reliability products; without scale, there will be no cheap and competitive products; of course, CNC equipment without scale in China will be difficult to come to the fore. In the research and development of high-precision equipment, we must emphasize the closeintegration of production, learning, research, and end-users, and aim at “doing, using, and selling off” as a goal, and implement national research on the will of the country to solve the urgent need of the country. . Before the competition, CNC technology emphasizes innovation, emphasizes research and development of technologies and products with independent intellectual property rights, and lays a foundation for the sustainable development of China's CNC industry, equipment manufacturing industry, and even the entire manufacturing industry.中文译文数控技术的发展趋势摘要本文简要介绍了当今世界数控技术及装备发展的趋势及我国数控装备技术发展和产业化的现状, 在此基础上讨论了在我国加入WTO 和对外开放进一步深化的新环境下, 发展我国数控技术及装备、提高我国制造业信息化水平和国际竞争能力的重要性, 并从战略和策略两个层面提出了发展我国数控技术及装备的几点看法。

中国数控车床的现状和发展趋势分析中英文文献资料

Not only the Chinese numerical control lathe present situation and thetrend of development(中国数控车床的现状和发展趋势分析)analysis numerical control technology application has brought the revolutionary change for the traditional manufacturing industry, causes the manufacturing industry to become the industrialization the symbol, moreover along with numerical control technology unceasing development and application domain expansion, it to national economy and the people's livelihood some important professions (IT, automobile, light industry, medical service and so on) development more and more vital role, because these professions must equip the digitization already was the modern development major tendency. The current numerical control lathe presents following trend of development.1. high speed, high precisionHigh speed, precise is the engine bed development eternal goal.Development progresses by leaps and bounds which along with the science and technology, the mechanical and electrical products renewal speed speeds up, increasingly is also high to the components processing precision and the surface quality request.In order to satisfy this complex changeable market the demand, the current engine bed to the high-speed cutting, is doing the cutting and does the direction of cut to develop, the processing precision also in unceasingly enhances. On the other hand, the electricity main axle and the straight line electrical machinery success application, the ceramics ball bearing, the high accuracy lead greatly hollow in cold and the ball bearing nut strong cold low temperature high speed ball bearing guide screw vice-and the belt ball bearing retainer straight line guide rail vice-and so on engine bed function part appearing on the market, also for the engine bed to high speed, the precise development has created the condition. The numerical control lathe picks uses electricity the main axle, has cancelled links and so on leather belt, band pulley and gear, reduced the master drive rotation inertia greatly, enhanced the main axle dynamic speed of response and the work precision, when thorough settlement main axle high-speed operation transmission and so on leather belt and band pulley vibrations and noise question.Picks uses electricity the main axle structure to be possible to enable the main axle rotational speed to achieve above 10000r/min.The straight line motor-driven speed is high, adds the moderating properties to be good, has the superior response characteristic and the followed precision. Made the servo with the straight line electrical machinery to actuate, to omit the ball bearing guide screw this intermediate drive link, eliminated the transmission gap (including reverse gap), the movement inertia was small, the system rigidity was good, could locate precisely under high speed, thus increased the servo precision enormously.Straight line trundle guide rail, because it has respectively to the gap for the zero and the extremely small rolling friction, wears slightly, gives off heat may ignore, has the extremely good thermostability, increased the entire journey pointing accuracy and the repetition pointing accuracy. Through the straight line electrical machinery and the straight line trundle guide rail vice-application,may make the engine bed the rapid traverse speed to enhance 60~80m/min from present10~20m/mim, even reaches as high as 120m/min.2. redundant reliablenumerical control engine bed reliability is a numerical control engine bed product quality crucial target.Whether does the numerical control engine bed display its high performance, the high accuracy and the high efficiency, and obtains the good benefit, the key is decided by its reliable height.3. function recombinefunction recombine goal is further enhances the engine bed the production efficiency, uses reduces to few in the non-processing non-cutting time.Through the function recombine, may expand the engine bed the use scope, enhances the efficiency, realizes multipurpose one machine, one machine many energy, namely a numerical control lathe already may realize the turning function, also may realize the milling processing; Or in also may realize the abrasive machining by the mill primarily engine bed on.4. intellectualizations, the network, the flexibility and the integrated21st century numerical control equipments has certain intellectualized system. In order to pursue the processing efficiency and the processing quality aspect intellectualization, like processing process adaptive control, craft parameter automatic production; In order to enhance the actuation performance and the use connection aspect intellectualization, like feed-forward control, electrical machinery parameter auto-adapted operation, automatic diagnosis load automatic designation model, self regulating grade; Simplification programming, simplification operation aspect intellectualization, like intellectualized automatic programming, intellectualized man-machine contact surface and so on; Also has the intelligence to diagnose, aspect and so on intelligent monitoring contents, by facilitates the system the diagnosis and the service and so on. The numerical control engine bed the tendency which develops to the flexibility automated system is: From (numerical control single plane, processing center and numerical control compound processing engine bed), line (FMC, FMS, FTL, FML) to surface (construction section workshop independent manufacture island, FA), body (CIMS, distribution network integration manufacture system) the direction develops, on the other hand develops to the attention utility and the efficient direction. The flexible automation technology is the manufacturing industry adapts the dynamic market demand and the product rapid renewal main method, is the various countries' manufacturing industry development mainstream tendency, is the advanced manufacture domain foundation technology.Its key point is by enhances the system the reliability, changes into the premise practical, take the easy networking and the integration as the goal, the attention enhancement unit technology development and the consummation.The CNC single plane to the high accuracy, the high velocity and the high flexible direction develops. The numerical control engine bed and the constitution flexibility manufacture system can conveniently and joints and so on CAD, CAM, CAPP and MTS, develops to the information integration direction.The network system to the opening, the integration and the intellectualized direction develops.中国数控车床的现状和发展趋势分析数控技术的应用不但给传统制造业带来了革命性的变化，使制造业成为工业化的象征，而且随着数控技术的不断发展和应用领域的扩大，它对国计民生的一些重要行业(IT、汽车、轻工、医疗等)的发展起着越来越重要的作用，因为这些行业所需装备的数字化已是现代发展的大趋势。

数控技术论文中英文摘要

摘要Abstract数控技术是用数字信息对机械运动和工作过程进行控制的技术, 是现代化工业生产中的一门发展十分迅速的高新技术。

数控装备是以数控技术为代表的新技术, 应用于传统制造产业和新型制造业形成的机电一体化产业, 即所谓的数字化装备。

本文简要分析了数控机床高速化、高精度化、可靠性、工艺复合性和多轴化等发展趋势，并提出了我国数控机床发展中存在的一些问题。

Numerical control technology is the technology controlled to mechanical movement and work process with digital information. I t’s a very rapidly developing technology in modern industrial production. Numerical control equipment is the new technology represented by numerical control technology forms to the manufacture industry of the tradition and infiltration of the new developing manufacturing industry, namely the so-called digital equipment. This paper analyzes the development trend of numerical control machine tools of high-speed, high-accuracy, reliability, process complex and multi-axis, and presents some of the problems existing in the development of China’s numerical control machine tools.关键词：精度材料市场竞争力Keywords: accuracy material market competitiveI。

数控外文翻译

数控技术和装备发展趋势及对策原文来源：Zhao Chang-ming Liu Wang-ju CNC Machining Process and equipment, 2002,China一、摘要Equip the engineering level, level of determining the whole national economy of the modernized degree and modernized degree of industry, numerical control technology is it develop new developing new high-tech industry and most advanced industry to equip such as information technology and his industry, biotechnology and his industry, aviation, spaceflight, etc. national defense industry last technology and getting more basic most equipment. Numerical control technology is the technology controlled to mechanical movement and working course with digital information, integrated products of electromechanics that the numerical control equipment is the new technology represented by numerical control technology forms to the manufacture industry of the tradition and infiltration of the new developing manufacturing industry,Keywords:Numerical ControlTechnology, E quipment,industry二、译文数控技术和装备发展趋势及对策装备工业的技术水平和现代化程度决定着整个国民经济的水平和现代化程度,数控技术及装备是发展新兴高新技术产业和尖端工业如信息技术及其产业、生物技术及其产业、航空、航天等国防工业产业的使能技术和最基本的装备;马克思曾经说过“各种经济时代的区别,不在于生产什么,而在于怎样生产,用什么劳动资料生产”;制造技术和装备就是人类生产活动的最基本的生产资料,而数控技术又是当今先进制造技术和装备最为核心的技术;当今世界各国制造业广泛采用数控技术,以提高制造能力和水平,提高对动态多变市场的适应能力和竞争能力;此外,世界上各工业发达国家还将数控技术及数控装备列为国家的战略物资,不仅采取重大措施来发展自己的数控技术及其产业,而且在“高精尖”数控关键技术和装备方面对我国实行封锁和限制政策;总之,大力发展以数控技术为核心的先进制造技术已成为世界各发达国家加速经济发展、提高综合国力和国家地位的重要途径;数控技术是用数字信息对机械运动和工作过程进行控制的技术,数控装备是以数控技术为代表的新技术对传统制造产业和新兴制造业的渗透形成的机电一体化产品,即所谓的数字化装备,其技术范围覆盖很多领域：1机械制造技术；2信息处理、加工、传输技术；3自动控制技术；4伺服驱动技术；5传感器技术；6软件技术等;1. 数控技术的发展趋势数控技术的应用不但给传统制造业带来了革命性的变化,使制造业成为工业化的象征,而且随着数控技术的不断发展和应用领域的扩大,他对国计民生的一些重要行业IT、汽车、轻工、医疗等的发展起着越来越重要的作用,因为这些行业所需装备的数字化已是现代发展的大趋势;从目前世界上数控技术及其装备发展的趋势来看,其主要研究热点有以下几个方面1～4;高速、高精加工技术及装备的新趋势效率、质量是先进制造技术的主体;高速、高精加工技术可极大地提高效率,提高产品的质量和档次,缩短生产周期和提高市场竞争能力;为此日本先端技术研究会将其列为5大现代制造技术之一,国际生产工程学会CIRP将其确定为21世纪的中心研究方向之一;在轿车工业领域,年产30万辆的生产节拍是40秒/辆,而且多品种加工是轿车装备必须解决的重点问题之一；在航空和宇航工业领域,其加工的零部件多为薄壁和薄筋,刚度很差,材料为铝或铝合金,只有在高切削速度和切削力很小的情况下,才能对这些筋、壁进行加工;近来采用大型整体铝合金坯料“掏空”的方法来制造机翼、机身等大型零件来替代多个零件通过众多的铆钉、螺钉和其他联结方式拼装,使构件的强度、刚度和可靠性得到提高;这些都对加工装备提出了高速、高精和高柔性的要求;从EMO2001展会情况来看,高速加工中心进给速度可达80m/min,甚至更高,空运行速度可达100m/min左右;目前世界上许多汽车厂,包括我国的上海通用汽车公司,已经采用以高速加工中心组成的生产线部分替代组合机床;美国CINCINNATI公司的HyperMach机床进给速度最大达60m/min,快速为100m/min,加速度达2g,主轴转速已达60 000r/min;加工一个薄壁飞机零件,只用30min,而同样的零件在一般高速铣床加工需3h,在普通铣床加工需8h；德国DMG 公司的双主轴车床的主轴速度及加速度分别达120000r/mm和1g;在加工精度方面,近10年来,普通级数控机床的加工精度已由10μm提高到5μm,精密级加工中心则从3～5μm,提高到1～μm,并且超精密加工精度已开始进入纳米级μm;在可靠性方面,国外数控装置的MTBF值已达6 000h以上,伺服系统的MTBF值达到30000h以上,表现出非常高的可靠性;为了实现高速、高精加工,与之配套的功能部件如电主轴、直线电机得到了快速的发展,应用领域进一步扩大;五轴联动加工和复合加工机床快速发展采用5轴联动对三维曲面零件的加工,可用刀具最佳几何形状进行切削,不仅光洁度高,而且效率也大幅度提高;一般认为,1台5轴联动机床的效率可以等于2台3轴联动机床,特别是使用立方氮化硼等超硬材料铣刀进行高速铣削淬硬钢零件时,5轴联动加工可比3轴联动加工发挥更高的效益;但过去因5轴联动数控系统、主机结构复杂等原因,其价格要比3轴联动数控机床高出数倍,加之编程技术难度较大,制约了5轴联动机床的发展;当前由于电主轴的出现,使得实现5轴联动加工的复合主轴头结构大为简化,其制造难度和成本大幅度降低,数控系统的价格差距缩小;因此促进了复合主轴头类型5轴联动机床和复合加工机床含5面加工机床的发展;在EMO2001展会上,新日本工机的5面加工机床采用复合主轴头,可实现4个垂直平面的加工和任意角度的加工,使得5面加工和5轴加工可在同一台机床上实现,还可实现倾斜面和倒锥孔的加工;德国DMG公司展出DMUV oution系列加工中心,可在一次装夹下实现5面加工和5轴联动加工,可由CNC系统控制或CAD/CAM直接或间接控制;智能化、开放式、网络化成为当代数控系统发展的主要趋势21世纪的数控装备将是具有一定智能化的系统,智能化的内容包括在数控系统中的各个方面：为追求加工效率和加工质量方面的智能化,如加工过程的自适应控制,工艺参数自动生成；为提高驱动性能及使用连接方便的智能化,如前馈控制、电机参数的自适应运算、自动识别负载自动选定模型、自整定等；简化编程、简化操作方面的智能化,如智能化的自动编程、智能化的人机界面等；还有智能诊断、智能监控方面的内容、方便系统的诊断及维修等;为解决传统的数控系统封闭性和数控应用软件的产业化生产存在的问题;目前许多国家对开放式数控系统进行研究,如美国的NGCThe Next Generation Work-Station/Machine Control、欧共体的OSACAOpen System Architecture for Control within Automation Systems、日本的OSECOpen System Environment for Controller,中国的ONCOpen Numerical Control System等;数控系统开放化已经成为数控系统的未来之路;所谓开放式数控系统就是数控系统的开发可以在统一的运行平台上,面向机床厂家和最终用户,通过改变、增加或剪裁结构对象数控功能,形成系列化,并可方便地将用户的特殊应用和技术诀窍集成到控制系统中,快速实现不同品种、不同档次的开放式数控系统,形成具有鲜明个性的名牌产品;目前开放式数控系统的体系结构规范、通信规范、配置规范、运行平台、数控系统功能库以及数控系统功能软件开发工具等是当前研究的核心;网络化数控装备是近两年国际着名机床博览会的一个新亮点;数控装备的网络化将极大地满足生产线、制造系统、制造企业对信息集成的需求,也是实现新的制造模式如敏捷制造、虚拟企业、全球制造的基础单元;国内外一些着名数控机床和数控系统制造公司都在近两年推出了相关的新概念和样机,如在EMO2001展中,日本山崎马扎克Mazak公司展出的“CyberProduction Center”智能生产控制中心,简称CPC；日本大隈Okuma机床公司展出“IT plaza”信息技术广场,简称IT广场；德国西门子Siemens公司展出的Open Manufacturing Environment 开放制造环境,简称OME等,反映了数控机床加工向网络化方向发展的趋势;重视新技术标准、规范的建立关于数控系统设计开发规范如前所述,开放式数控系统有更好的通用性、柔性、适应性、扩展性,美国、欧共体和日本等国纷纷实施战略发展计划,并进行开放式体系结构数控系统规范OMAC、OSACA、OSEC的研究和制定,世界3个最大的经济体在短期内进行了几乎相同的科学计划和规范的制定,预示了数控技术的一个新的变革时期的来临;我国在2000年也开始进行中国的ONC数控系统的规范框架的研究和制定;关于数控标准数控标准是制造业信息化发展的一种趋势;数控技术诞生后的50年间的信息交换都是基于ISO6983标准,即采用G,M代码描述如何how加工,其本质特征是面向加工过程,显然,他已越来越不能满足现代数控技术高速发展的需要;为此,国际上正在研究和制定一种新的CNC系统标准ISO14649STEP－NC,其目的是提供一种不依赖于具体系统的中性机制,能够描述产品整个生命周期内的统一数据模型,从而实现整个制造过程,乃至各个工业领域产品信息的标准化;STEP-NC的出现可能是数控技术领域的一次革命,对于数控技术的发展乃至整个制造业,将产生深远的影响;首先,STEP-NC提出一种崭新的制造理念,传统的制造理念中,NC加工程序都集中在单个计算机上;而在新标准下,NC程序可以分散在互联网上,这正是数控技术开放式、网络化发展的方向;其次,STEP-NC数控系统还可大大减少加工图纸约75％、加工程序编制时间约35％和加工时间约50％;2. 对我国数控技术及其产业发展的基本估计我国数控技术起步于1958年,近50年的发展历程大致可分为3个阶段：第一阶段从1958年到1979年,即封闭式发展阶段;在此阶段,由于国外的技术封锁和我国的基础条件的限制,数控技术的发展较为缓慢;第二阶段是在国家的“六五”、“七五”期间以及“八五”的前期,即引进技术,消化吸收,初步建立起国产化体系阶段;在此阶段,由于改革开放和国家的重视,以及研究开发环境和国际环境的改善,我国数控技术的研究、开发以及在产品的国产化方面都取得了长足的进步;第三阶段是在国家的“八五”的后期和“九五”期间,即实施产业化的研究,进入市场竞争阶段;在此阶段,我国国产数控装备的产业化取得了实质性进步;在“九五”末期,国产数控机床的国内市场占有率达50％,配国产数控系统普及型也达到了10％;纵观我国数控技术近50年的发展历程,特别是经过4个5年计划的攻关,总体来看取得了以下成绩;1 奠定了数控技术发展的基础,基本掌握了现代数控技术;我国现在已基本掌握了从数控系统、伺服驱动、数控主机、专机及其配套件的基础技术,其中大部分技术已具备进行商品化开发的基础,部分技术已商品化、产业化;2 初步形成了数控产业基地;在攻关成果和部分技术商品化的基础上,建立了诸如华中数控、航天数控等具有批量生产能力的数控系统生产厂;兰州电机厂、华中数控等一批伺服系统和伺服电机生产厂以及北京第一机床厂、济南第一机床厂等若干数控主机生产厂;这些生产厂基本形成了我国的数控产业基地;3建立了一支数控研究、开发、管理人才的基本队伍;虽然在数控技术的研究开发以及产业化方面取得了长足的进步,但我们也要清醒地认识到,我国高端数控技术的研究开发,尤其是在产业化方面的技术水平现状与我国的现实需求还有较大的差距;虽然从纵向看我国的发展速度很快,但横向比与国外对比不仅技术水平有差距,在某些方面发展速度也有差距,即一些高精尖的数控装备的技术水平差距有扩大趋势;从国际上来看,对我国数控技术水平和产业化水平估计大致如下;1 技术水平上,与国外先进水平大约落后10～15年,在高精尖技术方面则更大;2 产业化水平上,市场占有率低,品种覆盖率小,还没有形成规模生产；功能部件专业化生产水平及成套能力较低；外观质量相对差；可靠性不高,商品化程度不足；国产数控系统尚未建立自己的品牌效应,用户信心不足;3 可持续发展的能力上,对竞争前数控技术的研究开发、工程化能力较弱；数控技术应用领域拓展力度不强；相关标准规范的研究、制定滞后;分析存在上述差距的主要原因有以下几个方面;1 认识方面;对国产数控产业进程艰巨性、复杂性和长期性的特点认识不足；对市场的不规范、国外的封锁加扼杀、体制等困难估计不足；对我国数控技术应用水平及能力分析不够;2 体系方面;从技术的角度关注数控产业化问题的时候多,从系统的、产业链的角度综合考虑数控产业化问题的时候少；没有建立完整的高质量的配套体系、完善的培训、服务网络等支撑体系;3 机制方面;不良机制造成人才流失,又制约了技术及技术路线创新、产品创新,且制约了规划的有效实施,往往规划理想,实施困难;4 技术方面;企业在技术方面自主创新能力不强,核心技术的工程化能力不强;机床标准落后,水平较低,数控系统新标准研究不够;3. 对我国数控技术和产业化发展的战略思考战略考虑我国是制造大国,在世界产业转移中要尽量接受前端而不是后端的转移,即要掌握先进制造核心技术,否则在新一轮国际产业结构调整中,我国制造业将进一步“空芯”;我们以资源、环境、市场为代价,交换得到的可能仅仅是世界新经济格局中的国际“加工中心”和“组装中心”,而非掌握核心技术的制造中心的地位,这样将会严重影响我国现代制造业的发展进程;我们应站在国家安全战略的高度来重视数控技术和产业问题,首先从社会安全看,因为制造业是我国就业人口最多的行业,制造业发展不仅可提高人民的生活水平,而且还可缓解我国就业的压力,保障社会的稳定；其次从国防安全看,西方发达国家把高精尖数控产品都列为国家的战略物质,对我国实现禁运和限制,“东芝事件”和“考克斯报告”就是最好的例证;发展策略从我国基本国情的角度出发,以国家的战略需求和国民经济的市场需求为导向,以提高我国制造装备业综合竞争能力和产业化水平为目标,用系统的方法,选择能够主导21世纪初期我国制造装备业发展升级的关键技术以及支持产业化发展的支撑技术、配套技术作为研究开发的内容,实现制造装备业的跨跃式发展;强调市场需求为导向,即以数控终端产品为主,以整机如量大面广的数控车床、铣床、高速高精高性能数控机床、典型数字化机械、重点行业关键设备等带动数控产业的发展;重点解决数控系统和相关功能部件数字化伺服系统与电机、高速电主轴系统和新型装备的附件等的可靠性和生产规模问题;没有规模就不会有高可靠性的产品；没有规模就不会有价格低廉而富有竞争力的产品；当然,没有规模中国的数控装备最终难以有出头之日;在高精尖装备研发方面,要强调产、学、研以及最终用户的紧密结合,以“做得出、用得上、卖得掉”为目标,按国家意志实施攻关,以解决国家之急需;在竞争前数控技术方面,强调创新,强调研究开发具有自主知识产权的技术和产品,为我国数控产业、装备制造业乃至整个制造业的可持续发展奠定基础;三、原文Numerical control technology and equipping development trend and countermeasureEquip the engineering level, level of determining the whole national economy of the modernized degree and modernized degree of industry, numerical control technology is it develop new developing new high-tech industry and most advanced industry to equip such as information technology and his industry, biotechnology and his industry, aviation, spaceflight, etc. national defense industry last technology and getting more basic most equipment. Marx has ever said "the differences of different economic times, do not lie in what is produced, and lie in howto produce, produce with some means of labor ". Manufacturing technology and equipping the most basic means of production that are that the mankind produced the activity, and numerical control technology is nowadays advanced manufacturing technology and equips the most central technology. Nowadays the manufacturing industry all around the world adopts numerical control technology extensively, in order to improve manufacturing capacity and level, improve the adaptive capacity and competitive power to the changeable market of the trends. In addition every industrially developed country in the world also classifies the technology and numerical control equipment of numerical control as the strategic materials of the country, not merely take the great measure to develop one's own numerical control technology and industry, and implement blockading and restrictive policy to our country in view of " high-grade, precision and advanced key technology of numerical control " and equipping. In a word, develop the advanced manufacturing technology taking numerical control technology as the core and already become every world developed country and accelerate economic development in a more cost-effective manner, important way to improve the overall national strength and national position.Numerical control technology is the technology controlled to mechanical movement and working course with digital information, integrated products of electromechanics that the numerical control equipment is the new technology represented by numerical control technology forms to the manufacture industry of the tradition and infiltration of the new developing manufacturing industry, namely the so-called digitization is equipped, its technological range covers a lot of fields: 1Mechanical manufacturing technology; 2Information processing, processing, transmission technology; 3Automatic control technology; 4Servo drive technology; 5Technology of the sensor; 6Software engineering ,etc.Development trend of a numerical control technologyThe application of numerical control technology has not only brought the revolutionary change to manufacturing industry of the tradition, make the manufacturing industry become the industrialized symbol , and with the constant development of numerical control technology and enlargement of the application, the development of some important trades IT , automobile , light industry , medical treatment ,etc. to the national economy and the people's livelihood of his plays a more and more important role, because the digitization that these trades needed to equip has already been the main trend of modern development.Numerical control technology in the world at present and equipping the development trend to see, there is the following several respect 1- in its main research focus. 1 A high-speed, high finish machining technology and new trend equippedThe efficiency, quality are subjavanufacturing technology. High-speed, high finish machining technology can raise the efficiency greatly , improve the quality and grade of the products, shorten production cycle and improve the market competitive power. Japan carries the technological research association first to classify it as one of the 5 great modern manufacturing technologies for this, learn CIRP to confirm it as the centre in the 21st century and study one of the directions in internationalproduction engineering.In the field of car industry, produce one second when beat such as production of 300,000 / vehicle per year, and many variety process it is car that equip key problem that must be solved one of; In the fields of aviation and aerospace industry, spare parts of its processing are mostly the thin wall and thin muscle, rigidity is very bad, the material is aluminium or aluminium alloy, only in a situation that cut the speed and cut strength very small high, could process these muscles, walls. Adopt large-scale whole aluminium alloy method that blank " pay empty " make the wing recently, such large-scale parts as the fuselage ,etc. come to substitute a lot of parts to assemble through numerous rivet , screw and other connection way, make the intensity , rigidity and dependability of the component improved. All these, to processing and equipping the demand which has proposed high-speed, high precise and high flexibility.According to EMO2001 exhibition situation, high-speed machining center is it give speed can reach 80m/min is even high , air transport competent speed can up to 100m60m/min of speed, it is 100m/min to be fast, the acceleration reaches 2g, the rotational speed of the main shaft has already reached 60 000r/min. Processing a thin wall of plane parts, spend 30min only, and same part general at a high speed milling machine process and take 3h, the ordinary milling machine is being processed to need 8h; The speed and acceleration of main shaft of dual main shaft lathes of Germany DMG Company are up to 120000r/mm and 1g.In machining accuracy, the past 10 years, ordinary progression accuse of machining accuracy of lathe bring 5μm up to from 10μm already, accurate grades of machining center from 3～5μm, rise to 1～μm, and ultraprecision machining accuracy is it enter nanometer grade to begin already μm.In dependability, MTBF value of the foreign numerical control device has already reached above 6 000h, MTBF value of the servo system reaches above 30000h, demonstrate very high dependability .In order to realize high-speed, high finish machining, if the part of function related to it is electric main shaft, straight line electrical machinery get fast development, the application is expanded further . Link and process and compound to process the fast development of the lathe in 5 axesAdopt 5 axles to link the processing of the three-dimensional curved surface part, can cut with the best geometry form of the cutter , not only highly polished, but also efficiency improves by a large margin . It is generally acknowledged, the efficiency of an 5 axle gear beds can equal 2 3 axle gear beds, is it wait for to use the cubic nitrogen boron the milling cutter of ultra hard material is milled and pared at a high speed while quenching the hard steel part, 5 axles link and process 3 constant axles to link and process and give play to higher benefit. Because such reasons as complicated that 5 axles link the numerical control system , host computer structure that but go over, it is several times higher that its price links the numerical control lathe than 3 axles , in addition the technological degree of difficulty of programming is relatively great, have restricted the development of 5 axle gear beds.At present because of electric appearance of main shaft, is it realize 5 axlecomplex main shaft hair structure processed to link greatly simplify to make, it makes degree of difficulty and reducing by a large margin of the cost, the price disparity of the numerical control system shrinks. So promoted 5 axle gear beds of head of complex main shaft and compound to process the development of the lathe process the lathe including 5.At EMO2001 exhibition, new Japanese 5 of worker machine process lathe adopt complex main shaft hair, can realize the processing of 4 vertical planes and processing of the wanton angle, make 5 times process and 5 axles are processed and can be realized on the same lathe, can also realize the inclined plane and pour the processing of the hole of awls. Germany DMG Company exhibits the DMUV oution series machining center, but put and insert and put processing and 5 axles 5 times to link and process in once, can be controlled by CNC system or CAD/CAM is controlled directly or indirectly.Become the main trend of systematic development of contemporary numerical control intelligently, openly, networkedly.The numerical control equipment in the 21st century will be sure the intelligent system, the intelligent content includes all respects in the numerical control system: It is intelligent in order to pursue the efficiency of processing and process quality, control such as the self-adaptation of the processing course, the craft parameter is produced automatically; Join the convenient one in order to improve the performance of urging and use intelligently, if feedforward control , adaptive operation , electrical machinery of parameter , discern load select models , since exactly makes etc. automatically; The ones that simplified programming , simplified operating aspect are intelligent, for instance intelligent automatic programming , intelligent man-machine interface ,etc.; There are content of intelligence diagnose , intelligent monitoring , diagnosis convenient to be systematic and maintaining ,etc..Japan, ONC Open Numerical Control System of China, etc.. The numerical control system melts to become the future way of the numerical control system open. The so-called open numerical control system is the development of the numerical control system can be on unified operation platform, face the lathe producer and end user, through changing, increasing or cutting out the structure targetnumerical control function, form the serration, and can use users specially conveniently and the technical know-how is integrated in the control system, realize the open numerical control system of different variety , different grade fast, form leading brand products with distinct distinction. System structure norm of the open numerical control system at present, communication norm , disposing norm , operation platform , numerical control systematic function storehouse and numerical control systematic function software development ,etc. are the core of present research.The networked numerical control equipment is a new light spot of the fair of the internationally famous lathe in the past two years. Meeting production line , manufacture system , demand for the information integration of manufacturing company networkedly greatly of numerical control equipment, realize new manufacture mode such as quick make , fictitious enterprise , basic Entrance that the whole world make too. Some domestic and international famous numerical controllathes and systematic manufacturing companies of numerical control have all introduced relevant new concepts and protons of a machine in the past two years, if in EMO2001 exhibition, " Cyber Production Center " that the company exhibits of mountain rugged campstool gram in Japan Mazak intellectual central production control unit, abbreviated as CPC; The lathe company of Japanese big Wei Okuma exhibits " IT plaza " the information technology square , is abbreviated as IT square ; Open Manufacturing Environment that the company exhibits of German Siemens Siemens open the manufacturing environment, abbreviated as OME,etc., have reflected numerical control machine tooling to the development trend of networked direction.Pay attention to the new technical standard, normal setting-up1.4.1 Design the norm of developing about the numerical control systemChina too in 2000.About the numerical control standardThe numerical control standard is a kind of trend of information-based development of manufacturing industry. Information exchange among 50 years after numerical control technology was born was all because of ISO6983 standard, namely adopt G, M code describes how processes, its essential characteristic faces the processing course, obviously, he can't meet high-speed development of modern numerical control technology's needs more and more already. For this reason, studying and making a kind of new CNC system standard ISO14649 STEP-NC in the world, its purpose is to offer a kind of neutral mechanism not depending on the concrete system, can describe the unified data model in cycle of whole life of the products, thus realize the whole manufacture process, standardization of and even each industrial field product information.The appearance of STEP-NC may be a revolution of the technological field of the numerical control, on the development and even the whole manufacturing industry of numerical control technology, will exert a far-reaching influence. First of all, STEP-NC puts forward a kind of brand-new manufacture idea, in the traditional manufacture idea, NC processes the procedures to all concentrate on individual computer. Under the new standard, NC procedure can be dispersed on Internet, this is exactly a direction of open , networked development of numerical control technology. Secondly, STEP-NC numerical control system can also reduce and process the drawing about 75%, process the procedure to work out the time about 35% and process the time about 50% greatly.Japan2 pairs of basic estimations of technology and industry development of numerical control of our countryThe technology of numerical control of our country started in 1958, the development course in the past 50 years can roughly be divided into 3 stages: The first stage is from 1958 to 1979, namely closed developing stage. In this stages, because technology of foreign countries blockade and basic restriction of terms of our country, the development of numerical control technology is comparatively slow. During "Sixth Five-Year Plan Period" , " the Seventh Five-Year Plan Period " of the。

中英文文献翻译-数控技术和装备发展趋势及对策

英文原文Numerical control technology and equipping development trend and countermeasureEquip the engineering level, level of determining the whole national economy of the modernized degree and modernized degree of industry, numerical control technology is it develop new developing new high-tech industry and most advanced industry to equip (such as information technology and his industry, biotechnology and his industry, aviation, spaceflight, etc. national defense industry) last technology and getting more basic most equipment. Marx has ever said "the differences of different economic times, do not lie in what is produced, and lie in how to produce, produce with some means of labor ". Manufacturing technology and equipping the most basic means of production that are that the mankind produced the activity, and numerical control technology is nowadays advanced manufacturing technology and equips the most central technology. Nowadays the manufacturing industry all around the world adopts numerical control technology extensively, in order to improve manufacturing capacity and level, improve the adaptive capacity and competitive power to the changeable market of the trends. In addition every industrially developed country in the world also classifies the technology and numerical control equipment of numerical control as the strategic materials of the country, not merely take the great measure to develop one's own numerical control technology and industry, and implement blockading and restrictive policy to our country in view of " high-grade, precision and advanced key technology of numerical control " and equipping. In a word, develop the advanced manufacturing technology taking numerical control technology as the core and already become every world developed country and accelerate economic development in a more cost-effective manner, important way to improve the overall national strength and national position. Numerical control technology is the technology controlled to mechanical movement and working course with digital information, integrated products of electromechanics that the numerical control equipment is the new technology represented by numerical control technology forms to the manufacture industry of the tradition and infiltration of the new developing manufacturing industry, namely the so-called digitization is equipped, its technological range covers a lot of fields: (1)Mechanical manufacturing technology; (2)Information processing, processing, transmission technology; (3)Automatic control technology; (4)Servo drive technology;(5)Technology of the sensor; (6)Software engineering ,etc.Development trend of a numerical control technologyThe application of numerical control technology has not only brought the revolutionary change to manufacturing industry of the tradition, make the manufacturing industry become the industrialized symbol , and with the constant development of numerical control technology and enlargement of the application, the development of some important trades (IT , automobile , light industry , medical treatment ,etc. ) to the national economy and the people's livelihood of his plays a more and more important role, because the digitization that these trades needed to equip has already been the main trend of modern development.Numerical control technology in the world at present and equipping the development trend to see, there is the following several respect [1- ] in its main research focus. 1 A high-speed, highfinish machining technology and new trend equippedThe efficiency, quality are subjavanufacturing technology. High-speed, high finish machining technology can raise the efficiency greatly , improve the quality and grade of the products, shorten production cycle and improve the market competitive power. Japan carries the technological research association first to classify it as one of the 5 great modern manufacturing technologies for this, learn (CIRP) to confirm it as the centre in the 21st century and study one of the directions in international production engineering.In the field of car industry, produce one second when beat such as production of 300,000 / vehicle per year, and many variety process it is car that equip key problem that must be solved one of; In the fields of aviation and aerospace industry, spare parts of its processing are mostly the thin wall and thin muscle, rigidity is very bad, the material is aluminium or aluminium alloy, only in a situation that cut the speed and cut strength very small high, could process these muscles, walls. Adopt large-scale whole aluminium alloy method that blank " pay empty " make the wing recently, such large-scale parts as the fuselage ,etc. come to substitute a lot of parts to assemble through numerous rivet , screw and other connection way, make the intensity , rigidity and dependabilityof the component improved. All these, to processing and equipping the demand which has proposed high-speed, high precise and high flexibility.According to EMO2001 exhibition situation, high-speed machining center is it give speed can reach 80m/min is even high , air transport competent speed can up to 100m/min to be about to enter. A lot of automobile factories in the world at present, including Shanghai General Motors Corporation of our country, have already adopted and substituted and made the lathe up with the production line part that the high-speed machining center makes up. HyperMach lathe of U.S.A. CINCINNATI Company enters to nearly biggest 60m/min of speed, it is 100m/min to be fast, the acceleration reaches 2g, the rotational speed of the main shaft has already reached 60 000r/min. Processing a thin wall of plane parts, spend 30min only, and same part general at a high speed milling machine process and take 3h, the ordinary milling machine is being processed to need 8h; The speed and acceleration of main shaft of dual main shaft lathes of Germany DMG Company are up to 120000r/mm and 1g.In machining accuracy, the past 10 years, ordinary progression accuse of machining accuracy of lathe bring 5μm up to from 10μm already, acc urate grades of machining center from 3～5μm, rise to 1～1.5μm, and ultraprecision machining accuracy is it enter nanometer grade to begin already (0.01μm).In dependability, MTBF value of the foreign numerical control device has already reached above 6 000h, MTBF value of the servo system reaches above 30000h, demonstrate very high dependability .In order to realize high-speed, high finish machining, if the part of function related to it is electric main shaft, straight line electrical machinery get fast development, the application is expanded further . 1.2 Link and process and compound to process the fast development of the lathe in 5 axes Adopt 5 axles to link the processing of the three-dimensional curved surface part, can cut with the best geometry form of the cutter , not only highly polished, but also efficiency improves by a large margin . It is generally acknowledged, the efficiency of an 5 axle gear beds can equal 2 3 axle gear beds, is it wait for to use the cubic nitrogen boron the milling cutter of ultra hard material is milled and pared at a high speed while quenching the hard steel part, 5 axles link and process 3 constant axles to link and process and give play to higher benefit. Because such reasons as complicated that 5 axles link the numerical control system , host computer structure that but go over, it is several times higher that its price links the numerical control lathe than 3 axles , inaddition the technological degree of difficulty of programming is relatively great, have restricted the development of 5 axle gear beds.At present because of electric appearance of main shaft, is it realize 5 axle complex main shaft hair structure processed to link greatly simplify to make, it makes degree of difficulty and reducing by a large margin of the cost, the price disparity of the numerical control system shrinks. So promoted 5 axle gear beds of head of complex main shaft and compound to process the development of the lathe (process the lathe including 5).At EMO2001 exhibition, new Japanese 5 of worker machine process lathe adopt complex main shaft hair, can realize the processing of 4 vertical planes and processing of the wanton angle, make 5 times process and 5 axles are processed and can be realized on the same lathe, can also realize the inclined plane and pour the processing of the hole of awls. Germany DMG Company exhibits the DMUV oution series machining center, but put and insert and put processing and 5 axles 5 times to link and process in once, can be controlled by CNC system or CAD/CAM is controlled directly or indirectly.1.3 Become the main trend of systematic development of contemporary numerical control intelligently, openly, networkedly.The numerical control equipment in the 21st century will be sure the intelligent system, the intelligent content includes all respects in the numerical control system: It is intelligent in order to pursue the efficiency of processing and process quality, control such as the self-adaptation of the processing course, the craft parameter is produced automatically; Join the convenient one in order to improve the performance of urging and use intelligently, if feedforward control , adaptive operation , electrical machinery of parameter , discern load select models , since exactly makes etc. automatically; The ones that simplified programming , simplified operating aspect are intelligent, for instance intelligent automatic programming , intelligent man-machine interface ,etc.; There are content of intelligence diagnose , intelligent monitoring , diagnosis convenient to be systematic and maintaining ,etc..Produce the existing problem for the industrialization of solving the traditional numerical control system sealing and numerical control application software. A lot of countries carry on research to the open numerical control system at present, such as NGC of U.S.A. (The Next GenerationWork-Station/Machine Control), OSACA of European Community (Open System Architecture for Control within Automation Systems), OSEC (Open System Environment for Controller) of Japan, ONC (Open Numerical Control System) of China, etc.. The numerical control system melts to become the future way of the numerical control system open. The so-called open numerical control system is the development of the numerical control system can be on unified operation platform, face the lathe producer and end user, through changing, increasing or cutting out the structure target(numerical control function), form the serration, and can use users specially conveniently and the technical know-how is integrated in the control system, realize the open numerical control system of different variety , different grade fast, form leading brand products with distinct distinction. System structure norm of the open numerical control system at present, communication norm , disposing norm , operation platform , numerical control systematic function storehouse and numerical control systematic function software development ,etc. are the core of present research.The networked numerical control equipment is a new light spot of the fair of the internationally famous lathe in the past two years. Meeting production line , manufacture system , demand for the information integration of manufacturing company networkedly greatly of numerical control equipment, realize new manufacture mode such as quick make , fictitious enterprise , basicEntrance that the whole world make too. Some domestic and international famous numerical control lathes and systematic manufacturing companies of numerical control have all introduced relevant new concepts and protons of a machine in the past two years, if in EMO2001 exhibition, " Cyber Production Center " that the company exhibits of mountain rugged campstool gram in Japan (Mazak) (intellectual central production control unit, abbreviated as CPC); The lathe company of Japanese big Wei (Okuma ) exhibits " IT plaza " (the information technology square , is abbreviated as IT square ); Open Manufacturing Environment that the company exhibits of German Siemens (Siemens ) (open the manufacturing environment, abbreviated as OME),etc., have reflected numerical control machine tooling to the development trend of networked direction.1.4 Pay attention to the new technical standard, normal setting-up1.4.1 Design the norm of developing about the numerical control systemAs noted previously, there are better common ability, flexibility, adaptability, expanding in the open numerical control system, such countries as U.S.A. ,European Community and Japan ,etc. implement the strategic development plan one after another , carry on the research and formulation of the systematic norm (OMAC , OSACA , OSEC ) of numerical control of the open system structure, 3 biggest economies in the world have carried on the formulation that nearly the same science planned and standardized in a short time, have indicated a new arrival of period of change of numerical control technology. Our country started the research and formulation of standardizing the frame of ONC numerical control system of China too in 2000.1.4.2 About the numerical control standardThe numerical control standard is a kind of trend of information-based development of manufacturing industry. Information exchange among 50 years after numerical control technology was born was all because of ISO6983 standard, namely adopt G, M code describes how processes, its essential characteristic faces the processing course, obviously, he can't meet high-speed development of modern numerical control technology's needs more and more already. For this reason, studying and making a kind of new CNC system standard ISO14649 (STEP-NC) in the world, its purpose is to offer a kind of neutral mechanism not depending on the concrete system, can describe the unified data model in cycle of whole life of the products, thus realize the whole manufacture process, standardization of and even each industrial field product information.The appearance of STEP-NC may be a revolution of the technological field of the numerical control, on the development and even the whole manufacturing industry of numerical control technology, will exert a far-reaching influence. First of all, STEP-NC puts forward a kind of brand-new manufacture idea, in the traditional manufacture idea, NC processes the procedures to all concentrate on individual computer. Under the new standard, NC procedure can be dispersed on Internet, this is exactly a direction of open , networked development of numerical control technology. Secondly, STEP-NC numerical control system can also reduce and process the drawing (about 75%), process the procedure to work out the time (about 35%) and process the time (about 50%) greatly.At present, American-European countries pay much attention to the research of STEP-NC, Europe initiates IMS plan (1999.1.1-2001.12.3) of STEP-NC. 20 CAD/CAM/CAPP/CNC users, manufacturers and academic organizations from Europe and Japan participated in this plan. STEP Tools Company of U.S.A. is a developer of the data interchange software of manufacturing industry in the global range, he has already developed the super model (Super Model ) which accuses of information exchange of machine tooling by counting, its goal is to describe all processing courses with the unified norm. Such new data interchange form has already been verified in allocating the SIEMENS, FIDIA and European OSACA-NC numerical control atpresent.2 pairs of basic estimations of technology and industry development of numerical control of our countryThe technology of numerical control of our country started in 1958, the development course in the past 50 years can roughly be divided into 3 stages: The first stage is from 1958 to 1979, namely closed developing stage. In this stages, because technology of foreign countries blockade and basic restriction of terms of our country, the development of numerical control technology is comparatively slow. During "Sixth Five-Year Plan Period" , " the Seventh Five-Year Plan Period " of the country in second stage and earlier stage in " the Eighth Five-Year Plan Period ", namely introduce technology, digest and assimilate, the stage of establishing the system of production domesticization arisesing tentatively. At this stage , because of reform and opening-up and national attention , and study the improvement of the development environment and international environment, research , development and all making considerable progress in production domesticization of the products of the technology of numerical control of our country. The third stage is and during the "Ninth Five-Year Plan Period" on the later stage in "the Eighth Five-Year Plan Period" of the country, namely implement the research of industrialization, enter market competition stage. At this stage, made substantive progress in industrialization of the domestic numerical control equipment of our country. In latter stage for "the Ninth Five-Year Plan ", the domestic occupation rate of market of the domestic numerical control lathe is up to 50%, it is up to 10% too to mix the domestic numerical control system (popular).Make a general survey of the development course in the past 50 years of technology of numerical control of our country, especially through tackling key problems of 4 Five-Year Plans, all in all has made following achievements.（1）Have established the foundation of the technical development of numerical control, has mastered modern numerical control technology basically. Our country has already, the numerical control host computer, basic technology of special plane and fittings grasped and driven from the numerical control system and survey basically now, among them most technology have already possessed and commercialized the foundation developed, some technology has already, industrialization commercialized.（2）Have formed the industrial base of numerical control tentatively. In tackling key problems the foundation that the achievement and some technology commercialize, set up the systematic factories of numerical control with production capacity in batches such as numerical control in Central China, numerical control of the spaceflight etc.. Electrical machinery plant of Lanzhou, such factory and the first machine tool plant of Beijing , the first machine tool plant of Jinan ,etc. several numerical control host computer factories of a batch of servo systems and servo electrical machineries as the numerical control in Central China, etc.. These factories have formed the numerical control industrial base of our country basically.（3）Have set up a numerical control research, development, managerial talent's basic team. Though has made considerable progress in research and development and industrialization of numerical control technology, but we will realize soberly, the research and development of the technology of advanced numerical control of our country, especially there is greater disparity in current situation and current demand of our country of engineering level in industrialization. Though very fast from watching the development of our country vertically, have disparity horizontally more than (compare foreign countries with) not merely engineering level, there is disparity too in development speed in some aspects, namely the engineering level disparity between some high-grade , precision and advanced numerical control equipment has the tendencyto expand . Watch from world, estimate roughly as follows about the engineering level of numerical control of our country and industrialization level.（1）On the engineering level, in probably backward 10-1 years with the advanced level in foreign countries, it is bigger in high-quality precision and sophisticated technology.（2）On the industrialization level, the occupation rate of market is low, the variety coverage rate is little, have not formed the large-scale production yet; The specialized level of production of function part and ability of forming a complete set are relatively low; Appearance quality is relatively poor; Dependability is not high, the commercialized degree is insufficient; One's own brand effect that the domestic numerical control system has not been set up yet, users have insufficient confidence.（3）On the ability of sustainable development, research and development of numerical control technology, project ability is relatively weak to the competition; It is not strong that the technological application of numerical control expands dynamics; Research, formulation that relevant standards are normal lag behind.It is analyzed that the main reason for having above-mentioned disparity has the following several respect.（1）Realize the respect. Know to industry's process arduousness , complexity and long-term characteristic of domestic numerical control insufficiently; It is difficult to underestimate to add strangling, system, etc. to the unstandard, foreign blockade of the market; It is not enough to analyse to the technological application level and ability of numerical control of our country. （2）System. Pay close attention to numerical control industrialization many in the issue, consider numerical control industrialization little in the issue synthetically in terms of the systematic one, industry chain in terms of technology; Have not set up related system, perfect training , service network of intact high quality ,etc. and supported the system.（3）Mechanism. It causes the brain drain, restraining technology and technological route from innovating again, products innovation that the bad machine is made, and has restricted the effective implementation of planning, has often planned the ideal, implement the difficulty.（4）Technology. The autonomous innovation in technology of enterprises is indifferent; the project of key technology is indifferent. The standard of the lathe lags behind, the level is relatively low, it is not enough for new standard of the numerical control system to study.3 pairs of strategic thinking of technology and industrialized development of numerical control of our country3.1 Strategic considerationOur country make big country, industry is it is it accept front instead of transformation of back end to try one's best to want in shifting in world, namely should master and make key technology advanced, otherwise in a new round of international industrial structure adjustment, the manufacturing industry of our country will step forward and " leave the core spaces ". We regard resource, environment , market as the cost, it is only an international " machining center " in the new economic pattern of the world to exchange the possibility got and " assemble the centre ", but not master the position of the manufacturing center of key technology , will so influence the development process of the modern manufacturing industry of our country seriously.We should stand in the height of national security strategy paying attention to numerical control technology and industry's question , at first seen from social safety, because manufacturing industry whether our country obtain employment most populous trade, the development of manufacturing industry not only can improve the people's living standard but also can alleviate the pressure of employment of our country , ensure the stability of the society; Secondly seen fromnational defense security, the western developed country has classified all the high-grade , precision and advanced numerical control products as the strategic materials of the country, realizing the embargo and restriction to our country, " Toshiba incident " and " Cox Report " is the best illustration.3.2 Development tacticsProceed from the angles of the fundamental realities of the country of our country, regard the strategic demand of the country and market demand of national economy as the direction, regard improving our country and making the comprehensive competitive power of equipping industry and industrialization level as the goal, use the systematic method , be able to choose to make key technology upgraded in development of equipping industry and support technology supporting the development of industrialization in our country in initial stage of 21st century in leading factor, the ability to supply the necessary technology realizes making the jump development of the equipping industry as the content of research and development .Emphasize market demand is a direction, namely take terminal products of numerical control as the core, with the complete machine (Such as the numerical control lathe having a large capacity and a wide range, milling machine, high speed high precise high-performance numerical control lathe, digitized machinery of model, key industry key equipment, etc.) drive the development of the numerical control industry. Solve the numerical control system and relevant functions part especially The dependability that (digitized servo system and electrical machinery, high speed electric main shaft system and new-enclosure that equip, etc.) and production scale question. There are no products that scale will not have high dependability; Will not have cheap and products rich in the competitiveness without scale; Certainly, it is difficult to have day holding up one's head finally that there is no scale Chinese numerical control equipment.In equiping researching and developing high-grade , precision and advancedly , should emphasize the production, learning and research and close combination of the end user, regard " drawing, using, selling " as the goal, tackle key problems according to the national will, in order to solve the needing badly of the country.Numerical control technology, emphasized innovation, put emphasis on researching and developing the technology and products with independent intellectual property right before the competition, establish the foundation for the industry of numerical control of our country, sustainable development of equipment manufacture and even the whole manufacturing industry.中文译文数控技术和装备发展趋势及对策装备工业的技术水平和现代化程度决定着整个国民经济的水平和现代化程度，数控技术及装备是发展新兴高新技术产业和尖端工业（如信息技术及其产业、生物技术及其产业、航空、航天等国防工业产业）的使能技术和最基本的装备。

机械类数控车床外文翻译外文文献英文文献数控

机械类数控车床外文翻译外文文献英文文献数控原文来源：Zhao Chang-ming Liu Wang-ju (CNC Machining Process and equipment, 2002,China)一、摘要Equip the engineering level, level of determining the whole national economy of the modernized degree and modernized degree of industry, numerical control technology is it develop new developing new high-tech industry and most advanced industry to equip (such as information technology and his industry, biotechnology and his industry, aviation, spaceflight, etc. national defense industry) last technology and getting more basic most equipment. Numerical control technology is the technology controlled to mechanical movement and working course with digital information, integrated products of electromechanics that the numerical control equipment is the new technology represented by numerical control technology forms to the manufacture industry of the tradition and infiltration of the new developing manufacturing industry,Keywords:Numerical ControlTechnology, E quipment,industry二、译文数控技术和装备进展趋势及计策装备工业的技术水平和现代化程度决定着整个国民经济的水平和现代化程度，数控技术及装备是进展新兴高新技术产业和尖端工业〔如信息技术及其产业、生物技术及其产业、航空、航天等国防工业产业〕的使能技术和最差不多的装备。

数控技术编程设计外文文献翻译、中英文翻译、外文翻译

附录1 译文数控技术1 当前世界NC机床的研究现状世界各国对数控机床、加工中心以至FMS、CIMS等各种新技术的研究与发展进程，是与世界经济形势紧密相连的。

机床工业有世界经济相互促进和发展，进入21世界知识机警时代，人们的知识所起的作用更加突出，而机床工业作为机器制造业的基础，其重点地位与战略意义也更加明显。

在1991—1994年间，世界经济衰退，昂贵的FMS，CIMS降温，1995—2000年间，世界经济在低速增长，根据当前世界市场各方面用户为提高生产率对NC机床的要求以及世界四大国际机床展（欧洲的EMO、美国的IMTS、日本的JIMTOF、中国的CIMT）上展品的分析，当前世界NC机床的技术研究主要有以下几点：（1）更加重视新技术和创新在世界范围内，对新工艺、新材料、新结构、新单元、新元件的研究开发工作正在大力开展，如新的刀具材料、新的主轴结构、高速电主轴、高速直线电机等的开发研究。

以加工工艺的改进创新为基础，为加工超硬、难切削材料及特殊复合材料及复杂零件、不规则曲面等在不断研究开发新机种。

（2）提高机床加工的精度和研究为了提高加工中心的加工精度，不断提高机床的刚度、减少振动，消除热变形，降低噪声，提高NC机床的定位精度、重复精度、工作可靠性、稳定性、精度保持性，世界很多国家都在进行机床热误差、机床运动及负载变形误差的软件补偿技术研究，并采取精度补偿、软件补偿等措施加以改善，有的已经可以使此类误差消除60%。

并在不断开发精细加工，纳米加工。

（3）提高机床加工生产率的研究世界NC机床、加工中心及相应的高速点主轴、直线电机、测量系统、NC 系统的开发，均以提高生产率为前提。

2 加工中心的分类（1）按工艺用途分类有：镗铣加工中心，分为立式樘铣加工中心、卧式樘铣加工中心和龙门樘铣加工中心。

其加工工艺以樘铣为主，用于箱体，壳体以及各种复杂零件特殊曲线和曲面轮廓的多工序加工，适合多品种小批量生产。

复合加工中心，主要指五面复合加工，主轴头可自动回转，进行立，卧加工，在主轴自动回转后，在水平和垂直方向实现知道变换。

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附录Numerical control technology and equipment trend of development and countermeasureThe equipment industry technical level and the modernized degree were deciding the entire national economy level and the modernized degree, the numerical control technology and the equipment are the development emerging high technology and new technology industry and the state-of-art industry (for example defense industry industries and so on information technology and industry, biological technology and industry, aviation, astronautics) enables the technology and the most basic equipment. Marx had said “each kind of economical time difference, does not lie in produces any, but how lies in produces, with any means of labor production”. The technique of manufacture and the equipment is the humanity produces active the most basic producer goods, but the numerical control technology also is advanced now the technique of manufacture and the equipment most core technology. Now the various countries manufacturing industry widely uses the numerical control technology, sharpens the manufacturing capacity and the level, enhances to the dynamic changeable market adaptiveness and competitive ability. In addition in the world various industries developed country also lists as the national strategic resources the numerical control technology and the numerical control equipment, not only takes the significant measure to develop own numerical control technology and the industry, moreover implements the blockade and the limit policy in “precise and advanced” the numerical control key technologies and the equipment aspect to our country. In brief, develops vigorously take the numerical control technology has become the world each developed country acceleration economy development as the core advanced technique of manufacture, enhances the comprehensive national strength and the national status important way.The numerical control technology is carries on the control with the numericalinformation to the mechanical movement and the work process the technology, the numerical control equipment is take the numerical control technology as representative's new technology the integration of machinery product which forms to the traditional manufacture industry and the emerging manufacturing industry seepage, namely so-called digitized equipment, its technical scope cover very many domains: (1) machine manufacture technology; (2) information processing, processing, transmission technology; (3) automatic control technology; (4) servo actuates the technology; (5) sensor technology; (6) software technology and so on.1Development trend of a numerical control technology The application of numerical control technology has not only brought the revolutionary change to manufacturing industry of the tradition, make the manufacturing industry become the industrialized symbol , and with the constant development of numerical control technology and enlargement of the application, the development of some important trades (IT , automobile , light industry , medical treatment ,etc. ) to the national economy and the people's livelihood of his plays a more and more important role, because the digitization that these trades needed to equip has already been the main trend of modern development. Numerical control technology in the world at present and equiping the development trend to see, there is the following several respect [1- ] in its main research focus .A high-speed , high finish machining technology and new trend equippedThe efficiency , quality are subjavanufacturing technology. High-speed , high finish machining technology can raise the efficiency greatly , improve the quality and grade of the products, shorten production cycle and improve the market competitive power. Japan carries the technological research association first to classify it as one of the 5 great modern manufacturing technologies for this, learn (CIRP ) to confirm it as the centre in the 21st century and study one of the directions in international production engineering.In the field of car industry, produce one second when beat such as production of300,000 / vehicle per year, and many variety process it is car that equip key problem that must be solved one of; In the fields of aviation and aerospace industry, spare parts of its processing are mostly the thin wall and thin muscle, rigidity is very bad, the material is aluminium or aluminium alloy, only in a situation that cut the speed and cut strength very small high, could process these muscles , walls . Adopt large-scale whole aluminium alloy method that blank " pay empty " make the wing recently, such large-scale parts as the fuselage ,etc. come to substitute a lot of parts to assemble through numerous rivet , screw and other connection way, make the intensity , rigidity and dependability of the component improved. All these, to processing and equiping the demand which has proposed high-speed , high precise and high flexibility.1.2 Link and process and compound to process the fast development of the lathe in 5 axesAdopt 5 axles to link the processing of the three-dimensional curved surface part, can cut with the best geometry form of the cutter , not only highly polished, but also efficiency improves by a large margin . It is generally acknowledged , the efficiency of an 5 axle gear beds can equal 2 3 axle gear beds , is it wait for to use the cubic nitrogen boron the milling cutter of ultra hard material is milled and pared at a high speed while quenching the hard steel part, 5 axles link and process 3 constant axles to link and process and give play to higher benefit. Because such reasons as complicated that 5 axles link the numerical control system , host computer structure that but go over, it is several times higher that its price links the numerical control lathe than 3 axles , in addition the technological degree of difficulty of programming is relatively great, have restricted the development of 5 axle gear beds.At present because of electric appearance of main shaft, is it realize 5 axle complex main shaft hair structure processed to link greatly simplify to make, it makes degree of difficulty and reducing by a large margin of the cost, the price disparity of the numerical control system shrinks . So promoted 5 axle gear beds of head of complex main shaft and compound to process the development of the lathe (process the lathe including 5 ).At EMO2001 exhibition, new Japanese 5 of worker machine process lathe adopt complex main shaft hair, can realize the processing of 4 vertical planes and processing of the wanton angle , make 5 times process and 5 axles are processed and can be realized on the same lathe, can also realize the inclined plane and pour the processing of the hole of awls . Germany DMG Company exhibits the DMUV oution series machining center, but put and insert and put processing and 5 axles 5 times to link and process in once, can be controlled by CNC system or CAD/CAM is controlled directly or indirectly.1.2 Become the main trend of systematic development of contemporary numerical control intelligently , openly , networkedlily The numerical control equipment in the 21st century will be sure the intelligent system, the intelligent content includes all respects in the numerical control system: It is intelligent in order to pursue the efficiency of processing and process quality, control such as the self-adaptation of the processing course, the craft parameter is produced automatically; Join the convenient one in order to improve the performance of urging and use intelligently, if feed forward control , adaptive operation , electrical machinery of parameter , discern load select models , since exactly makes etc. automatically automatically; The ones that simplified programming , simplified operating aspect are intelligent, for instance intelligent automatic programming , intelligent man-machine interface ,etc.; There are content of intelligence diagnose , intelligent monitoring , diagnosis convenient to be systematic and maintaining ,etc.. 1.4 Pay attention to the new technical standard , normal setting-up 1.4.1 Design the norm of developing about the numerical control systemAs noted previously, there are better common ability , flexibility , adaptability , expanding in the open numerical control system, such countries as U.S.A. , European Community and Japan ,etc. implement the strategic development plan one after another , carry on the research and formulation of the systematic norm (OMAC ,OSACA , OSEC ) of numerical control of the open system structure, 3 biggest economies in the world have carried on the formulation that nearly the same science planned and standardized in a short time, have indicated a new arrival of period of change of numerical control technology. Our country started the research and formulation of standardizing the frame of ONC numerical control system of China too in 2000.1.4.2 About the numerical control standardThe numerical control standard is a kind of trend of information-based development of manufacturing industry. Information exchange among 50 years after numerical control technology was born was all because of ISO6983 standard, namely adopt G, M code describes how processes, its essential characteristic faces the processing course, obviously, he can't meet high-speed development of modern numerical control technology's needs more and more already. For this reason, studying and making a kind of new CNC system standard ISO14649 (STEP-NC) in the world, its purpose is to offer a kind of neutral mechanism not depending on the concrete system , can describe the unified data model in cycle of whole life of the products , thus realize the whole manufacture process, standardization of and even each industrial field product information.2 pairs of basic estimations of technology and industry development of numerical control of our countryThe technology of numerical control of our country started in 1958, the development course in the past 50 years can roughly be divided into 3 stages: The first stage is from 1958 to 1979, namely closed developing stage. In this stages, because technology of foreign countries blockade and basic restriction of terms of our country, the development of numerical control technology is comparatively slow. During "Sixth Five-Year Plan Period " , " the Seventh Five-Year Plan Period " of the country in second stage and earlier stage in " the Eighth Five-Year Plan Period ", namely introduce technology, digest and assimilate, the stage of establishing the system of production domestration arising tentatively. At this stage , because ofreform and opening-up and national attention , and study the improvement of the development environment and international environment, research , development and all making considerable progress in production domesticization of the products of the technology of numerical control of our country. The third stage is and during the " Ninth Five-Year Plan Period " on the later stage in " the Eighth Five-Year Plan Period " of the country, namely implement the research of industrialization, enter market competition stage. At this stage , made substantive progress in industrialization of the domestic numerical control equipment of our country. In latter stage for " the Ninth Five-Year Plan ", the domestic occupation rate of market of the domestic numerical control lathe is up to 50%, it is up to 10% too to mix the domestic numerical control system (popular ).3 pairs of strategic thinking of technology and industrialized development of numerical control of our country3.1 Strategic considerationOur country make big country, industry is it is it accept front instead of transformation of back end to try one's best to want in shifting in world, namely should master and make key technology advancedly, otherwise in a new round of international industrial structure adjustment, the manufacturing industry of our country will step forward and " leave the core spaces ". We regard resource, environment, market as the cost, it is only an international " machining center " in the new economic pattern of the world to exchange the possibility got and " assemble the centre ", but not master the position of the manufacturing center of key technology , will so influence the development process of the modern manufacturing industry of our country seriously.We should stand in the height of national security strategy paying attention to numerical control technology and industry's question , at first seen from social safety, because manufacturing industry whether our country obtain employment most populous trade, the development of manufacturing industry not only can improve the people's living standard but also can alleviate the pressure of employment of ourcountry , ensure the stability of the society; Secondly seen from national defence security, the western developed country has classified all the high-grade , precision and advanced numerical control products as the strategic materials of the country, realizing the embargo and restriction to our country, " Toshiba incident " and " Cox Report " is the best illustration.3.2 Development tacticsProceed from the angles of the fundamental realities of the country of our country, regard the strategic demand of the country and market demand of national economy as the direction, regard improving our country and making the comprehensive competitive power of equiping industry and industrialization level as the goal, use the systematic method , be able to choose to make key technology upgraded in development of equiping industry and support technology supporting the development of industrialization in our country in initial stage of 21st century in leading factor, the ability to supply the necessary technology realizes making the jump development of the equiping industry as the content of research and development.Emphasize market demand is a direction, namely take terminal products of numerical control as the core, with the complete machine (Such as the numerical control lathe having a large capacity and a wide range, milling machine , high speed high precise high-performance numerical control lathe , digitized machinery of model , key industry key equipment ,etc.) drive the development of the numerical control industry. Solve the numerical control system and relevant functions part especially The dependability that (digitized servo system and electrical machinery , high speed electric main shaft system and new-enclosure that equip ,etc. ) and production scale question. There are no products that scale will not have high dependability ; Will not have cheap and products rich in the competitiveness without scale ; Certainly, it is difficult to have day holding up one's head finally that there is no scale Chinese numerical control equipment.In equiping researching and developing high-grade , precision and advancedly , should emphasize the production, learning and research and close combination of theend user, regard " drawing, using, selling " as the goal, tackle key problems according to the national will, in order to solve the needing badly of the country.Numerical control technology, emphasized innovation, put emphasis on researching and developing the technology and products with independent intellectual property right before the competition, establish the foundation for the industry of numerical control of our country , sustainable development of equipment manufacture and even the whole manufacturing industry.数控技术和装备发展趋势及对策装备工业的技术水平和现代化程度决定着整个国民经济的水平和现代化程度，数控技术及装备是发展新兴高新技术产业和尖端工业（如信息技术及其产业、生物技术及其产业、航空、航天等国防工业产业）的使能技术和最基本的装备。