论《红字》陌生化翻译
对《红字》的文体学分析
对《红字》的文体学分析摘要：《红字》是纳撒尼尔·霍桑的经典作品，前景化（foregrounding）是文体学的一个重要概念。
本文试用拓展了的角度，从语音偏离、词汇偏离、句法偏离、背景陌生化偏离、人称指代语的偏离等角度分析，从不同常规角度对经典进行前景化分析。
关键词：红字；前景化；偏离中图分类号：i106 文献标识码：a 文章编号：1009-0118（2012）-06-0-02在文学作品中，前景化（foregrounding）通常指为实现创作意图，运用故意偏离，以引人注目或表现作品主题。
leech认为这些偏离主要包括词汇偏离、语法偏离、语音偏离、书写偏离、语义偏离等。
随着前景化理论的应用，越来越多的学者尝试进行新的探索，把研究角度拓展到体裁偏离、描写手法与常规偏离、人物心理与常规模式偏离、人称指称偏离等角度，从而对文学作品产生不同的解读。
本文试从以下角度对红字进行分析：一、语音的偏离分析《红字》作为一部经典作品，它的语言有丰富的特征，从而达到霍桑想要的文学效果，或渲染人物心情，或塑造人物个性。
例如，在十六章林中散步部分，有这样一段描写：“overhead was a greyexpanse of cloud, slightly stirred, however, by a breeze; sothat a gleam of flickering sunshine might now and then be seen at its solitary play along the path. this flitting cheerfulness was always at the farther extremity of some long vista through the forest. ”（一）此段中，作者运用了一些语音技巧：1、高频使用/s/与/f/.如段落中的“slightly”, “stirred”, “solitary”, “sportive”等；2、长元音和双元音的使用也很多，比如“seen”“breeze”“gleam”“slightly”；（二）这些刻意的、高频的、偏离常规的语音特征，达到了显著的语音效果：1、清音有轻柔感，强调了人物的心理感受；2、长音和双元音悠长拖沓，放缓阅读速度，使读者与人物产生强烈的心理共鸣，感受到散发在字里行间的忧愁与寂寞感。
《红字》陌生化叙事艺术
《红字》的陌生化叙事艺术摘要陌生化手法是霍桑《红字》中一个突出的叙事艺术。
这一艺术手法增强了作品的张力和含混，延长了读者对作品的领悟，让作品与读者保持恰如其分的审美距离，从而增强了作品的文学美学效果，提升了作品的文学价值和艺术感染力。
关键词：《红字》陌生化艺术象征手法诗性言语审美效果中图分类号：i106.4 文献标识码：a陌生化叙事艺术手法是俄国形式主义理论家维克托·什克洛夫斯基在其文章《作为手法的艺术》中提出来的。
他指出：“艺术技巧就是让事物变得陌生，让形式增添难度，让感悟受阻延时，因为感悟的过程是一种审美过程，必须得以延长。
艺术是体验事物艺术性的一种方式，事物本身并不重要。
”陌生化叙事艺术的深刻内涵就是把熟悉和习惯的事物叙述或描述成奇特而陌生的东西，运用深邃难懂的语言形式和违反常规的情节结构，将平常的事物变得“不寻常”，让读者从新的视角去审视客观事物，让他们有“新奇”之感。
纳撒尼尔·霍桑正是巧妙地运用了陌生化艺术手法，如反讽、对照、象征手法、意象、神秘主义等修辞技巧，使读者延长和改变了对语言、人物、事件、情节的习惯和自动感知，从而增强了小说的艺术感染力和审美效果。
因此，本文将根据叙事学和形式主义的相关理论深入解读陌生化叙事艺术的概念及文学艺术功能，探究作者这一艺术手法在《红字》中的运用及其艺术审美效果。
一含混的主题及范式打破常规，追求新异是陌生化手法的基本原则。
开放式的主题和范式是《红字》的突出特点，从不同的批评视角，将得出不同的结论。
从清教主义的视角来解读，《红字》是一部有关“原罪”的说教小说，是美国新版的“亚当”和“夏娃”故事，每个人都是有罪的，但要真诚的忏悔，像海丝特一样获得新生，否则，就像丁梅斯代尔一样痛苦致死。
从浪漫主义的视角审视，它的确拥有许多幻想、超自然的元素，是一部超越时代、追求自由和个性的爱情故事，如潘志明所说的，“究其本质而言，《红字》确实是部爱情小说，因为霍桑本人也在该书手稿上写着：‘红字，一部罗曼司’”。
解读 《红字》 脱水精华版
解读《红字》脱水精华版作者是纳撒尼尔霍桑。
他是美国最早写作短篇小说的作家，也是美国心理分析小说的开创者。
霍桑生活的年代啊，正是美国清教盛行的年代。
他出生的萨勒姆镇，是清教徒的聚集地。
霍桑的几代祖先都是狂热的清教徒。
这使他从小就接受了宗教教育。
在霍桑的故乡，曾经发生过一场著名的冤案萨勒姆女巫案，起因是当地好多年轻的女孩儿突然就染上了一种浑身抽搐、大声尖叫的怪病。
牧师认为是女巫所致，就严刑逼供，捉拿女巫。
导致19人被处以绞刑，一人被石头堆压死。
这些被当做女巫的人，都是一些平时与清教规范的生活格格不入的女性。
事实上，从现代医学上讲，这些发病的女孩儿只是感染了一种病菌而已，并不是女巫施了什么法，但是20个生命就这样惨死了。
据说，霍桑的五世祖就是造成这起冤案的三大法官之一。
这种负罪感一直伴随着火葬。
上大学之后，他还专门在自己姓氏多了一个字母W，尽力使自己区别于不光彩的祖先，这也使他一直在思考宗教迫害的问题。
霍桑的家族曾经是名门望族，但是在他的童年却家道中落。
霍桑四岁的时候，父亲去世，九岁的时候，他因为意外导致驳脚。
这些遭遇都导致霍桑从小就养成了独处的习惯。
这种孤寂感一直弥漫在他的作品中，也让他愿意去关注那些被边缘化和被排斥的个体。
霍桑的母亲在丈夫去世之后一直郁郁寡欢，离群索居，甚至与家人也很少来往。
霍桑从小就在母亲身上看到了一个女人的忧伤。
儿时的经历让霍桑敏感而细腻。
尤其是对于处于社会边缘的女性，充满了同情。
红字这本小说的女主角海斯特就是这样一个女人。
故事发生在夏天的一个早晨，一群当地居民守在监狱大门外，他们等待着，同时用恶毒的语言评论着一个叫做海斯特的女人。
豫门终于打开了，一个怀抱着三个月大婴儿的年轻女人进入了人们的视野。
虽然承受着巨大的屈辱，但是他依旧体态优美，目光坦然。
他的衣服胸前绣着一个红色的字母a，这是英文通奸a Dr e的第一个字母。
他跟一个不是她丈夫的男人生下了一个女婴，犯了通奸罪。
按照当地的法律，海斯特是要被判处死刑的。
美国文学 霍桑《红字》赏析
The Scarlet LetterAuthor: Nathaniel HawthorneSymbolism：The Scarlet Letter, A symbol of shame, but instead it becomes a powerful symbol of identity to Hester. The letter’s meaning shifts as time passes. Originally intended to mark Hester as an adulteress, the “A” eventually comes to stand for “Able.”The Meteor , to Dimmesdale, the meteor implies that he should wear a mark of shame just as Hester does. The meteor is interpreted differently by the rest of the community, which thinks that it stands for “Angel” and marks Governor Winthrop’s entry into heavenThe Rosebush, Next to the Prison Door .The narrator chooses to begin his story with the image of the rosebush beside the prison door. The rosebush symbolizes the ability of nature to endure and outlast man’s activities.Pearl is a sort of living version of her mother’s scarlet letter. She is the physical consequence of sexual sin and the indicator of a transgression (evildoing). Upward American spiritCharacter analysis:Hester: disloyalty, betrayal, deception, sexual desire, adultery. Face, correct, redeem, purify. Praise, content, conformability.Dimmesdale: adultery, cowardice, hypocrisy, dishonesty, selfishness, too coward to confess, tortured by his conscience. Sympathetic, disfavor his hesitation, indecisiveness and cowardice. Chillingworth: revenge. Tortured by the desire of revenge, twisted and reduced to nothing. disgusted, think he committed greater crime.Puritanism in The Scarlet LetterPuritan background: setting, events, characters, thoughts, behaviors.Puritan doctrines: original sin, total depravity, predestination, limited atonement.Ralph Waldo Emerson1.NatureThe declaration of TranscendentalismAnalysis of “Nature”A long essay which has eight parts: the opening, commodity, beauty, language, discipline, Idealism, spirit and prospects. Our selection is taken from the opening. Taken as a whole, “Nature” expresses Emerson’s philosophy in a more systematic fashion than any other work of his.Meanings of natureI BeautyNature is beautiful. : the complete, mysterious, useful and moral beauty of nature. First, nature’s beauty lies in its completeness. Second, nature’s beauty lies in its mystery. cannot be manipulated. Only when he holds a sincere respect for nature, can man feel the mysterious beauty of nature. Third, nature’s beauty lies in its usefulness. Nature provides man without any benefitII Nature Is Divine●Nature is divine and has the eternal order which should not be violated. Influenced in a way byChinese ancient philosophy, Emerson believes that all the things in the world come from the same root---the Oversoul.●Emerson believes that man can find God in his own heart by direct contact with nature●Nature has permeated (penetrate) all aspects of human life. Spirit embodied in nature hasinfluence upon us. Nature inspires man and gives him\her power. Man should find the truth,goodness and beauty in his own soul and bring into play his potentiality as human being. Then, he will become himself “All that Adam had, all that Caesar could, you have and can do".For Emerson, the individual is potentially the most divine and any organization or existing idea can not limit the development of individual.III Nature Is ChangingEverything in nature is in a process---growing, withdrawing and falling into the ground. The flowing of nature comes from a force which impels it to develop. For instance, a river is always in constantly flowing. It originates from mountains, flows along great plains and ultimately converges into the sea. Transcendental philosophyNature symbolizes freedom, independence and change. These are Individualism elements which attend to significance of common life. Therefore Emerson's nature is the theoretical base of American Individualism---one of the characteristics of American culture. As the symbol of Spirit, nature helps to prove that man's soul is beautiful, divine and fluid. Man should pursue spiritual fulfillmentExcerpt from Nature: in Nature Emerson puts forward every phenomenon of the nature there was the spirit of the spirit of the nature.Here from this paragraph we could see that emerson found the beauty in the wildness nature rather than the village or something. “in the wildness, I find something more dear and connate than in streets or villages.” In the wildness of the nature, emerson can transcend physical body to the spirit of the God and he can become one part of the spirit.He emerges into the nature, and then he goes into the Oversoul. “I am part or particle of God.” “I am nothing; I see all”. This sentence clearly shows that emerson merges into the sporit. And in the nature we could get the eternal beauty.2.Self-Reliance①“The Confidence”. a man must show his opinion confidently and bravely in spite of different ideas.②“The Independence”. A man should keep himself firmly ; not be easily influenced by environment.③Keep personality, which is closely related to the confidence and the independence. a man must keep his personality and conform to his own principles.④“Showing no Sympathy to the Poor” shows that why the poor are poor is mainly due to their backward thinking. Showing help to this kind of people means doing harm to them.Comment: In Self-reliance, Emerson expressed the romantic idea of individualism, with an emphasis on being self-sufficient. He promoted relying on oneself rather than on established society. Emerson was known for his repeated use of phrase “trust thyself”. “Self-reliance” is his explanation---both systematic and passionate of what he meant by this, and why he was moved to make it his catchphrase. Every individual possesses a unique genius, Emerson argues, that can only be revealed when that individual has the courage to trust his or her own thoughts, attitudes, and inclinations against all public disapproval.Henry Wadsworth Longfellow1. A Psalm of Life①Love of nature, love for the past ②Trochaic tetrameter③constant theme for poets: The relationship of life and death. ④He expresses his pertinent interpretation to that by warning us that though life is hard and everybody must die, time flies and life is short, yet, human beings ought to be hold “to act,” to face the reality straightly so as to make otherwise meaningless life significant.2. My Lost YouthⅤ. Terms 10’New England PoetsThe new England poets were the representatives of imitation, authors like Irving, William Cullen Bryant, Henry wadsworth Longfellow etc. tried to imitate the forms and themes of their English brothers, such as Alexander Pope, Robert Burns, Thomas Gray, wordsworth and so on.Rip van winkleThis is one story in Washington Irving’s Sketch Book. It tells a story of a kind but hen-pecked man rip van winkle. The protagonist does not take care of his own family very well and just wants to live idly. But his wife does not want him to live the life like that and keeps talking to him. Unhappy at home, he enters in the mountain with his gun and dog. One afternoon, he meets some strangers looking people playing at nine pins. Out of curiosity, he drinks the wine and falls into sleep. When he wakes up, he finds his dog missing and his gun rusted. He has to go back to the village again. But can not recognize the village and the folks. Later his surprise, he has been slept for 20 years. And his wife has been dead and his children grow up. At the end of story, his daughter takes him home and he still lives the life as he was used to.Ⅵ.Comment 20’1. Comment on Moby Dick:a. Although the narrator sees insanity in Ahab, Melville’s emotional sympathy is with the deficient Ahab. He begins with a noble intention to crush evil, but in taking this to the extreme, he becomes evil himself. He is destroyed by his consuming desire to root out evil.b. Moby Dick is a symbol to represent cruel, brutal, malicious powers of nature. Nature is capable of destroying the human world. Nature threatens humanity & thus calls out the heroic powers of the human beings. So the power of the universe is both of blessing and curse. In this way, the author constructs a complicated statement about American view of nature.2. Compare: Emily Dickinson with Walt Whitman in their writing style.Similarities①Along with Emily Dickinson, Walt Whitman stands as one of the two giants of American poetry in the nineteenth century.②Pioneers of imagism③Part of American Renaissance④Influenced by transcendentalism⑤Thematically, they both extolled in their different ways and emergent America, its expansion, its individualism and its Americanness, their poetry being part of “American Renaissance”⑥Technically, they both added to the literary independence of the new nation by breaking free of the convention of the iambic pentameter and exhibiting a freedom in form unknown before: they are pioneers in American poetry.Differences①Whitman seems to keep his eyes on society at large; Dickinson explores the inner life of the individual.②Whereas Whitman is “national” in his outlook. Dickinson is “regional”③Whitman has the “catalogue techniques”, all-inclusive catalogue. Whereas Dickinson’s concise, direct, simple diction and syntax。
语言学视角下《红字》的三个中文译文对比研究
显示了她倔强的性格。 ”这样将长句分解成独立的句子，符合
[作 者 简 介] 何 艳 红 （1980）， 女 ， 湖 北 武 汉 ， 汉 ， 研 究 生 ， 湖 北 商 贸 学 院 讲 师；研究：英语教育。
中文分离式视角的特色，令读者读起来更加顺口，也更易接 受。
２３
三、形合与意合 总体说来， 英语更加关注的是形式， 中文更加注重语 意，因而我们在英文中多见连词，而中文中甚少，一般可通 过语意直接体现出来。 另外，在英语中，有些修饰词语是句 子必须成分，无法忽略不计，在中文里没有必要翻译出来， 否则会显得较为累赘。 在作品的翻译中，一些译者常常忽视 这一点。
言和目标语言的关系，常常将原作语言特色应用于目标语言 and stepped into the open air as if by her own free-will.”
中，使得译作不完美。
对于以上这句话，胡先生的翻译是“她用了一个颇能说
本文从语言学的角度，精选三种不同译本进行详细分析 明她个性的力量和天生的尊严的动作，推开狱吏……”这样
一些译文的作者很好地将原作语言和目标语言融合在一起， 解，感觉上要自然很多。
做到译文翻译准确生动的同时， 令读者读完后感到顺畅亲
“until on the threshold of the prison door she repelled him，
切 ，没有 晦 涩 感 ，当 然 也 有 一 些 译 本 不 能 很 好 地 处 理 原 作 语 by an action marked with natural dignity and fierce of character
夫 离 开 身 边 时 与 人 有 染 ，这 件 事 情 被 大 众 知 晓 后 ，海 瑟 特 性的句子，可随需要进行整合调节，以包容作者思想，这就使
论《红字》陌生化翻译
论《红字》陌生化翻译作者：张涛毛嘉薇来源：《求知导刊》2018年第06期一、“陌生化”理论“陌生化理论”是由俄国形式主义者什克洛夫斯基于 1916 年在《作为手法的艺术》一文中提出的。
英文的表达通常为“defamiliarization”文学作品用于区别于其他文化形式在于其“文学性”。
雅各布森如是界定：“文学科学的对象，不是文学，而是文学性，也就是使特定作品成其为文学作品的那样一种特性”（张冰，2000）。
为了凸显出文学作品中的“文学性”，我们采用了“陌生化”这一理论。
“陌生化”最明显的效果就是打破人们习惯性的接受定式，摆脱对事物概念的惯常性的语义联想。
翻译文学选材的出新和翻译修辞的出奇是文学性问题且与陌生化理论所揭示的感知延长过程即与审美过程的艺术主张是一致的（陈琳，2010）。
接下来我们从两方面，即修辞和意象上，来感受“陌生化”所带来的新奇效果。
二、“陌生化”在修辞中的体现And thus， while standing on the scaffold， in this vain show of expiation， Mr. Dimmesdale was overcome with a great horror of mind， as if the universe were gazing at a scarlet token on his naked breast， right over his heart. On that spot， in very truth， there was， and there had long been， the gnawing and poisonous tooth of bodily pain. Without any effort of his will， or power to restrain himself， he shrieked aloud； an outcry that went pealing through the night， and was beaten back from one house to another， and reverberated from the hills in the background； as if a company of devils， detecting so much misery and terror in it， had made a plaything of the sound，and were bandying it to and fro. （P161-162）姚译：就这样，当丁梅斯代尔先生站在刑台上进行这场自欺欺人的赎罪表演时，他的心为一个巨大的恐惧所控制，仿佛天地万物都在注视他裸露胸膛上的那个红色印记——它正好在他的心口处。
从文学性角度谈《红字》中译
从文学性角度谈《红字》中译从文学性角度看待文学翻译,是一个创新的话题。
文学性这一概念由20世纪俄国形式主义批评家雅各布森提出,他认为“文学研究的对象并非文学而是‘文学性’,即那种使特定作品成为文学作品的东西。
”文学性在文学翻译中,往往表现在语言、修辞、文体风格等方面。
基于文学性,本文对《红字》中译进行研究。
霍桑的《红字》是美国文学史上一部巨著,它的文学性体现在诸多方面,其中比较突出的有人物形象、象征主义手法、诗性语言和多重主题。
文中主要人物姓名各有不同的象征意义,字母A贯穿整个故事,对不同的人物在不同的时间有不同的象征意义,而不同场景的运用也常富含象征。
此外,《红字》的诗性语言也是其文学性的重要体现,反讽手法则多运用于当权者和群众形象塑造。
《红字》的主题允许多种阐释,我们可以从爱情、罪恶、救赎、人性、宗教、女权等多方面看待它。
本文通过分析侍桁和姚乃强两位译者《红字》译本文学性再现,论证文学性在文学翻译中的保留、丢失和补偿。
在翻译《红字》的过程中,侍桁和姚乃强两位译者都努力再现原文文学性,但不可否认,在这过程中,原文部分文学性在译文中丢失了,如在再现人物时,侍桁译本中海丝特的果断、丁梅斯代尔的虚伪和齐灵窝斯的可悲被弱化。
译本中文学性的再现及丢失,也导致了中西文学史上对人物形象的评价有所不同。
而人物形象的弱化,也导致了对主题的不同阐释。
西方文学史上常常将《红字》与个人主义联系,而中国文学史则少见。
这与意识形态有一定的关系,但翻译在这其中同样起了重要作用。
再者,中国文学史上对《红字》的象征手法多是轻描淡写,这是由于在翻译过程中,人物姓名以及字母A的象征意义或多或少都有所损失,从而影响了读者对《红字》这方面文学性的接受。
而由于国内学者均更多地将注意力投放在《红字》的人物、主题和象征手法,诗性语言在文学史中少有提及。
英语专业毕业论文 《红字》赏析全英文
浅析《红字》中象征主义手法的运用AbstractNathaniel Hawthorne is a great romantic novelist in America in the 19th century. As a great romantic novelist, Hawthorne is outstanding in handling application of symbolism。
The Scarlet Letter is Hawthorne's most important symbolic novel, which is the best work of Hawthorne and one of the indubitable masterpieces of American Literature. And it is this novel that makes Nathaniel Hawthorne known all around the world. In this work， Hawthorne uses the symbolism so skillfully that it enhances the artistic effects of his work greatly。
In The Scarlet Letter， symbolism runs through the whole novel. The most important symbol is the scarlet letter itself。
Not only does “A” manifest in various forms， but also it has changing meanings from “adultery” to“able”, even “a n gelic” in the novel。
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论《红字》陌生化翻译
一、“陌生化”理論
“陌生化理论”是由俄国形式主义者什克洛夫斯基于1916 年在《作为手法的艺术》一文中提出的。
英文的表达通常为“defamiliarization”文学作品用于区别于其他文化形式在于其“文学性”。
雅各布森如是界定：“文学科学的对象，不是文学，而是文学性，也就是使特定作品成其为文学作品的那样一种特性”（张冰，2000）。
为了凸显出文学作品中的“文学性”，我们采用了“陌生化”这一理论。
“陌生化”最明显的效果就是打破人们习惯性的接受定式，摆脱对事物概念的惯常性的语义联想。
翻译文学选材的出新和翻译修辞的出奇是文学性问题且与陌生化理论所揭示的感知延长过程即与审美过程的艺术主张是一致的（陈琳，2010）。
接下来我们从两方面，即修辞和意象上，来感受“陌生化”所带来的新奇效果。
二、“陌生化”在修辞中的体现
And thus，while standing on the scaffold，in this vain show of expiation，Mr. Dimmesdale was overcome with a great horror of mind，as if the universe were gazing at a scarlet token on his naked breast，right over his heart. On that spot，in very truth，there was，and there had long been，the gnawing and poisonous tooth of bodily pain. Without any effort of his will，or power to restrain himself，he shrieked aloud；an outcry that went pealing through the night，and was beaten back from one house to another，and reverberated from the hills in the background；as if a company of devils，detecting so much misery and terror in it，had made a plaything of the sound，and were bandying it to and fro. （P161-162）姚译：就这样，当丁梅斯代尔先生站在刑台上进行这场自欺欺人的赎罪表演时，他的心为一个巨大的恐惧所控制，仿佛天地万物都在注视他裸露胸膛上的那个红色印记——它正好在他的心口处。
正是在那个地方，他确确实实感到肉体痛苦的毒牙在咬啮着他，而且为时很久了。
他失去了意志力和自制力，高声尖叫起来。
这喊声在夜空中嘶鸣，在一家又一家的房舍之间震响，在背后的山岭里回荡，像是有一伙魔鬼发现这声音中充满了不幸和恐怖，便将它当作玩物，抛来抛去嬉戏玩弄。
（P76）
霍桑的小说善于运用心理描写，他利用周围的环境，尤其这是海斯特曾经受辱的地方，这种状态下细腻的描写来刻画人物的心理状态，以达到情与景的交融。
同时也表明他的愧疚之感逐步升温，为今后的故事情节做出铺垫作用。
在此时内心状态的描写中，作者以拟人（gazing）、夸张（a company of）、暗喻（as if a company of devils，……had made a plaything of the sound，and were bandying it to and fro.）等修辞格，生动鲜明地刻画出丁梅斯代尔内心的恐惧，其悔恨、自责已经达到了无法逆转的地步。
“毒牙”“魔鬼”“内心的叫声在回荡”，逼真地烘托出人物痛苦万分的内心感受。
姚乃强先生采用了增译的翻译方法以及将词“pealing through”“shrieked aloud”“bandying”淋漓尽致地展现在译文中。
运用了陌生化的手
法，将习以为常的事物变得充满了文学性。
三、“陌生化”在意象中的体现
Elsewhere the token of sin，it was the taper of the sick-chamber. It had even thrown its gleam，in the sufferer’s hard extremity，across the verge of time. It had shown him where to set his foot，while the light of earth was fast becoming dim，and ere the light of futurity could reach him. In such emergencies，Hester’s nature showed itself warm and rich；a well-spring of human tenderness，unfailing to every real demand，and inexhaustible by the largest. Her breast，with the badge of shame，was but the softer pillow for the head that needed one. She was self-ordained a Sister of Mercy；or，we may rather say，the world’s heavy hand had so ordained her，when neither the world nor she looked forward to this result. The letter was the symbol of her calling. Such helpfulness was found in her—so much power to do，and power to sympathize—that many people refused to interpret the scarlet A by its original signification. They said that it meant Able；so strong was Hester Prynne，with a woman’s strength. （P175-176）姚译：那个字母在其他地方是罪恶的标志，而在这病房里却成了一支烛光。
在受难者临终的痛苦时刻，那字母的光辉甚至跨越时间的界限；在现世的光亮迅速黯淡下去，而来世的光亮还没照到死者之前，这光为他指引往何处迈步。
在这种紧急情况下，海斯特表现出了她那温厚的秉性，那是人类温情的源泉，对任何真正的需求有求必应，即使需求极大，也永不枯竭。
她佩戴耻辱标记的胸脯对于一个需要帮助的人来说却是一个舒适温柔的枕头。
她是自我任命的“慈悲姐妹”；或者我们可以说，是那掌握人间命运的巨手任命她的。
那个字母是她神职的标志。
在她身上可以得到那么多的帮助——如此巨大的能量，如此丰富的同情之心——以至于许多人不肯按本意来解释那个红色的字母A了。
他们说，那字母的意义是“能干”，海斯特·白兰虽为女子，却多么坚强！（P84-85）
文中将红字象征为照亮病房中的“the taper”，烛光给人以希望和憧憬。
紅字更多的是一种蜕变，一种由黑暗终将过去黎明即将带来的期盼。
海斯特经历了A （Adultery）所带来的痛苦后，出狱后的海斯特饱含一片赤诚之心，她时常出现在病房里，给予家属以温暖和慰藉。
“well-spring”“unfailing”“inexhaustible”就是最好的佐证。
即便自己过着艰辛、清贫的生活，却把除维持生计所剩的收入用于接济他人。
她佩戴红字出现在受难者面前，不去计较是否会得到回报。
她所佩戴的红字再也不是之前人人唾弃的红字，而是散发着光芒、拯救别人、积德行善、充满温情的红字。
她通过自己的言行，把红字这个罪孽的象征（Adultery），变成了能干（Able）、天使（Angle）和令人钦佩（Admirable）的代名词。
美丽热情、坚贞不屈的女主人公海斯特·白兰，象征着清教统治下新英格兰漆黑土地上绽放的忠贞不渝的爱情之花和洁白芬芳的道德之花。
译者采用了直译的方法。
“陌生化”理论帮助我们更好地理解文学翻译的主题。
本文通过借助“陌生化”理论让目标读者感知和感受到其所带来“文学性”，其以独特的特点、晦涩的方式来延长我们对文学翻译的探知，帮助我们更好地赏析文学翻译。
关于这一理论的运用只是冰山一角，有更多地方值得去探索和挖掘。
译本主要采用了直译的翻译策略和增译的翻译方法。
此理论让我们更深入地阐明文学主题、文学手段和文学意象在文学翻译中的应用。
参考文献：
[1]（美）霍桑.红字[M].姚乃强，译.北京：中译出版社，1994.
[2]陈琳，张春柏.文学翻译审美的陌生化性[J].清华大学学报（哲学社会科学版），2006（6）：91-99.
[3]陈琳.论陌生化翻译[J].中国翻译，2010（1）.
[4]张冰.陌生化诗学—俄国形式主义研究[M].北京：北京师范大学出版社，2000：177 .
[5]（俄）维克托·什克洛夫斯基.俄国形式主义文论选[M].方珊，等，译.上海：生活·读书·新知三联书店，1989：213.。