专业英语复习
会计专业英语复习资料.doc
会计专业英语复习资料.doc会计专业英语复习资料⼀、短语中英互译1、会计分录2、投资活动3、后进先出法4、客观性原则5、注册会计师6、权责发⽣制7、累计折旧8、资产负债表9、经营决策10、银⾏存款11、到期⽇12、历史成本13、source document14、nominal rate15、credit sale16、sum-of-years-digits method17、economic entity assumption18、financial position19、fixed assets20、public hearing21、income statement22、sales discount23、value added tax24、trade mark25、bank overdraft⼆、从下列选项中选出最佳答案1、Generally，revenue is recorded by a business enterprise at a point when ：( )A、Management decides it is appropriate to do soB、The product is available for sale to consumersC、An exchange has taken place and the earning process is virtually completeD、An order for merchandise has been received2、Why are certain costs capitalized when incurred and then depreciated or amortized over subsequent accounting periods？( )A、To reduce the income tax liabilityB、To aid management in making business decisionsC、To match the costs of production with revenue as earnedD、To adhere to the accounting concept of conservatism3、What accounting principle or concept justifies the use of accruals and deferrals？( )A、Going concernB、MaterialityC、ConsistencyD、Stable monetary unit4、An accrued expense can best be described as an amount ( )A、Paid and currently matched with revenueB、Paid and not currently matched with revenueC、Not paid and not currently matched with revenueD、Not paid and currently matched with revenue5、Continuation of a business enterprise in the absence of contrary evidence is an example of the principle or concept of ( )A、Business entityB、ConsistencyC、Going concernD、Substance over form6、In preparing a bank reconciliation，the amount of checks outstanding would be：( )A、added to the bank balance according to the bank statement.B、deducted from the bank balance according to the bank statement.C、added to the cash balance according to the depositor’s records.D、deducted from the cash balance according to the depositor’s records.7、Journal entries based on the bank reconciliation are required for：( )A、additions to the cash balance according to the depositor’s records.B、deductions from the cash balance according to the depositor’srecords.C、Both A and BD、Neither A nor B8、A petty cash fund is ：( )A、used to pay relatively small amounts。
英语专业四级考试复习计划
英语专业四级考试复习计划一、引言英语专业四级考试对于英语专业学生来说至关重要，它要求我们在听、说、读、写等多个方面具备扎实的英语能力。
为了帮助大家高效复习，我制定了以下英语专业四级考试复习计划。
二、目标设定1. 提高听力水平：通过多听英语新闻、纪录片，加强听力理解能力。
2. 锻炼口语表达：利用口语课程、英语角等方式增强口语流利度和准确性。
3. 扩充词汇量：背诵单词、学习词根词缀等方法增加词汇量。
4. 阅读理解提升：通过阅读英文文章，理解并准确回答问题。
5. 写作能力提高：培养写作思维，理清逻辑，增强书写能力。
三、复习计划1. 听力复习a. 听英语新闻：每天至少听30分钟英语新闻，提高听力理解能力和速度。
b. 听力模拟练习：利用专业参考书、真题等进行听力模拟练习，熟悉考试题型和解题技巧。
2. 口语复习a. 口语练习：每周参加英语角活动，与其他学生进行口语对话练习，提高流利度和语音语调。
b. 口语模拟考试：找到模拟题库进行口语模拟考试，熟悉口语考试要求和评分标准。
3. 词汇复习a. 阅读背诵：每天背诵10个单词并应用于句子中，巩固记忆。
b. 词根词缀学习：学习常用的词根和词缀，扩充词汇量。
4. 阅读复习a. 阅读理解练习：每日阅读一篇英文文章，理解并准确回答问题。
b. 阅读速度提升：进行阅读速度训练，提高解题效率。
5. 写作复习a. 写作练习：每周完成一篇英语作文，涵盖不同主题和体裁，锻炼写作思维和表达能力。
b. 修改与润色：请老师或同学帮忙修改作文，并注意遵循英语写作规范。
四、复习要点1. 制定详细的复习计划，合理安排每天的学习时间。
2. 多与同学讨论，互相学习和交流。
3. 注意留出时间进行模拟考试，熟悉考试流程和时间控制。
4. 多使用英语资源，如英文电影、英文杂志等，丰富英语知识。
5. 注重复习知识的巩固，将重点、难点内容进行反复训练。
五、总结通过以上的复习计划，我们可以系统地提高自己的听、说、读、写技能，为英语专业四级考试做好充分的准备。
学位英语知识点复习资料
学位英语知识点复习资料
以下是学位英语的一些基本知识点复习资料：
1. 语法：复习英语的基本语法规则，包括时态、语态、句型、主谓一致等。
2. 词汇：复习常见的学术词汇，如学科名词、实验方法、研究领域等。
3. 阅读理解：提高阅读理解能力，包括快速阅读和理解主旨、细节、推理等。
多阅读
学术文章和论文，熟悉学术写作风格。
4. 写作技巧：学习学术写作的基本结构和格式，包括论文的引言、正文、结论等部分。
也要练习提高写作的逻辑性和清晰度。
5. 听力技巧：提高听力理解能力，包括听清主旨、关键词等，练习听写和记笔记。
6. 口语表达：提高口语交流能力，包括演讲、讨论、辩论等。
练习口语表达和流利性。
7. 学术资料查找和利用：学习使用学术数据库、图书馆资源等查找学术资料，提高筛
选和利用学术资料的能力。
8. 专业知识：了解自己专业领域的基本知识，熟悉相关的学术研究和发展动态。
这些是学位英语的一些基本知识点，希望对你的复习有所帮助。
此外，还建议你参考
相关教材和学习资源，进行系统的复习和练习。
英语专业英语语言学期末复习总结归纳
英语语言学一、名词解释第一课1.Synchronic共时性: S aid of an approach that studies language at a theoretical “point” in time.\ A kind of description which takes a fixed instant (usually, but not necessarily, the present), as its point of observation. Most grammars are of this kind.ngue语言: The abstract linguistic system shared by all members of a speech community.nguage: Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbol used for human communication.4.Arbitrariness任意性:One design feature of human language, which refers to the face that the forms of linguistic signs bear no natural relationship to their meaning.第二课1.Phoneme音位:2.Allophone音位变体:3.Minimal pair最小对立体:第三课1.Morphology形态学:which words are formed.2.Derivational morphemes class of words are called…3.Inflectional morphemes第四课1.Syntax语法句法:classes,4.Surface to the final syntactic form of the sentence which results from第五课1.Reference指称: Reference means what a linguistic form refers to in the real, physical world; it deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience.2.Homonymy同音异义: Homonymy refers to the phenomenon that words having different meanings have the same form, i.e. different words are identical in sound or spelling, or in both.3.Hyponymy 上下义关系: Hyponymy refers to the sense relation between a more general, more inclusive word and a more specific word.第六课1.Pragmatics语用学: Pragmatics can be defined as the study of how speakers of a language use sentences to effect successful communication.2.Utterance话语: a sentence as what people actually utter in the course of communication.3.Utterance meaning话语意义: Utterance is based on sentence meaning; it is realization of the abstractmeaning of a sentence in a real situation of communication, or simply in a context.4.Illocutionary act言外行为: An illocutionary act is the act expressing the speaker’s intention; it is the act performed in saying something.二、简答题第一课1．What are the major branches of linguistics? What does each of them study?Phonetics: The study of sounds used in linguistic communication. It describes individual speech sounds and indicates their physical or phonetic properties.Phonology:It studies the ways in which these sounds form patterns and systems and how they work to convey meaning in the system of language.Morphology: A field of linguistics focused on the study of the forms and formation of words in a language Syntax: A set of rules that govern how words are combined to form phrases and sentences.Pragmatics: the study of the use of language in a social context.2．language?The important characteristicssystematic, arbitrary and vocalFirst of all,language in a wrong way.3．1) Arbitrariness:2)Productivity:provides and forunderstanding novel messages.3) Duality:4)5)第二课1.语音学和音位学的研究中心有何不同?语音学家和音位学家哪一个更关心清晰音的区别?为什么?Phonetics — description of all speech sounds and their find differences.Phonology — description of sound systems of particular languages and how sounds function to distinguish meaning.A phonetician would be more interested in such differences cos such differences will not cos differences inmeaning.2. What is phone? How is it different from a phoneme? how are allophones related to a phoneme?Phone is a phonetic unit, it has no meaning.Phoneme is a phonological unit with distinctive value .The phoneme /l/ can be realized as dark/l-/and clear/l/,which are allophones of the phoneme /l/Allophones---actual realization of a phoneme in different phonetic contexts.第三课1. Think of three morpheme suffixes, give their meaning and specify the types of stem they may be suffixed to. Give at least two examples of each.Suffix: -ingMeaning: denoting a verbal action, an instance of this, or its resultStem type: added to verbsExamples: fighting: denote the action of battlebuilding: denote the action of constructionSuffix: -ableMeaning: able to beStem type: added to verbsExamples: avoidable: able to be prevented fromSuffix: -ist2. Think of three morpheme be1)prefix: un-meaning:once more; afresh; anewstem type: added to verbsexamples: restart: start once morereaccustom: accustom (someone) to something again第五课1. What are the major types of synonyms in English?并举例1)dialectal synonyms-----synonyms used in different regional2)Stylistic synonyms: synonyms differing in style3)Synonyms that differ in their emotive or evaluative meaning4)Collocational synonyms: what words they go together with5)Semantically different synonyms: differ from the words themselves2. Explain with examples “homonymy”, “polysemy”, and “hyponymy”.Homonymy: Homonymy refers to the phenomenon that words having different meanings have the same form, i.e., different words are identical in sound or spelling, or in both. When two words are identical in sound, they are homophones. When two words are identical in spelling, they are homographs. When tow words are identical in both sound and spelling, they are complete homonyms. The examples are as followed:Homophones: rain/reign night/knight piece/peaceHomographs: bow v./bow n. tear v./tear n.Complete homonyms: fast adj./fast v.Polysemy: while different words may have the same or similar meaning, the same one word may have more than one meaning. This is what we call polysemy, and such a word is called a polysemic word. The1.2.3.4.5.6.Hyponymyare called its hyponyms. For example,第六课答：way to have a successful communication, the speaker and hearer must take the context so as to effect the right meaning and intention. The development andand 1970s resulted mainly from the expansion of the study semantics.traditional semantics. The major difference between them lies in thattakes context into consideration while semantics does not. Pragmatics takes care of the aspect of meaning that is not accounted for by semantics.2. What are the five types of illocutionary speech acts Searle has specified? What is the illocutionary point of each type?答：(1) representatives: stating or describing, saying what the speaker believes to be true(2) directives: trying to get the hearer to do something(3) commissives: committing the speaker himself to some future course of action(4) expressives: expressing feelings or attitude towards an existing(5) declarations: bringing about immediate changes by saying somethingThe illocutionary point of the representatives is to commit the speaker to something's being the case, tothe truth of what has been said, in other words, when performing an illocutionary act of representative, the speaker is making a statement or giving a description which he himself believes to be true. Stating, believing, sweating, hypothesizing are among the most typical of the representatives.Directives ate attempts by the speaker to get the hearer to do some- thing. Inviting, suggesting, requesting, advising, wanting, threatening and ordering are all specific instances of this class.Commissives are those illocutionary acts whose point is to commit the speaker to some future course of action, i.e. when speaking the speaker puts himself under a certain obligation. Promising, undertaking, vowing are the most typical ones.The illocutionary point of expressives is to express the psychological state specified in the utterance. The speaker is expressing his feelings or attitudes towards an existing state of affairs, e.g. apologizing, thanking, congratulating.The last class “declarations” has the characteristic that the successful performance of an act of this type答：Make your conversational(1) The maxim of quantity①②(2) The maxim of quality①②(3) The maxim of relationBe relevant.①②③④(】。
英语专业四级六级复习-专四专八写作必备高级词汇总结
英语专业 四级/六级真题解析词汇在考试中的作用可以说是决定性的，不管是考哪个部分都离不了词汇，尤其是写作!!!如果你想写出一篇好作文，那高级的词汇一定是必须的!不要再用那些老掉牙的词汇啦!一、高级常见词汇1解决：Solve, deal with, cope with, handle, resolve, address, tackle2损害：Damage, hurt, injure, harm, impair, undermine, jeopardize3给与：Give, offer, render, impart, provide, supply, afford4培养：：Develop, cultivate, foster5优势：Advantage, merit, virtue, benefit, upside, strength6缺陷：Disadvantage, demerit, drawback, downside, weakness7使迷惑：Puzzle, bewilder, perplex, baffle8重要的：Key, crucial, critical, important, significant, vital, substantial, indispensable, imperative 9认为：Think, believe, insist, maintain, assert, conclude, deem, hold, argue, be convinced, be firmly convinced, be fully convinced10保护：Protect, conserve, preserve11确保：Assure, ensure, guarantee, pledge12有害的：Bad, baneful evil, harmful, detrimental13要求 ：Request, demand, needs, requisition14消除 ：Eliminate, clear, remove, clear up, take away, smooth away15导致：Lead to, bring about, result in, cause, spark off, conduce to, procure, induce, generate16因此：So, therefore, thus, hence, consequently, as a consequence, accordingly, as a result, because of this, as a result of this17增长至：Grow to，rise to，increase to，go up to，climb to，ascend to，jump to，shoot to 18降低至：Dip to，fall to，decline to，decrease to，drop to，go down to，reduce to，slump to，descend to，sink to，slide to19保持稳定：Level out，do not change，remain stable，remain still，remain steady，be stable，maintain the same level，remain unchanged，be still，remain the same level，stay constant，keep at the same level，level off，stabilize，keep its stability，even out20急剧地：Dramatically，drastically，sharply，hugely，enormously，steeply，substantially，considerably，significantly，markedly，surprisingly，strikingly，radically，remarkably，vastly，noticeably21平稳地：Steadily，smoothly，slightly，slowly，marginally，gradually，moderately，mildly22宣称：Allege, assert, declare, claim23发生：Happen, occur, take place24原因：Reason, factor, cause25发展：Development, advance, progress26有益的：Useful, helpful, beneficial, profitable, rewarding，advantageous27影响：Influence, impact, effect28明显的：Clear, obvious, evident, self-evident, manifest, apparent, crystal-clear29占：Comprise, take up, account for, constitute, consist of, make up, occupy, hold, compose30与…相比：Compared with，compared to，in comparison with，in comparison to，by comparisonwith，by comparison to31对比而言：By contrast，in contrast，on the other hand，on the contrary=，conversely32展示：Show, reveal, illustrate, demonstrate, depict, present, represent, describe33大约：Approximately，almost，about，around，nearly，roughly34波动：Fluctuate，go ups and downs，display a fluctuation，demonstrate a fluctuation35事实上：Practically，in practice，essentially，in essence，in reality，in effect，in fact，as a matter of fact，it is a fact that36换言之：Namely，that is to say，in other words，to put it like this，to put it differently，to put it from another way，to put it from another angle二、替换词汇always--invariablyamount--quantityas a result--consequentlybasically--essentially, in essence, substantiallyable—capable, in a(n) positionall the time--continually, continuously, constantly, perpetuallya lot--noticeably, considerably, a great deal, substantiallya lot of--many, numerous, a wide variety of(themes),a whole range of, a wide spectrum of(problems, themes, etc),an abundance of(opportunities, sources etc.)later--subsequent(ly)less and less--decreasing(ly)let, allow--permitlike--to be partial to sth, likingliking--predilection for sth, partiality for sthbe amount to—constitutebecome smaller --be the decrease/decline, decrease, decline, diminish, dwindle, recede become worse--deterioratebefore--prior tobegin--commencebetter--superiorbe(come) used to --be(come) accustomed tobig--major, significant, substantialcarry out--conduct, execute, commit, implementchange--alter, alteration, modify, modificationdo--conduct, transact(business)do not--fail to, omit toend--conclusion(to bring sth. to a conclusion)enough--ample, sufficient, adequate(grounds, evidence, preparation, resources etc) everywhere--ubiquitous(mistakes),pervasive(influence)fairly--comparatively, moderatelyfind out-- ascertain(the cause of sth, the truth of sth, whether sth. is true or not, what really happened etc) discern, discover(the cause of, factors behind sth ,etc)fitting--proper, appropriatehatred--animosityhave--contain, be equipped with, possessif--in the event of, in case(of)in the end--eventually, finally, ultimatelykeep(doing)--continue, continually, continuously, consistently, constantly, persist in know--be aware of, conversant with, familiar withlong--extensive(coverage, footnotes, passages, scope),protracted (delay, negotiations), prolonged(illness, interrogation)look at--consider, examine(argument, fact),explore, investigate(possibility),observe(behavior)money--funding, funds, resourcesmore and more--increasinglymuch--considerably, substantiallyneed--demand, requirenext to--adjacentnow--at present, at this juncture, at this moment, currentlyoften--frequent(ly)quick(ly)--rapid(ly),prompt(ly)rich, wealthy--affluent, opulent(society, life-style)right--appropriate, correct, properset up--establish(a new state, a government, a business),institute(custom, inquiry, restrictions, democracy, rule, government)sharp--abrupt, drastic(rise and falls)show--demonstrate, evince, manifestside--aspect(of a problem)small--minor/insignificant (problems, differences etc),marginal(differences)therefore--consequentlything--element, aspect, object, factor, considerationtoo--excessively, inordinately, undulytoo many--an excessive number of, a disproportionate number oftoo much--excessive(ly)try--endeavor, striveunderstand--appreciateups and downs--vicissitudes (of war, history, fortune)very--extremely, in the extreme, immensely, intenselyyield--produce(results)三、结构词汇：文章开头常用词语、As far as...is concerned 就……而论……例如：As far as the weather is concerned, I do not think it matters.As far as we know 据我们所知例如：As far as we know, things are going well.As the saying goes 俗语说例如：As the saying goes, "Blood is thicker than water."Generally speaking 一般来说例如：Generally speaking, women live longer than men.I am of the opinion that...我认为例如：I am of the opinion that your plan won't work in this situation.In the beginning 首先例如；In the beginning some of us took no interest in the subject.It is no secret that...毋庸讳言例如：It is no secret that Peter will propose marriage to Maria.So (As) the story goes 传说例如：As the story goes, she left her husband as soon as she discovered that he had no money.Sometimes... sometimes... 时而……时而……例如：Sometimes we are busy and sometimes we are not.There is no denying the fact that...无可否认例如：There is no denying the fact that he has done the wrong thing.Whether do... or not 不管怎样例如：Whether he works or not, I don't think he will pass the exam.四、衔接转折常用词语A case in point is... 恰当的例子是例如：A case in point is the recent bank robbery.A more interesting thing is that... 更为有趣的是例如：A more interesting thing is that he can speak several languages besides English.A more important fact is that... 更重要的事情是例如：A more important fact is that he broke law.As a matter of fact 事实上例如：As a matter of fact, mathematics finds its application in every science.Compared with... 与……相比例如：Compared with your suggestion, his is much better.Considering... 考虑到例如：Considering the weather, we had better call off our picnic.Contrary to... 与……相反例如：Contrary to what I thought, he proved to be successful.Contrary to all expectations 出乎意料例如：Contrary to all expectations, he failed.For that matter 关于这点例如：Alice didn't come, and for that matter, she didn't even telephone.Further, we hold opinion that... 而且我们认为例如：Further, we hold opinion that the mismatched couple ought to part as soon as possible. In accordance with... 根据例如：In accordance with your wishes, I have written to him.Not because...but because... 不是因为……而是因为例如：She married him, not because she loved him , but because she needed his money.On account of 由于例如：Jim couldn't come here on account of the bad weather.On second thoughts 经再三考虑例如：On second thoughts, I am not going to Changchun.Therefore, we should realize that...因此，我们应认识到例如：Therefore, we should realize that self-conquest is the greatest victory.With regard to your proposal, I think that... 关于你的建议，我认为例如：With regard to your proposal, I think that it will work well in practice.五、章段结尾常用词语Above all 最重要的是例如：Tom did well in all his subjects but, above all, in English.After all 毕竟例如：He said he would not come in, but he came in after all.All in all 总的来说例如：Sometimes he is bad-tempered, but all in all he is an excellent teacher.All things considered 总而言之例如：All things considered, you did very wisely.Consequently, most people believe that... 结果，大多数人相信例如：Consequently, most people believe that this peculiar man can work miracle.Finally, we hope that... 最后，我们希望例如：Finally, we hope that the friendship between us will last forever.For short 简言之例如：Massachusetts Institute of Technology is called MIT for short.In brief 简言之例如：John is smart, polite, and well-behaved. In a word, he is admirable.In the last analysis 归根结底例如：In the last analysis, political independence and economic independence are inseparable.It may be confirmed that... 可以肯定例如：It may be confirmed that the news about the earthquake in Turkey is true.The long and the short of it 总而言之例如：The long and the short of it is that we must go, whatever they say.。
考学位英语复习资料
考学位英语复习资料在大学期间，作为具备一定专业背景的学生，我们需要通过学位英语考试来证明自己的语言能力，从而获得更大的发展机会和进一步深造的资格。
因此，对于考试复习资料的准备，就显得尤为必要。
下面将介绍一些备考学位英语时可以使用的复习资料。
1. 《考研英语词汇》这是一本非常经典的词汇书，其中收录了高频考研单词以及其在语境中的使用方法。
相信大部分考学位英语的同学也会购买这本书进行复习。
该书的一个优点是较为详细地讲解了词汇的用法和搭配，帮助我们更好地掌握和记忆单词。
缺点则是内容较为单薄，只适合用于做单词量的巩固和扩充，对于其他语言能力提升的方面并不涉及。
2. 考试真题与模拟题了解真题和模拟题是备考过程中不可或缺的一件事情。
通过做真题和模拟题，我们可以熟悉考试形式和题型，同时还可以磨练自己的应试技巧和时间管理能力。
当然，最重要的是，通过模拟题可以检验自己的语言水平，找到自己的薄弱环节，有助于我们针对性地进行复习。
同时，现在网络上也有很多考试辅导机构提供各种形式的在线模拟测试，也可以尝试使用来提升自己的应试能力。
3. 学科类英语教材考试中，学科类英语占了很大比例，因此对于有一定专业基础的学生而言，选用与自己专业相关的英语教材进行复习是一个不错的选择。
以医学专业为例，可以选用《医学英语》、《临床医学英语》等教材进行研读和背诵，既有利于我们学习学科知识，又有助于提升语言水平。
当然，这也要求我们在平时学习中多注意积累专业英语词汇和短语。
4. 听力材料和口语练习英语听力和口语也占了学位英语考试的重要部分，因此为了提升这方面的语言能力，可以准备一些听力材料和口语练习资料。
听力材料可以选择一些英语听力网站或者广播节目，也可以选用一些相关的听力教材进行学习。
同时，通过语音矫正软件进行口语练习也是一个不错的选择，可以帮助我们加强语音和语调训练，提升口语表达能力。
综上所述，备考学位英语的过程中，需要尽可能地利用各种资源，积极备考。
专业英语复习
专业英语单词Uint 1Current 电流voltage 电压resistance 电阻、电抗Circuit 电路charge 电荷ampere 安培Conductor 导体element 元素、元件diode 二极管Uint3Signal 信号amplification 放大proportional 比例的、成比例的Considerable 相当大的、值得考虑的waveform 波形oscillator 振荡器Modulator 调节器amplitude 振幅integrated 综合的、完整的load 负载Spectrum 频谱Uint 5System 系统binary 二进制pulse 脉搏、脉冲transducer 传感器、变频器Communication 传达、信息、通信Uint 8Significance 重要性、意义artificial 人造的、假的intelligence 智慧、智力Hardware 硬件software 软件memory 内存、存储器Allocate 分配Uint 14Processing 处理interference 干扰modem 调制解调器cellular 细胞的Uint16Modulation 调制demodulate 使解调、使检波carrier 载体Antenna 天线baseband 基带bandwidth 带宽Uint 17Transmission 发射、传输encoder 译码器decoder 解码器缩略词LED 发光二极管IC 集成电路BJT 双极型晶体管TTL TTL逻辑电路CMOS 互补型金属氧化物半导体UNIVAC 通用自动计算机CPU 中央处理器CD 光盘ADC 模数转换器ECG 心电图选择题答案（只有正确答案单词）Uint 1Current negative are composed of it constitute makes up resists i=ru In 功Uint 3 Video conference linear forward ……reverse common-base voltage atUint 5Two both A and B 1 A+B=C logic gatesUint 14Binary from varies be applied digital decompressionUint 16Demodulating loss filter receive intermediateUint 17 （课文没讲）判断题Uint 1⑴One milliampere is equivalent to one-thousandth (0.001) of an ampere,and one microampere is equivalent to one-billionth(0.000000001)of an ampere.……………………（×）⑵The term voltage is commonly used to indicate a difference in potential but electromotive force is not.…………（×）⑶The flow of electrons through a conductor is called an electric current.…………（√）⑷Besides the volt,smaller or larger magnitude of voltage are expressed in millivolts(mv),or microvolts.…………（×）⑸Ohm ’s Law states that the ratio of the voltage between the ends of a wire and the current flowing in it is equal to the resistance of the wire. …………（√）Uint 3⑴A junction transistor in the common-base mode can act as a current amplifier.…………（×） ⑵The small alternating voltage is applied to the common-emitter circuit and causes large changes of base current which produce small changes in the collector current flowing through the load.…………（×）⑶The common-emitter amplifier provides both current gain and voltage gain,mereoverAu>0.…………（×）⑷When the base current increases,large proportionate increases occur in the collector current.…………（√）⑸Video amplifiers amplify the electrical signal,which then is converted to sound in a loudspeaker.…………（×）Uint 5⑴In digital logic circuits,“true”can be represented by a 1 and “false”by a 0.…………（√）⑵The output of an OR gate is true only if all the inputs are true.…………（×）⑶An INVERTER has two or more inputs and a output.…………（×）⑷Any analog function can be performed by the three basic gates.（√）Uint 8⑴UNIVAC ,introduced in the early 1960s ,was based on transistors.…………（×）⑵With the development of very-large-scale intergration ,the fifth-generation computers are expected to include artificial intelligence.…………（√）⑶The control unit can take the user instructions and transform them into analog signals so that the computer’s circuitry will understand what to do next.…………（×）⑷The central processing unit(CPU) is the combination of the ALU and the operating system.…………（×）⑸The memory stores instructions and data ,it can be classified into RAM or ROM.…………（√）Uint 14⑴Before applying DSP,a digital signal must be converted into analog form.…………（×）⑵The digital signal processing is often done by performing numerical calculations.…………（√）⑶The filtering of signals to improve signal quality is done by analog electrons.…………（×）⑷In audio CD systems ,DSP technology is used to perform complex error detection.…………（√）⑸DSP technology will soon replace analog circuitry in such devices as mobile phones,multimedia computers.…………（×）Uint 16⑴The RF section provides most of the amplification and selectivity in the receiver.…………（×）⑵The purpose of the demodulator is to recover the sidebands signal.…………（×）⑶The result of the heterodyning is to produce an intermediate-frequency carrier defined byf IF=f LO-f RF.…………（√）⑷The superheterodyne receiver has the difficulty of having to build a tunable highly selective and variable filter.…………（×）⑸The purpose of carrier-frequency tuning is to select the desired signal.…………（√）Uint 17（课文没讲，随后自己填写）⑴Not very communication system makes use of a transmission medium of some kind.…………（）⑵The decoder makes the best decision that a given message was indeed sent according to the available signals .…………（）⑶The modulator produces a constant signal which is proportional in some way to the signal appearing across its output terminals.…………（）⑷The roles of the encoder and the demodulator are almost the same in that both prepare the signal for more efficient transmission.…………（）⑸A transmission line is one of the simplest transmission medium.…………（）段落翻译Uint 1Resistors restrict the flow of electric current, for example, a resistor is placed in series with a light-emitting diode (LED) to limit the current passing through the LED. The value of resistor is called resistance and is represented by the letter symbol R. Resistance is measured in ohms; the symbol for ohm is an omega Ω. One ohm is defined as that amount of resistance that will limit the current in a conductor is one ampere when the voltage applied to the conductor is one volt. 1Ωis quite small so resistor values are often given in kiloohm(kΩ) or megohm(MΩ) .译：电阻器阻碍电流的的流动，比如与发光二极管串联的电阻器限制了流过LED的电流。
英语专业语言学期末复习资料
Phonetics (sound)语音学；phonology(sounds) 音系学；morphology(word) 形态学；syntax(words, sentence)句法学；semantics(meaning)语义学；pragmatics(meaning ina context)语用学1. If a linguistic study aims to describe and analyze the language people actually use, it is said to be descriptive (modern). If the linguistic study aims to lay down rules for correct and standard behavior in using language, i.e. to tell people what they should say and what they should not say, it is said to be prescriptive.2. Synchronic static state grammer; diachronic dynamic historical developmentngue (language): the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community, stable.; Parole (speaking): the realization of langue in actual use, concrete, specific, changeable. What a linguist ought to do, according to Saussure, is to abstract langue from instances of parole.sociological or sociolinguistic point of view4. American linguist N. Chomsky Competence: the ideal user’s knowledge of the rules of his language,stable,prerequisite; Performance: the actual use of language in concrete situations,changeable.psychologically or psycholinguistically.5.Traditional grammar ---- prescriptive, written, Latin-based frameworkModern linguistics ----- descriptive, spoken, not necessarily Latin-based framework nguage is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication. Design Features of Language.1:Arbitrariness2:duality:The structural organization of language into two abstract levels: meaningful units (e. g. words in written language) and meaningless segments (e. g. sounds, letters in spoken language).1. Combine meaningless sounds into meaningful linguistic unitsbine small units into big units3.productivity/creativity:Language is resourceful because of its duality and its recursiveness. We can use it to create new meanings.4.Displacement: which are not present (in time and space) at the moment of communication.5.cultural transmission7.Six Functions of language:Addresser---Emotive the addresser expressed his attitude to the topic or situation of communication; Addressee---Conative使动xx aims to influence the addressee’s course of action or ways of thinking；Context---referentia所指, xx conveys a message or informationl;Message---Poetic xx uses language for the sole purpose of displaying the beauty of language itself;Contact--Phatic communication寒暄, xx tries to establish or maintain good interpersonalrelationships with the addressee；Code--Metalingual xx uses language to make clear the meaning of language itself.8.M. A. K. Halliday.Metafunctions of Language:Ideational function:About the natural world in the broadest sense, including our own consciousness; Relates to the context of culture. Interpersonal function:About the social world, especially the relationship between speaker and hearer ; Relates to the context of situation. Contextual function:About the verbal world, especially the flow of information in a text; Relates to the verbal context.9.A phone is a phonetic unit or segment. The speech sounds we hear and produce during linguistic communication are all phones. But a phone doesn’t necessarily distinguish meaning; some do, some don’t. A phoneme is a phonological unit;It is aunit that is of distinctive value;It is an abstract unit;It is not any particular sound, but rather it is represented or realized by a certain phone in a certain phonetic context.10. phones are placed within square brackets: [ ], and phonemes in slashes: / /.11./p/ in [pi:k] (peak) : an aspirated [ph]12./p/ in [spi:k] (speak): an unaspirated [p]13.Both [ph] and [p] are called as allophones of /p/14. The different phones which can represent a phoneme in different phonetic environments are called allophones. [p, ph] are two different phones and are variants of the phoneme /p/. Such variants of a phoneme are called allophones of the same phoneme.15. Minimal pairs: Pairs of words which differ from each other only by one sound; More precisely: two words which are identical in every way except for one sound segment that occurs in the same place in the string.16.Sequential rules The patterning of sounds in a particular language is governed by rules;The phonological system determines which phonemes can begin a word, end a word, and follow each other.Refer to the rules that govern the combination of sounds in a particular language.17.Assimilation rule—assimilates one sound to another by “copying”a feature of a sequential phoneme, thus making the two phones similar, e.g. the prefix in-18. When pitch, stress, and sound length are tried to the sentence rather than the word in isolation, they are collectively known as intonation: the falling tone, the rising tone, the fall-rise tone, the rise-fall tone.19.单元音monophthongs 双元音diphthongs20.Morpheme: the minimal unit of meaning. It is the smallest unit that carries grammatical and /or semantic meaning.Morphs:The smallest meaningful phonetic segments of an utterance on the level of parole.The phonological or orthographic forms which realize morphemes. Allomorphs:A member of a set of morphs which represent the same morpheme. Allomorphs are phonological or orthographic variants of the same morpheme.21.Free morpheme is one that may constitute a word (free form) by itself, such as bed, tree, sing, dance, etc.Bound morpheme is one that may appear with at least one other morpheme, such as “-s”in “dogs”, “-al”in “national”, “dis-”in “disclose”, “-ed”in “recorded”, etc.22.Derivational morphemes—the morphemes which change the category, or grammatical class,or meaning of words. e.g. modern —modernizeInflectional morphemes:purely grammatical markers;signifying tense, number, and case;not changing the syntactic category; never adding any lexical meaningpounding (合成词) blackboard; Derivation(派生词) --ful ---able;Back-formation逆构词法television televise; Borrowing—loan words (外来词); Clipping（缩略词）labtory lab; Blending（混成法）motel; Acronym（词首字母）APEC；Coinage/Invention (Neologism) 创新词nylon24.Open: n. V. Adj. Adv. Bound morphemes :roots and affixes25.①traditional categories: n., v., adj., adv., prep., conj., aux., pronoun….②non-traditional categories: determiner (Det限定词), degree words (Deg程度词), qualifier (Qual修饰语).26.Three criteria are used to determine a word’s category: meaning, inflection, distribution.27.the structure or elements of phrases:XP rule specifier+head+complement28.NP (Det) + N + (PP)…29.VP (Qual) + V + (NP)…30.AP (Deg) + A + (PP)…31.PP (Deg) + P + (NP)…32.S →NP VP33.Deep structure: formed by the XP rule in accordance with the head’s subcategorization properties, is called ds. Surface structure: corresponding to the final syntactic form of the sentence which results from appropriate transformations, is called ss. Do insertion, WH movement.34.Syntactic movement is dictated by rules traditionally called transformation. A special type of rule that can move an element from one position to another.35.Head: A V N P36. Semantics is generally considered to be the study of meaning in language.37. The conceptualist view holds that there is no direct link between a linguistic form And what it refers to (i.e.between language and real world ); rather, in the interpretation of meaning, they are linked through the mediation of concepts in the mind. Semantic triangle by ogden and richards: symblo/form, thought/ reference/, refrent.38.Contextualism: Meaning should be studied in terms of situation, use, context ---- elements closely linked with language behavior. JR forth39.Sense---- is concerned with the inherent meaning of the linguistic form. It is the collection of all the features of the linguistic form; it is abstract and de-contextualized. It is the aspect of meaning dictionary compilers are interested in. Reference----what a linguistic form refers to in the real, physical world; it deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience. The relationship between sense and reference:And, if等只有sense, 而无reference.一个sense可以有许多reference同一referenece可有不同的sense，Mrs Thatcher, & the Iron Lady. Morning Star & Evening Star.40.Major sense relations: Synonymy (同义关系)Antonymy (反义关系)Polysemy (多义关系)Homonymy (同音/形异义) Hyponymy (上下义关系)41.Antonymy: Complementary antonyms (互补反义词)非A即B; Gradable antonyms (程度反义词) :AB有中间, very .. How..; Relational opposites （关系对立词）丈夫妻子42.Sense relations between sentences: Synonymy (同义关系) inconsistency (自相矛盾)Entailment (蕴涵)Presupposition (预设)X is a contradiction (自相矛盾)X is semantically anomalous (反常的43.man [+HUMAN +ADULT +MALE] women [+HUMAN +ADULT －MALE]girl [+HUMAN －ADULT －MALE] child [+HUMAN －ADULT OMALE]father: PARENT (x, y) & MALE (x)x is a parent of y, and x is male.take: CAUSE (x, (HA VE (x, y)))x causes x to have y.give: CAUSE (x, (~HA VE (x, y)))x causes x not to have y.44.predication analysis: G.leech: argument 名词predicate 动词45. Pragmatics --- the study of the intended meaning of a speaker (taking context into consideration). Pragmaticists regard meaning as something that is realized in the course of communication.Semantics --- the study of the literal meaning of a sentence (without taking context into consideration).Semanticists take meaning to be an inherent property of language. Essential difference is that whether in the study of meaning the context of use is considered. 不senmantics.46.Sentence meaning: It is abstract and context-independent; it’s the literal meaning of a sentence. Utterance meaning: It is concrete and context-dependent; It’s the intended meaning of a speaker.It is the product of sentence meaning and context. Therefore, it is richer than the meaning of the sentence.47.John Austin’s speech act theory.Performatives (行事话语): I promise Constatives (述事话语)48.A locutionary act (言内行为) is the act of saying words, phrases, clause; it is an act of conveying literal meaning by means of syntax, lexicon and phonology.An illocutionary act (言外行为) is the act of expressing the speaker’s intention; it is the act performed in saying something. 关注A perlocutionary act (言后行为) is the act performed by or resulting from saying something; it is the consequence of, or the change brought about by the utterance.act performed by saying sth.49.Searle’s classification of speech acts:Representatives (陈述) Directives (指令)Commissives (承诺) Expressives (表达) Declarations (宣布)50.CP Grice:The maxim of quality: ck adequate evidence.The maxim of quantity信息充足; The maxim of relation继续下去; The maxim of manner方式表达清楚模糊词绕口1. P_________ is the study of how speakers of a language use sentences to effect successful communication.Pragmatics2. The notion of c_________ is essential to the pragmatic study of language.context3. The meaning of a sentence is a_______, and decontexualized.abstract4. P________ were sentences that did not state a fact or describe a state, and were not verifiable.Performatives1. An i__________ act is the act of expressing the speaker’s intention; it is the actperformed in saying something.illocutionary2. A c_________ is commit the speaker himself to some future course of action.commissive3. An e________ is to express feelings or attitude towards an existing state.expressive4. There are four maxims under the cooperative principle: the maxim of q_______, the maxim of quality, the maxim of relation and the maxim of manner.quantity4. ____C______ is the act performed by or resulting from saying something; it is the consequence of, or the change brought about by the utterance.A. A locutionary actB. An illocutionary actC. A perlocutionary actD. A performative act5. According to Searle, the illocutionary point of the representative is _B_____.A. to get the hearer to do somethingB. to commit the speaker to something’s being the caseC. to commit the speaker to some future course of actionD. to express the feelings or attitude towards an existing state of affairs1. Pragmatics treats the meaning of language as something intrinsic and inherent. F2. What essentially distinguishes semantics and pragmatics is whether in the study of meaning the context of use is considered. T3. The major difference between a sentence and an utterance is that a sentence is not uttered while an utterance is. F4. Speech act theory was originated with the British philosopher John Searle. F5. Speech act theory started in the late 50’s of the 20th century. T6. Austin made the distinction between a constative and a performative. T7. Perlocutionary act is the act of expressing the speaker’s intention. F1. A __bound_____ morpheme is one that cannot constitute a word by itself.2. On, before and together are__close_____words—they are words which do not take inflectional endings.3. Bound morphemes are classified into two types: __affix__ and __root__ root.4. Pronouns, prepositions,conjunctions and articles are all_close__class items.5. handsome consists of 2 morphemes, one is the _free___ morpheme hand, the other is the __bound__ morpheme some.1.There are _C__ morphemes in the word denationalization?A. 3B. 4.C. 5.D. 62. Morphemes that represent tense, number, gender and case are called___A_ morphemes.A. inflectionalB.freeC. boundD. Derivational1. Major lexical categories are___N__, __V__, __adj__and____prep_.2. The deep structure refers to ____.3. when the affirmative sentence "Jack sold his textbooks to jill after the final examination' is transformed into "When did jack sell his textbooks to Jill?", three transformational rules are applied. they are__Do insertion__, subject-aux inversion and __Wh movement__.4. Syntactic movement is dictated by rules traditionally called __transformation______.5. The head is the word __n v a p___.1. Syntax is a subfield of linguistics that studies the sentence structure of language, including the combination of morphemes into words.F2. In English syntactic analysis, four phrasal categories are commonly recognized and discussed, namely, noun phrase, verb phrase, infinitive phrase, and auxiliary phrase. F3. A noun phrase must contain a noun, but other elements are optional.T1. Phonetics studies the phonic medium of a certain language. ( F )2. The long vowels are all tense vowels and the short vowels are all lax vowels. ( T )3. In English, pill and bill are a minimal pair, and so are pill and till, pin and ping. ( T )4. The phoneme /p/ and /b/ can occur in the same environments and they distinguish meaning, therefore they’re in phonetic complementary distribution. ( F )5. The sequential rules in English can apply to all the other languages. For example, the velar nasal /N/ never occurs in the initial position in English nor in Chinese.( F )The pharynx refers to the space of cavity between the larynx and the end of the __C____.A. tongueB. hard palateC. soft palateD. vocal cords2. A sound produced when the vocal cords are drawn wide apart, letting air go through without causing vibration is said to be___B__.A. resonantB. voicelessC. voicedD. vowel3. The obstruction created between the tip of the tongue and the alveolar ridge results in the sound ___A___.A. /t/ and /d/B. /k/ and /g/C. /p/ and /b/D. / N/ and / W/4. The phoneme is an abstract ___B_ unit.A. phonicB. phonologicalC. phoneticD. grammatical5. The sound /k/ and /g/ are separate __B____.A. allophonesB. phonemesC. morphemesD. Allomorphs。
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
1、Civil engineering is a professional engineering discipline that deals with the design, construction, and maintenance of the physical and naturally built environment, including works like roads, bridges, canals, dams, and buildings.[1][2][3] Civil engineering is the oldest engineering discipline after military engineering,[4] and it was defined to distinguish non-military engineering from military engineering.
土建工程是一家专业从事工程学科,涉及设计、施工、维护的特点,建立物理和自然环境,包括工作就像道路、桥梁、运河、大坝、和建筑。
[1][2][3]土木工程是最古老的工程学科在军事工程,[4]和它的定义来区分非军事工程从军事工程。
2、A bridge is a structure providing passage over an obstacle such as a valley , road, railway, canal, river, without closing the way beneath. The required passage may be for road, railway, canal, pipeline, cycle track or pedestrians.
一座桥就是一个结构提供了一个通过障碍,例如一个山谷,公路、铁路、运河、河流、不结束的下面。
所需的航道或许公路、铁路、运河、管道、周期轨道,或行人。
3、Whenever the proposed path of a road or railway is obstructed by a hillside,
a waterway or some form of construction, the engineer designing the project has to decide whether or not it is practical to construct a tunnel through or under the obstacle.
每当该路径是一条道路和铁路堵塞的山坡上,水道或某种形式的建设、设计项目工程师决定是否实用构建一个隧道穿过或在障碍。
4、structural materials are those that hold the building up , keep ti rigid, form its outer covering of walls and roof, and divide its interior into rooms.结构材料那些所掌握的建立,使钛僵硬,形成外壳的墙壁和屋顶,室内进入会议室,平分。
5、Wood is the oldest of the structural materials . It has been used since prehistoric times.木材是最古老的结构材料。
它一直被用作史前时代。
6、The necessary of heating, ventilation and air-conditioning (HV AC) control of environmental conditions within buildings has been well established over the years as being highly desirable for various types of occupancy and comfort conditions as well as for many industrial manufacturing processes.
必要的供暖、通风、空调(HVAC)控制建筑物内的环境条件已经建立了多年来是非常可取的各类占用和舒适的条件以及对许多工业生产过程
7、Comfort heating now is a highly developed science and, in conjunction with air conditioning, provide comfort conditions in all seasons in all parts of the world.
安慰加热现在是一个高度发达的科学,并会同空调,提供舒适条件的四季都为全世界。
8、As more was learned about humidity and the capacity of the air to contain various amounts of water vapor, greater achievements in environmental control were made.随着越来越多的是,有能力知道湿度空气含有多种大量的水蒸气,在环境控制大的成就。
9、Construction projects are complex and time-consuming undertakings that require the interaction and cooperation of many different persons to accomplish.建设项目是复杂的,耗时的事业,需要更多的互动和许多不同的人合作完成。
10、Regardless of the similarity to other projects, there are always distinguishing elements of each project that make it unique, such as the type of soil, the exposure to weather ,the human resources assigned to the project , the social and political climate , and so on .不管相似到其它项目中,总是有区别的元素,使其独特的每一个项目,如类型的土壤、气候暴露,人力资源分配给项目的社会的和政治的气候,等等。
11、The magnitude of each of those cost components depends on the nature, size and location of the project as well as the management organization, among many consideration.
上述的大小取决于成本组成的性质、大小和项目的地点以及组织管理,在许多的考虑。
12、It is important for design professionals and construction managers to realize that while the construction cost may be the single largest component of the capital cost , other cost components are not insignificant .
它是重要为设计人员和施工经理们意识到,那就是:当造价可能是中国最大的单一成分的资金成本,其他费用组成并不微不足道。
13、Quality control and safety represent increasingly important concerns for project managers .代表质量控制和安全问题越来越重要项目经理。
14、Good project managers try to ensure that the job is done right the first time and that no major accidents occur on the project .良好的项目经理努力确保工作做得正确第一次没有重大事故发生在这个项目上。
15、As with cost control , the most important decisions regarding the quality of a completed facility are made during the design and planning stages rather than during construction .
与成本控制,最重要的决定对于质量的一个完整的设备在设计和规划阶段,而不是在施工期间。