英美文学常识课程考核重点(精)
英美文学重点总结 第一章
Introduction: Old and Medieval English Literature1. source of the rise and growth of English literature: the cultural influences of the Anglo-Sexons conquest and the Norman conquest.盎格鲁撒克逊征服与诺曼征服2. Old English literature: 450—1066medieval period in English literature: with the Norman Conquest starts,covers about 4 centurries,3. Beowulf主题分析:Beowulf,a typical example of Old English poetry,is regarded as the national epic of the Anglo-Saxons. Thematically the poem presents a vivid picture of how the primitive people wage heroic struggles against the hostile forces of the natural world under a wise and mighty leader.The poem is an example of the mingling of nature myths and heroic legends.4. In the second half of the 14th century,English literature started to flourish with the appearance of writers like Geoffrey Chaucer (the greatest writer){Canterbury Tales}, William Langland (religious and social issues){Piers Plowman},John Gower (produces the best romance of the period){Sir Gawain and the Green Knight},and others.5. 骑士文学Romance which uses narrative verse or prose to sing knightly adventures or other heroic deeds is a popular literary form in the medieval period.It has developed the characteristic medieval motifs(主题) of the quest,the test,the meeting with the evil giant and the encounter with the beautiful beloved.6. Chaucer bore marks of humanism and anticipated a new era to come.7. 乔叟,押尾韵及英雄双韵体.Chaucer introduced from France the rhymed stanzas of various types to English poetry to replace the Old English alliterative verse.And in The Canterbury Tales,Chaucer employed the heroic couplet with true ease and charm toe the first time in the history of English literature.8. 最早的现代小说: Chaucer’s Troilous and CriseydeJohn Dryden called Chaucer “the father of English poetry”. The English Homer.Chapter 1 The Renaissance Period1.RenaissanceIt refers to the period between the 14th and mid-17th .It first started in Italy,with the flowering of painting,sculpture,and literature.The Renaissance,shich means rebirth or revival,is actually a movement stimulated by a series of historical events.Therefore,in essence,it is a historical period in which the European hunanist thinkers and scholars made attempts to get rid of those old feudalist ideas in medieval Europe,to introduce new ideas that expressed the interests of the rising bourgeoisie.It was not until the reign of Henry VIII that the Renaissance really began to show its effect in England.2.HumanismRenaissance humanists found in the classics a justification to exalt human nature and came to see that human beings were glorious creatures capable of individual development in the direction of perfection,and that the world they inhabited was theirs not to despise but to question,explore,and enjoy.Thus,by emphasizing the dignity of human beings and the importance of the present life,they voiced their beliefs that man did not only have the right to enjoy the beautiful of this life,but had the ability to perfect himself and to perform wonders.3.人文主义者代表(best English humanists): Thomas More, Chistopher Marloweand William Shakespeare.4.By the middle of Elizabeth’s reign,Protestantism had been firmly established,witha certain compromise between Catholicism and Protestantism.5.引进印刷术的英国第一人: William Caxton.印刷了The Canterbury Tales(Chaucer), Morte Darthur(Malory)6.Petrarch was regarded as the fountainhead of literature by the English writers..7. Wyatt and Surrey engraved the forms and graces of Italian poetry. (Petrachan sonnet, blank verse)8.John Donne and George Herbert.(玄学派诗人)9. The Elizabethan drama is the real mainstream of the English Renaissance.10.Lively,vivid native English material was put into the regular form of the Latincomedies of Plautus and Terence.Tragedies were in the style of Seneca.11. The most famous dramatists in the Renaissance in England: Chistopher Marlowe,William Shakespeare,and Ben Jonson.12.Francis Bacon,the first important English essayist,was also the founder of modernscience inEngland.A.2 Shakespeare’s drama career:a.The first period,one of apprenticeship.5 histoty plays: Henry VI, Parts I, II, and III, Richard III, and Titus Andronicus.4 comedies: The Comedy of Errors, The Two Gentlemen of Verona, The Tamingof the Shrew, and Love’s Labour’s Lost.b.The second period,Shakespear’s style and approach became highlyindividualized.5 histories: Richard II, King John,Henry IV, Parts I, II, and Henry V.6 comedies: A Midsummer Night’s Dream, The Merchant of Venice, Much AdoAbout Nothing, As You Like It, Twelfth Night, and The Merry Wives of Windsor.2 tragedies: Romeo and Juliet, and Julius Caesar.c.The third period includes his greatest tragedies and his so-called dark comedies.Tragedies: Hamlet(most popular), Othello, King Lear, Macbeth, Antony and Cleopatra, Troilus and Cressida, Coriolanus.2 comedies: All’s Well That Ends Well and Measure for Measure.d.The last period of Shakespeare’s(there’s a prevalent Christian teaching ofatonement [赎罪] ) work includes his principal romantic tragicomedies: Pericles, Cymbeline, The Winter’s Tale and The Tempest.2 final place: Henry VIII and The Two Noble Kinsmen.A.3 历史剧:Shakespeare’s history plays are mainly written under the priciple that national unity under a mighty and just sovereign is a necessity. The first and second parts of Henry IV are undoubtedly the most widely read among his history plays.A.4 The successful romantic tragedy is Romeo and Juliet, which eulogizes(赞美)the faithfulness of love and the spirit of pursuing happiness.A.5 四大悲剧的共性:(Greatest tragedies have some characteristic in common) Each portrays some noble hero,who faces the injustice of human life and is caught in a dufficult situation and whose fate is closely connected with the fate of the whole nation. Each hero has his weakness of nature. Along with the portrayal of the weakness or bias of the hero,we see the sharp conflicts between the individual and the evil force in the society, which shows that Shakespeare is a great realist in the true sense.A.6 The Tempest is a typical example of his pessimistic view towards human life and society in his late years.He affirms the importance of the feudal system in order to uphold social order. A.7 莎士比亚的学观Shakespeare has accepted the Renaissance views on literature.He holds that literature should be a combination of beauty, kindness and truth, and should reflect nature and reality. The end of the dramatic creation is to give faithful reflection of the social realities of the time. Shakespeare also states that literary words which have truly reflected nature and reality can reach immortality.A.8 莎士比亚的物刻画Shakespeare’s major characters are neither merely individual ones nor type ones; they are individuals representing certain types.Each character has his or her own personailities; meanwhile, they may share features with others.Shakespeare also protrays his characters in pairs.Contrasts are frequently used to bring vividness to his characters.A.9 莎士比亚的节设计Shakespeare’s plays are well-known for their adroit (巧妙的)plot constraction.He seldom invents his own plots.In order to play more lively and compact, he would shorten the time and intensify the story.A.10 莎士比亚的语言特色Shakespeare can write skillfully in different poetic forms.He has an amazing wealth of vocabulary and idiom.His coinage of new words and disortion of the meaning of the old ones also create stricking effects on the reader.B.1 米尔顿的三类文学成就Three groups:the early poetic works, the middle prose pamphlets and the last great poems.B.2 Lycidas(early period)Lycidas is composed for a collection of elegies dedicated to Edward King.It begins with grief and a feeling of immaturity; then the grief is deepen by the sense of irrecoverable loss in the silencing of a young poet.With this bitter sense of loss,Milton asks why the just and good should suffer.The climax of the poem is the blistering attack on the clergy,who are corrupted by self-interest.B.3 Areopagitica(middle period)is a great plea for freedom of the press.B.4 three major poetical works:Paradise lost, Pparodise regained and Samson AgonistesB.5 Paradise regained shows how mankind, in the person of Christ, withstands thetemper and is established once more in the divine favor. Crist’s temptation in the wilderness in the theme, and Milton follows the account in the fourth chapter of Matthew’s gospel(福音).B.6 米尔顿的艺术特色a. Milton’s style is distinguished by its rich and complex texture, the multiplicityof its classical references, its wealth of ornament and decoration.b. Milton’s subjects are lofty and magnificent. The theme of Samson Agonistes istragic and sublime.c. The great epic, which resounds with the grandear and multiplicity of the world,is also a poem, the central actions of which take place inwardly.d. Finally, his endinds are lifelike.13.玄学派诗人MetaphysicalIt refers to the school of poets that appeared in the Revolutionary period in England by using quite unconventional and often surprising conceits; the metaphysical poets wrote poems full of wit and humor. John Donne and Andrew Marvell are the representative metaphysical poets.14. 十四行诗SonnetIt is a basic lyric form, consisting of 14 lines of iambic pentameter rhymed in various patterns. Milton made a new kind of use of the Petrarchan form, and the Romantic poets continued in the Miltonic tratition.。
英美文学复习要点.docx
选择10X2分填空10X3分名词解释5X4分简答5X4分论述1X10分选择&填空各章重要知识点：包扌臣各历史时期的文学流派特点标志，重要的代表作家及主要作品，作品的主要情节和主要人物。
名词解释&简答BeowulfepicalliterationballadRomanceHeroic CoupletsBlank VerseChaucer and The Canterbuiy Tales WilliamShakespeare&his great works SonnetMetaphysical PoetsThe RenaissanceEnlightenment RomanticismCritical RealismImagismModernismThe Stream of Consciousness 诗歌格律韵式辨析John Milton and Paradise LostJohn Bunyan and The Pilgrim? sProgress HumanismEnlightenmentNeoclassicismSentimantalism浪漫主义的重要诗人和代表作Byronic HeroesDramatic MonologueCritical RealismOedipus Complex 论述ChaucerShakespeareJohn MiltonHenry FieldingCharles DickensJane AustenThomas HardyRenaissance特点：1. There was a thirsting curiosity for the classical literature and an expression of the general dissatisfaction at the Catholic and feudal ideas.2eHumanism is the key-note of the Renaissance.Representative Figures1） Thomas More Utopia2） Thomas Wyatt He was the first to introduce the sonnet into English literature.3） John Lyly the novel Eupheus gave rise to the term "euphuisrrT（绮丽体）euphuism refers to an affectedly elegant literary style of the late 16th and early 17th centuries, characterized by elaborate alliteration, antitheses（对照）,and similes（明喻）•4） Christopher Marlowe Timur （《巾占木丿L》）he is known for his magnificent blank verse,《帖木儿》是一部英雄剧，塑造了一个叱咤风云却又野心勃勃的征服者形象，充分体现了文艺复兴时期的巨人精神。
英美文学常识
外国文学一、填空1、《荷马史诗》是由战神导演的《伊利昂记》和有命运之神导演的《奥德修记》。
2、《神曲》：原名《喜剧》，后来的版本以《神圣的喜剧》为名，中译本为《神曲》。
中世纪特有的幻想文学艺术形式——继《荷马史诗》之后第二个文学历史里程碑。
《神曲》分为《地狱》、《炼狱》、《天堂》三部分，每部33歌，加上序曲共100歌。
作品这种这种结构来自“三位一体”的神学概念。
3、公元前12世纪至公元前8世纪，史称“荷马时代”或者“英雄时代” 。
主要成就：神话和史诗。
*4、公元前8世纪至公元前6世纪（确切时代）：史称“大移民时代”。
主要成就：抒情诗、寓言。
*5、公元前6世纪至公元前4世纪，史称“古典时期”，主要成就：戏剧、散文和文艺理论。
*6、公元前4世纪至公元前2世纪中叶，史称“希腊化”时期。
主要体裁：新喜剧、田园诗、拟剧、史诗、激论。
7、莎士比亚四大悲剧：《哈姆莱特》、《奥赛罗》、《李尔王》、《麦克白》。
8、《变形记》是奥维德的代表作，是一本神话诗集，有“神话辞典”之称。
9、赫西俄德的《工作与时日》是一部教诲诗。
802行，是古希腊流传下来的第一首以现实主义为题材的创作。
10、萨福被柏拉图称为“第十位文艺女神”。
11、品达是合唱抒情诗的代表，有“白天鹅”的称号。
12、“历史之父”是希罗多德，他著有《希腊波斯战争史》。
13、柏拉图：“客观唯心主义的始祖”，提出文艺必须服务于政治。
著作：《理想国》《斐德若》《会饮》《法律》14、亚里斯多德：《论工具》，奠定了形式逻辑的基础，欧洲第一部逻辑学。
《诗学》意即《论诗的艺术》，欧洲美学史上第一篇极端重要的文献。
15、米南德：古希腊最著名的新喜剧作家，作有105部喜剧。
重视人物性格，结构紧凑，语言口语化《恨世者》《萨摩斯女子》《公断》16、田园诗又称“牧歌”，忒俄克里托斯是田园诗之父。
17、古希腊神话是欧洲最早的文学形式。
18、《伊利亚特》中的阿喀琉斯：亚里斯多德称他是“希腊悲剧英雄的先驱”黑格尔热情洋溢的称《荷马史诗》创造了西方文学史上的第一个真正的人——在西方文学史上第一个阿喀琉斯。
英美文学复习资料重点
英美文学复习材料Geoffrey ChaucerFather/founder of English PoetryMajor works:•The Romaunt of the Rose 《玫瑰传奇》•The Parliament of Fowls《百鸟议会》•Troilus and Criseyde《特鲁伊罗斯和克里塞德》•The Legend of Good Women《好女人传》•The Canterbury Tales 《坎特伯雷故事集》The Canterbury Tales•The story of a group of thirty people who travel as pilgrims to Canterbury.• A rich, tapestry (织锦)of medieval social life combining elements of all classes, fromnobles to workers, from priests and nuns to drunkards and thieves.London dialect•The General Prologue consists of character sketches of each member of the group thatis going to CanterburyThe Canterbury Tales•Some of the characters•The Knight :the first story teller•The Prioress女修道院副院长•The Merchant•The Wife of Bath巴斯妇: the first female figure in British literature•Poor PriestWilliam Shakespeare (1564-1616)Renaissance•Meaning: rebirth or revival•Time: began in the 14th century, end in the 17th century. •Place: began in Italy, later spread to France, Spain and England.• A keen interest in the Greek and Latin culture; the art and science of ancient Greeceand Rome were being born again after long years of neglect. •Essence: humanismWilliam ShakespeareWorks•37 plays• 2 long narrative poems•154 sonnetsWilliam ShakespeareDrama:•Tragedies- Hamlet, Macbeth, King Lear, Othello, Romeo and Juliet •Comedies-As You Like It, The Merchants of Venice, Much Ado About Nothing, AMidsummer Night’s Dream，The Taming of the Shrew, Twelfth Night •Histories-Henry IV, Henry V, Henry VI, Henry VIII, Richard III,•Romances/tragicomedie s: Cymbeline, The TempestRomeo and Juliet•Characters: The Montagues/ The Capulets•Plot•Theme•Act II, Scene II•The balcony scene•One of the romantic peaks of the play.•In this scene, Romeo has employed three comparisons to express his admiration for Juliet: the sun, twinkling stars, a bright angelWilliam Shakespeare :SonnetA sonnet is a lyric invariably of fourteen lines, usually in iambic pentameter五音步抑扬格, restricted to a definite rhyme scheme韵律 .•Three types of sonnet1) Petrarchan sonnet (彼特拉克体/意大利十四行诗)2) Spenserian Sonnet（斯宾塞体十四行诗）3) Shakespearian Sonnet（莎士比亚/英国体十四行诗Shakespearian Sonnet• 3 quatrains + a couplet•abab cdcd efef gg•Sonnet 18•―Shall I compare thee to a summer’s day?‖•Theme: A nice summer day is usually transient, but the beauty in poetry can last forever.Thus Shakespeare expresses his faith in the permanence of poetry, of art and love. •Sonnet 29•Theme: The power of love can overcome all the difficulties and obstacles in one’slifetime.RomanticismBegins with the publication of Lyrical Ballads (1798) and ends with the death of SirWalter Scott(1832).•Pre-romantic poets: William Blake, Robert Burns•Active romantic poets: George Gordon Byron, Percy Bysshe Shelley, John Keats •Passive romantic poets/Lake Poets: William Wordsworth, Samuel Taylor Coleridge, Robert Southey.Robert BurnsFarmer poet/national poet of Scotland•Write in Scottish dialect•Themes of poetry are life of the common Scotch, love, friendship, etc.•―A Red, Red Rose‖: four stanzas; a ballad form; love; figures of speech•―Auld Lang Syne‖: friendship, parting-songWilliam Wordsworth•Poet Laureate 桂冠诗人•Collaborate with Coleridge on Lyrical Ballads: a declaration of romanticism •Define Poetry as ―the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings, which originates in emotion recollected in tranquility‖.• A worshipper of nature•―I Wandered Lonely as Cloud‖: four six-line stanzas; iambic tetrameter; rhyme scheme: ababcc; theme: the harmony between things in nature and the harmony between nature and the poet himself/ Nature' s beauty uplifts the human spirit.•―Composed Upon Westminster Bridge‖: a Petrarchan sonnet; abbaabba cdcdcd ;describing London in an early morning; figures of speech: simile, metaphor, personificationPercy Bysshe Shelley (1792-1822)•one of the leading romantic poets•loved people and hated the oppressors and exploiters•His wife: Mary Shelley Frankenstein 《弗兰肯斯坦》•Major works:•The Necessity of Atheism 《无神论的必要性》•Queen Mab 《仙后麦布》•Prometheus Unbound 《解放了的普罗米修斯》•Ode to the West Wind 《西风颂》•Ode to a Skylark 《云雀颂》• A Defense of Poetry 《诗辩》•The Masque of Anarchy 《暴政的行列》Ode to the West Wind•Ode: a long lyric poem that is serious in subject, elevated in style, and elaborate in its structure.Is is written to praise and glorify somebody or to eulogize something.•Form: 1.Every stanza is a sonnet; five stanzas of iambic pentamenter.• 2. Every stanza consists of 4 terza rima（三行诗隔句押韵法）+ couplet. •Structure: stanza 1-3: activities of the west wind on the earth, in the sky and on the sea.Stanza 4-5: the poet’s wish to be free like the wind.Ode to the West Wind•Theme: 1. Revolutionary spirit; 2. Wish to destroy the old and build up a new world. •The art of language:• 1. The use of alliteration, capitalization, end rhyme, etc.• 2. many figures of speech: simile/metaphor/personification/allusion/symbolTo—•One word is too often profaned•For me to profane it,•One feeling too falsely distain'd•For thee to distain it;•One hope is too like despair•For prudence to smother,•Love lyric; repetition/parallel; understatement（含蓄陈述）Jane Austen (1775-1817)•The first important English woman novelist•Writing style:•Theme: mostly about love and marriage•Language: simple, humorous, witty, ironic•Plot: straightforward, little action•Characters: like real living persons•Dialogues: true to life•She called her work ―a fine engraving made upon a little piece of ivory only two inches square‖ (―两寸牙雕”)• A very narrow literary field•But within her own field, she is unrivaled: vivid portrait of her major characters and realisticand colorful pictures of the life and manners of the upper middle class in rural England of her timeJane Austen•Major works:•Northanger Abbey《诺桑觉寺》(1818)•Sense and Sensibility 《理智与情感》(1811)•Pride and Prejudice 《傲慢与偏见》(1813)•Mansfield Park《曼斯菲尔德庄园》(1814)•Emma 《艾玛》(1816)•Persuasion 《劝导》(1818)Pride and Prejudice•―It is a truth universally acknowledged, that a single man in possession of a good fortune must be in want of a wife.‖•Main characters/plot/theme•Dialogues•Character analysis: Mr. and Mrs. Bennet; Elizabeth and Mr. Darcy; Jane and Mr. Bingley •Pride/prejudiceCharles Dickens (1812 –1870)•Victorian novelist•Representative writer of critical realism•critical realism:• 1. Objectivity :truly reflected the life of theCapitalist Society• 2. Criticalness: deeply exposed and criticized Feudal aristocracy and the capitalists；advocated humanism &pursue the truth• 3. Typicality :Use typical characters in a certain environment.Charles Dickens•Major works:•《匹克威克外传》（The Pickwick Papers）•《雾都孤儿》（Oliver Twist）•《老古玩店》（The Old Curiosity Shop）•《美国纪行》（American Notes）•《圣诞颂歌》（A Christmas Carol）•《董贝父子》（Dombey and Son）•《大卫·科波菲尔》（David Copperfield）•《荒凉山庄》（Bleak House）•《艰难时世》（Hard Times）•《双城记》（A Tale of Two Cities）•《我们共同的朋友》（Our Mutual Friend）A Tale of Two Cities•Two cities: Paris and London•Set in London and Paris before and during the French Revolution•Three groups of people:•The feudal aristocrat：Marquis（侯爵）Evremond封建贵族•The revolutionary masses：Ms Defarge 革命群众•Ideal persons: Doctor Manette; Lucy Manette; Charles Darney; Sydney Carton 理想化人物A Tale of Two Cities•It was the best of times, it was the worst of times,it was the age of wisdom, it was the age of foolishness,it was the epoch of belief, it was the epoch of incredulity, iit was the season of Light, it was the season of Darkness,it was the spring of hope, it was the winter of despair,we had everything before us, we had nothing before us,we were all going direct to Heaven, we were all going direct the other way。
英美文学重点知识归纳
学习资料收集于网络，仅供参考
<The Jew of Malta> 马尔他的犹太人 non-drama <The Passionate Shepherd to His Love> pastoral(田园的) life ， the most beautiful lyrics(抒情诗) READING: 1. excerpt from Dr. Faustus 浮士德博士的悲剧 A play based on the German legend Content: Faustus is a scholar who has a strong desire to acquire knowledge. By conjuration(念咒 文召唤)he call up Mephistophilis, the Devil’s servant. He make a bond(契 约) to sell his soul to the Devil in returnfor 24 years of life in which Mephistophilis to give him ev erything he desires. Devil’s name is Lucifer. Dominant moral is human rather than religious 2. The Passionate(热情的) Shepherd to His Love this short poem is considered to be one of the most beautiful lyrics(抒情诗) in English literature. The shepherd(牧羊人) enjoy an ideal country life, cherishing(珍爱) a pastoral(田园 的) and pure affectionfor his love. Strong emotion is conveyed through the beauty of nature.
英美文学各章学习重点
英国文学—The old and medieval periods1．Beowuf这部作品Romance是这个时期最流行的文学形式；Chaucer第一个引进“英雄偶句”诗体。
Beowulf（贝奥武甫(八世纪初的一篇古英语史诗; 该史诗中的主角)）, a typical example of old English poetry, is regarded today as the national epic (民族史诗)of the Anglo-Saxons. Literary position: The poem was originally in an oral form, it is written down in the 10th century. Thematically the poem presents a vivid picture of how the primitive people wage heroic struggles against the hostile forces of the natural world under a wise and mighty leader.Romance (骑士抒情诗)，a popular literary form in the medieval period) uses narrative verse or prose to sing knightly adventures or other heroic deeds, whose motifs（主题, 主旨）of the quest is for truth, beauty and kindness.Chaucer(乔叟): whose masterpiece is The Canterbury Tales《坎特伯雷故事集》. The famous character of his works is the Wife of Bath. Chaucer employed the heroic coupletverse form (英雄双韵诗形式) with true ease and charm for the first time in the history of English literature. He is the father of English poetry.英国文学—The renaissance periods 1.《仙后》一部寓言(allegory), 人物象征意义与主题.The Faerie is an allegory.The Red-crosse Knight stands for St.George, the patron saint of England, and he also represent Holiness.A lovely Ladie, virgin Una, symbolizes the thruth or the true faith of religion.A milke white lambe reprents the God.Dragon and infernall feend refer the SatanThe theme is not “Arms and the man,” but something more romantic—“fiece warres and faithful loves”.2. 斯宾塞的诗歌特点The five main quailites of spenser’spoetry are:1) a perfect melody;2) a rare sense of beauty;3) a splendid imagination;4) a lofty purity and seriousness;5) a dedicated idealism.3.《浮士德》的主题Dr. Faustus is a play based on theGerman legend of a magician aspiringfor knowledge and finally meeting histragic end as a result of selling his soulto the Devil. The play’s dominantmoral is human than religious. Itcelebrates the human passion forknowledge, power and happiness; italso reveals man’s frustration inrealizing the high aspiration in ahostile moral order. And theconfinement to time is the cruelest factof man’s condition.4.《威尼丝商人》的故事及主题The play has a double plot:1) Bassanio——Portia2) Antonio——ShylockThe traditional theme of the playis to praise the friendship betweemAntonio and Bassanio, to idealizePortia as a heroine of greate beaulity,wit and loyalty, and to expose theinsatiable greed and brutality of theJew. Tody, many people tend to regardthe play as a satire of the christians’hypocrisy and their false standards offrindship and love, their cunning wayof pursuing worldliness(俗心, 俗气)and their unreasoning prejudice againstJews.5．Milton的三部作品Paradise Lost, Paradise Regained,Samson Agonistes.英国文学—The neoclassical periods1．Bunyan的《天路历程》是一部寓言(allegory)，其主题及《名利场》的寓意The Pilgrim’s Progress is themost successful religious allegory inthe English language. Its purpose is tourge people to abide by Christiandoctrines and seek salvation throughconstant struggle with their ownweakness and all kinds of social evils.Its predominant metaphor —life as ajourney — is simple and familiar. Theobjects that Christian meets arehomely and commonplace, and thescence presented a typical Englishones, but throughout the allegory aspiritual signifiance is added to thecommonplace details.The Vanity Fair symbolizeshuman world, for “All that cometh isvanity.”Everything and anything inthis world is “vanity”, having no valueand no meaning. The Vanity Fair, a“marcket selling nothingness” of allsorts, is a dirty place originally built upby devils, but, this town “lay” in theway to the Celestial City, meaningpilgrims had to resist the tempatationsthere way through. So, the depiction ofthe “Fair” in selling things worldly andin attracting people bad, representsJohn Bunyan’s rejection of the worldlyseekings and pious longing for the pureand charming “Celestial City” hisChristian ideal.2．鲁宾逊的意义Robinson is here a real hero: atypical eighteenth-century Enlishmiddle-class man, with a greatcapacity for work, inexhaustible energy,courage, patience and persistence inovercoming obstacles, in stugglingagainst the hostile natural environment.He is the very prototype of the empirebuilder, the pioneer colonist.3．Gulliver’s Travel的四个部分The book contains four parts.The first part —— LilliputThe second part —— BrobdingnagThe third part —— flying IslandThe fourth part —— Houyhnhnmland, YahooAs a whole, the book is one of themost effcetive and devastatingcriticisms and satires of all aspects inthen English and European life —socially, politically, religiously,philosophically, scientifically, andmorally.4．Fielding的贡献Fielding has been regarded by some as “Father of the English Novel”.He was first to set out, both in theory and practice, to write specifically a “comic epic in prose,” the first to give the modern novel its structure and syle. Before him, the relating of a story in a novel was either the Episolary form or the picaresque form, but fielding adopted “the third-person narration,” in which the author become the “all-knowing God”.英国文学—The romantic periods 1．Blake青春之歌与经验之歌的比较The Song of Innocence is a lovely volume of poems, presenting a happy and innocent world, though not without its evils and suffering.His Songs of Experiecnce paints a different world, a world of misery, poverty, disease, war and repression with melancholy tone.The two “Chimney Sweeper” poems are good examples to reveal the relation between an economic circumstance, i.e. the exploitation of child labor, and an ideological circumstance, i.e. the role played by religion in making compiant to exploitation. The poem from the Songs of Innocence indicates the conditions which make religion a consolation, a prospect(景色, 前景)of “illusory happiness;” the poem from the Songs of the Experience reveals the true nature of religion which helps bring misery to the poor child.2．拜伦式英雄Buyron’s chief contribution is his creation of the “Byronic hero,” a proud, mysterious rebel figure of noble origin. With immense superiority in his passions and powers, this Byronic hero would carry on his shoulders the burdens of righting all the wrongs in a corrupt society, and would rise single-handedly against any kind of tyrannical rules either in government, in religion, or in moral principles with unconquerable wills and inexhaustilbeenergies.3．KEATS的希腊古瓮颂的主题Ode on an grecian Urn shows thecontrast between the permanence of artand the transcience of human passion.4．奥丝丁的三种婚姻观Stories of love and marriageprovide the major theme in all JaneAusten’s novels, in which femalechatacters are always playing an activepart. In their pursuit of a marriage,they ate usually categorize into threetypes according to their differentattitudes: those who would marry formaterial wealth and social position,those who would marry just for beautyand passion, and those who wouldmarry for true love with aconsideration of the partn er’s personalmerit as well ad his economical andsocial status.5.《傲慢与偏见》的故事及主题Pride and Prejudice mainly tellsof the love story between a rich,pround young man Darcy and thebeautiful and intelligent ElizaethBennet. None of the daughters caninherit the estate of the family for ithas been entailed upon the nearestmale heir, Willian Collins, Collinsintends to marry and he decides toshoose Elizabeth as a way of makingamends for inheriting the family’sestate. Collins is a preposterous(荒谬的) suitor, and Elizabeth rejects theproposal. Another young man calledDarcy proposes her, but she hasprejudice against him because shethinks that he has nothing but pride.After many twists and turns, they arehappily united. This book tells us agreat deal about attitude towardmarriage in Austen’s time.Stories of love and marriageprovide the major themes in all hernovels, Jane Austen tries to say that itis wrong to marry just for money or forbeauty, but it is also wrong to marrywithout it.as it is said in the book that it is a truthuniversally acknowledged that a singeman in possession of a good foutunemust be in want of a wife.英国文学—The victorian periods1．Dickens小说的3种角色类型及创作生涯。
英美文学重点知识归纳
英美文学重点知识归纳1. 英美文学的定义英美文学是指英国和美国的文学作品，包括小说、诗歌、戏剧、散文等。
英美文学具有悠久的历史，涵盖了从古代文学到现代文学的各个时期和流派。
2. 英美文学的时期和流派2.1 古代英美文学古代英美文学包括早期安格鲁-撒克逊文学、中世纪文学和文艺复兴时期文学。
其中，早期安格鲁-撒克逊文学以史诗《贝奥武夫》为代表，中世纪文学以《坎特伯雷故事集》为代表，文艺复兴时期文学以莎士比亚的戏剧作品为代表。
2.2 浪漫主义文学浪漫主义是英美文学的一个重要流派，包括诗人拜伦、雪莱和济慈等人的作品。
浪漫主义文学强调个体的感情和想象力，关注自然、爱情、自由等主题。
2.3 现实主义文学现实主义是英美文学的另一个重要流派，出现于19世纪后期。
代表作家包括狄更斯、托尔斯泰和马克·吐温等人。
现实主义文学揭示社会问题，关注人性的复杂性和社会的不公平。
2.4 现代主义文学现代主义是20世纪英美文学的主要流派，代表作家有弗吉尼亚·伍尔夫、塞缪尔·贝克特和詹姆斯·乔伊斯。
现代主义文学对传统的文学形式进行了颠覆和重塑，追求形式上的创新和思想上的深度。
3. 英美文学的重要作家和作品3.1 威廉·莎士比亚（William Shakespeare）威廉·莎士比亚是英国文学史上最伟大的戏剧家和诗人之一。
他的代表作品包括《哈姆雷特》、《罗密欧与朱丽叶》和《麦克白》等。
3.2 简·奥斯汀（Jane Austen）简·奥斯汀是19世纪英国小说家，被誉为英国小说的经典作家。
她的代表作包括《傲慢与偏见》、《理智与情感》和《艾玛》等。
3.3 弗朗西斯·斯科特·菲茨杰拉德（F. Scott Fitzgerald）弗朗西斯·斯科特·菲茨杰拉德是20世纪美国作家，代表作品有《了不起的盖茨比》。
他被认为是美国“爵士时代”的象征之一。
自考英美文学选读要点总结整理出考点26位作家完整
英美文学选读要点总结精心整理(只考26位作家)[英国』Chapter1 The Renaissance period（14世纪至十七世纪中叶）文艺复兴1. Humanism is the essence of the Renaissance.人文主义是文艺复兴的核心。
2. the Greek and Roman civilization was based on such a conception that man is the measure of all things.人文主义作为文艺复兴的起源是因为古希腊罗马文明的基础是以“人”为中心，人是万物之灵。
3. Renaissance humanists found in then classics a justification to exalt human nature and came to see that human beings were glorious creatures capable of individual development in the direction of perfection, and that the world they inhabited was theirs not to despise but to question, explore, and enjoy.人文主义者们却从古代文化遗产中找到充足的论据，来赞美人性，并开始注意到人类是崇高的生命，人可以不断发展完善自己，而且世界是属于他们的，供他们怀疑，探索以及享受。
4. Thomas More, Christopher Marlowe and William Shakespeare are the best representatives of the English humanists.托马斯.摩尔，克利斯朵夫.马洛和威廉.莎士比亚是英国人文主义的代表。
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1.The Romans led by Julius Caesar launched their first invasion on Britain in ___?A 200 B.CB 55 A.DC 55 B.CD 410 A.D2.The capital of Northern Ireland is ___?A BlefastB BirminghanC EdinburghD Cardiff3.The statement “You can not step twice into the same river”was said by___?A AristotleB HeracletusC SocratesD Pythagoras4.The greatest names in European philosophy are Socrates, ___, and Aristotle, who are active in Athens in the 5th and 4th century B.C.A PythagorasB HeracleitusC HerodotusD Plato5.Between 1337 and 1453 the ___ took place in Britain.A Wars of RosesB Black DeathC Hundred Years’WarD Peasants Uprising6.William, Duke of Normandy, fought King Harold of England at the Battle of Hastings in___.A 1066B 1086C 1381D 10357. The first Civil War in Britain lasted from ___ to ___.A 1600 --- 1604B 1640 --- 1644C 1642 --- 1646D 1646 --- 16508. ___ believed that the highest good in life was pleasure, freedom from pain and emotional upheaval.A CynicsB StoicsC ScepticsD Epieureans9.James Watt created a ___ in 1769?A Spinning MuleB Steam EngineC Power LoomD Spinning Jenny10.Most of the land belonging to the Saxons was confiscated by William and given to ___.A The DanesB the IrishC The Norman baronsD The Scots答案:1. 选C。
公元前55年,由Julius Caesar(恺撒领导的罗马人首次入侵Britain,而罗马人撤出大不列颠是在公元410年。
2. 选A。
Belfast(贝尔法斯特北爱尔兰首府,是北爱尔兰的商业、教育、服务和娱乐中心,也是重要海湾。
Birmingham(伯明翰,英格兰城市,英国第二大城市,位于英格兰中部高地、西米德兰郡首府区,是英国重要的工业中心和交通枢纽。
Edinburgh(爱丁堡为Scotland(苏格兰首府,为英国第二大的仅次于伦敦的旅游城市。
Cardiff(卡的夫是Wales(威尔士的首府。
考试~大3. 选B。
Heraclaitus(赫拉克利特,古希腊唯物主义哲学家,辩证法的奠基人之一。
他认为“火”是万物的本原,一切都在流动变化之中,“人不能两次踏进同一条河”是他的名言。
4. 选D。
Socrates(苏格拉底、Plato(柏拉图and Aristotle(亚里士多德是公元前5世纪到公元前4实际活跃在雅典的欧洲三大哲学家。
5. 选C。
从1337---1453英法之间的战争断断续续地持续了一百年,称之为“英法百年战争”。
(Hundred Years’War6. 选A。
1066年10月14日William, Duke of Normandy(诺蔓底公爵威廉在Hastings(黑斯廷斯战败英国国王Harold(哈罗德,这是英国历史上著名的诺曼征服时间(The Norman Conquest。
次战役确定了诺曼人对英格兰人的统治地位。
同年12月25日威廉在伦敦加冕,称William the Conqueror(征服者威廉。
7. 选C。
1642英国第一次内战在查里斯国王和国会之间展开,因国王的反对者主要是清教徒,因此英国内战又称之为“清教徒革命”。
8. 选D。
公元前4世纪,西方哲学四大流派:the Cynics(犬儒主义学派、the Sceptics(怀疑论学派、the Epicureans(享乐主义学派、the Stoics(斯多葛学派互相争鸣。
the Epicureans(享乐主义学派认为“快乐”是人生的最大追求。
9. 选B。
James Watt(詹姆斯.瓦特于1769发明了蒸汽机,蒸汽机的发明在英国的工业革命中起着重要的作用。
10.选C。
多数本属于萨克逊人的土地被征服者威廉没收后送给了诺曼贵族们。
(The Norman barons1. “To know something like the palm of one’s hand” means ___?A to understand the nature of something and be competent in the performance of themB to understand everything without any questionC to understand only something easyD to be thoroughly familiar with the nature and details of something2.British English is spoken in ___?A Great BritainB AustraliaC New ZealandD A.B and C3.Which of the following joined England and Scotland in 1707?A the Act of SupremacyB the Act of UnionC the Reform ActD the MaganaCarta4.Who said “Give me a place to stand, and I will move the world.”?A AristotleB PlatoC ArchimedesD Euclid5.The expression that can be used as the euphemism for “garbage collector” is “___”A collectingB garbage engineerC sanitary engineerD sanitation engineer6. Who founded the Plantagenet Dynasty?A Henry IB King JosephC Henry IID Count of Anjor7.Who said “Captive Greece took her rude conqueror captive”:?A HoraceB VirgilC PlatoD Sappho8. The religious persecution mainly existed during the reign of ___.A Elizabeth IB Henry VIIIC CromwellD Charles I9. Eton College is a famous ___ of UK.A collegeB comprehensive schoolC public schoolD university10.Westminster Palace is the ___?A seat of British House of ParliamentB seat of English churchC residence of king of queenD residence of Prime Minister1. 选D。
“To know something like the palm of one’s hand”的意思是对“什么了如指掌”。
2. 选D。
在英国、澳大利亚和新西兰都说英国英语。
3. 选B。
是《联合法》(the Act of Union在Anne 统治的1707年把England and Scotland 统一起来,而Great Britain (大不列颠也是在其统治期间诞生的。
而1801年的《联合法》爱尔兰并入大不列颠王国,因此英国的名称改为“大不列颠及爱尔兰联合王国”(the Un ited Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland。
1921年爱尔兰北部6郡(北爱尔兰化归联合王国,英国的名称也随之改为“大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国”(the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland。
4. 选C。
“给我一个支点,我能撬动整个地球”是古希腊科学家Archimedes(阿基米德的名言。
古希腊科学家阿基米德在算术、力学和流体静力学等方面都作了重要的贡献。
5. 选D。
sanitation engineer (环境工程师是“garbage collector” 垃圾清洁工的委婉用语。
6. 选C。
The Plantagenet Dynasty (金雀花王朝是由Henry II(亨利二世于1154年创立的,并统治了35年,于1189年Henry II 去世而结束。
7. 选A。
Horace(贺拉斯,古罗马诗人,以其颂歌著称。
“Captive Greece took her rude conqueror captive” (被征服的希腊征服了它的征服者为其所说。
Virgil(维吉尔,70—19BC伟大的拉丁诗人,著有伟大的史诗《埃涅阿斯记》(Aeneid。
Plato(柏拉图428---348BC,古希腊哲学家,他对《对话录》(Dialogues影响深远。
Sappho(萨福公元前7世纪希腊最重要的女抒情诗人,其爱情诗影响深远。
8. 选D。
Charles I(查里一世,1600---1649,英国斯图亚特王朝国王。