STEINBERG SAMPLE LITERATURE REVIEWS
literature review 范本
literature review 范本A literature review is a comprehensive and critical evaluation of existing scholarship on a particular topic. It aims to identify and synthesize relevant research, provide a summary of current knowledge on the topic, and identify gaps or areas for further study. Below is a sample literature review on the topic of mental health in adolescence:Title: Mental Health in Adolescence: A Comprehensive Literature ReviewIntroduction:Adolescence is a critical period in a person's life, characterized by significant physical, psychological, and social changes. Mental health issues can significantly impact the well-being and future trajectories of adolescents. Therefore, understanding the current research on mental health in this population is crucial to inform policy decisions, intervention strategies, and future research. This literature review aims to synthesize the existing knowledge on mental health in adolescence, identify the factors contributing to mental health issues, and explore potential interventions to improve the well-being of adolescents.Methodology:This review utilizes a systematic approach to identify relevant scholarly articles and research papers. Databases such as PubMed, PsycINFO, and Google Scholar were searched using specific keywords, including "adolescent mental health," "mental health interventions," "risk factors," and "protective factors." The search was limited to articles published in the last ten years to ensure theinclusion of recent research. The initial search yielded 500 articles, which were screened based on their relevance to the topic. After the screening process, 50 articles were included in the final review. Findings:Mental health issues in adolescence are multifaceted and influenced by various individual, familial, and social factors. The most prevalent mental health disorders among adolescents include anxiety, depression, and substance abuse disorders. Risk factors such as familial history of mental illness, adverse childhood experiences, peer pressure, and academic stress significantly contribute to the development of mental health issues in this population.Protective factors, on the other hand, act as buffers and promote resilience in adolescents. These include social support, strong family relationships, positive school environments, and access to mental health services. Interventions targeted at enhancing protective factors and reducing risk factors have shown promising results in improving the mental well-being of adolescents. Cognitive-behavioral therapy, mindfulness-based interventions, and peer support programs have emerged as effective interventions for managing mental health disorders in this population.Despite the growing body of research on adolescent mental health, several gaps exist in the current literature. Limited research is available on the mental health concerns of specific subgroups, such as LGBTQ+ adolescents and those from marginalized communities. Furthermore, more research is needed to understand the long-term impacts of mental health interventions and the role of technologyin mental health promotion and prevention.Conclusion:This literature review provides a comprehensive overview of the current research on mental health in adolescence. It highlights the importance of addressing mental health issues in this population, identifies the factors contributing to these issues, and explores potential avenues for intervention. Future research should focus on filling the existing gaps in knowledge, developing culturally sensitive interventions, and utilizing technology to improve mental health outcomes among adolescents. Ultimately, a holistic approach incorporating social, familial, and individual factors is crucial for promoting the mental well-being of adolescents.。
语料库文体学与文学文本的量化分析_以作品_汤姆_索耶历险记_为例
当很多小伙伴被汤姆吸引过来，想尝试着刷刷 墙的时候，汤姆很得意，本来想马上把活计交给他 们干，但想了想，突然又改变了主意，想卖卖关子， 于是说“不———不 行，本———我 想 这 恐 怕 不 行 …… 我想在一千，也许在两千个孩子里，也找不出一个 能按波莉姨妈的要求刷好这道墙的。”结果其他孩 子刷墙的要求更加迫切了，不得不送给汤姆礼物来 作为交换。汤姆脸上显示出不情愿，心里却美滋滋 的。这里两次使用 I reckon 来表现汤姆的心理活 动和语言。
mean （ in words）
17
14
19
std． dev．
16． 96 13． 90 18． 90
paragraphs
（ in words）
92，086 71，669 112，502
std． dev．
28，873． 29
《汤姆·索耶历险记》的形符数为 71，991，类 符数为 7，347，类符形符比是 10% ，而《哈克贝利· 芬历险记》的形符数为 112，513，类符数为 6，444， 类符形符比是 6% ，这说明《汤姆·索耶历险记》的 用词种类更多，词汇更丰富，更富有变化性； 两部作
研究模式［3］； 2006 年，Scott ＆ Tribble 出版了 Textual Patterns． Key Words and Corpus Analysis in Language Education，展示出语料库在语言教学和文本 分析中的作用［4］； 国内近年也出现了关于语料库 文体学的一些文章，桂诗春教授在 2009 年出版了 《基于语料 库 的 英 语 语 言 学 语 体 分 析 》，探 讨 和 介 绍了如何用语料库去分析英语语言学的语体，进而 学会如何分析其他类型的语体。
literaturereview结构
literaturereview结构
一篇文献综述的典型结构包括以下几个部分：
1.引言
-简要介绍研究领域的背景和意义，为读者提供背景信息。
-指出该文献综述的目的和研究问题。
2.文献筛选和选择标准
-描述文献筛选过程，包括文献的方法和使用的关键词。
-说明选择文献的标准，例如时间范围、研究方法等。
3.文献综述
-根据研究问题，将文献分成几个主题，每个主题可以是一个段落或一个部分。
-对每个主题进行概述，包括主要研究结果和方法。
-对文献之间的相互关系进行分析和讨论，指出各个研究之间的异同点。
4.结果和发现的总结
-总结每个主题的关键发现和结论，指出每个主题的重要性。
-突出各个研究之间的模式和趋势，从而为研究问题提供更全面的理解。
5.研究局限和未来研究方向
-指出文献综述中可能存在的局限性，例如样本数不足、研究方法的
局限等。
-提出未来研究的方向和问题，为进一步研究提供建议。
6.结论
-总结整个文献综述的主要发现和结论。
-指出该文献综述的意义和对研究领域的贡献。
以上是一篇文献综述的典型结构，可以根据实际需要进行调整和修改。
此外，需要注意的是，文献综述需要保持逻辑连贯和清晰，每个部分的内
容都要有充分的论据和证据支持。
同时，在写作过程中要注意文献的引用
和注释，确保准确而恰当地引用已有研究的成果。
莎士比亚十四行诗韵律在近五年高考英语全国II卷写作中的应用——追寻莎翁足迹，只愿他生命绵延
莎士比亚十四行诗韵律在近五年高考英语全国II卷写作中的应用——追寻莎翁足迹，只愿他生命绵延发布时间：2021-03-29T04:58:18.518Z 来源：《素质教育》2021年3月总第374期作者：郭晨[导读] 正如莎士比亚的第18首十四行诗所表达的那样，人的美质只有反映在人的创作中才能成为不朽，人的后裔和人的创作是战胜时间的两支伟大力量。
衡水中学齐齐哈尔市外国语分校黑龙江齐齐哈尔161000正如莎士比亚的第18首十四行诗所表达的那样，人的美质只有反映在人的创作中才能成为不朽，人的后裔和人的创作是战胜时间的两支伟大力量。
所以高考英语写作亦是如此，它也是英语语言“美”的载体之一，如果能把莎士比亚十四行诗的韵律在高考英语写作中加以运用的话，定会有别样的感觉，不仅使莎翁的生命得到了绵延，更让这种“美”得以在我们的指尖上延续。
高考英语写作因受到字数限制，通常只会写出十句话也就相当于十行，因此莎士比亚十四行诗韵律在高考英语写作中的韵脚为：abab，cdcd，gg。
下面我们以2013-2017这五年的高考英语全国II卷写作为例，来看一下莎翁的韵律之美是如何在实践中运用的。
2013年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试新课标II卷。
第二节书面表达(25分)假定你是李华，自制了一些中国结(Chinese knot)。
给开网店的美国朋友Tom写封信, 请他代卖，要点包括: 1.外观(尺寸、颜色、材料)。
2.象征意义。
3.价格注意：开头语已为你写好。
对原创范文进行分解展示(原题所给开头句不包含在内)——莎士比亚十四行诗韵律再现：abab，cdcd，gg1.Now I’m writing to you with gladness.【a】2.The reason why I write to you is that I wonder if you could help me to sell my Chinese knots which are made by all kinds of materials including cloth and threads.【b】3.As we all know, Chinese knots stand for good luck and happiness.【a】4.They are so gorgeous and look like diamonds.【b】5.They are about 5 inches long and 4 inches wide with red colour.【c】6.It is necessary to give Chinese knots as gifts during a holiday and hang them on ceilings.【d】7.It is easy for you to sell each of them for one dollar.【c】8.These amazing knots will definitely make you have a delightful mood that delights you the way you deserve to be delighted and make you have no more hard feelings.【d】9.Looking forward to your reply and I sincerely hope that you can give me a hand.【g】10.Our friendship will be always on my mind.【g】2014年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试新课标II卷。
教育技术学名著
10本美国教育技术学领域的名著1.《教育传播与技术研究手册》2.《教学技术学：过去、现在和未来》3.《教学技术：定义、术语和范畴》即94定义4.《教学设计原理》5.《教育媒体与学习技术》Henich6.《教学设计的理论与模型：教学理论的新范式》Reigurth7.《教育技术学名著选读》8.《教学设计与技术的趋势与问题》9.《教育技术学基础》10.《教育媒体与技术年鉴2002》11.《教学技术经典文献》伊利12. AnglinCritical Issues 《教育传播与技术研究手册》《教育传播与技术研究手册》是由美国密苏里大学信息科学与学习技术学院终身教授大卫·詹纳森（David Jonassen）博士担纲主编，由来自以美国为主的世界10多个国家的近百位顶尖教育技术学家主笔的大型手册，它于1996年由迈克米兰出版公司（Macmillan Publishers）首次出版。
后来，美国教育传播与技术协会（AECT）获得了电子版本的有限传播权，AECT的所有会员都可以在线浏览AECT网站上的电子版。
《教育传播与技术研究手册》第一版共分7篇、42章、1245页。
此书极具权威性、系统性。
本书作者队伍阵容整齐。
全部是世界一流的专家，权威人士独到地见解、宽广的视野、丰富地实践经验使得本书领先的地位得以奠定。
美国教育传播与技术协会的钟爱就是明证，世界许多国家已经有了十多种文字的版本，这个对于年轻的教育技术学领域是并不多见的。
全书系统性强，基本含盖了教育技术学的最主要的领域，从基本理论，到各个分支，到不同应用领域。
研究手法独到，文笔深入浅出。
开卷第一章，你就会被作者关于教育技术学先驱人物和早期历史的分析评论所吸引，从字里行间，你能体会到作者的研究功力，特别是研究手法的独创性。
尽管是非常专业的书籍，但是作者并不是一味地追求深奥的学术性，相反也照顾了读者面。
总体评价：美国教育技术学名著排行第一。
教育技术学专业博士生、硕士研究生必读书籍之第一本。
巴赫金.陀思妥耶夫斯基诗学问题 英文文献
巴赫金.陀思妥耶夫斯基诗学问题英文文献Mikhail Bakhtin's Poetics and the Works of Fyodor DostoevskyMikhail Bakhtin, the renowned Russian literary critic and philosopher, is widely recognized for his groundbreaking contributions to the understanding of literary works, particularly the writings of Fyodor Dostoevsky. Bakhtin's analysis of Dostoevsky's poetics has had a profound impact on the way we interpret and appreciate the complexities of the renowned Russian author's literary oeuvre.At the heart of Bakhtin's exploration of Dostoevsky's poetics lies the concept of the polyphonic novel. Bakhtin argued that Dostoevsky's works depart from the traditional monologic structure of the novel, where a single authorial voice dominates the narrative. Instead, Dostoevsky's novels are characterized by a plurality of independent and fully developed voices, each with its own distinct perspective and worldview. This polyphonic approach, Bakhtin contends, allows for a genuine dialogue between the characters, where no single voice or ideology is privileged over the others.One of the key aspects of Bakhtin's analysis is his understanding of the role of the hero in Dostoevsky's novels. Bakhtin asserts thatDostoevsky's heroes are not passive objects of the author's design but rather autonomous individuals with the capacity to challenge and even contradict the author's own views. This notion of the hero as a fully autonomous and self-conscious being is central to Bakhtin's conception of the polyphonic novel.Furthermore, Bakhtin explores the concept of the "unfinalized" hero in Dostoevsky's works. He argues that Dostoevsky's characters are not static, predetermined entities but rather dynamic, ever-evolving individuals who resist being reduced to a single, fixed identity. This idea of the "unfinalized" hero is closely tied to Bakhtin's understanding of the polyphonic novel, where the characters are not merely vehicles for the author's ideas but active participants in the ongoing dialogue that constitutes the literary work.Bakhtin's analysis also delves into the role of language and discourse in Dostoevsky's novels. He suggests that Dostoevsky's works are characterized by a multiplicity of social and ideological languages, each with its own distinct perspective and mode of expression. This heteroglossia, as Bakhtin terms it, serves to undermine the notion of a single, authoritative voice and instead presents a cacophony of competing voices and worldviews.Moreover, Bakhtin's exploration of Dostoevsky's poetics extends to the notion of the carnivalesque, a concept that he sees as central tothe author's literary approach. The carnivalesque, in Bakhtin's view, represents a subversive and liberating force that challenges traditional hierarchies and social norms. He argues that Dostoevsky's novels often incorporate elements of the carnival, such as the inversion of power structures, the blurring of boundaries between the sacred and the profane, and the celebration of the body and its functions.Bakhtin's insights into Dostoevsky's poetics have had a lasting impact on the field of literary criticism and have influenced generations of scholars and readers. By illuminating the complex and multifaceted nature of Dostoevsky's literary works, Bakhtin has helped us to better understand the profound philosophical and existential questions that lie at the heart of the Russian author's oeuvre.In conclusion, Mikhail Bakhtin's exploration of Dostoevsky's poetics has been instrumental in shaping our understanding of the Russian author's literary genius. Through concepts such as the polyphonic novel, the "unfinalized" hero, and the carnivalesque, Bakhtin has provided a nuanced and insightful perspective on the rich tapestry of Dostoevsky's literary universe. His work continues to inspire and challenge scholars and readers alike, inviting us to engage with the complexities and contradictions that lie at the core of Dostoevsky's enduring literary legacy.。
LiteratureReview解读
Literature ReviewC12 英语（1） X X XTess of the D’Urbervilles is ge nerally regarded as Tomas Hardy’s finest novel. Since its publication in 1891, it has encountered considerable concern in literary criticism. Among these numerous essays dwelling on Tess, most criticisms and interpretations focus on probing into the root of Tess’s trag edy. These scholars ponder Tess’s tragedy from various perspectives and give a multitude of interpretations on this topic. But no one can exhaust such a great work，there is still much room for further consideration about Tess’s tragedy. Through several months’ efforts in searching, collecting and reading an abundance of scholars and professors’ literature concerning causes of tragedy of Tess, I have learned much and gained a lot of data and create the following essay which summons up the essence of the literature.1．Analyses of Objective F actors in Tess’s Tragedy.The Age Characteristic and the Rebel in Tess of the D’U rbervilles – A Feminine Decoding on Tess of the D’U rbervilles by Jiang Lu introduces the economic background of the story. Jiang states that the story of Tess happened during the late half of 19th century, which witnessed the decline and destruction of the English peasantry. It was an age of transition and great social upheavals. With the development of capitalism, England was slowly developing from its former state of a mainly agricultural country to its new condition of a primarily industrial society, because of which the traditional self-sufficient society order in the country was broken. Helplessly confronted with the change, the country villagers were deprived of their lands, houses and other possessions. Then, in possession of few things they were forced to immigrate away from their accustomed land and to be employed as farm workers. Therefore, country peasants were inflicted tragically by the industrial development. This part clearly demonstrates the economic situation of the farmer at Victorian age which is quite beneficial to my paper.An Ecofeminist Reading of Thomas Hardy’s Tess of the D’Urbervilles by YuKun discusses the tragedy of Tess from the perspective of Ecofeminism, this paper practically explores the close relationship between women and nature and women’s tragic fate as the result of industrialization and patriarchal society, which helps me understand Tess’s tragedy from a new angle. It points out that at the late Victorian Age when industrialization began to encroach upon the countryside rapidly and capitalism developed further, the peasants lost their land and many of them were impoverished. Tess’s family,without exception, was poverty-stricken, which turned out to be the very root of her tragedy. Tess, impelled by the economic pressure from her family, had to go to claim kindred with prosperous D’Urbervilles family where she met evil Alec who deprived of her virginity; and it was her poor family that made Tess return to Alec. Besides, the society in the Victorian period was a man-dominated society, woman had to suffer the injustices of man-made law, the law by which man and woman were not equally treated in terms of morality. Angel who set a double moral standard for man and woman certainly couldn’t conceive of a relationship of equality with Tess. He couldn’t forgive Tess for h er lost of virginity although he himself had dissipated past. Thus he finally abandoned Tess because of her “impurity”, which gave Tess a fatal blow.The Connotation and Characteristic of “Angels in House” in Victorian Period of England by Zeng Yayin demo nstrates perfect women’s image in people’s mind in Victorian period. It says that a traditional Victorian woman is supposed to be a perfect woman. First, they should be gentle, graceful and charming, that is to keep an attractive appearance. Second, they should be submissive. They were taught to be sympathetic, gentle and considerable to other people. And the most important thing was to be submissive to their father or brothers, and after being married, their submission turned to their husbands. Third, they should have pure bodies. Traditionally, virginity was worshipped as a symbol of honor for an unmarried woman. It was very important for a younger woman to be a virgin before marriage and be loyal to her husband after she married him, and virginity was a g irl’s virtue and value as well. Fourth, home was her whole world. She should sacrifice herself for her husband and the family. Taking care of the family and making the home healthy andcomfortable was undoubtedly all her duty. Besides, they were economically dependent, what they should do was to stay at home which was the shelter for them, and to seek for support and protection from them, so marriage was pretty much their best choice. All in all, the idle Victorian woman should be devoted, pure both mentally and physically and submissive. This paper gives me a general idea of the image of women in Victorian period, which will help me a lot in my paper.Analysis of Tragedy of Tess by Tang Xuan points out that Tess is a typical female tragedy, considering the convention and the bourgeois morality of her time. The last years of the nineteenth century were the Victorian period. Victorian morality imposed rigid norm on women, which demanded women to be pure. The loss of virginity was a fatal blow to Tess as she was turned against and crushed by the social convention. It was a man-dominated society, in which woman had to suffer the injustices of man-made law, the law by which man and woman were not equally treated in terms of morality and the use of double standard in sexual matters was the essential feature of the Victorian society. This was why Tess, being violated by Alec, unfairly suffered from being morally and socially spurned and punished while Alec remained free from any social reprimands. What is more, according to the Victorian customs, a man could live a dissipating life as he had once done while a woman could not. This double standard for man and woman made it impossible for Angel who was dominated by the conventional social custom and the bourgeois view of morality to forgive Tess. This part helps get a better idea of the impact of social convention and morality on Tess’s tragedy.The Ruin of a Pure Woman — Analyses of the Tragedy of Tess by Zhou Hong says that Tess is the victim of capitalist law and hypocritical religion. It states that Alec dared to do evil at his pleasure not only because he was a man of money and power, but also because he was under the protection of bourgeois law which was employed as a tool to rule ordinary people and was always at b ourgeois’ interest. According to the law, it was ironic that the man who seduced Tess was justified while Tess who suffered damage was sinful. Oppressed by so strong social prejudice, Tess was deprived of the right to protect herself and forced to accept the unfair treatmentimposed on her. Thus, she was doomed to be a victim of power and violence. Besides, hypocritical religion was also closely related to Tess’s tragedy. In capitalis t society, religion was just used as a tool to lull and enslave people. When Tess met Alec again, to Tess’s astonishment , Alec, the man who seduce d her and ruthlessly pushed her into the abyss of tragedy, could resort to Christianity and became a priest who asked people to do good deeds. From this part I can see that both bourgeois law and religion are hypocritical.2. Reflection on Subjective F actors in Tess’s Tragedy.Analysis of Tess’s Character by Xu Haibo focuses on Tess’s character to explain the cause of Tess’s tragedy. It points out that the character of Tess is closely related to her fate, it is the tension in her character that leads her to the tragedy. The most obvious ones are those between humility and pride, and between innocence and sensuality. Ultimately it can be said that the tension is the one between obedience and rebellion within her character. It presents that both historical conditions and living environment contribute to the formation of Tess’s character. Tess has the qualities of kindness, honesty, diligence and loyalty which are shared by the label people, besides, she also inherits the pride traditionally associated with noble families, but her pride is conflicted with her social and economic position. In this paper, the author gives a detailed explanation with examples about the tension in Tess’s character which helps me better understand his idea. Besides it points out that there is also conflict between acquired conventional belief and instinctive independence of mind, and between ignorance and education in Tess’s character, which can also be seen from many cases. From this article, I get a good knowledge of Tess’s character as well as its relationship with her fate.Study on the Tragic Fate of Tess by Zhou Zhongxin and Wang Yanwen points out that Tess is a pure woman, but, ironically, her purity becomes the decisive factor of her tragedy. It states that Tess’s pure nature is fully embodied by her strong sense of responsibility and self -sacrifice to her family. When their horse is killed in an unexpected accident, nobody blames Tess as she blames herself, therefore, she doesn’trefuse once more her parent’s suggestion to claim kin with the wealthy D’Urbervilles family although she is not willing to do so. This is the very action that ruins all her life, she is seduced by Alec and later gives birth to an illegitimate baby. Moreover, her sense of responsibility is also clearly revealed when she becomes a mistress of Alec because of the desperate situation of her family. Tess’s purity is also displayed in her honesty and loyalty to love. When she is seduced by Alec, she bravely chooses to leave him at once irrespective of the pressure of her family and the society, because she realizes that she has never loved Alec.As to Angle, she falls in love with him deeply, but she continuously refuses Angle’s woo ing because she thinks her being his wife is a shame for him. In order to protect Angle, she is willing to sacrifice her own feeling and happiness. Although she accepts Angle at last, she decides to disclose her past to him because of her honesty and true love for Angle. But her confession only results in an end of their marriage, she is deserted by her heartless husband, which leads to her miserable life soon afterwards. This paper offers me a good idea of the relationship between Tess’s purity and her tra gedy.A Multi Perspective of the Tragedy of Tess of the D’Urbervil les by PengYan mentions the persecution of religion on Tess. Brought up in a heavily religious environment, Tess is deeply poisoned by religious thought, which forces Tess to bear enormous psychological pressure and induces her to sink into tragical abyss. Tess is a victim of religious doctrine. When her baby is dying, she suddenly realizes that she hasn’t been baptized and therefore will die without salvation and go to hell, but no parson is willing to do it for her baby, so she decides to baptize her baby by herself. Obviously, all her terrors about the hell are coming from the religious doctrine taught to her. Besides, although she used to doubt the existence of God when she feels desperate toward life, she can’t free herself from the shadow of religion. She always uses religious thought to imagine, explain and symbolize her miserable life. When she meets a man writing biblical texts on walls, she consciously feels ashamed and guilty for her loss of virginity, although it is not her fault. She is always self-contempt and keeps torturing herself by hypocritical religion thought. From this part I get to know religion’s impact on Tess.My Opinion about Tess of the D’Urbervilles by Li Honglan points out her family’s role in causing her tragedy. It says that Tess’s parents are ignoran t and vain，which leads directly to Tess’s tragedy. Tess’s father, Jack is lazy, selfish and foolish. When he hears of the news about his noble ancestry, he thinks his family will surely become rich if only Tess go to claim kinship with the wealthy family. When Tess is seduced by Alec, he doesn’t care about his daughter’s feelings and lock the door to prevent Tess from going out, the only thing that worries him is what others will think of this collapse of his family pride.Besides, Tess’s mother Joan is no better than Jack. The news of ancestry also affects her, she wants her daughter to rise in the world by making a successful marriage and thus bring fortunes to the whole family. When Tess chooses to leave Alec, she blames Tess for not marrying him and when Tess is deserted by Angle, she thinks it is all Tess’s fault. At the same time, her father doesn’t show sympathy for Tess either, he even doubts about her marriage, which makes Tess unable to live at home any more. Since her parents cannot be relied on, Tess takes on her younger shoulder the family burdens. She has a strong sense of responsibility towards her family and at almost every stage of her life it is her concern for family that influences her actions-from her agreement to claim kinship to family D’Urberville right to her final decision to return to Alec is totally due to her responsibility to support her family. From this analysis, I get a comprehensive knowled ge about the influence of Tess’s family on her tragedy.Tess一A Pure but Tragic Woman by Zhang Qun discusses the influence of two men —Alec and Angle on Tess’s tragedy. It explains that Alec, typical of a bourgeois villain, metamorphoses himself into the more dignified style of Alec D’Urberville and decorates himse lf as a man of nice heart. He takes advantage of Tess’s poverty and innocence, and seduces her on purpose. Thus , Tess intends to look for a way out but is driven by him to a way with a dead end. On the other hand, Angle is a representative of bourgeois intellectuals. He regards himself as a man full of new thoughts who isn’t bound by social customs. However, as a matter of fact, he couldn’t free himself from it. He idealizes Tess as symbol of purity and pursues her enthusiasticaly, but desert her as soon a s Tess’s confession. Given up by her husband,Tess can’t support her family on her own and she is foeced by the death of her father and consequent loss of their cottage to succumbe to Alec to be his mistress. But out of her expection, Angle comes back, she is so shocked and regretfull that she kills Alec, because she thinks it is the only way out. From this analysis, I get a sense of these two men’s impact on Tess and I will use some of his idea in my paper.3. Introduction to the A uthor’s Outlook Reflected in the Novel.On Fatalism and Pessimistic View in Thomas Hardy’s Tess of the D’Urbervilles by Hu Ye says that Tess’s t raged y is related to Thomas Hardy’s fatalistic outlook on life. Tess’s life can be divided into several stages and every stage is sprink led a series of coincidences that push Tess to the doomed abyss. In this paper, it gives details about these coincides. At the outset, Tess’s father John Durbeyfield is so excited at the news of her ancestor that he drink himself drunk, so Tess has to replace her father to send the beehives to the market. Then the accidental death of the horse Prince destroys the family’s livelihood, so Tess is forced to go to claim kin with the wealthy D’Urbervilles family, where she is seduced by Alec.After this great frustration, she happens to meets Angle and falls in love with him. When she is about to marry him, Tess decides to write her past in a letter and thrusts it from under the door into Angel’s bedroom. But the paper gets mislaid under the carpet and Angel does not see it, which directly leads to the break of their marriage. When Tess eventually decides to visit Angel’s parents and asks them for help, she unfortunately overhears the conversation of Angel’s brothers, then she give up asking help from them. There is also the coincidence that she reencounters with Alec at exactly the moment when she is most vulnerable, then she becomes her mistress. Considering these coincides, I think that there is close relationship between Tess’s tragedy and these coincidences, although they all happen by chance.Tragic Consciousness Inherited and Future Developed in Hardy’s Novels On The Tragical ness in Tess of D’Urbervilles and Jude the Obscure by Zuo Yanru says that Thomas Hardy is an inheritor of classical tragedy, so he naturally transplanting the ideas of fatalism into his tragedy novels, and Tess of the D’Urbervilles is a typicalone. It tells that Hardy’s perspective of fatalism has two distinctive features. First, his fatalism often arises from the external environment, both social and physical, and the internal character of the protagonists. This realistic concern is a new aspect of fatalism. Second, in order to achieve the desired tragic effect, Hardy’s destructive forces are reflected as the combination of accidents and inevitabilities, which aims to produce a strong sense of fate. The two features makes Hardy’s novels produce a strong sense of fatalism. This introduction lets me know the character of Hardy’s fatalism and its influence on the novel.Having read the above literature concerning the analyses of Tess’s tragedy, we have no difficulty to find that more and more scholars and professors both at home and abroad begin to pay attention to the field of the cause of Tess’s tragedy. Most of them probe into this field from the perspective of social background, the heroine’s inner factors or the heroes destructive impact, there are not many other interpretations, however, all of them give me good guide to this topic and help me gain a better understanding of va rious elements relating to Tess’ tragedy, it also evokes my interest towards this topic and stimulates me to study this topic from a new perspective. In my paper, I tend to analyze the tragedy of Tess from individual choices with the help of the achievements of the critical study done by the former Hardy scholars, and I hope that I can make some contribution to this field by reading extensively and analyzing the literature.ReferencesXu Haibo. Analysis of Tess’s Character [J].《语文学刊(高教·外文版)》2007(06) Zhang Qun. Tess—A Pure but Tragic Woman [J]. Journal of Donghua University (Eng.Ed.) 2003(20).胡艳.论哈代《德伯家的苔丝》中的宿命论和悲观主义色彩[J].《太原科技大学报》2008(02).蒋橹.《苔丝》中的时代特征与叛逆形象—苔丝的女性主义视觉解析[J].《电影评介》2006(14).李洪兰.苔丝悲剧之我见[J].《青海师专学报(教育科学)》2005(05).彭焱. “苔丝”悲剧的多层次透视[J].《内江师范学院学报》2005(20).唐璇.《苔丝》悲剧根源剖析[J].《南华大学学报(社会科学版)》2006(01).于坤. An Ecofeminist Reading of Thomas Hardy’s Tess of the D’Urbervilles[J]. 《高等教育与学术研究》2007(01).邹红.一个纯洁女人的毁灭—《苔丝》悲剧分析[J].《电影评介》2007(11).左燕茹. Tragic Consciousness Inherite d and Future Developed in Hardy’s Novels On The Tragicalness in Tess of D’Urbervilles and Jude the Obscure [D].济南：山东师范大学. 2004.曾亚英.英国维多利亚时期“家庭天使”的内涵和特点[J].《达县师范高等专科学校学报(社会科学版)》2005(04).周忠新,王艳文.苔丝的悲剧命运研究[J].《电影评介》2008(11).。
2019年同济大学英语语言文学真题回忆
Walt Whitman 分析他的写作风格 12 分
友情提供 18 年 17 年的大题
18 年考的海明威和伍尔夫
17 年考的莎士比亚为什么重要，马克·吐温和亨利·詹姆斯的对比
技巧：前三年都是张伯香《英美文学选读》里的超级大作家，大家把前三 年的考过的作家划去，看看 20 年张本还剩下哪些作家，重点关注详细分点 背诵。
2019 年同济大学英语语言文学真题回忆
第一部分，40 个填空，都是比较常见的，坑的是会有 6-7 个空让你填诗歌，你背不出
就 GG 了。
有雪莱的冬天来了，春天远吗。
艾略特在庞德的影响下写出了《荒原》。
济慈说的 Truth is beauty. Beauty is truth.
第一个英国的史诗是 Beowulf.
选段主题，作者写作风格等等的）
W.B.Yeats
When You Are Old
John Milton
Paradise Lost
Allan Poe
The Fall of the House of Usher
Dreiser
Sister Carrie小说内容 10 分
第三部分，名词解释，每个 5 分。
Free verse
Epic
Imagism movement
The point of view
Blank verse
Local colorism
Dramatic monologue
这一部分大家每个 Terms 都要记得全一点，分点来回答，越全越好。
第四部分，简答题（先是写出作品名字和作者各一分，第二小题就是关于
莎士比亚 Sonnet 18
英国维多利亚时期最著名的诗人是 Browning 和 Tennyson
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Sample Literature ReviewsProf.G.SteinbergRhetoric II/tcnj/rhetoric2/litreviews.htmBelow I provide you with two literature reviews excerpted from published articles.They can be a bit technical,but they provide you with a sense of what a literature review should look like.Note that in each case,the literature review begins with a short introduction that provides background on the topic and the sources covered.Also,the sources discussed are arranged into paragraphs that focus on one aspect or another of the topic.The discussion of the various sources is organized logically.Sources aren’t introduced randomly,one by one.They’re grouped together.All the sources that deal with similar ideas or information are in the same paragraph.Sometimes,a particularly important or interesting source gets a paragraph to itself, but more typically,sources are dealt with in groups according to their subject matter or methodology.In terms of evaluating the sources,note that the literature reviews focus on one area of overall weakness in the sources they cover.Each source isn’t evaluated separately.The strengths and weaknesses enumerated in the reviews are primarily the strengths and weaknesses of the literature as a whole.What is evaluated isn’t individual sources so much as the whole collection of sources,taken together.The claim in a literature review isn’t that“Source X is/is not a good source”but that“the research on Topic X is/is not good and complete research.”So,as you consider and prepare your literature review,you will need to think about what criteria you should use to evaluate the literature on your topic collectively.What claim can you make about the weakness(es)of the literature on your topic?Where is the published research on your topic inadequate or incomplete?What hasn’t been researched thoroughly yet?What still needs corroboration or verification?Where is there an overall need for more research?What the literature reviews below lack(because they’re all excerpted from longer articles)is a conclusion.Your literature review should end with a brief conclusion that draws everything together and restates your main claim.Like the examples below,you will need a references page at the end of your literature review (preferably in APA or CBE style).Unlike the examples below,however,your references page won’t be so long.The lists of references below include all the sources used in the two articles (not just the sources used in the literature reviews that I excerpted from the articles).Since you’re writing only a literature review(not an entire scholarly article),your list of references will be considerably shorter.I included the complete lists of references below to give you some sense of how to document various kinds of sources.From“Can Small-City Downtowns Remain Viable?A National Study of Development Issues and Strategies,”Journal of the American Planning Association65(1999),270-284:Downtowns play a critical role in the health of most freestanding small cities in the United States. The downtown constitutes a sizable share of a city's tax base--often more than any other district in the city--as well as the site for major public investments over the years.Given that most downtowns are situated where the city originated and contain many of the oldest and most recognizable buildings,they also embody the heritage of a community.For generations the downtown has served as the traditional gathering place for parades,festivals,celebrations,and other community events.And perhaps most importantly,the very identity of a small city is intertwined with the image projected by its downtown,to an even greater extent than holds true for a large city.Taken together,these factors clearly demonstrate that the downtown represents the heart and soul of most small cities.Despite this importance,most of the professional and scholarly literature on downtown development has neglected small cities.Frieden and Sagalyn's(1999)widely cited book Downtown,Inc.concentrates on large-scale projects in Seattle,Boston,St.Paul,and San Diego, while Loukaitou-Sideris and Banerjee(1998)profile Los Angeles,San Francisco,and San Diego in their book on downtown design.Almost all the examples provided in Whyte(1988),Abbott (1993),and Robertson(1995)are from large cities,and Brooks and Young(1993)use New Orleans as their case study.The Downtown Development Handbook(McBee,1992),considered by many to be the bible of downtown development,is heavily dependent on projects in large cities to illustrate key points.Articles addressing a particular downtown development strategy such as retailing(Robertson,1997;Sawicki,1989),stadiums(Noll&Zimbalist,1997; Rosentraub,Swindell,Pryzbylski,&Mullins,1994),pedestrianization(Byers,1998;Robertson, 1993),and open space(Loukaitou-Sideris,1993;Mozingo,1989)all emphasize large cities as well.The professional magazine Urban Land has published numerous articles on downtown development in recent years,most of which feature a single large city(e.g.,Holt,1998;Howland, 1998;Lockwood,1996)....The scant literature on small-city downtowns does include a few noteworthy items. Francaviglia's Main Street Revisited(1996)provides an excellent overview of the origin and evolution of downtown street patterns and architecture and how these relate to today's image of "main street."While much of his discussion is relevant to cities of25,000to50,000population, the primary emphasis is on even smaller towns.Kenyon's(1989)study of21small cities in Georgia ranging in population from3,000to43,000demonstrates how the social and community significance of downtowns has exceeded the more traditional commercial function.Finally,the National Main Street Center has produced two useful volumes(1988;Dane,1997).The earlier work reports on a national survey of downtown development in which nearly half the cities surveyed had less than50,000population.The latter volume contains four-page profiles of44 successful downtown development initiatives across the country;41of these profiles feature cities with less than50,000population,including12in the25,000to50,000range.The remainder of the professional literature on small-city downtowns tends to be nonanalytical and descriptive,and presents development efforts in one downtown(e.g.,Means,1997;Meek,1995; Ryder&Gray,1988;Seachord,1997;Suchman,1998)....REFERENCESAbbott,C.(1993).Five downtown strategies:Policy discourse and downtown planning since1945.Journal of Policy History,5,5-27.Breen,A.,&Rigby,D.(1994).Waterfronts:Cities reclaim their edge.New York:McGraw-Hill.Brooks,J.S.,&Young,A.H.(1993).Revitalizing the central business district in the face of decline.Town Planning Review,64,251-271.Brown,J.R.,&Lauber,M.(1995).Comeback cities.Urban Land,54(8),46-51,83.Byers,J.(1998).The privatization of downtown public space:The emerging grade separated city in North America. Journal of Planning Education and Research,17,189-205.Carson City,Nevada.(1992,September).Downtown master plan element.Carson City:Author.City of Auburn,New York(1991).Auburn comprehensive plan.Auburn:Author.Dane,S.G.(1997).Main Street success stories.Washington,DC:National Main Street Center.Diaz,K.(1996,December22).Minneapolis maps out downtown's future.Minneapolis Star-Tribune,pp.B1,B3.Du Fresne,K.(1997,September21).Coalition will address downtown parking.Nevada Appeal,p.A3.Francaviglia,R.V.(1996).Main street revisited.Iowa City:University of Iowa Press.Frieden,B.J.,&Sagalyn,L.B.(1989).Downtown,Inc.Cambridge,MA:MIT Press.Gillette,H.(1985).The evolution of the planned shopping center in suburb and city.Journal of the American Planning Association,51,449-460.Holt,N.D.(1998).Remaking downtown Denver.Urban Land,57(4),54-58,113.Houstoun,L.(1990).From street to mall and back again.Planning,56(6),4-10.Howland,L.(1998).Resurgence in downtown Washington.Urban Land,57(3),80-84,97.Jouziatis,C.(1998,April7).Suburbs strolling into the A Today,p.3A.Kenyon,J.B.(1989).From central business district to central social district:The revitalization of the small Georgia city.Small Town,20(2),4-17.Knack,R.E.(1998).Downtown where the living is easy.Planning,64(8),4-8.Kunstler,J.H.(1993).The geography of nowhere.New York:Touchstone.Lockwood,C.(1996).San Francisco reclaims its downtown waterfront.Urban Land,54(10),63-67.Lockwood,C.(1997).Putting the urb in the suburbs.Planning;63(6),18-21.Lorch,B.J.,&Smith,M.J.(1993).Pedestrian movement and the downtown enclosed shopping center.Journal of the American Planning Association,59,75-86.Loukaitou-Sideris,A.(1993).Privatization of public open space:The Los Angeles experience.Town PlanningReview,64,139-167.Loukaitou-Sideris,A.,&Banerjee,T.(1998).Urban design downtown.Berkeley:University of California Press.McBee,S.(1992).Downtown development handbook.Washington,DC:Urban Land Institute.Means,A.C.(1997).Downtown revitalization in small cities.Urban Land,56(1),26-31,56.Meek,M.(1995).Bonaparte,Iowa,organizes a comprehensive volunteer effort to save its downtown.Small Town, 26(3),4-9.Milder,N.D.(1987).Crime and downtown revitalization.Urban Land,46(9),16-19.Miller,T.K.(1998).Sports venues bring economic energy back downtown.Urban Land,57(2),53-55.Mozingo,L.(1989).Women and downtown open spaces.Places,6(1),38-47.National Main Street Center.(1988).Revitalizing downtown1976-1986.Washington,DC:Author.Noll,R.,&Zimbalist,A.(1997).Sports,jobs,and taxes:The economic impact of sports teams and stadiums. Washington,DC:Brookings Institution Press.Robertson,K.A.(1993).Pedestrianization strategies for downtown planners:Skywalks v.pedestrian malls.Journal of the American Planning Association,59,361-370.Robertson,K.A.(1995).Downtown redevelopment strategies in the United States:An end-of-the-century assessment.Journal of the American Planning Association,61,429-437.Robertson,K.A.(1997).Downtown retail revitalization:A review of American development strategies.Planning Perspectives,12,383-401.Rosentraub,M.S.,Swindell,D.,Przybylski,M.,&Mullins,D.R.(1994).Sport and downtown development. Journal of Urban Affairs,14,221-239.Ryder,B.,&Gray,K.(1988).Developing a downtown design assistance program in Pullman,Washington.Small Town,19(2),4-13.Sawicki,D.S.(1989).The festival marketplace as public policy.Journal of the American Planning Association,55, 347-361.Seachord,D.(1997).Bringing investment back downtown:A case study of Puyallop,Washington.Small Town, 28(2),22-29.Snepenger,D.J.,Reiman,S.,Johnson,J.,&Snepenger,M.(1998).Is downtown mainly for tourists?Journal of Travel Research,36,5-12.Suchman,D.(1998).Rebuilding downtown Grand Forks.Urban Land,57(2),80-83,94.United States Census Bureau.(1997).1990to1996cities and places population estimates.Available/population/www/estimates/cityplace.htmlWausau Center.(1996).Annual report.Wausau,WI:Author.Whyte,W.H.(1988).City:Rediscovering the center.New York:Anchor.From Vaughan Dickson and Tony Myatt,“The Determinants of Provincial Minimum Wages in Canada,”Journal of Labor Research23(2002),57-68:In the last few years,prompted largely by the work of Card and Kruger(1995),numerous articles on the employment effects of minimum wage legislation have appeared.This renewed interest in how minimum wages affect employment leads naturally to another question:What factors determine the minimum wage?Despite the ubiquity of minimum wage legislation,this question has received surprisingly little attention.One reason may be that in the U.S.the minimum wage is legislated at the federal rather than at the state level of government.Since this federal wage changes only occasionally,most U.S.studies have been limited to cross-sectional studies that focus on how the characteristics of the states,and the party affiliation of legislators,influence the vote on proposed changes in the federal minimum wage(Silberman and Durbin,1970;Kau and Rubin,1978;Bloch,1980;Seltzer,1995).[1]However,as pointed out by Baker et al.(1999), Canada offers some unique advantages for minimum wage studies:Since the Canadian minimum wage is under provincial,not federal jurisdiction,there has been substantial variation in the level and timing of changes in the wage across provinces,thus providing the opportunity to explore a relatively rich panel data set.To date,only one...study(Blais et al.,1989)has investigated the determinants of provincial minimum wages using a pooled data set extending across eight years (1975to1982)and nine provinces....As noted,U.S.studies have usually been cross sectional and have examined what variables influenced congressional voting for increases in the federal minimum wage.[3]For example, Bloch(1993)related state wage levels and proportions of unionized employees to votes by senators to amend the1977and1989Federal Labor Standards Act and thereby increase the minimum wage.For each year he found only the union variable increased the probability of an in-favor vote-and only for Republicans,since Democrats almost universally support minimum wage increases.An earlier contribution is Silberman and Durden(1976)who examined congressmen's votes for the1973amendment to increase the minimum ing variables for each congressional district,they found larger political contributions by unions and larger proportions of low-income families increased the probability of an affirmative vote,while larger campaign contributions from small business and larger proportions of teen-age workers reduced the probability.Kau and Rubin(1978)expanded Silberman and Durden's analysis to five separate cross sections covering five legislated increases in the federal minimum wage between 1949and1974.They found that higher state wages and a measure of the congressperson's liberalism were always positively and significantly associated with votes for,while percentage of blacks in the state was negatively related,but not significant,in all the cross sections. Unionization in the state's work force and political party of the legislator were never significant; the latter result probably occurred because northern and southern Democrats typically voted on opposite sides.More recently,Seltzer(1995)explored support in both the House and Senate for the1938 introduction of the federal minimum wage law.He found variables representing small business and low-wage workers decreased support for the bill,while ideology(liberals for,conservatives against)was also important.To anticipate future problems,Seltzer emphasized that not only aresome variables inevitably theoretically ambiguous(a low-wage worker may rationally support or oppose minimum wage increases depending on whether job loss is expected),but also the coefficients on some variables must be interpreted cautiously.For example,should the coefficient for a variable measuring teen workers in the labor force be interpreted as their demand for higher wages,or does the coefficient better reflect the demands of well-organized firms that disproportionally hire younger workers?In contrast to the U.S.,Canada presents a better opportunity to study variations in minimum wages across jurisdictions and time,so it is perhaps surprising that the only study,to our knowledge,that examines Canadian minimum wage determination is Blais et al.(1989).They related the minimum wage,measured as the minimum wage divided by the average manufacturing wage,to the percentages of union workers,women,and15to19-year-olds in the labor force,the current year unemployment rate,the inflation rate,the percentage of employment in small firms(less than20employees),and a"convergence"variable that measures average manufacturing wages in a province divided by average wages in Canada.This model was tested with ordinary least squares for a pooled sample covering nine provinces for the years1975to 1982,with no fixed effects for provinces or years.All variables had negative coefficients that were significant at the5percent level,except for the union variable which was,unexpectedly, negative and insignificant....REFERENCESAbizadeh,Sohrab and John A.Gray."Politics and Provincial Government Spending in Canada."Canadian Public Administration35(Winter1992):519-33.Akyeampong,Earnest B."Working for Minimum Wage."Perspectives on Labour Income.Statistics Canada Catalogue75-001E(Winter1989):8-20.Baker,Michael,Dwayne Benjamin,and Schuchita Stanger."The Highs and Lows of the Wage Effect:A Time-Series Cross-Section Study of the Canadian Law."Journal of Labor Economics17(April1999):318-50.Blais,Andre,Jean-Michel Cousineau,and Kenneth McRoberts."The Determinants of Minimum Wage Rates." Public Choice62(July1989):15-24.Bloch,Farrell E."Political Support for Minimum Wage Legislation:1989."Journal of Labor Research14(Spring 1993):187-90.Card,David and Alan Kruger.Myth and Measurement:The New Economics of the Minimum Wage.Princeton: Princeton University Press,1995.Cox,James C.and Ronald L.Oaxaca."The Political Economy of Minimum Wage Legislation."Economic Inquiry 20(October1982):533-55.Fortin,Pierre."Unemployment Insurance Meets the Classical Labor Supply Model."Economics Letters14(1984): 275-81.Kalt,Joseph P.and Mark A.Zupan."Capture and Ideology in the Economic Theory of Politics."American Economic Review74(June1984):279-300.Kau,James B.and Paul H.Rubin."Voting on Minimum Wages:A Time-Series Analysis."Journal of Political Economy86(April1978):337-42.Mueller,Dennis.Public Choice II.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1989.Peltzman,Sam."Toward a More General Theory of Regulation."Journal of Law and Economics19(August1976): 211-40.Salop,Steven C.and David T.Scheffman."Raising Rivals Costs."American Economic Review73(May1983): 267-71.Seltzer,Andrew J."The Political Economy of the Fair Labor Standards Act of1938."Journal of Political Economy 103(December1996):1302-42.Silberman Jonathan I.and Garey C.Durden."Determining Legislative Preferences on the Minimum Wage:An Economic Approach."Journal of Political Economy84(April1976):317-29.Simon,R.J.Public Opinion in America,1936-1970.Chicago:Rand McNally,1974.Sobel,Russell S."Theory and Evidence on the Political Economy of Minimum Wage."Journal of Political Economy107(August1999):761-85.Stigler,George."The Theory of Economic Regulation."Bell Journal of Economics and Management Science2 (Spring1971):3-21.。