美国法律文化chapter 8 Rights In Trial and Court Jurisdiction
《美国法典》(US Code)篇目
Title 44 Public Printing and Documents
Title 45 Railroads
Title 46 Shipping
Title 47 Telegraphs, Telephones, and Radiotelegraphs
Title 48 Territories and Insular Possessions
Title 49 Transportation
Title 50 War and National Defense
第35篇专利
第36篇爱国团体与章程
第37篇军职部门的薪金与津贴
第38篇退伍军人的福利
第39篇邮政
第40篇公共建筑、财产和工程
第41篇公共合同
第42篇公众健康与福利
第43篇公共土地
第44篇公共印刷业与文件
第45篇铁路
第46篇航运
第47篇电报、电话和无线电讯
第48篇领地和岛屿属地
第49篇运输
第50篇战争和国防
《美国法典》（US Code）篇目
中译文
原英文
第1篇总则
第2篇国会
第3篇总统
第4篇国旗和国玺，政府所在地，以及各州
第5篇政府组织与雇员
第6篇国内安全
第7篇农业
第8篇外籍人和国籍
第9篇仲裁
第10篇武装力量
第11篇破产
第12篇银行和银行业
第13篇人口普查
第14篇海岸警卫队
第15篇商业和贸易
第16篇资源保护
Title 33 Navigation and Navigable Waters
Title 34 Navy (repealed)
美国刑事诉讼法规定英文版
美国刑事诉讼法规定英文版In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right to a speedy and public trial, by an impartial jury of the state and district wherein the crime shall have been committed, which district shall have been previously ascertained by law …在一切刑事訴訟中，被告應享受下列之權利：發生罪案之州或區域之公正陪審團予以迅速之公開審判，其區域當以法律先確定之；Sheppard v. Maxwell, 384 U.S. 333 (1966), was a United States Supreme Court case that examined the rights of freedom of the press （新聞自由）as outlined in the 1st Amendment when weighed against a defendant…s right to a fair trial （受公平審判權）as required by the 6th Amendment.After suffering a trial court conviction（定罪）of second-degree murder（二級謀殺）for the bludgeoning （棍棒毆打的）death of his pregnant（懷孕的）wife, Sam Sheppard challenged the verdict（陪審團裁定）as the product of an unfair trial（不公正審判）.Sheppard, who maintained his innocence（無辜）of the crime, alleged that the trial judge failed to protect him from the massive, widespread, and prejudicial（有偏見的）publicity（公開宣揚）that attended（出席、伴隨）his prosecution（起訴）.陪審團宣告無罪Once acquitted（宣告無罪）, a defendant may not be retried （重新審判）for the same offense（同一犯罪行為）: “A verdict （陪審團裁定）of acquittal（宣告無罪）, although not followed by any judgment（法院判決）, is a bar to a subsequent prosecution for the same offense.“ Acquittal by a jury is generally final and cannot be appealed（上訴）by the prosecution（檢方）.法院自己判無罪An acquittal in a trial by judge (bench trial) is also generally not appealable by the prosecution（檢方）. A trial judge may normally enter an acquittal if he deems the evidence insufficient for conviction（不足以定罪）. If the judge makes this ruling before the jury reaches its verdict, the judge…s determination is final. If, however, the judge overrules（推翻）a conviction by the jury, the prosecution may appeal to have the conviction reinstated（恢復）證據不足撤銷定罪If a defendant appeals a conviction and is successful in having it overturned（推翻）, they are subject to retrial（接受重審）.An exception arises if the verdict is overturned on the grounds of evidentiary insufficiency（證據不足）, rather than on the grounds of procedural faults（程序錯誤）.不同罪名Another exception arises in cases of conviction for lesser offenses（較輕罪名）. If a defendant charged with murder in the first degree（一級謀殺）is convicted for murder in the second degree, and later the jury…s conviction is overturned on procedural grounds, the defendant may be retried for second degree but not firstdegree murder; the jury, by convicting the defendant of second degree murder, is deemed to have implicitly（暗示）acquitted them of first degree murder.同一犯罪De fendants may not more than once be placed in jeopardy for the “same offense”（同一犯罪行為）. Sometimes, however, the same conduct may violate different statutes. The defendant had first been convicted of operating an automobile without theowner…s consent, and l ater of stealing（偷竊）the same automobile. The Supreme Court concluded that the same evidence was necessary to prove both offenses, and that in effect there was only one offense. Therefore, it overturned the second conviction.審判無效mistrialMistrials（審判無效）are generally not covered by the double jeopardy clause. If a judge dismisses the case or concludes the trial without deciding the facts in the defendant's favor (for example, by dismissing the case on procedural grounds), the case is a mistrial and may normally be retried.Furthermore, if a jury cannot reach a verdict（陪審團無法達成裁定）, the judge may declare a mistrial and order a retrial. When the defendant moves for（提議）a mistrial, there is no bar to retrial, even if the prosecutor or judge caused the error that forms the basis of the motion.雙重主權The clause, it has been held, does not prevent separate trials by different governments, and the state and federal governments are considered “separate sovereigns”（不同主權）. Therefore, one may be prosecuted for a crime in a state court, and prosecuted for the same crime in another state, a foreign country, or (most commonly) in a federal court.球隊隊員強暴啦啦隊員In March 2006 Crystal Gail Mangum, an African American student at North Carolina Central University who worked as a stripper（脫衣舞女）,dancer and escort（儀隊）, falsely accused three white Duke University students, members of the Duke Blue Devils men…s lacrosse（曲棍球）team, of raping her at a party held at the house of two team's captains in Durham, NorthCarolina on March 13, 2006.DNA檢測Shortly after the party, the prosecution ordered 46 of the 47 team members to provide DNA samples.On Monday, April 10, 2006, it was revealed that DNA testing had failed to connect any of the 46 tested members of the Duke University men's lacrosse team.照片指認問題During the photo identifications（照片指認）, Mangum was told that she would be viewing Duke University lacrosse players who attended the party, and was asked if she remembered seeing them at the party and in what capacity.this was essentially a “multiple-choice test（複選題）in which there were no wrong answers",… "[t]he officer was telling the witness that all are suspects, and say, in effect, 'Pick three.' U.S. Department of Justice guidelines suggest to include at least five non-suspectfiller photos for each suspect included撤回起訴On April 11, 2007, North Carolina Attorney General Roy Cooper dropped（撤回）all charges and declared the three players innocent（無辜）. Cooper stated that the charged players –Reade Seligmann, Collin Finnerty, and David Evans –were victims of a “tragic rush to accuse.”（急於指控之悲劇）檢察官被除名That June, Nifong was disbarred for “dishonesty（不誠實）, fraud（詐欺）, deceit （欺騙）and misrepresentation（不實陳述）”, making Nifong the first prosecutor in North Carolina history to lose his law license（證照）based on actions in a case. Nifong was found guilty of criminal contempt（藐視）and servedone day in jail. Mangum never faced any charges for her false accusations as Cooper declined to prosecute her.法律倫理“Legal ethics” （法律倫理）in the United States is generally understood to primarily apply to lawyers, while codes of professional responsibility（專門職業人員責任）also apply in a derivative sense (indirectly) to non-lawyers who work with lawyers, such as paralegals（律師助理、法務）or private investigators（私人調查員）.美國律師公會職業行為規則The American Bar Association （美國律師公會）has promulgated（公布）the Model Rules of Professional Conduct （職業行為模範規則）which, while formally only a recommendation by a private body, have been influential in many jurisdictions.各州州法自行規定律師執業守則In the United States, the practice of law is regulated by the governments of the individual states and territories（領域）.Each state or territory has a code of professional conduct dictating rules of ethics. These may be adopted by the respective state legislatures and/or judicial systems.各州懲戒權Every town in the United States has a regulatory（管制性）body (usually called a state bar association) that polices（維持）lawyer conduct. When lawyers are licensed （被許可）to practice(職業) in a state, those lawyers subject themselves to this authority. Overall responsibility often lies with the highest court in a state (such as state supreme court).懲戒Lawyers who fail to comply with（遵守）local rules of ethicsmay be subjected to discipline（懲戒）ranging from private (non-public) reprimand（訓斥）to disbarment （取消資格）.。
美国宪法中英文对照版
Constitution of the United States美国宪法中英文对照版PreambleWe, the people of the United States, in order to form a more perfect Union, establish justice, insure domestic tranquility, provide for the common defense, promote the general welfare, and secure the blessings of liberty to ourselves and our posterity, do ordain and establish this Constitution for the United States of America.序言我们美利坚合众国的人民，为了组织一个更完善的联邦，树立正义，保障国内的安宁，建立共同的国防，增进全民福利和确保我们自己及我们后代能安享自由带来的幸福，乃为美利坚合众国制定和确立这一部宪法。
Article ISection 1 - Legislative powers; in whom vestedAll legislative powers herein granted shall be vested in a Congress of the United States, which shall consist of a Senate and House of Representatives.第一条第一款本宪法所规定的立法权，全属合众国的国会，国会由一个参议院和一个众议院组成。
Section 2 - House of Representatives, how and by whom chosen Qualifications of a Representative. Representatives and direct taxes, how apportioned. Enumeration. Vacancies to be filled. Power of choosing officers, and of impeachment.1. The House of Representatives shall be composed of members chosen every second year by the people of the several States, and the elector in each State shall have the qualifications requisite for electors of the most numerous branch of the State Legislature.众议院应由各州人民每两年选举一次之议员组成，各州选举人应具有该州州议会中人数最多之一院的选举人所需之资格。
美国宪法-英文原版带中文翻译
其中译文如下：
我们合众国人民，为建立更完善的联邦，树立正义，保障国内安宁， 提供共同防务，促进公共福利，并使我们自己和后代得享自由的幸福， 特为美利坚合众国制定本宪法。
这篇序言并没有赋予或者限制任何主体的权力，仅仅阐明了制定美国 宪法的理论基础和目的。尽管如此，这篇序言尤其是最开头的“我们 合众国人民”（英文为"We the people"三个单词）却成为美国宪法 中被引用频率最高的部分。
12 1804 年6 月 15 总统选举办法
日
13
1865 年12 月 6 日
废除奴隶制度
14
1868 年7 月 9 日 国籍护权
15
1870 年2 月 3 日 所有公民不得由於肤色和种族的区别而受到选举权的限制。 （不包括性别）
16 1913 年2 月 3 日 国会对所得税的征收权
7
1791 年12 月 15 日
民事案件接受陪审团审判的权利
8
1791 年12 月 15 日
禁止过度严厉的刑罚和罚款
9
1791 年12 月 15 日
宪法未列明的权利同样受保护
10
1791 年12 月 15 日
宪法未赋予政府的权利都属于各州和人民
11 1795 年2 月 7 日 限制联邦法院对各州的管辖权
[编辑] 宪法批准程序
主条目：美国宪法第七章
宪法第七章规定了这部宪法本身得以生效的表决程序。起初美国宪法 作为邦联条例的修正形式，需要获得全部 13 个州的批准方能成立。 然而宪法第七章只要求获得 9 个州以上的批准就可以使宪法生效。为 此，许多学者认为一旦只有 9 个州批准了这部宪法草案，那么将从原 有的邦联中脱离出来，成立一个新的联邦体国家。而不批准的其余州 将留在旧邦联体制内。事实上，这种理论并没有得到实践的印证，因 为 13 个州最终全部批准了这部宪法。
英美司法制度contractlaw
英美司法制度contractlawContract Law in the United States and the United KingdomContract law is a crucial aspect of the legal systems in both the United States and the United Kingdom. It provides the legal framework for individuals and businesses to enter into agreements and enforce their rights and obligations. Although there are similarities between the contract laws in these two countries, there are also notable differences in terms of formation, interpretation, and remedies available to parties in case of a breach.Formation of Contracts:In both the United States and the United Kingdom, a contract is formed when there is an offer, acceptance, consideration, and an intention to create legal relations. However, there are some differences in the formation process.In the United States, contracts can be formed orally or in writing, unless there is a specific statute requiring a written agreement, such as for the sale of real estate. This is known as the "statute of frauds." In contrast, the United Kingdom has a stricter requirement for written agreements, as most contracts must be in writing to be enforceable.Interpretation of Contracts:Both countries use similar principles of contract interpretation, such as looking at the plain meaning of thewords used, the intentions of the parties, and the surrounding circumstances. However, there are differences in the approach taken by the courts.In the United States, the courts tend to focus more on the written terms of the contract and give less weight to the intentions of the parties. This is known as the "plain meaning rule." In the United Kingdom, the courts take a more holistic approach and consider the intentions of the parties as well asthe surrounding circumstances when interpreting the contract.Remedies for Breach of Contract:In cases of breach of contract, both the United States and the United Kingdom provide various remedies to the injured party. These remedies aim to put the non-breaching party in theposition they would have been in if the contract had been performed.Conclusion:Contract law plays a crucial role in both the United States and the United Kingdom, providing a legal framework for individuals and businesses to enter into agreements. While there are similarities in the formation, interpretation, and remedies for breach of contract, there are also notable differences. Understanding these differences is essential for individuals andbusinesses engaging in contractual relationships in either country.。
美国人权法案(中英文对照)
权利法案（美国）（中英文）1787年在费城起草的宪法，在各州审议批准的过程中，也有不少美国公民感到不安，因为宪法中并没有明确保障个人的权利。
因此，《宪法》补充了10条修正案，统一称为《权利法案》，英文叫The Bill of Rights.由于补充了《权利法案》，《宪法》在13个州均获批准，并于1789年生效。
第一条 Amendment ICongress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion， or prohibiting the free exercise thereof； or abridging the freedom of speech， or of the press； or the right of the people peaceably to assemble， and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances.译文：国会不得制定关于下列事项的法律：确立国教或禁止信教自由；剥夺言论自由或出版自由；或剥夺人民和平集会和向政府请愿伸冤的权利。
第二条 Amendment IIA well regulated Militia， being necessary to the security of a free State， the right of the people to keep and bear Arms，shall not be infringed.译文：纪律严明的民兵是保障自由州的安全所必需的，人民持有和携带武器的权利不可侵犯。
第三条 Amendment IIINo Soldier shall， in time of peace be quartered in any house， without the consent of the Owner， nor in time of war，but in a manner to be prescribed by law.译文：未经房主同意，士兵平时不得驻扎在任何住宅；除依法律规定的方式，战时也不得驻扎。
8th Amendment第八条修正案
/1/hi/world/americas/6959665.stm
Death Penalty and Juveniles
Thompson v. Oklahoma (1986)
Juveniles must be at least 16 years of age at the time of the crime, to receive the DP.
want? Or crunchy v. creamy peanut butter? Prisoners not getting adequate health care? “3 strikes and you’re out” laws.
Ewing v. CA (2019)
“The Loaf”
There are many different recipes which include a range of food, from vegetables, fruit, meat, and bread or other grains. Some versions may be vegetarian or completely vegan. The ingredients are blended and baked into a solid loaf form. In some institutions it has no fixed recipe but is simply the regular prison meal (including drink) blended together. In one common version, it is made from a mixture of wheat bread, non-dairy cheese, various vegetables, and mixed with vegetable oil, tomato paste, powdered milk and dehydrated potato flakes. Prisoners do not need utensils to eat it, and it is generally served on a piece of paper, rather than a tray.
AmericanLegalSystem法律英语省公开课一等奖全国示范课微课金奖PPT课件
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Founding of the American legal system The American Constitution Important features of American legs and expressions
1. Confederation: The act of forming into or becoming part of a confederacy. 联邦, 结盟
2. ratify: To approve and give formal sanction to; confirm. 同意, 认可
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Key words for your reference
formation of a strong union stronger central government broader federal powers over individual states limited powers right to impose certain federal taxes wage war regulate interstate and foreign commerce make treaties with foreign governments or nations a federal system of courts executive branch headed by the president bicameral legislative branch
disappearance of the states as individual
powers in the system. The inevitable
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Ⅴ. Double Jeopardy
在同一司法管辖区域内就同一罪名对一名被告人连续 起诉；被告在被宣告无罪后不会因相同的罪行受到第 二次起诉。
When does “jeopardy” attach? • Jury trial: when the jury is sworn • Bench trial: when the first witness is sworn • Guilty plea: when the court accepts the D's plea unconditionally.
State Courts： 和首都哥伦比亚特区法院系统；
联邦与州法院管辖范围可能有重 叠，但组织上 没有隶属关系
“Jurisdiction” 管辖权
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联邦最高法院 l
Ⅰ. Supreme Court
A. Overview
a. Seated in Washington D.C. b. The highest court, the head of the Judiciary branch c. Authority from Article Ⅲ of the Constitution
American Legal Culture
Chapter 8
Rights In Trial and Court Jurisdiction
Criminal Procedure
• Arrest/Booking/Initial Apperance/Bail Hearings • Preliminary Hearing • Indictment by grand jury • Discovery • Pre-Trial Motions • Plea Bargain • Criminal Trial • ...
“testimonial” privilege not physical
其罪的证词
• Privilege of the accused: • Privilege of the witness: not to testify at trial
• Elimination of Immunity-bars the G from using yourT or anything the privilege derived to convict you证言至关重要/政府案件
2020/5/18
Search and Seizure (warrant)
➢Due Process ➢Right of Privacy
of为th警e察U无ni证ted扣S押ta处te于s 一Co览ns无tit余ut状io态n 的犯罪证据提供
充足的正当理由：
• 从法律允许的位置看见 • 有权进入该物品区域 • “显而易见”（immediately apparent)有权予以扣押
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The Supreme Court of the United States
• jurisdiction: original/appellate
• judicial review appeal/petition for certiorari
Courts of Appeals
A. Circuit courts, the intermediate appellate courts of the US federal court system
prove guilt beyond a reasonable doubt. The prosecution must have the burden of proving the elements of
the crime charged. 2.
ⅤI. Burden of Proof and Sufficiency of Evidence
• You have the right to court-appointed counsel,if you are indigent.
Criminal Trial
• Jury selection • Opening statements • Presenti evidence/call witness to stand for testimony • direct and crossexamination • closing argument • deliberation • verdict
Ⅴ. Double Jeopardy
• General Rule: Two offenses are not the”same offenses” if each contains an element the other not .
• • Who are the same S for purposes of the double jeopardy clause?
ⅤI. Burden of Proof and Sufficiency of Evidence
The burden of persuading the jury is described legally as the “burden of proof”(证明责任).
1. The due process clause requires in all criminal cases that the state
Ⅰ. Basic Right to a Fair Trial
1. Right to Public Trial 公开审判 (1) Preliminary Probable Cause Hearing (2) Suppression Hearings (排除证据的听审） (3) Trial • prevent D from getting into a very embrassing situation
• 检方同时证明两要素：（1）是否有罪 （2）犯罪的每项要素 • 它是这样的一种怀疑：
在一个陪审员审慎、公正公平地考虑过所有证据以后，是如此地摇摆不定以 至于他不能判定他对被告人之有罪具有一种持久的确信，此种怀疑使一个有 理性的人在处理生活中较为重大或者重要事务时犹豫不决或者停滞不前。但 是，它不是一种想象的或者任性的怀疑，也不是一种基于推测的怀疑。
任何单独的某个因素不能充分说 (2) Reason for the delay; 明延迟的正当性或应被谴责性
(3) Whether the defendant asserted his right; and
Unfair delay-dismissed
(4) Prejudice to the defendant.
3. Right to Venire Selected from Representative Cross-Section of Community
• the pool from which the jury is drawn-“社会中一个有代表性的层面”
Ⅱ. Right to Trial by Jury
Waiver of Right to Counsel and Right to Defend Oneself 知晓辩护律师权利 明确宣布放弃 被告人的辩护能力
Ⅳ. The Right Against Self-Incrimination
• The Fifth Amendment of the Constitution: 保护证人免于被迫提供自证
4. Use of Peremptory Challenge to Maintain Impartial Jury
cannot be used to exclude prospective jurors
on the account of
race or gender
Ⅲ. Right to Counsel
State and federal G? No Different states?No States and municipalities within them? Yes
Ⅴ. Double Jeopardy
• a hung jury • a mistrial for manifest necessity • a successful appeal.
Ⅰ. Basic Right to a Fair Trial
2. Right to Speedy Trial-constitutonal right
Courts should consider the totality of the circumstances
The factors should be considered: (1) Length of the delay;
I. Basic Right to a Fair Trial II. Right to Trial by Jury III.Right to Counsel IV. Right to Confront Witnesses V. Burden of Proof and Sufficiency of Evidence
(1) 6-12 jurors/at least 6-or violate Constitution (2) No Absolute Right to Unanimity • Unanimity of jury verdict-only if 6 jurors are used • Nonunanimous verdict is acceptable(2/3, 5/6 ,vary in States) • Death penalty-unanimous
（1）有权保持沉默； （2）如果选择回答，那么所说的一切都可能作
为对其不利的证据； （3）有权在审讯时要求律师在场； （4）如果没有钱请律师，法庭有义务为其指定
• You have a righ律t t师o s。ilence. • Anything yo这u就sa是y米m兰ay达b诉e亚u利se桑d那ag州a一in案st所y产ou生. 的著名 • You have th的e“rig米h兰t t达o 警ha告v”e a。n attorney present.