6.增词法amplification
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议论文的翻译欣赏 - 副本
3） Supplying Words of Generalization 增加概括词
• Sino-British links have multiplied—— political, commercial, educational, cultural, defense, science and technology. • 中英两国在政治、商务、教育、文化、国防和科技等领域的 交往成倍地增加。 • The thesis summed up the new achievements made in electronic computers, artificial satellites and rockets. • 论文总结了电子计算机、人造卫星和火箭三方面的成就。 • The principal functions that may be performed by vacuum tubes are rectification, amplification, oscillation, modulation, and detection. • 真空管的五大主要功能是整流、放大、振荡、调制和检波。
解释性增词
定义
• 解释性增词指为使译文语义明确，根据意义上的 需要在译文中增加原文中没有的词。
类别
• 1）解释文化背景 • 2）修辞和连贯 • 3）汉语四字结构
1）解释文化背景
• The young man dressed like so pleasing a Cupid in the masquerade .
2）Amplification for Purposes of Rhetoric or Coherence 3）汉语四字结构 • This printer is indeed cheap and fine. 这部打印机真是物美价廉。 • Yes, I like Chinese food. Lots of people do these days. Sort of the fashion. 不错，我喜欢中国菜。现在很多人都喜欢中国菜，这 种情况算是有点儿赶时髦吧!
翻译技巧3_增译法
1. Like most wildlife，deer reproduce，grow， and store fat in the summer and fall when there is plenty of nutritious food available. 与大多数野生动物一样，鹿在营养丰富、食物 充足的夏秋两季，繁殖、生长储存脂肪。
1. 4 增加副词
有些动词根据原文的上下文可以增加适当的副 词，以确切表示原意。 1）As he sat down and began talking, words poured out. 他一坐下来就讲开了，滔滔不绝地讲个没完。
2）The crowds mmplification
1.1 增加动词 1.2 增加名词 1.3 增加概括词 1.4 增加副词 1.5 增加量词 1.6 增加表达复数的词 1.7 增加表达时态的词
1. 1 增加动词
根据意义上的需要，可在名词前后
增加动词使其意思明确，通顺自然。 例： concert→听音乐会； match→观看比赛； party→参加聚会； speech→发表讲话； funeral→出席葬礼，等等。
1. Lexical Amplification（从词汇上考虑的增 词） 2. Syntactical Amplification （从句法结构上 考虑的增词） 3. Cultural Amplification （从文化上考虑的增 词） 4. Rhetorical Amplification （从修辞上考虑）
② He is a complicated man---moody, mercurial, with a melancholy streak. 他是一个性格复杂的人——喜怒无常，反复 多变，有些忧郁寡欢。
增词法
2) 增加语气词
• 汉语中的语气助词在英语中没有相应的词类，在作品的对 话中，语气助词的使用可以表现口语的风格特点，体现说 话者的个性特征，反映说话者在特定情景下的情绪和心理 状态。 • Their host carved, poured, served, cut bread, talked, laughed, proposed health. 他们的主人切肉啊、倒酒啊、上菜啊、切面包啊、说啊、 笑啊、敬酒啊，忙个不停。 • Don't take it seriously. I'm just making fun of you. • 不要当真嘛，我只是开个玩笑罢了。 • Something about music and a coffee break in the afternoon. • 像放背景音乐啦，下午安排工间喝咖啡休息时间什么的。
Ⅰ. Amplification in English-Chinese Translation增词法在汉英翻译中的运用
搭配性增词
增词法
结构性增词
解释性增词
搭配性增词
定义
搭配性增词的产生是因为英语和汉语词类不对称所致。 如汉语中存在的量词、助词和语气词等是英语中没有 的，在翻译过程中要根据情况添加。这类增词不影响 内容，主要考虑搭配习惯，故称为搭配性增词。
• Electrical charges of a similar kind repel each other and those that are dissimilar attract. • 同性电荷相斥，异性电荷相吸。 • Matter can be changed into energy, and energy into matter. • 物质可以转化为能，能也可以转化为物质。 • I was taught that two sides of a triangle were greater than the third. • 我学过，三角形的两边之和大于第三边。 • Air pressure decreases with altitude. • 气压随海拔高度的增加而下降。
翻译理论之增词法
② China, the United States, England and France
1.4
为了确切地表达原意，有些动词在一 定场合可根据原文的上下文增加适当的副 词。
① To make sure that my parents understood, I declared that I wanted nothing else. 为了让父母切实了解我的心思，我特意宣布， 别的我什么也不想要。 ② The crowds melted away. 人群渐渐散开了。
法
徇私作风 腐蚀剂 同化作用
modernizatio 现代化 n Indifference precaution 冷漠态度 预防措施
transformati on lighthearted ness
转化过程 轻松愉快的心
境
B. 在具体名词后面增加名词 (两种情形 两种情形) 两种情形 当具体名词表达某种抽象概念时，在译文 中也常常需要根据上下文增加一些适当的 名词。 He allowed the father to be overruled by the judge, and declared his own son guilty。 他让法官的职责 职责战胜父子的私情，而判决他 职责 儿子有罪。
② A red sun rose slowly from the calm sea. ③ The first electronic computers went into operation in 1945.
1.6 增加表达复数的词 汉语中的名词没有复数概念， 汉语中的名词没有复数概念，也没有词形上 的变化，很多情况下不必表达出来； 的变化，很多情况下不必表达出来；而英语 中的名词有词形的变化，但没有量词， 中的名词有词形的变化，但没有量词，所以 在翻译成汉语的时候， 在翻译成汉语的时候，可根据情况增加重叠 数词或其他一些词来表达复数的概念， 词、数词或其他一些词来表达复数的概念， 以达到修辞效果。 以达到修辞效果。
增词译法——精选推荐
增词译法增词译法Amplification（amplify放⼤，增强）省略补齐：1 Unemployment, particularly among blacks, has become a serious problem.失业，尤其是⿊⼈失业，已经成为⼀个严重的问题。
2 Americans view relationships in terms of “rights”; Chinese in terms of “obligations”– to family, to one’s elders, to the country.美国⼈认为关系是⼀种“权利”，⽽中国⼈认为关系是⼀种“义务”——对家庭的、对长辈的、对国家的义务。
3 One generalization概括often made about Americans is that they value their individualism quite highly. They place great emphasis on their individual differences, on having a great number of choices, and on doing things their own way.常听到⼈们这样描述美国⼈，说他们崇尚个⼈主义，重视个性差异，注重拥有⼤量的选择，强调各⾏其是。
4 And so we let the exciting new knowledge slip from us, a little further every day, and our confidence with it.我们让那些新知识与我们擦肩⽽过，连同我们的⾃信⼀起渐⾏渐远。
5 Detroit owes its rapid growth and one-time prosperity to the automobile, and above all to Henry Ford.底特律的迅速发展及其⼀度繁荣归功于汽车业，尤其归功于亨利·福特。
八、翻译技巧(3)增词法
III. Repetition
5．The doctor will get more practice out of me than out of seventeen hundred ordinary patients.
医生从我身上得到的实践， 会比从一千 七百个普通病人身上得到的实践还多。
III. Repetition
IV. Practice
1. We have to analyze and solve problems.
我们必须分析问题，解决问题。 2. Courage in excess becomes foolhardiness, affection weakness, thrift avarice. 勇之过度则蛮，爱之过度则为宠，俭之过度 则为贪。 （原文 省略了定语和谓语 译成汉语时应补 上）
II. Amplification
1．They are leading a happy life.
他们现在过着幸福的生活。 He was the late president’s alter ego and he is a close and influential friend of the president to be in office. 他过去是已故总统的化身， 而现在是 即将就职的总统亲密而有影响的朋友。
The atmosphere moderates daytime temperature and retards night heat loss.
大气层能缓和白天气温的上升和阻止 夜间热量的损耗。 Mary washed for a living after her husband died of acute pneumonia. 玛丽在丈夫患急性肺炎去世后，依靠 给人洗衣服维持生活。
八、翻译技巧(3)增词法
IV. Practice
5. We have fulfilled our work ahead of schedule, so have they.
我们提前完毕了我们旳工作，他们也提前完毕 了他们旳工作。（省略句型中省略旳部分汉译 时要译出来） 6. He had met with great difficulties in writing his term paper. 他在写学期论文时，遇到了重重困难。 （英语中并无反复，但在译成汉语时，合理使用反复 这一修辞手段，却能更精确、更生动地体现原意。）
Chapter Eight
Amplification & Repetition
Teaching Procedures
I. Review and comments on the assignments II. Amplification III. Repetition IV. Practice V. Summary VI. Assignment VII. References for further reading
III. Repetition
5．The doctor will get more practice out of me than out of seventeen hundred ordinary patients.
医生从我身上得到旳实践， 会比从一千 七百个一般病人身上得到旳实践还多。
III. Repetition
IV. Practice
9. May I extend my heartiest congratulations to the great Chinese people and its Communist Party, through you, for the glowing success of your tremendous revolution, which is now inspiring the world.
第二讲增词法和省略法
• He stretched his legs which were scattered with scars. • 他伸出双腿，露出腿上的道道伤痕。 • The mountains began to throw their long blue shadows over the valley. • 群山开始向山谷投下一道道蔚蓝色的长影。 • Note that the words “velocity” and “speed” require explanation. • 请注意， "速度"和"速率"这两个词需要解释。
Ⅱ. Aቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱplification in Chinese-English Translation
增词法在汉英翻译中的运用
2、 Adding Necessary Articles 冠词 • 我们对问题要做全面的分忻，才能解决得妥当。 We must make a comprehensive analysis of a problem before it can be properly solved.
1、Adding Necessary Pronouns 代词 • 大作收到，十分高兴。 I was very glad to have received your writing. • 没有调查研究就没有发言权。 He who makes no investigation and study has no right to speak.
解释性增词
定义
• 解释性增词指为使译文语义明确，根据意义上的 需要在译文中增加原文中没有的词。
类别
• 1）解释文化背景 • 2）修辞和连贯 • 3）汉语四字结构
1）解释文化背景
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may be completely automated from start to finish. 有些生产过程，如石油的提炼，可以自始至终全部实 现自动化。
In the evening, after the banquets, the concerts and the table tennis exhibitions, he would work on the drafting of the final communiqué. 晚上在参加宴会、出席音乐会、观看乒乓球表演之后， 他还得起草最后公报。
backwardness
现代化
必要性
落后状态/落后局面
normalization modification advantage
正常状态
修改方案 有利条件/有利地位/有利之处
remedies
confusion saturation
补救措施/补救方法 混乱局面 饱和状态
measurement
ห้องสมุดไป่ตู้
1. 1 Amplifying Verbs
Tom Canty, born in rags and dirt and misery, what sight is this!?
译文一：啊，汤姆·康第，生在破烂、肮脏和苦难中， 现在这番景象却是多么显赫啊！
译文二：汤姆·康第原来(who was born)生在可怜巴巴 的人家(in misery)，穿得破破烂烂(in rags)，一身邋 里邋遢(in dirt)，现在(what sight is this)换了这身装 束，啊，是何等气派！
This new type of computer is indeed cheap and fine. 这部打字机真是价廉物美。
Even countries with large populations
like Britain and the United States are
seriously considering imitating the Swedish. 甚至连人口众多的美国和英国之类的国家也在 认真考虑仿效瑞典的这种做法。
redundancy
测量方法/测量结果 多余信息
After all preparations were made, the plane took off. 在所有的准备工作就绪之后，飞机起飞了。
He allowed the father to be overruled by the judge，and declared his own son guilty。 他让法官的职责战胜父子的私情，而判决他儿 子有罪。
There were no speeches, no foreign
diplomats, no “ordinary people” with paper flags and bouquets of flowers. 没有发表讲话，没有各国外交官到场，也没有普通人 挥舞纸棋、花束的场面。
Matter can be changed into energy, and energy（） into matter. 物质可以转化成能量，能量也可以转化为物质。
1. 2 Amplifying Nouns
complacency jealousy madness arrogance
自满情绪
嫉妒心理
疯狂行为 傲慢态度
transformation complexity segregation
转化过程
复杂性/复杂局面 隔离政策/隔离措施
modernization necessity
A new kind of aircraft—small, cheap, pilotless—is attracting increasing attention. 一种新型的飞机正越来越引起人们的注意—这 种飞机体积不大，价钱便宜，无人驾驶。
He felt the patriot rise within his breast. 他感觉到一种爱国热情在胸中激荡。
Ⅰ. Classification of Amplification in English-Chinese Translation
1. Lexical Amplification（从词汇上考虑的增词）
This kind of amplification includes: amplification by supplying such kinds of words as verbs, nouns, adjectives, adverbs, numerals, measure words, generalization words, and the plural forms of nouns.
Reasons for applying this translation
skill:
In fact it is precisely for the purpose of “faithful representation” of the thought of the author that we often resort to “amplification”.
He dismissed the meeting without a closing speech. 他没有致闭幕词就宣布结束会议。
For may own part, I consider it as nothing less than a question of freedom or slavery. 在我看来，我认为这完全是一个要么赢得自 由要么沦为奴隶的问题。
Divorce is increasing in this country with growing urbanization. 这个国家的城市越来越多，离婚率也越来越高。
The major problem in fabrication is the control of contamination and foreign materials. 制造过程中的主要问题是如何控制沾染和杂质。
Translation Skills
---Amplification
West China’s economy is still backward. 中国西部的经济现在还处于落后状态。
Day after day he came to his work—sweeping, scrubbing, cleaning.
At the same time, inequality has become worse. 同时，不平等现象变得更严重了。
1. 3 Amplifying Generalization Words
（增加概括词）
概括词是英汉两种语言所共有的，但有时英语 句子中并没有出现概括词，而翻译的时候却往 往可以加入“两人”、“双方”、“等”、 “等等”、“凡此种种”等概括词，同时省略 掉英语中的连接词。
the basis of accurate comprehension of the original, making the version grammatically correct, semantically clear, rhetorically sound, logically acceptable, and culturally appropriate.
尽管这台机器有很多优点，它总有一天会被别的机器 超过的。
Mary washes for a living after her husband died of cancer.
玛丽在丈夫得癌症去世之后，靠给人洗衣服维持生活。
Definition of Amplification
Amplification, also called addition, means supplying necessary words in our translation on
他每天来干活——扫地、擦地板、收拾房间。
The high-altitude plane was and still is a remarkable plane.
这种高空飞机过去是现在仍然是一种了不起的飞机。
Having a lot of advantages, this machine will eventually be improved upon.
As a matter of principle, a translator is not supposed to add any meaning to or to subtract any meaning from the original work. However, this does not mean that a translator should refrain from supplying necessary words to make his or her version both accurate in meaning and in keeping with the idiomatic use of the language to be translated into.
The tension in the Middle East has attracted much attention of the world. 中东的紧张局势已引起全世界的广泛关注。
Mobile phones became popular only 3 years ago. 手机3年前才成为大众喜爱的东西。
These kinds of words are amplified so that they can express the intended or implied lexical or contextual meanings of the SL text clearly and exactly, or in other words, they are amplified so as to make the implied lexical meanings in the SL text concrete, clear, and idiomatic.
In the evening, after the banquets, the concerts and the table tennis exhibitions, he would work on the drafting of the final communiqué. 晚上在参加宴会、出席音乐会、观看乒乓球表演之后， 他还得起草最后公报。
backwardness
现代化
必要性
落后状态/落后局面
normalization modification advantage
正常状态
修改方案 有利条件/有利地位/有利之处
remedies
confusion saturation
补救措施/补救方法 混乱局面 饱和状态
measurement
ห้องสมุดไป่ตู้
1. 1 Amplifying Verbs
Tom Canty, born in rags and dirt and misery, what sight is this!?
译文一：啊，汤姆·康第，生在破烂、肮脏和苦难中， 现在这番景象却是多么显赫啊！
译文二：汤姆·康第原来(who was born)生在可怜巴巴 的人家(in misery)，穿得破破烂烂(in rags)，一身邋 里邋遢(in dirt)，现在(what sight is this)换了这身装 束，啊，是何等气派！
This new type of computer is indeed cheap and fine. 这部打字机真是价廉物美。
Even countries with large populations
like Britain and the United States are
seriously considering imitating the Swedish. 甚至连人口众多的美国和英国之类的国家也在 认真考虑仿效瑞典的这种做法。
redundancy
测量方法/测量结果 多余信息
After all preparations were made, the plane took off. 在所有的准备工作就绪之后，飞机起飞了。
He allowed the father to be overruled by the judge，and declared his own son guilty。 他让法官的职责战胜父子的私情，而判决他儿 子有罪。
There were no speeches, no foreign
diplomats, no “ordinary people” with paper flags and bouquets of flowers. 没有发表讲话，没有各国外交官到场，也没有普通人 挥舞纸棋、花束的场面。
Matter can be changed into energy, and energy（） into matter. 物质可以转化成能量，能量也可以转化为物质。
1. 2 Amplifying Nouns
complacency jealousy madness arrogance
自满情绪
嫉妒心理
疯狂行为 傲慢态度
transformation complexity segregation
转化过程
复杂性/复杂局面 隔离政策/隔离措施
modernization necessity
A new kind of aircraft—small, cheap, pilotless—is attracting increasing attention. 一种新型的飞机正越来越引起人们的注意—这 种飞机体积不大，价钱便宜，无人驾驶。
He felt the patriot rise within his breast. 他感觉到一种爱国热情在胸中激荡。
Ⅰ. Classification of Amplification in English-Chinese Translation
1. Lexical Amplification（从词汇上考虑的增词）
This kind of amplification includes: amplification by supplying such kinds of words as verbs, nouns, adjectives, adverbs, numerals, measure words, generalization words, and the plural forms of nouns.
Reasons for applying this translation
skill:
In fact it is precisely for the purpose of “faithful representation” of the thought of the author that we often resort to “amplification”.
He dismissed the meeting without a closing speech. 他没有致闭幕词就宣布结束会议。
For may own part, I consider it as nothing less than a question of freedom or slavery. 在我看来，我认为这完全是一个要么赢得自 由要么沦为奴隶的问题。
Divorce is increasing in this country with growing urbanization. 这个国家的城市越来越多，离婚率也越来越高。
The major problem in fabrication is the control of contamination and foreign materials. 制造过程中的主要问题是如何控制沾染和杂质。
Translation Skills
---Amplification
West China’s economy is still backward. 中国西部的经济现在还处于落后状态。
Day after day he came to his work—sweeping, scrubbing, cleaning.
At the same time, inequality has become worse. 同时，不平等现象变得更严重了。
1. 3 Amplifying Generalization Words
（增加概括词）
概括词是英汉两种语言所共有的，但有时英语 句子中并没有出现概括词，而翻译的时候却往 往可以加入“两人”、“双方”、“等”、 “等等”、“凡此种种”等概括词，同时省略 掉英语中的连接词。
the basis of accurate comprehension of the original, making the version grammatically correct, semantically clear, rhetorically sound, logically acceptable, and culturally appropriate.
尽管这台机器有很多优点，它总有一天会被别的机器 超过的。
Mary washes for a living after her husband died of cancer.
玛丽在丈夫得癌症去世之后，靠给人洗衣服维持生活。
Definition of Amplification
Amplification, also called addition, means supplying necessary words in our translation on
他每天来干活——扫地、擦地板、收拾房间。
The high-altitude plane was and still is a remarkable plane.
这种高空飞机过去是现在仍然是一种了不起的飞机。
Having a lot of advantages, this machine will eventually be improved upon.
As a matter of principle, a translator is not supposed to add any meaning to or to subtract any meaning from the original work. However, this does not mean that a translator should refrain from supplying necessary words to make his or her version both accurate in meaning and in keeping with the idiomatic use of the language to be translated into.
The tension in the Middle East has attracted much attention of the world. 中东的紧张局势已引起全世界的广泛关注。
Mobile phones became popular only 3 years ago. 手机3年前才成为大众喜爱的东西。
These kinds of words are amplified so that they can express the intended or implied lexical or contextual meanings of the SL text clearly and exactly, or in other words, they are amplified so as to make the implied lexical meanings in the SL text concrete, clear, and idiomatic.