翻译常用之八大技amplification
翻译常用的八种技巧
翻译常用的八种技巧翻译常用的八种技巧1.重译法（repetition）2.增译法(amplification)3.减译法(omission)4.词类转移法（conversion）5.词序调整法（inversion）6.分译法（division）7.正说反译、反说正译法（negation）8.语态变换法（the change of the voices）第一节重译法（repetition）在翻译中，有时为了忠实于原文，不得不重复某些词语，否则就不能忠实地表达原文的意思。
这种反复使用某些词语于翻译的方法就叫重译法。
重译法实际上也是一种增词法，只不过所增加的是上文出现的词。
重译法有三个作用：一是为了明确；而是为了强调；三是为了生动。
一、为了明确，有时需要重复宾语。
在英语中，一句话里两个动词共用一个宾语，宾语只在第二个动词之后出现一次。
而在汉语中，这样的宾语要在每个动词后分别出现。
定语后的名词亦是如此。
如：1.We have to analyse and solve problems. 我们要分析问题，解决问题。
2.I eat and drink whatever I like, and sleep when I can not keep.我想吃什么就吃什么，想喝什么就和什么，眼睛睁不开了就睡觉。
3.人类利用自然科学去了解自然、改造自然。
People use naturalscience to understand and change nature.4.Aristocratic and democratic tendencies in a nation oftenshowthemselves in its speech.民族的贵族倾向和民族倾向常在其言语中表现出来。
5.我们来修改安全规则和卫生规则吧。
Let’s revise our safety andsanitary regulations.二、英语常用省略，但为了明确，也为了强调某些内容，在汉语中常常要将省去的部分重译出来。
翻译笔记之八大技巧
Eight translation techniques1．增译法(amplification)；2．重译法(repetition)；3．减译法(omission)；4．词类转移法(conversion)；5．词序调整法(inversion)：6．分译法(division)；7．正说反译，反说正译(negation)；8．语态变换法(the change of the voices)Group competition1．I am looking forward to the holidays．我在等待假日的到来.2．Much of our morality is customary．我们大部分的道德观念都有习惯性。
3．Courage in excess becomes foolhardiness，affection weakness，thrift avarice．勇敢过度，即成蛮勇；感情过度，即成溺爱；俭约过度，即成贪婪。
4. Histories make men wise；poets witty；the mathematics subtle；natural philosophy deep；moral grave；logic and rhetoric able to contend.读史使人明智，读诗使人灵秀，数学使人周密，科学使人深刻，伦理使人庄重，逻辑修辞使人善辩。
5. As an Oriental，I cannot but be proud of your historic achievement．作为一个东方人，我不得不为贵国所取得的历史性成就感到骄傲。
Amplification 增译法Three types: Semantic amplification,Grammatical amplification,Rhetoric amplificationSemantic amplification1. The crowds melted away人群渐渐散开了.2. We were all greatly moved by his loftiness.我们都被他那种崇高品质所深深感染.3. He felt the patriot rise within his breast.他感到一种爱国热情在胸中激荡.loftiness patriot: 英语习惯运用抽象词汇，而汉语习惯运用具体词汇将“抽象概念变为具体概念”，类似词汇如：arrogance, indifference, tension，confusion, solution, remedies, jealousy, fault-finding增补概括性的词1. The advantages of the meeting room are bright, spacious, fashionable, and without echoes.这个会议室有四大优点：明亮、宽敞、时髦、无回声。
英文翻译技巧之Amplification(增益法)
Amplification , also called addition, means supplying necessary words in our translation on the basis of accurate comprehension of the original. As a matter of principle, a translator is not supposed to add any meaning to or subtract any meaning from the original work. However, this does not mean that a translator should refrain from supplying necessary words to make his/her version both accurate in meaning and in keeping with the idiomatic use of the language to be translated into. In fact, it is precisely for the purpose of “faithful representation” of the thought of the author that we often resort to “amplification”. This is because English and Chinese are two entirely different languages and each has its own historical and cultural background. Besides, many ideas, idiomatic expressions and shorthand words, etc. That are well understood in the country of their origin can hardly make sense to people abroad. Therefore, it is unimaginable for a translator to stick to the orginal pattern without alteration.Ⅰ. Amplification in English-Chinese Translation1.Amplification by Supplying Words Omitted in the Original"if so grand, why so poor? If so poor, why so grand?" “既然那么阔，干吗要叫穷？既然那么穷，干吗摆阔气？”·Matter can be changed into energy, and energy into matter. 物质可以转化为能，能也可以转化为物质。
文字增益法(Amplification)
2）在形容词前面增补名词 He is young but ambitious. 他人小志大。 She was small and slight, pale, but very beatiful. 她身量瘦小，面色苍白，但模样到很漂亮。 Though, very likely, the heroic character which ladies admire is a more glorious and beautiful object than the kind, fresh, smiling, artless, tender little domestic goddes,whom men are inclined to worship.
6.增补概括词 汉语在罗列了两个以上的事物之后，往往在后 面加上概括词，如“二人”、“双方”、 “等”。
Proteins are composed of carbon,hydrogen,oxgen and nitrogen. 蛋白质是由碳、氢、氧、氮四种元素组成的。 China and Canada have reached an understanding on the exchange of returened students. 中加双方就互派留学生问题达成了谅解。
3.增补形容词（诠释性增补，修辞性增补）
Courage is the thing. All goes if courage goes. 勇气是最重要的东西。丧失了勇气，就失去了一切。 We need time to make preparations for the project. 我们要做好工程的准备工作需要一些时日。
The first and the hardest task of the new government was to deal with the ever-growing unemployment. 新政府最紧迫、最艰巨的任务是解决日益增加的失业 问题。 Under the leadership of the CPC, the chinese people have suceeded in their liberation. 在中国共产党的领导下，中国人民完成了解放事业。
翻译常用八种方法
考试复习一、英汉互译下列习语（每小题2分，共20分）书上或日常生活中常出现的一些习语或成语。
二、将下列句子翻译成中文，并指出使用的翻译技巧（每小题3分，共30分）翻译常见的八种技巧：1．重复repetition在翻译中被称为一种技巧，自然就不是一般所说的不必要的重复，而是一种必不可少的方法。
可以这样确定它的定义：在翻译中，有时为了忠实于原文，不得不重复某些词语，否则就不能忠实表达原文的意思。
这种反复使用某些词语于翻译的方法就叫重译法。
一般说来，重译法有如下三个作用：一是为了明确；二是为了强调；三是为了生动。
We have to analyze and solve problems．我们要分析问题，解决问题。
2．增译addition/amplification什么叫增译法?我们可以这样确定它的定义：为了使译文忠实地表达原文的意思与风格并使译文合乎表达习惯，必须增加一些词语，这就叫增译法。
送君千里，终有一别。
，yet the parting must come at last．3．减译法deletion和其他一切事物一样，翻译也是有增必有减。
懂了增译法之后自然也就会懂得什么是减译法。
它是增译法的反面：以同一个译例来说，在英译汉中如果用增译法的话，在汉译英中自然就要用减译法了。
把第二节中的31个例子倒译的话(即把汉译英改为英译汉或把英译汉变为汉译英)，所用的译法就不是增译法而是减译法了。
关于减译法，应该记住这样一条总原则：减译法是指原文中有些词在译文中不译出来，因为译文中虽无其词而已有其意，或者在译文中是不言而喻的；换言之，减译法是删去一些可有可无的，或者有了反嫌累赘或违背译文习惯表达法的词，但减译并不是把原文的某些思想内容删去。
此外，冠词、连词、代词(尤其是人称代词、关系代词)、关系副词，等等，在英语中经常使用，但译成汉语时几乎很少出现，要使译文忠实而地道，减译法就自然必不可少了。
例如：A book is useful．书(是)有用(的)。
常用翻译技巧
1)Diction（选词用字）2)Amplification（增词法）3)Omission（省略法）4)Conversion（转换法）5)Repetition（重复法）6)Inversion(语序调整)7)Negation（正说反译，反说正译）8)Division (长句拆译) & Subordination（分清主从）例1. Neat people buy everything in expensive little single portions.意译：办事讲究的人买什么都讲少而精，愿买贵的。
√例2．They want quality, but at a budget price.意译：他们又要货好，又要价格合算。
√people at budget:精打细算过日子的人例3．On Taiwan there was little grace and less give between the two sides.在台湾问题上，双方几乎没有多少客气可讲，更谈不上让步了。
例4. Whichever way you choose to visit Zhengzhou , you will reach here quickly and enjoy a comfortable stay, because Zhengzhou has a wide range of accommodation to suit all budgets and tastes…试译：无论乘坐何种交通工具都能迅速抵达郑州，下榻此处会让你倍感舒适，这里的住宿条件能充分满足各种档次和品味的要求……。
例4．New HSR and Maglev would have all-new, state-of-the-art train control system. The Accelerail options were estimate with train control systems providing speed and authority enforcement.译文：新型高速列车或磁浮列车须装置全新的、造形精美的列车操纵系统，可供选用的列车操纵系统必须能提供速度和（威力）强大的加速力。
英汉八大翻译技巧
Goodyear, an American, had been trying for years to find a way in which rubber could be made hard, non sticky, and yet elastic.
The expansion of metals on heating must be taken into consideration before a long metal bridge is built. /
It is in line with the Charter, which recognizes the value of regional efforts to solve problems and settle disputes.
It had been anticipated that results would now begin to show an increase in living standard in Russia. Instead, the necessity to greatly increase the direct expenditure on armaments and still further raise the already high percentage of the national income devoted to defense means further postponement of reward to the ordinary workers and consumers as a consequence of the great industrial effort since war.
Ridges of fields grow few and far between, While far away some cottages are seen.
翻译常用八种技巧
3. 徐悲鸿画马画得特别好。 Xu Beihong’s drawings (paintings) of horses are exceptionally good. 4. 林则徐认为, 要成功地禁止鸦片买卖,就 得首先把鸦片焚毁。 Lin Zexu believed that a successful ban of the trade in opium must be preceded by the destruction of the drug itself.
1) 语言这个东西不是随便可以学好的, 非下苦 功不可。 The mastery of language is not easy and requires painstaking effort. 2) 一定要少说空话,多做工作。 There must be less empty talk and more hard work.
翻译常用的八种技巧
常用的翻译技巧
1. 重复法 (repetition) 2. 增译法 (amplification) 3. 减译法 (omission) 4. 词类转移法 (conversion) 5. 词序调整法 (inversion) 6. 分译法 (division) 7. 正说反译, 反说正译法 (negation) 8. 语态 变换法 (the change of the voices)
4. 寻寻觅觅,冷冷清请,凄凄惨惨戚戚;乍暖 还寒时侯,最难将息。 (译文1）
Seek, seek; search, search; Cold, cold; bare, bare; Grief, grief; cruel, cruel grief. Now warm, then like the autumn cold again, How hard to calm the heart!
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* For the international community the most striking consequence of these changes is that China has grown to be the worlds’ eleventh largest economy, and is set to grow further. 对于国际社会来说，这些变化所带来的最为引人注目的结果是，中国已跃居世界 第十一位经济大国，而且今后定会更强。 (Attention: amplification for purpose of style or manner of writing.) In the evening, after the banquets, the concerts and the table tennis exhibitions, he would work on the drafting of the final communique. The first requisite of a good citizen in this Republic of ours is that he shall be able and willing to pull his weight.
* I had imagined it to be merely a gesture of affection, but it seems it is to smell the lamb and make sure that it is her own. (Ann Blackmore, Lambing Time) 我原以为这不过是表示亲昵,但现在看来，这是为了闻一闻羊羔的味道，来断定 羊羔是不是自己生的。 (Attention: tense in English needs to be added by adverbs to show different time in Chinese.) The English language is in very good shape. It is changing in its own undiscoverable way, but it is not going rotten like a plum dropping off a tree. * To attract foreign investment, the United States must offer higher interest rate, adding to domestic borrowing and financing costs, which boost inflation. 为了吸引外资，美国必须提供较高的利率，而这样就会加重内债和金融开支，最终 导致通货膨胀。 （Attention: for logic purpose of the sentence; to show relationship between the elements of the sentence.) The strongest man cannot alter the law of nature.
* Chairman Mao is an activist, a prime mover, an originator and master of strategy achieved by alternating surprise, tension and easement. 毛泽东是活动家，是原动力，是创始者，是交替运用出其不意、紧张松弛而取 得成功的战略家。 (Attention: verbs are more frequently used in Chinese than in English.)
* You can almost put it down as a general rule that presidents often invite “honest criticism” from their aides. 你几乎可以把这一点看成一种倾向：历届总统经常请他们的助手们提出“直 率的批评“。 (Attention: English plural forms have to be clarified by more Chinese words.) The judge let him off with warnings not to cause trouble again. The simple perception of natural forms is a delight. The influence of the forms and actions in nature is so needful to man, that, in its lowest functions, it seems to lie on the confines of commodity and beauty.
(Ralph Waldo Emerson, May 25, 1803 – April 27, 1882, American essayist, philosopher, poet, and leader of the Transcendentalist movem花怒放。自然界里各种形体和各种活动的 影响，对于人类都是非常必需的，这种影响，就其最粗浅的作用来说，似乎只 局限于适用性和审美价值。（夏济安）
Bed in Summer
In winter I get up at night And dress by yellow candle-light In summer, quite the other way, I have to go to bed by day.
I have to go to bed and see The birds still hopping on the tree, Or hear the grown-up people’s feet Still going past me in the street. And does it seem hard to you, When all the sky is clear and blue, And I should like so much to play, To have to go to bed by day?
* Time drops in decay, like a candle burnt out. 时间一点一滴地逝去，犹如蜡烛慢慢燃尽。 (Attention: meaning already included in the original.) He poured out his tale of misfortunes. 笑：smile, laugh, grin, giggle, titter, chuckle
* Not to educate him (the child) is to condemn him to repetitious ignorance. 如果我们不对儿童进行教育的话，那就会使他们沦入世世代代的愚昧状态。 (Attention: some English abstract nouns must be added by category words so as to be clarified in meaning.) The arrogance of the aristocracy helped to lead to the French Revolution.
上床睡觉，既能看见 鸟儿在树上欢跳， 也能听见 大人的脚步迈过屋前的街道。 此时的天空蔚蓝明亮， 我多想去玩耍、嬉闹。 此时要你躺到床上， 是否能够进入梦乡？
Homework
1) Within a very short time of coming back into power the present government had taken steps to stabilize the position. 2) First of all, we applied ourselves to identifying the root causes of our national ailments, examining contemporary evidence and refusing to be slaves to outmoded doctrinaire beliefs. 3) Secondly we embarked on a reasoned policy to ensure steady economic growth, the modernization of industry, and a proper balance between public and private expenditure. 4) Thirdly by refusing to take refuge – as the previous Government had continually done in the preceding years – in panic-stricken stop-gap measures, we stimulated the return of international confidence. 5) As a result of those immediate measures, and aided by the tremendous effort which they evoked from our people who responded as so often before to a firm hand at the helm, we weathered the storm and moved on into calmer waters and a period of economic expansion and social reorganization.
翻译常用之八大技巧
二 增译法 Amplification