2007年真题
2007年考研心理学真题试卷(题后含答案及解析)
2007年考研心理学真题试卷(题后含答案及解析) 题型有：1. 单选题 2. 多选题 3. 简答题 4. 综合题单项选择题1．以“内省法”作为主要研究手段的心理学派是A．格式塔B．人本主义C．构造主义D．行为主义正确答案：C解析：本题旨在考查考生对在心理学发展过程中产生重要影响的心理学理论观点的了解与掌握。
格式塔心理学派主张心理学应该把人的心理作为一个整体而不能人为肢解，其主要的研究方法是自然观察法和现象学的研究方法。
人本主义心理学派强调心理学应该以正常健康人为研究对象，人是最重要的，其本性是善良的，并蕴涵着巨大无限的潜力，其主要的研究方法有质的研究方法、现象学方法、叙事法、个案研究等。
构造主义心理学派认为心理学应该研究人的意识经验。
个体经验是由感觉、意象和激情三个基本元素构成，感觉是知觉的元素、意象是观念的元素、激情是感情的元素，所有复杂心理活动都是由这些元素构成，可以通过内省法，即个体对自己体验的反思进行观察和分析，从而对人的心理现象作出解释。
行为主义心理学派认为心理学的研究对象应该是可以观察到的外显行为，而不是看不见、摸不着、无法客观研究的意识，其主要研究方法有观察法、条件反射法等。
2．通过搜集和分析某人过去和现在有关方面的资料，以推知其行为原因的方法是A．调查法B．个案法C．测验法D．观察法正确答案：B解析：本题旨在考查考生对心理学研究方法的了解与掌握。
调查法是就某一问题要求被调查者自由表达其意见或态度，以此分析群体心理倾向的研究方法。
个案法是对被试各个方面及其状况进行深入而详尽地了解，搜集有关信息，经分析推知其行为真正原因的研究方法。
测验法是使用标准化测验工具度量个体间对同一事物反应的差异，或同一个体在不同时间或情境中的反应差异的研究方法。
观察法是在自然情境中对个体的心理现象与行为表现进行有系统、有计划地观察记录，经分析以获得其心理活动产生和发展规律的研究方法。
3．有关大脑两半球功能单侧化的研究表明，大多数人的言语活动中枢在A．杏仁核B．边缘系统C．大脑左半球D．大脑右半球正确答案：C解析：本题旨在考查考生对心理和行为的神经机制的了解与掌握。
考研英语二2007年真题
考研英语二2007 年真题Section 1I Cloze (10 points)Directions：For each numbered blank in the following passage．there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the best one and mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET with a pencil．Advancing age means losing your hair, your waistline and your memory，right ? Dana Denis is just 40 years old，but 2 1 she's worried about what she calls' my rolling mental blackouts." "I try to remember something and I just blank out，"she saysYou may 22 about these lapses，calling them " senior moments "or blaming "early Alzheimer's (老年痴呆症)．"Is it an inescapable fact that the older you get，the 23 you remember Well, sort of．But as time goes by, we tend to blame age 24 problems that are not necessarily age-related．"When a teenager can't find her keys，she thinks it's because she's distracted or disorganized， "says Paul Gold．"A 70-year-old blames her 25 ．"In fact，the 70-year-old may have been 26 things for decades．In healthy people，memory doesn't worsen as 27 as many of us think．"As we 28，the memory mechanism isn't 29 ，"says psychologist Fergus Craik．"It's just inefficient．"The brain's processing 30 slows down over the years，though no one knowsexactly 31. Recent research suggests that nerve cells lose efficiency and 32 there's less activity in the brain．But， cautions Barry Gordon，"It's not clear that less activity is 33 ．A beginning athlete is winded （气喘吁吁）more easily than a 34 athlete．In the same way, 35 the brain gets more skilled at a task，it expends less energy on it."There are 36 you can take to compensate for normal slippage in your memory gears，though it 37 effort．Margaret Sewell says："We're a quick-fix culture, but you have to 38 to keep your brain 39 shape．It's like having a good body．You Can't go to the gym once a year 40 expect to stay in top form."21．A. almost B. seldom C. already D. never22．A. joke B. laugh C. blame D. criticize23．A. much B. little C. more D. less24．A. since B. for C. by D. because25．A. memory B. mind C. trouble D. health26．A. disorganizing B. misplacing C. putting D. finding27．A. swiftly B. frequently C. timely D. quickly28．A．mature B. advance C. age D. grow29．A. broken B. poor C. perfect D. working30．A. pattern B. time C. space D. information31．A . why B. how C. what D. when32．A. since B. hence C. that D. although33．A. irregular B. better C. normal D. worse34．A. famous B. senior C. popular D. trained35．A. as B. till C. though D. yet36．A. stages B. steps C. advantages D. purposes37．A. makes B. takes C. does D. spends38．A. rest B. come C. work D. study39．A. to B. for C. on D. in40．A. so B. or C. and D. ifSection Ⅲ Reading Comprehension (40 points)Directions: There are 4 passages in this part, Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C, and D. You should decide on the best choice and blacken the corresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET with a pencil. Questions 41 to 45 are based on the following passage:Prior to the 20th century, many languages with small numbers of speakers survived for centuries. The increasingly interconnected modern world makes it much more difficult for small language communities to live in relative isolation, a key factor in language maintenance and preservation.It remains to be seen whether the world can maintain its linguistic andcultural diversity in the centuries ahead. Many powerful forces appear to work against it :population growth, which pushes migrant populations into the world's last isolated locations; mass tourism; global telecommunications and mass media; and the spread of gigantic global corporations. All of these forces appear to signify a future in which the language of advertising, popular culture, and consumer products become similar. Already English and a few other major tongues have emerged as global languages of commerce and communication. For many of the world's peoples, learning one of these languages is viewed as the key to education, economic opportunity, and a better way of life.Only about 3,000 languages now in use are expected to survive the coming century. Are most of the rest doomed in the century after that Whether most of these languages survive will probably depend on how strongly cultural groups wish to keep their identity alive through a native language. To do so will require an emphasis on bilingualism（mastery of two languages）. Bilingual speakers could use their own language in smaller spheres---at home, among friends, in community settings---and a global language at work, in dealings with government, and in commercial spheres. In this way, many small languages could sustain their cultural and linguistic integrity alongside global languages, rather than yield to the homogenizing （同化的）forces of globalization.Ironically, the trend of technological innovation that has threatenedminority languages could also help save them. For example, some experts predict that computer software translation tools will one day permit minority language speakers to browse the Internet using their native tongues.Linguists are currently using computer-aided learning tools to teach a variety of threatened languages.For many endangered languages, the line between revival and death is extremely thin. Language is remarkably resilient （有活力的）,however. It is not just a tool for communicating, but also a powerful way of separating different groups, or of demonstrating group identity. Many indigenous（原生的，土著的）communities have shown that it is possible to live in the modern world while reclaiming their unique identities through language.41.Minority languages can be best preserved in __________.A．an increasingly interconnected worldB．maintaining small numbers of speakersC．relatively isolated language communitiesD．following the tradition of the 20th century42.According to Paragraph 2, that the world can maintain its linguistic diversity in the future is _______.A．uncertain B．unrealistic C．foreseeable D．definite43.According to the author, bilingualism can help_________.A．small languages become acceptable in work placesB．homogenize the world's languages and culturesC．global languages reach home and community settingsD．speakers maintain their linguistic and cultural identityputer technology is helpful for preserving minority languages in that it_________.A．makes learning a global language unnecessaryB．facilitates the learning and using of those languagesC．raises public awareness of saving those languagesD．makes it easier for linguists to study those languages45.In the author's view, many endangered languages are________. A．remarkably well-kept in this modern worldB．exceptionally powerful tools of communicationC．quite possible to be revived instead of dying outD．a unique way of bringing different groups togetherQuestions 46 to 50 are based on the following passage:Everyone，it seems，has a health problem 。
2007年北京卷高考语文真题及标准答案(完美版)
2007年北京卷高考语文真题及标准答案一、本大题共5小题,每小题3分,共15分。
1．下列各组词语,没有错别字的一组是:A.精粹精络精疲力竭精诚所至,金石为开B.赠予授予予人口实同甘共苦,祸福予共C.即将立即若即若离一言即出,驷马难追D.挥毫毫发毫无二致失之毫厘,谬以千里2.将下列词语依次填入各句横线处,最恰当的一组是①近期,中国观众有幸目睹了来自意大利庞贝古城的遗珍,它们清晰地再现了古城被埋没前最后的情景。
②在休斯敦火箭队的姚明,出席"护鲨行动从我做起"的活动时说:"今后,本人在任何情况下都拒绝食用鱼翅。
"③书的封面设计于书籍出版发行的整体规划,同时必须结合书的内容特点和读者对象进行构思。
A.时间效劳从属B.瞬间效力从属C.瞬间效劳归属D.时间效力归属3.下列句子中,加点成语使用不恰当的一句是A.没有人仅因富甲一方而被长久纪念,相反,人们念念不忘的,大都是超脱于物质利益的追逐的人。
B.在军阀混战和北平沦陷期间,碧云寺孙中山衣冠冢得以保全,这多亏中山先生生前卫士谭惠全等人恪尽职守,矢志护灵。
C.自行车队被两只高大威猛的藏獒追赶得几入绝境,最后靠下坡高速骑行才得以摆脱,队员们至今仍心有余悸。
D.暮春时节是潭拓寺"二乔玉兰"的盛花期,4月上旬,这两株玉兰的树冠上就布满了含英咀华的花蕾。
4.下列句子,没有语病的一句是A.素质可以理解为人在先天条件的基础上,在家庭、社会的影响下,经过后天的教育所形成的稳定的心理品格。
B.很少有以7毫米以下口径制造狙击步枪的国家,因为狙击要求威力大,精度高,但中国狙击步枪偏选择了小口径。
C.几组蝴蝶展框吸引了参观者,大家都以为这是标本,看到展框上方"仿真蝴蝶微型风筝"的标志,使大家恍然大悟。
D.在翻阅中国话剧100周年纪念活动资料时,他萌生了创作一台寻找中国话剧源头的剧本的意念。
5.下列有关文学常识的表述,错误的一项是A.《再别康桥》、《雨巷》、《大堰河一一我的保姆》、《乡愁》,分别是徐志摩、戴望舒、艾青、余光中的诗作。
2007英语一真题及解析答案
2007英语一真题及解析答案2007年的英语一真题是许多考生备战高考的关键之一，对于我们来说，熟悉并掌握真题的解析答案是提高分数的重要途径之一。
在本文中，我们将对2007年英语一真题进行解析，并探讨相关答案的解析。
第一部分，阅读判断题：1. 题干：The article suggests that the misunderstanding between the two sides of the Taiwan Strait ________.选项：A. can only be settled through common effortsB. is so profound that it has paralyzed the direct trade between the two sidesC. has undermined the progress in other aspects of the cross-Strait relationsD. should be fundamentally attributed to Taiwanese separatists答案：C. has undermined the progress in other aspects of the cross-Strait relations解析：根据题干可知，该题是考察对于两岸关系的理解。
通过仔细阅读原文，我们可以得出答案是C。
文章中提到“these ailingrelations have undermined the progress in other aspects of the cross-Strait relations”。
因此，选项C是正确的。
2. 题干：According to the National Consumer Week campaign, we can learn that ________.选项：A. most buyers don’t care about the refund policy of the products they buyB. a lot of stores only focus on selling products and ignore the consumers’ rightsC. it is wise to consult the seller about refund policy before making a purchaseD. buyers should always avoid buying products without a refund policy答案：C. it is wise to consult the seller about refund policy before making a purchase解析：题目要求我们根据《National Consumer Week》活动的宣传来得出结论。
2007年高考真题(全国卷1)(数学文)
2007年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试文 科 数 学本试卷分第Ⅰ卷（选择题）和第Ⅱ卷（非选择题）两部分。
第Ⅰ卷1至2页。
第Ⅱ卷3至4页。
考试结束后，将本试卷和答题卡一并交回。
第Ⅰ卷注意事项：1. 答题前，考生在答题卡上务必用直径0.5毫米黑色墨水签字笔将自己的姓名、准考证号填写清楚，并贴好条形码。
请认真核准条形码上的准考证号、姓名和科目。
2. 每小题选出答案后 ，用2B 铅笔把答题卡上对应题目的答案标号涂黑，如需改动，用橡皮擦干净后，再选涂其他答案标号，在试题卷上作答无效。
3.本卷共12小题，每小题5分，共60分。
在每小题给出的四个选项中，只有一项是符合题目要求的。
参考公式：如果事件A 、B 互斥，那么 球的表面积公式 ()()()P A B P A P B +=+ 24S R π= 如果事件A 、B 相互独立，那么 其中R 表示球的半径 ()()()P A B P A P B ⋅=⋅ 球的体积公式如果事件A 在一次实验中发生的概率是P ，那么 V =343R πn 次独立重复试验中事件A 恰好发生k 次的概率 其中R 表示球的半径()(1)k kn k n n p k C p p -=-（k=0，1，2，……，n ）一、选择题（1）设{|210}S x x =+>，{|350}T x x =-<，则S T ⋂= A.∅B 。
1{|}2x x <C 。
5{|}3x x >D 。
15{|}23x x -<< （2）a 是第四象限角，12cos 13a =，则sin a =（A ）513(B) 513-(C)512(D) 512-（3）已知向量a=（-5，6），b=(6,5),则a 与b（A ）垂直 （B ）不垂直也不平行 （C ）平行且同向 （D ）平行且反向（4）已知双曲线的离心率为2，焦点是（－4，0），（4，0），则双曲线方程为（A ）221412x y -=（B ）221124x y -= （C ）221106x y -=（D ）221610x y -= （5）甲、乙、丙3位同学选修课程，从4门课程中，甲选修2门，乙、丙各选修3门，则不同的选修方案共有（A ）36种（B ）48种（C ）96种（D ）192种（6）下面给出的四个点中，位于1010x y x y +-<⎧⎨-+>⎩，表示的平面区域内的点是（A ）（0，2）（B ）（－2，0）（C ） （0，－2）（D ）（2，0）（7）如图，正四棱柱ABCD —A 1B 1C 1D 1中，AA 1=2AB ，则异面直线A 1B与AD 1所成角的余弦值为（A ）15 （B ） 25（C ） 35（D ） 45（8）设1a >，函数()log a f x x =在区间[],2a a 上的最大值与最小值之差为12，则a =（A （B ）2 （C ）（D ）4（9）()f x ，()g x 是定义在R 上的函数，()()()h x f x g x =+，则“()f x ，()g x 均为偶函数”是“()h x 为偶函数”的（A ）充要条件 （B ）充分而不必要的条件 （C ）必要而不充分的条件 （D ）既不充分也不必要的条件（10）函数22cos y x =的一个单调增区间是（A ）（,44ππ-） （B ）（0，2π） （C ）（3,44ππ） （D ）（2π，π）（11）曲线2313y x x =+在点（1，43）处的切线与坐标轴围成的三角面积为（A ）19 （B ）29 （C ）13 （D ）23（12）抛物线24y x =的焦点为F ，准线为l ，经过F x 轴上方的部分相交于点A ，AK ⊥l ,垂足为K ，则△AKF 的面积是（A ）4（B ）（C ）（D ）82007年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试文科数学 第Ⅱ卷注意事项：1.答题前，考生先在答题卡上用直径0.5毫米黑色墨水签字笔将自己的姓名、准考证号填写清楚，然后贴好条形码。
07年专四真题及答案详解
2007年专四真题及答案PARTⅠ DICTIONListen to the following passage. Altogether the passage will be read to you four times. During the first reading, which will be done at normal speed, listen and try to understand the meaning. For the second and third readings, the passage will be read sentence by sentence, or phrase by phrase, with intervals of 15 seconds. The last reading will be done at normal speed again and during this time you should check your work. You will then be given 2 minutes to check through your work once more.Please write the whole passage on ANSWER SHEET ONE.PART II LISTENING COMPREHENSION [20 MIN]In Sections A B and C you will hear everything ONCE ONLY. Listen carefully and then answer the questions that follow. Mark the correct answer to each question on Answer Sheet Two.SECTION A CONVERSATIONSIn this section you will hear several conversations. Listen to the conversations carefully and then answer the questions that follow.Questions 1 to 3 are based on the following conversation. At the end of the conversation, you will be given 15 seconds to answer the questions. Now, listen to the conversation.1. Which of the following is NOT needed for the Lost Property Form?B.NationalityC. AddressD.Phone number2.From the conversation we know that Mark Adams comes fromA.EssexB.EdinburghC.LondonD.The US.3.What will Mark Adams do the day after tomorrow?A.To come to the office againB.To wait for the phone callC.To call the officeD.To write to the officeQuestions 4 to 7 are based on the following conversation. At the end of the conversation, you will be given 20 seconds to answer the questions. Now, listen to the conversation.4.Members of the club are required toA.register when they arrive.B.bring up to three guests.C.register their guests.D.show membership cards on arrival.5.Which of the following details about the changing rooms is NOT correct?A.There is a change for the use of the lockerB.Showers are installed in the changing rooms.C.Lockers are located in the changing roomsD.Lockers are used to store personal belongings.6.According to the club’s rules, members can playA.for 30minutes only.B.for one hour only.C.within the booked time only.D.longer than the booked time.7.Which of the following details is NOT correct?A.Players can eat in the club room.B.Players have to leave the club by ten o’clock.C.The courts are closed earlier than the club room.D.Players can use both the club room and the courts.Questions 8 to 10 are based on the following conversation. At the end of the conversation, you will be given 15 seconds to answer the questions. Now, listen to the conversation.8.At the university Mr. Robinson specialized inA.mathsB.physicsC.water managementD.geography9.Mr. Robinson worked for the Indian Government because ofA.university links.ernment agreements.pany projects.D.degree reuirements.10.After Mr. Robinson returned from India, heA.changed jobs several times.B.went to live in Manchester.C.did similar work as in India.D.became head of a research team.SECTION B PASSAGESIn this section, you will hear several passages. Listen to the passages carefully and thenanswer the questions that follow.Questions 11 to 13 are based on the following passage. ,4t the end of the passage, you will be given 15 seconds to answer the questions. Now, listen to the passage.11.According to the talk, the owner of a bike has toA.register his bike immediatelyB.put his bike on a list at onceC.have it stamped with a numberD.report to the police station12.The speaker in the talk recommendsA.two locks for all expensive bikes.B.a good lock for an expensive bike.C.cheap locks for cheap bikes.D.good locks for cheap bikes.13.What is the main idea of the talk?A.How to have the bike stamped.B.How to protect your bike.C.How to buy good locks.D.How to report your lost bike to the police.Questions 14 to 17 are based on the following passage. At the end of the passage, you will be given 20 seconds to answer the questions. Now, listen to the passage.14.Which course(s) runs or run for one hour each time?A.Conversation class.B.Writing Skills class.C.Examination Skills class.D.All of the three courses.15.Which course(s) does or do NOT require enrolment beforehand?A.Conversation class.B.Writing Skills class.C.Examination Skills class.D.All of the three courses.16.Which course(s) is(are) designed especially for students of economics and social sciences?A.Conversation class.B.Writing Skills class.C.Examination Skills class.D.All if the three courses.17.Which course(s) is(are) the shortest?A.Conversation class.B.Writing skills classC.Examination Skills class.D.All language courses.Questions 18 to 20 are based on the following passage. At the end of the passage, you will be given 15 seconds to answer the questions. Now, listen to the passage.18.How old was Leonardo da Vinci when he moved to Milan?A.25.B.30.C.35.D.40.19.Throughout his life, Leonardo da Vinci worked as all the following EXCEPTA.a painterB.an engineerC.an architectD.a builder20.Where did Leonardo da Vinci die?A.In FranceB.In MilanC.In FlorenceD.In TuscanySECTION C NEWS BROADCASTIn this section, you will hear several news items. Listen to them carefully and then answer the questions that follow.Questions 21 to 22are based on the following news. At the end of the news item, you will be given 15 seconds to answer the questions. Now. listen to the news.21.Who had to leave the Gaza Strip and the West Bank?A.The Israeli army.B.The Jewish settlers.C.The Palestinians.D.The Israeli Prime Minister.22.How many settlements would have to be removed altogrther in the Gaza Strip and the West Bank?A.2B.4C.21D.25Questions 23 to 24 are based on the following news. At the end of the news item, you will be given 15 seconds to answer the questions. Now. listen to the news.23. Which of the following in NOT mentioned in the news?A.The agreement has to be approved by Romania.B.The agreement has to be approved by Bulgaria.C.The agreement has to be approved by some EU states.D.The agreement has to be approved by all the EU states.24.Romania and Bulgaria can not join the EU in 2007 unless they carry out reforms in the following areas EXCEPTA.manufacturing.B.border control.C.adminstration.D.justice.Questions 25 to 26are based on the following news. At the end of the news item, you will be given 15 seconds to answer the questions. Now. listen to the news.25.What is the theme of the forum?A.Business leadership.B.Global business community.C.Economic prospects in China.D.Business and government in China.26.According to the news, the first forum was heldA.10 years ago.B.3 years ago.C.in 1999.D.in 2001.Questions 27to 28 are based on the following news. At the end of the news item, you will be given 15 seconds to answer the questions. Now. listen to the news.27.About ______of the 15000 visitors on the opening day of HongKong Disneyland camefrom the mainland.A.4000B.5000C.6000D. 700028.According to the news, residents in ______showed least interest in visiting the theme park.A.BeijingB.GuangzhouC.ShanghaiD.HongKongQuestions 29 to 30 are based on the following news. At the end of the news item, you will be given 15 seconds to answer the questions. Now. listen to the news.29.What is the news mainly about?A.Religious violence.B.Refugee issues.C.A ferry disaster.D.A rescue operation30.The ferry boat was designed to carry______passengers.A.198B.200C.290D.500PART III CLOSE [15 MIN]Decide which of the choices given below would best complete the passage if inserted in the corresponding blanks.Mark the best choice for each blank on your answer sheet.Until I took Dr Offutt’s class in DeMatha High school , I was an underachieving student,but I left that class (31)_______never to underachieve again.He not only Taught me to think,he convinced me,(32)________by example as words that it was my moral (33)_______to do so and to serve others.(34)_____of us could know how our relationship would(35)_______over the years .When I came back to DeMatha to teach English, I worked for Dr Offutt,the department chair.My discussions with him were like graduate seminars in adolescent(36)______,classroom management and school leadership.After several years,I was (37) _______department chair,and our relationship (38)________ again. I thought that it might be (39)______chairing the department ,since all of my (40)______English teachers were(41)_______there,but Dr. Offutt supported me(42)_______.He knew when to give me advice(43)_______curriculum,texts personnel ,and when to let me (44)______my own course.In 1997,I needed his (45)______about leaving DeMatha to become principal at another school.(46)_______he had asked me to stay at DeMatha,I might have .(47)_______,he encouraged me to seize the opportunity.Five years ago ,I became the principal of DeMatha.(48)________,Dr Offutt was there for me,letting me know that I could (49)_______him. I have learned from him that great teachers have an inexhaustible(50)________of lessons to teach.31. A.concerned B.worried C.determined D.decided32. A. as much B. much as C. as such D. such as33.A. work B. job C. duty D.obligation34.A. Both B. Neither C. Either D. Each35. A. evolve B. stay C. remain D. turn36.A.process B.procedure C.development D.movement37.A.called d C.asked D.invited38.A. moved B. altered C. went D. shifted39.A.awkward B.uneasy C.unnatural D.insensitive40.A. older B.experienced C.former D. /41. A. / B.still C.even D.already42. A.through B.throughout C.at the beginning D.all the way43. A.for B.at C.over D.about44. A.chart B.head C.describe D.manage45.A.opinion B.request C.permission D.order46.A.Even if B.Although C.If D.When47.A.Naturally B.Instead C.Consequently D.Still48.A.Once again B.Repeatedly C.Unusally D.Unexpectedly49.A.count in B.count down C.count out D.count on50.A.stock B.bank C.wealth D.storePART IV GRAMMER &VOCABULARY [15MIN]There are thirty sentences in this section. Beneath each sentence there are four words or phrases marked A,B,C and D. Choose one word or phrase that best completes the sentences.51. There are as good fish in the sea _____ever came out of it .A.thanB.likeC.asD.so52.All the President’s Men ______one of the important books for historians who study the Watergate Scandal.A.remainB.remainsC.remainedD.is remaining53.“You ______ borrow my notes provided you take care of them,” I told my friend.A.couldB.shouldC.mustD.can54.If only the patient ______a different treatment instead of using the antibiotics, he might still be alive now.A.had receivedB.receivedC.should receiveD.were receiving55.Linda was _____the experiment a month ago,but she changed her mind at the last minute.A. to startB.to have startedC.to be startingD.to have been starting56.She _____fifty or so when I first met her at the conference.A. must beB.had beenC.could beD.must have been57.It is not ______much the language as the background that makes the book difficult to understand.A.thatB.asC.soD.very58.The comminttee has anticipated the problems that ________in the road construction project.A.ariseB.will ariseC.aroseD.have arisen59.The student said there were a few points in the essay he _______impossible to comprehend.A.had foundB.findsC.has foundD.would find60.He would have finished his college education,but he _______to quit and find a job to support his family.A.had hadB.hasC.hadD.would have61.The research requires more money than ________.A.have been put inB.has been put inC.being put inD.to be put in62.Overpopulation poses a terrible threat to the human race.Yet it is probably ________a threat to the human race than enviromental destruction.A.no moreB.not moreC.even moreD.much more63.It is not uncommon for there _______problems of communication between the old and the young.A.beingB.would beC.beD.to be64.________at in his way,the situation does not seem so desperate.A.LookingB.lookedC.Being lookedD.to look65.It is absolutely essential that William________his study in spite of some learning difficulties.A.will continueB.continuedC.continueD.continues66.The painting he bought at the street market the other day was a_______forgery.A.man-madeB.naturalC.crudeD.real67.She’s always been kind to me –I can’t just turn ______on her now that she needs my help.A.my backB.my headC.my eyeD.shoulder68.The bar in the club is for the ______use of its members.A.extensiveB.exclusiveC.inclusiveprehensive69.The tutition fees are ______to students coming from low-income families.A.approachableB.payableC.reachableD.affordable70.The medical experts warned the authorities of the danger of diseases in the _______of the earthquake.A.consequenceB.aftermathC.resultsD.effect71.This sort of rude behaviour in public hardly ______a person in your position.A.becomesB.fitsC. supportsD.improves72.I must leave now._______,if you want that book I’ll bring it next time.A.AccidentallyB.IncidentallyC.EventuallyD.Naturally73.After a long delay,she ______replying to my e-mail.A.got away withB.got back atC.got byD.got round to74.Personal computers are no longer something beyond the ordinary people;they are________available these days.A.promptlyB.instantlyC.readilyD.quickly75.In my first year at the university I learnt the _______of journalism.A.basicsB.basicC.elementaryD.elements76.According to the new tax law,any money earned over that level is taxed at the ______of 59 percentA.ratioB.percentageC.proportionD.rate77.Thousands of _______at the stadium came to their feet to pay tribute to an outstanding performance.A.audienceB.participantsC.spectatorsD.observers78.We stood still ,gazing out over the limitless ______of the dessert.A.spaceB.expanseC.stretchnd79.Doctor often ______uneasiness in the people they deal with.A.smellB.hearC.senseD.tough80.Mary sat at the table, looked at the plate and ______her lips.A.smackedB.openedC.partedD.seperated PART V READING COMPREHENSION [25MIN]In this section there are four passages followed by questions or unfinished statements,each with four suggested answers marked A,B,C and D. Choose the one that you think is the best answer.TEXT AIf you like the idea of staying with with a family,living in house might be the answer.Good landladies---those who are superb cooks and launderers,are figures as popular in fiction as the bad ones who terrorize their guests and overcharge them at the slightest opportunity.The truth is probably somewhere between the two extremes.If you are lucky,the food will be adequate, some of your laundry may be done for you and you will have a reasonable amount of comfort and companionship .For the less fortunate ,house rules may restrict the freedom to invite friends to vistit,and shared cooking and bathroom facilities can be frustrating and row-provoking if tidy and untidy guests are living under the same roof.The same disadvantages can apply to flat sharing,with the added difficulties that arise from deciding who pays for what,and in what proportion.One person may spend hours on the phone,while another rarely makes calls. If you want privacy with a guest , how do you persuade the others to go out; how do you persuade them to leave you in peace,especially if you are student and want to study?Conversely,flat sharing can be cheap,there will always be someone to talk to and go out with,and the chores,in theory,can be shared.81.According to the passage ,landladies are ________ually strict.B.always mean.C.adequately competent.D.very popular with their guests.82.What is the additional disadvantage of flat sharing ?A.Problems of sharing and paying.B.Differences in living habits.C.Shared cooking and bathroom facilities.D.Restriction to invite friends to visit.83.What is NOT mentioned as a benefit of flat sharing?A.Rent is affordableB.There is companionship.C.Housework can be shared.D.There is peace and quiet.TEXT B(1) Travelling through the country a couple of weeks ago on business,I waslistening to the talk of the late UK writer Douglas Adams’ masterwork “The Hitchhiker’s Guide to the Galaxy” on the radio and thought-I know,I’ll pick up the next hitchhikers I see and ask them what the state of real hitching is today in Britain.(2)I drove and drove on main roads and side roads for the next few days and never saw a single one.(3)When I was in my teens and 20s ,hitchhiking was a main form of long-distance transport.The kindness or curiosity of strangers took me all over Europe,North America,Asia and southern Africa,Some of the lift-givers became friends ,many provided hospitality on the road.(4)Not only did you find out much more about a country than when traveling by train or plane ,but there was that element of excitement about where you would finish up that night.Hitchhiking featured importantly in Western culture.It has books and songs about it .So what has happened to it?(5)A few years ago ,I asked the same question about hitching in a column ofa newspaper.Hundreds of people from all over the world responded with their view on the state of hitchhiking .(6)Rural Ireland was recommended as a friendly place for hitching,as was Quebec,Canada-“if you don’t mind being criticized for not speaking French”.(7)But while hitchhiking was clearly still alive and well in some places ,the general feeling was that throughtout much of the west it was doomed.(8)With so much news about crime in the media,people assumed that anyone on the open road without the money for even a bus ticket must present a danger.But do we need to be so wary both to hitch and to give a lift?(9)In Poland in the 1960s,according to a Polish woman who e-mail me ,＂the authorities introduced the Hitchhiker’s Booklet.The booklet contained coupons for drivers,so each time a driver picked somebody ,he or she received a coupon.At the end of the season,drivers who had picked up the most hikers were rewarded with various prizes.Everyone was hitchhiking then”.(10)Surely this is a good idea for society.Hitchhiking would increase respect by breaking down barriers between strangers.It would help fight global warming by cutting down on fuel consumption as hitchhikers would be using existing fuels.It would also improve educational standards by delivering instant lessons in geography ,history,politics and sociology.(11)A century before Douglas Adams wrote his “Hitchhiker’s Guide”,another adventure story writer,Robert Louis Stevenson, gave us that what should be the hitchhiker’s motto:＂To travel hopefully is a better thing than to arrive.” What better time than putting a holiday weekend into practice. Either put it to the test yourself, or help out someone who is trying to travel hopefully with thumb outstretched.84. In which paragraph(s) does the writer comment on his experience of hitchhiking?A. (3)B. (4)C. (3) and (4)D. (4) and (5)85. What is the current situation of hitchhiking?A. It is popular in some parts of the world.B. It is popular throughout the west.C. It is popular only in the North Amercia.D.It’s still popular in Poland.86. What is the writer’s attitude towards the practice in Poland?A. Critical.B. Unclear.C. Somewhat favourable.D. Strongly favourable.87. The writer has mentioned all the following benefits of hitchhiking EXCEPTA. promoting mutual respect between strangers.B. increasing one’s confidence in strangers.C. protecting enviroment.D. enriching one’s knowledge.88.＂Either put it to the test yourself…”in Paragraph (11) meansA. to experience the hopefulness.B. to read Adams’ book.C. to offer someone a lift.D.to be a hitchhiker.TEXT CI am afraid to sleep. I have been afraid to sleep for the last few weeks. I am so tired that, finally, I do sleep, but only for a few minutes. It is not a bad dream that wakes me ; it is the realiry I took with me into sleep . I try to think of something else.Immediately the woman in the marketplace comes into my mind.I was on my way to dinner last night when I saw her . She was selling skirts. She moved with the same ease and loveliness I often saw in the women of Laos. Her long black hair was as shiny as the black silk of the skirts she was selling . In her hair, she wore three silk ribbons, blue ,green, and white. They reminded me of my childhood and how my girlfriends and I used to spend hours braiding ribbons into our hair.I don’t know the word for “ribbons”, so I put my hand to my own hair and , with three fingers against my head , I looked at her ribbons and said “Beautiful.”She lowered her eyes and said nothing. I wasn’t sure if she understood me (I don’t speak Laotian very well).I looked back down at the skirts. They had designs in them: squares and triangles and circles of pink and green silk. They were very pretty. I decided to buy one of those skirts, and I began to bargain with her over the price. It is the custom to bargain in Asia. In Laos bargaining is done in soft voices and easy moves with the sort of quiet peacefulness.She smiled, more with her eyes than with her lips. She was pleased by the fewwords I was able to say in her language, although they were mostly numbers, and she saw that I understood something about the soft playfulness of bargaining. We shook our heads in disagreement over the price; then, immediately, we made another offer and then another shake of the head. She was so pleased that unexpectedly, she accepted the last offer I made. But it was too soon. The price was too low. She was being too generous and wouldn’t make enough money. I moved quickly and picked up two more skirts and paid for all three at the price set; that way I was able to pay her three times as much before she had a chance to lower the price for the larger purchase. She smiled openly then, and, for the first time in months, my spirit lifted. I almost felt happy.The feeling stayed with me while she wrapped the skirts in a newspaper and handed them to me. When I left, though, the feeling left, too. It was as though it stayed behind in the marketplace. I left tears in my throat. I wanted to cry. I didn’t , of course.I have learned to defend myself against what is hard; without knowing it, I have also learned to defend myself against what is soft and what should be easy.I get up, light a candle and want to look at the skirts. They are still in the newspaper that the woman wrapped them in. I remove the paper, and raise the skirts up to look at them again before I pack them. Something falls to floor. I reach down and feel something cool in my hand. I move close to the candlelight to see what I have. There are five long silk ribbons in my hand, all different colours. The woman in the maketplace! She has given these ribbons to me!There is no defense against a generous spirit, and this time I cry, and very hard, as if I could make up for all the months that I didn’t cry.89.According to the writer, the woman in the marketplaceA refused to speak to her.B was pleasant and attractive.C was selling skirts ribbons.D recognized her immediately.90. Which of the following in NOT corret?A. The writer was not used to bargaining.B. People in Asia always bargain when buying things.C. Bargaining in Laos was quiet and peaceful.D.The writer was ready to bargain with the woman.91. The writer assumed that the woman accepted the last offer mainly because the womanA. thought that the last offer was reasonable.B.thought she could still make much money.C.was glad that the writer knew their way of bargaining.D. was tired of bargaining with the writer any more.92. Why did the writer finally decide to buy three skirts?A.The skirts were cheap and pretty.B.She liked the patterns on the skirts.C.She wanted to do something as compensation.D.She was fed up with further bargainning with the woman.93.When the writer left the marketplace, she wanted to cry, but did not becauseA. she had learned to stay cool and unfeeling.B. she was afraid of crying in public.C.she had learned to face difficulties bravely.D. she had to show in public that she was strong.94. Why did the writer cry eventually when she looked at the skirts again?A.she suddently felt very sad.B.she liked the ribbons so much.C.she was overcome by emotion.D.she felt sorry for the woman.TEXT DThe kids are hanging out. I pass small bands of students, on my way to work these mornings.They have become a familiar part of the summer landscape.These kids are not old enough for jobs. Nor are they rich enough for camp. They are school children without school. The calendar called the school year ran out on them a few weeks ago. Once supervised by teachers and principals, they now appear to be “self care”.Passing them is like passing through a time zone. For much of our history, after all, Americans arranged the school year around the needs of work and family. In 19th century cities, schools were open seven or eight hours a day, 11 months a year.In rural America, the year was arranged around the growing season. Now, only 3 percent of families follow the agricultural model, but nearly all schools are scheduled as if our children went home early to milk the cows and took months off to work the crops. Now, three-quarters of the mothers of school-age children work, but the calendar is written as if they were home waiting for the school bus.The six-hour day, the 180-day school year is regarded as something holy. But when parents work an eight-hour day and a 240-day year, it means something different. It means that many kids go home to empty houses. It means that, in the summer, they hang out.“We have a huge mismatch between the school calendar and the realisties of family life,”says Dr. Ernest Boyer ,head of the Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching.Dr. Boyer is one of many who believe that a radical revision of the school calendar is inevitable.＂School, whether we like it or not, is educational. It always has been.”His is not popular idea. Schools are routinely burdened with the job of solving all our social problems. Can they be asked to meet the needs of our work and family lives?It may be easier to promote a longer school year on its educational merits and, indeed, the educational case is compelling. Despite the complaints and studies about our kids’ lack of learning, the United State still has a shorter school year than any industrial nation. In most of Europe, the school year is 220 days. In Japan, it is 240 days long. While classroom time alone doesn’t produce a well-educated。
2007年国家司法考试(卷三)真题试卷(题后含答案及解析)
2007年国家司法考试（卷三）真题试卷(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1. 单项选择题 2. 多项选择题 3. 不定项选择题单项选择题每题所给的选项中只有一个正确答案。
本部分1-50题，每题1分，共50分。
1．下列哪种情形成立民事法律关系?A．甲与乙约定某日商谈合作开发房地产事宜B．甲对乙说：如果你考上研究生，我就嫁给你C．甲不知乙不胜酒力而极力劝酒，致乙酒精中毒住院治疗D．甲应同事乙之邀前往某水库游泳，因抽筋溺水身亡正确答案：C2．赵某与钱某经口头协议，在闹市区租门面房合伙经营服装店。
不久，房主孙某同意将门面房折价2万元加入合伙，但不参与经营，只每半年收取经营收益的10%。
后赵某独自决定进了一批童装，销售情况不佳，童装厂催款。
下列哪一说法是正确的?A．赵、钱、孙之间虽没有书面合伙协议，但可以认定为合伙关系，故须连带承担还款义务B．孙某没有参加合伙的经营，应当认定入伙无效，不承担还款义务C．赵某一人执行合伙事务，没有征得其他合伙人的同意，其行为后果由赵某一人承担D．孙某人伙虽无效，但仍应以其所得收益为限对合伙债务承担连带责任正确答案：A3．关于企业法人对其法定代表人行为承担民事责任的下列哪一表述是正确的?A．仅对其合法的经营行为承担民事责任B．仅对其符合法人章程的经营行为承担民事责任C．仅对其以法人名义从事的经营行为承担民事责任D．仅对其符合法人登记经营范围的经营行为承担民事责任正确答案：C4．甲为摄影家乙充当模特，双方未对照片的发表和使用作出约定。
后乙将甲的裸体照片以人体艺术照的形式出版发行，致使甲受到亲朋好友的指责。
对此，下列哪一种说法是正确的?A．乙发表照片侵犯了甲的隐私权B．乙发表照片已取得甲的默示同意，不构成侵权C．甲是照片的合作作者，乙发表照片应向其支付报酬D．乙是照片的著作权人，出版发行该照片是合法行使著作权的行为正确答案：A5．甲、乙共同继承平房两间，一直由甲居住。
甲未经乙同意，接该房右墙加盖一间房，并将三间房屋登记于自己名下，不久又将其一并卖给了丙。
2007年国家公务员考试(公共基础知识)真题试卷(题后含答案及解析)
2007年国家公务员考试（公共基础知识）真题试卷(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1. 单项选择题 2. 多项选择题 3. 判断题 4. 公文改错题 5. 案例分析题6. 综合分析题单项选择题1．世界惟一不变的是变化，这一论断的含义是( )。
A．变是世界的本原B．世界上只有变，没有不变C．变是绝对的，不变是相对的D．变与不变是绝对对立的正确答案：C解析：本题考察运动和静止的关系。
运动(变化)是绝对的，静止(不变)是相对的。
A项中变化是指世界存在的状态而不是本原；B项中只强调运动(变化)而否认静止(不变)；D项否认了变与不变既对立又统一。
A、B、D三项排除。
正确答案为C。
2．股份合作经济的性质是( )。
A．私有制经济的一种形式B．外贸经济的一种形式C．国有经济的一种形式D．集体经济的一种形式．正确答案：D解析：股份合作制是在我国经济改革中产生的一种新的公有制实现形式，是具有中国特色的企业组织制度。
股份合作制性质属于集体经济，是社会主义公有制的多种实现形式之一。
正确答案为D。
3．科学发展观的内涵是( )。
A．坚持以经济建设为中心，全面、协调、可持续的发展观B．坚持以人为本，全面、协调、可持续的发展观C．坚持实现速度和结构、质量、效益相统一的发展观D．按照“五个统筹”的要求推进改革和发展正确答案：B解析：党的十六届三中全会，依据马克思主义的世界观和方法论，从新世纪新阶段党和国家事业发展的全局出发，科学地提出了以人为本，全面、协调、可持续的发展观。
正确答案为B。
4．下列属于按劳分配性质的收入有( )。
A．私营企业主的劳动收入B．股份合作制企业的按股收入C．国有企业职工的工资收入D．存入银行的利息收入正确答案：C解析：私营企业的劳动收入是按劳分配以外的劳动和经营收入，如果私营企业主经营失误，即使投入了劳动，也可能一无所获。
同样，选项B和D属于按其他生产要素分配。
正确答案为C。
5．“时间、空间是一切事物的贮藏所”，这是( )。
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关于变配电站的设置，下列说法中，正确的是（A.地下变压器室的门应为防火门 B. 地下变配电站不可装设油浸式变压器 C. 柱上可安装不超过315kV . A的电力变压器 D. 柱上变压器底部距地面高度不应小于2. 5m）爆炸性气体、蒸气按引燃温度分为6组，分别是T1～T6；爆炸性粉尘、纤维按引燃温度分为3组，分别是T1～T3。
爆炸性气体、蒸气按最小点燃电流比和最大试验安全间隙分为ⅡA级、ⅡB级、ⅡC级。
爆炸性粉尘、纤维按其导电性和爆炸性分为ⅢA级和ⅢB级。
防爆型电气设备有隔爆型(标志d)、增安型(标志e)、充油型(标志o)、充砂型(标志q)、本质安全型(标志i)、正压型(标志P)、无火花型(标志n)和特殊型(标志s)设备。
例如dⅡBT4是隔爆型、ⅡB级、T4组的防爆型电气设备。
主爆药受到起爆能的激发而发生爆炸后，能够引起与其相隔一定距离的从爆药也发生爆炸，这种现象叫做炸药的殉爆。
下列关于殉爆影响因素的说法，正确的是 (A.主爆药爆炸能量越大，引起殉爆的能力越强 B.从爆药的感度越高，其殉爆的可能性越大 C.两炸药之间介质密度越小，殉爆的可能性越大 D. 两炸药之间的距离越大，从爆药越不容易殉爆 )《高层民用建筑设计防火规范》(GB50045—1995)(2005年版)规定，当高层建筑的建筑高度超过250 m时，建筑设计采取的特殊的防火措施，应提交国家消防主管部门组织专题研究、论证。
道路几何线形要素的构成是否合理，线形组合是否协调，对交通安全有很大影响。
（1)平曲线。
平曲线与交通事故关系很大，曲率越大事故率越高，尤其是曲率大于10以上时，事故率急剧增加。
（2)竖曲线。
道路竖曲线半径过小时，易造成驾駛人视野变小，视距变短，,从而影响驾驶人的观察和判断，易产生事故。
（3)坡度。
据前苏联调查资料，平原、丘陵与山地3类道路交通事故率分别为7%,18%和25%,主要原因是下坡来不及制动或制动失灵。
(4)线形组合。
交通安全的可靠性不仅与平面线形、纵坡有关，而且与线形组合是否协调有密切的关系，即使线形标准都符合规范，但组合不好仍然会导致事故增加。
用放大镜检查吊钩的危险断面，不得有裂纹，铆钉不得松动；检查衬套、销子（小轴）、小孔、耳孔以及其紧固件的磨损情况，表面不得有裂纹或变形。
衬套磨损量超过原厚度的50%,销子磨损量超过名义直径的3%〜5%，要进行更新。
国际标准规定，在挂上和撤掉试验载荷后，吊钩的开口度在没有任何显箸的缺陷和变形下，不应超过 0.25%。
烟花爆竹生产过程中的防火防爆措施主要包括：（1)领药时要按照“少量、多次、勤运走”的原则限量领药。
（2)装、筑药应在单独工房操作。
装、筑不含高感度烟火药时，每间工房定员 2人；装、筑高感度烟火药时，每间工房定员1人。
半成品、成品要友时转运，工作台应靠近出口窗口。
装、筑药工具应采用木、铜、铝制品或不产生火花的材质制品，严禁使用铁质工具。
工作台上等冲击部位必须垫上接地导电橡胶板。
（3)钻孔与切割有药半成品时，应在专用工房内进行，每间工房定员2人，人均使用工房面积不得少于 3. 5m2，严禁使用不合格工具和长时间使用同一件工具。
（4)贴筒标和封口时，操作间主通道宽度不得少于1.2 m,人均使用面积不得少于3.5m2，半成品停滞量的总药量，人均不得超过装、筑药工序限量的2倍。
（5)手工生产硝酸盐引火线时，应在单独工房内进行，每间工房定员2人，人均使用工房面积不得少于3. 5m2，每人每次限量领药 Ikg;机器生产硝酸盐引火线时，每间工房不得超过2台机组，工房内药物停滞量不得超过2. 5kg; 生产氯酸盐引火线时，无论手工或机器生产，都眼于单独工房、单机、单人操作，药物限量0. 5kg。
(6)干燥烟花爆竹时，一般采用日光、热风散热器、蒸气干燥或用红外线、远红外.线烘烤，严禁使用明火。
下列关于高压开关的切断能力的说法，正确的包括（A.负荷开关能切断负荷电流，不能切断短路电流 D.断路器能切断负荷电流和短路电流 E.隔离开关不能切断负荷电流和短路电流）【解析】电路的短路电流远远大于负荷电流，只有断路器既能切断短路电流又能切断负荷电流；负荷开关不能切断短路电流，只能切断负荷电流；隔离开关只起到显示明显的断点的作用，不能切断负荷电流和短路电流。
所以正确选项是ADE。
超声探伤技术是利用超声波检查固体内部结构缺陷，它具有（B.在高密度固体中损失小 D.不但可以探伤固体，还可以检查管道中流体的流量 E.检测中常用的超声波频率为1〜5MHz）等特点。
【精析】超声波探伤技术，检测中常用的是 1~5MHz的超声波。
与声波相比，超声波具有方向性好、波长短、在高密度固体中损失小及在不同密度介质的界面上反射差异大等特点。
因此，利用超声波可以对所有固体材料进行探伤和检测。
它常用来检查内部结构的裂纹、搭接、夹杂物、焊接不良的焊缝、锻造裂纹、腐蚀坑以及加工不适当的塑料压层等，还可以检查管道中流体的流量、流速以及泄露等。
留设隔离岩(煤)柱是矿井防治水的重要措施之一。
影响隔离岩（煤）柱尺寸的主要因素是开采矿体的机械强度、厚度和（B.地下含水层的水压和水量) 【精析】为防止煤（矿）层开采时各种水流进入井下，在受水威胁的地段留一定宽度或厚度的煤 (矿）柱。
防水煤（矿）柱尺寸的确定应考虑到含水层的水压、水量、所开采煤（矿）的机械强度、厚度等因素及有关规定，并通过实践综合确定。
根据原岩（煤）体应力状态不同，冲击地压（岩爆）可分为3类：重力型冲击地压、构造应力型冲击地压、中间型或重力一构造型冲击地压。
井工煤矿采煤方法虽然种类较多，但归纳起来，基本上可以分为壁式、柱式两大体系。
留矿采矿法：工人直接在矿房暴露面下的留矿堆上作业，自下而上分层回采，每次采下的矿石靠自重放出1/3左右，其余暂留在矿房中作为继续上采的工作台。
矿房全部回采后，暂留在矿房中的矿石再行大量放出，即大量放矿。
这种采矿方法适用于开采矿石和围岩稳固、矿石无自燃性、破碎后不结块的急倾斜矿床。
下列防治煤与瓦斯突出的技术措施中，属于区域性措施的是（A.预抽煤层瓦斯）【精析】目前区域性措施主要有3 种，即预留斧采保护层、大面积瓦斯预抽放、控制预裂爆破;局部性措施有许多种，如卸压排放钻孔、深孔或浅孔松动爆破、卸压槽、固化剂、水力冲孔等。
土方开挖：（1)应针对土质的类别、基坑的深度、地下水位、施工季节、周围环境、拟采用的机具来确定升挖方案；（2)开挖的基坑（槽）设计深度如比邻近建筑物、构筑物的基础深时，应采取边坡支撑加固措施，并在施工中进行沉降和位移动态观测；（3)根据基坑的深度、土质的特性和周围环境确定对基坑的支护方案；（4)根据选定的基坑支护方案进行设计和验算；（5)根据所采用的开挖方案编制操作程序和规程；（6)绘制施工图； (7)制定回填方案。
在基坑或管沟开挖时，常因受场地的限制不能放坡，或者为了減少挖填的土方量，缩短工期以及防止地下水渗入基坑等要求，可采用设置支撑与护壁桩的方法。
当开挖较大较深（>6m) 基坑，临近有建筑，不允许支撑有较大变形时，应采用挡土护坡桩支撑。
各类模板拆除的顺序和方法，应根据模板谩计的规定进行。
如果模板设计无规定时，可按先支的后拆，后支的先拆顺序进行。
先拆非承重的模板，后拆承重的模板及支架。
一般现浇楼盖及框架结构的拆模顺序如下：拆柱模斜撑与柱箍—拆柱侧模—拆楼板底模—拆梁侧模—拆梁底模。
对环境空气中可燃气的监测，常常直接给出可燃气环境危险度。
某可燃气爆炸下限为A，其在某场所空气中的含量为B,假设B = 0. 5A，那么，此时该场所可燃气环境爆炸危险度R 为 (50%) 【精析】可燃气环境爆炸危险度具体的计算公式为：输油站的生产区、办公区、生活区应有明显的分界标志，并设有“严禁烟火”等醒目的防火标志，机动车辆进入生产区，其排气管应装有阻火器；在生产从事生产、检修、施工和抢修的职工，应穿戴防静电防护服、安全鞋和使用防爆工具，禁止使用手机等非防爆通信工具；生产区内不应使用汽油、轻质油、苯类溶剂等擦地板、设备和衣物；生产区域内应做到无油污、无杂草、无其他易燃易爆物。
站内的设备、管网做到完好无渗漏；集输泵房、阀组间、计量间、集输罐区应装有可燃气体浓度报警器。
TN系统分为TN—S，TN—C—S， TN—C三种类型。
TN—S系统是PE线与N线完全分开的系统；TN— C一S系统是干线部分的一段线与JV线共用为PEN线，后一段 PE戴与N线分开的系统;TN — C系统是干线部分PE线与N线完全共用的系统。
应当注意，支线部分的PE线是不能与N线共用的。
我国《压力容器安全技术监察规程》根据容器压力的高低、介质的危害程度以及在使用中的重要性，将压力容器分为以下三类：三类容器。
符合下列情况之一者为三类容器：（1）高压容器；（2）中压容器（毒性程度为极度和高度危害介质）；（3）中压贮存容器（易燃或毒性程度为中度危害介质，且设计压力与容积之积PV≥10MPa· m3；（4）中压反应容器（易燃或毒性程度为中度危害介质，且PV≥0.5MPa· m3；（5）低压容器（毒性程度为极度和高度危害介质，且PV≥0.2MPa· m3；（6）高压、中压管壳式余热锅炉；（7）中压搪玻璃压力容器；（8）使用强度级别较高（抗拉强度规定值下限≥540MPa的材料制造的压力容器；（9）移动式压力容器，包括铁路罐车（介质为液化气体、低温液体）、罐式汽车（液化气体、低温液体或永久气体运输车）和罐式集装箱（介质为液化气体、低温液体）等；（10）球形贮罐（容积V≥50m3）；（11）低温液体贮存容器（V≥5m3）二类容器。
符合下列情况之一且不在第1款之内者为二类容器：（1）中压容器；（2）低压容器（毒性程度为极度和高度危害介质）；（3）低压反应容器和低压贮存容器（易燃介质或毒性程度为中度危害介质）；（4）低压管壳式余热锅炉；（5）低压搪玻璃压力容器。
一类容器。
低压容器且不在第1第2款之内者。
压力容器中化学介质毒性程度和易燃介质的划分可参照有关规定，或依据下述原则：最高容许浓度<0.1mg/m3为极度危害（Ⅰ级）；最高容许浓度0.1～<1.0mg/m3为高度危害（Ⅱ级）；最高容许浓度1.0～<10mg/m3 ，为中度危害（Ⅲ级）；最高容许浓度≥10mg/m3 ，为轻度危害毒性介质（Ⅳ级）。
而介质与空气的混合物爆炸下限<10％或爆炸上限与下限之差>20％者为易燃介质。
水运交通事故的外界.条件因素包括： (1)视距降低；（2)气象恶劣给船舶带来不可抗拒的自然灾害；（3)礁石、浅滩及水中障碍物必给船舶航行带来影响；（4)航路的自然条件和交通密度的影响（5)灯塔、航路标志出现故障、航行资料失效；（6)外部因素引起船舶导航设备失效。