翻译题

翻译题9、Some machines used for milling have a spindle which is tilted slightlyin the direction of feed to ensure that the cutter does not lie flat to the workpiece. This tile (q) may be around 0.1mm per 1000 mm. The main reason for the tilt is to prevent the milling cutter from back cutting, which can ruin a good surface finish by producing surface marks, which are of different heights and opposite in direction to the normal feed. Machining centres and other multi-purpose machines often have no spindle tilt and therefore back cutting is normal and usually unavoidable. Even with the proper spindle tilt, back cutting problems can arise due to workpiece or spindle deflection. This can be combated through:(1)Improved workpiece support(2)Change to a positive cutter to reduce cutting forces(3)Check cutter mounting for burs, dirt or misalignment(4)Reduce forces by either reducing feed, depth of cut, width of cutor by increasing cutting speed.(5)Change to a larger entering angle to reduce axial forces(6)Reduce spindle overhang to a minimum答：用于铣削的一些机器有一个主轴，它的方向是倾斜的，在进给方向，以保证刀具不在工件上说谎。

这种瓷砖（Q）可能在0.1mm每1000 mm。

倾斜的主要原因是防止磨切刀，它可以破坏一个良好的表面光洁度，生产表面标志，这是不同的高度，相反方向的正常饲料。

加工中心和其他多功能机械往往没有主轴的倾斜，因此，回切是正常的，通常是不可避免的。

即使有适当的主轴倾斜，后切削的问题可能会出现由于工件或主轴偏转。

这可以防止通过：（1）改进工件支架（2）改变为正刀，以减少切削力（3）检查刀具安装毛刺、污垢或错位（4）通过减少进给量、切削深度、切削宽度或增加切削速度，降低切削力。

（5）变大进入角度，以减少轴向力（6）减少主轴外伸到最小11、In turning, accuracy and surface texture can be achieved by varying feed, cutting speed, depth of cut, etc. In thread turning, parameters cannot be varied to the same extent and several limiting factors must be taken into consideration.The cutting speed is normally some 25% lower in threading than in turning. This is partly due to that the shape of the threading insert limits heat dissipation so that high cutting speeds result in higher temperatures. With a high chip load and cutting speed, the temperature can often approach the sintering temperature of the cemented carbide. The binder can then soften, resulting in plastic deformation of the cuttingedge. At the same time, when machining with carbide tools a high enough cutting speed must be used to prevent the risk of build-up edge formation.Threading against a shoulder at high speeds in CNC lathes has its implications. The control will signal the machine to start withdrawing from the workpiece, probably too early, before a full thread has been generated. This retarding distance becomes critical in the operation and even more so with smaller diameters. Lowering the cutting speed is the most obvious remedy. However, a compromise must, of course, be found when threading in workpiece materials that give rise to build-up edge.答：在车削加工中，通过改变进给量、切削速度、切削深度等因素来实现车削加工精度和表面纹理，在相同的范围内不可改变参数，必须考虑几个限制因素。

切削速度通常比车削加工的切削速度低25%。

这部分是由于穿线插入限制散热，使高的切削速度导致更高的温度下的形状。

具有较高的切屑量和切削速度，温度往往可以接近硬质合金的烧结温度。

该粘合剂可以软化，从而导致切削刃的塑性变形。

同时，当使用硬质合金刀具加工时，必须使用足够高的切削速度，以防止形成边缘形成的风险。

在高速数控车床上穿的螺纹有其含义。

该控制将信号的机器，开始从工件，可能太早，在一个完整的线程已经产生。

这种阻燃的距离变得非常关键的操作，甚至更多的更小的直径。

降低切削速度是最明显的补救措施。

然而，一个妥协的过程中，当然，被发现时，线程在工件材料，使上升形成的边缘。

14、Defining the cutting edge positionThe cutting geometry of a facemill involves several angles to define the position of the insert, as held by the cutter in three-dimensional space. The entering angle (k) has been mentioned before as being the angle between the plane machined by the cutter and that machined by the main cutting edge. There are four additional angles that define the position of the insert in a facemill.Two of these are functional angles: the inclination (λs) of the insert and the effective rake ( o). As well as the entering angle, these strongly influence the power needed for the cut as well as chipflow.Along with the entering angle, the inclination angle influences the approach of the main cutting edge and how the chips are directed up and away. Similarily to the helix angle on peripheral cutters, it plays an important role at larger depths of cut to allow sufficient chip evacuation. The inclination angle is measured in a plane parallel to the main cutting edge and in being positive, it gives rise to less impact when the edge enters the cut.The effective rake, also known as the orthogonal rake or true top rake, influences the tangential cutting forces and thus power requirement.A positive rake means less power and for every degree more positive, approximately 1.5 percent less power is required. The rake angle is measured in a plane perpendicular to the main cutting edge.答：定义切削刃位置切割一facemill几何涉及几个角度来定义插入的位置，通过在三维空间中的刀具举行。