学术英语abstract写作word版本
学术英语写作Unit-5----Abstract
What is an abstract? Types of abstracts Why write an abstract? What should the abstract include? How do you write an abstract? What is the style of an abstract? An outline for writing an abstract Common problems in writing an abstract Difference between an abstract and an introduction The Tricks, Conclusion of the lecture
Informative abstracts资料性摘要
The informative abstract, also known as the complete abstract, is a compendious summary of a paper's substance including its background, purpose, methodology, results, and conclusion. Usually between 100 and 200 words, the informative abstract summarizes the paper's structure, its major topics and key points. A format for scientific short reports that is similar to an informative abstract has been proposed in recent years. Informative abstracts may be viewed as standalone documents.
学术英语
The Study of College Students’ Sports Safety Issue in PE Class------take Zhejiang University of Science andTechnology as an exampleName: Wang YiClass: Marketing122Number: 1120650044The Study of College Students’ Sports Safety Issue in PE class ——take Zhejiang University of Science and Technology as an example Abstract: The physical education class is not only an obligatory course in college, but also a good way for students to participate in physical exercise. But in recent years, a common phenomenon is that many students in physical education movement are easy to get injured. Therefore, it’s necessary to pay more attention to sports safety issues. This article is mainly through questionnaires and interviews to collect data and analyze the statistical data in order to analyze the reasons for student injuries. The main purpose of the study is to analyze the reasons and put forward appropriate recommendations to reduce and prevent sports injuries in physical education class. Finally, using experimental comparison method, comparing the injury proportion of the students who adopt the recommendations and the students who did not adopt the recommendations to verify the effectiveness of recommendations .Article is consisted of three parts, I will elaborate the status and problems, causes(from four aspects), recommendations (from both teachers and students)these three parts.Keywords: 1.college students 2.physical education class3. sports safety issuePhysical education class is a relaxing and interesting class, it is not only beneficial to help us build up our body, but also can entertain us. But in recent years, there is a common phenomenon that a lot of students get injured in the physical education class. For example, running in the fall, sprain and so on. This not only brings us to the pain, but also declines our good impression about PE class. What’s worse, we may fear in some sports. Therefore, it’s necessary for us to conduct a preliminary investigation and analysis of the causes of the phenomenon. Finally, put forward some reasonable recommendations to improve the situation in sports injuries.After the questionnaires, we count and analyze the data, and finally summed up in four main reasons to explain why we are often injured in PE class.To begin with, students lack of safety awareness. Safety awareness of movement is possible to understand the dangerous situations in PE class and avoid these situations, but sixty percent students' understanding of safety awareness is ambiguous. The teachers mentioned it in the classroom is only occasionally. From this, we can see no matter we are teachers or students, we do not pay enough attention to safety awareness. So students lack a certain degree of safety awareness.Second, college students lack of physical exercise in daily life. From the survey data, we found that fifty percent of the students’movementfrequency is once a week, fifteen percent students less than once a week and five percent students almost don’t take part in sports. It’s normally visible that movement in our students’life is very limited. Therefore, when students suddenly do a certain amount of movement in the physical education class, our body is difficult to adapt to it which makes us very easy to get injured.In addition, the preparation activities before exercise have not done enough is another reason for injuries. Preparation activities are some simple systemic activities before exercise, the purpose is to increase muscle temperature, improve the skill level of the internal organs, regulate mental state and prepare for the next campaign. So preparation activities are important for us. However, in the questionnaire survey, we found that although eighty-five percent students knew its importance, students really do each preparation activity seriously is only forty percent. About sixty percent of students are not serious enough.Last but not the least, our sports action is not standardized. We all know that every sport has its prescribed action. Standard action allows us to reduce the chances of injury. But in the survey, we can see that the students know about the sports skills roughly, the percent is seventy-two. As for the level of action norms in movement is only moderate, seventy percent students do not meet the specification level. This leads to the increases of possibility of students’ injuries.Through the survey, we conclude four reasons to account for the sports injuries. Now we have known the reasons, we try to put forward reasonable and feasible recommendations so that we can improve this situation.We can proceed from both teachers and students.At first, teachers should strengthen sport safety education to improve students’safety awareness. Teachers would better introduce some specialized knowledge about sports safety to students, especially the specification, dangerous and how to avoid the dangerous in sports which students are going to do. Through the education of safety knowledge, it’s beneficial to help to improve students 'knowledge of sports injuries, and enhance students' self-protection awareness. Only prevention consciousness raised and ideologically really pay attention to it can we reduce sports injuries radically.Second, teachers should arrange course content scientifically in order to avoid the injuries of excessive movement. Movement in the course is ought to follow the principle that from easy to difficult. The amount of exercise should from less to much so that we can give the body a process of adaptation. Once movement excessively, the body can not afford or physical fatigue. It makes our exercise capacity decreased, which is very easy to make us hurt.Furthermore, students are supposed to often take part in physical exercise in usual. Take part in physical exercise will not only improve ourphysical fitness, but also can allow us to reduce the risk of injuries in sports in physical education class. In the usual exercise, our body functions are strengthened in all aspects, our knowledge of sports also increased, so in the class, our body can adapt to various sports.Besides, why not be prepared before exercise activities. We should pay more attention to the importance of preparation activities. Before exercise we should do each activity seriously, the action should be in place. According to the sports, select a corresponding movement of the preparation activities. To do enough preparation activities for the parts which has a large amount of exercise and easy to get injured. So through prior activities, our bodies are easy to adapt to the next exercise.What’s more, it is necessary for students to learn more about sports safety knowledge by themselves. In the usual classroom, the teacher may ignore impart knowledge about sports safety. If we do not have any knowledge in this regard is likely to be injured because of ignorance. In order to avoid this, we can learn a little knowledge about sports safety by our own in peacetime. As a result, even if the teacher does not introduce, we also know how to avoid injury.Although we have put forward some advice, people may still doubt the feasibility of the measures. In order to demonstrate the effectiveness of these measures, we carry out an experiment. We select one hundred students randomly. Then they were divided into two groups, each grouphas fifty students. One group adopted the above recommendations, another group did not take. After a period of time, we count the injured students in each group. The injury proportion of the group who takes the recommendations is ten percent. The proportion of injured of the group who did not adopt the recommendations is sixteen percent. Compared to this experiment, it’s obvious that these recommendations are effective, they can improve the situation of students injuries.In a word, through this study, we know why many college students get injured in physical education class. There are four main reasons account for it. We lack of safety awareness, lack of physical exercise in usual. In the class, we do preparation activities inadequate. Our sports action is not standardized. These result in our injuries. According to these reasons, we can conclude that the improvement of college injuries can be taken from the teachers and students two aspects. Teachers should strengthen education on sports safety to improve students’safety awareness; then arrange the course science to avoid excessively movements. Students should participate in more physical exercise in peacetime. Before exercise, we should do enough preparation activities. In daily life, we’d better learn more about sports safety knowledge. I hope that through this research, the students will pay more attention to the sports safety issues in physical education class, enhance safety awareness and understand the causes of injury. What’s more, enhance self-protectionby the measures so that can reduce injured.ReferencesSHI, Da-Ling., & ZHENG, Ai-zhen. (2004). The survey of college students’ sports injuries and the analysis of the causes. Journal of Wuhan Institute of Physical Education. o3ZhEN, Da-qing. (2011).The Prevention of Students’Sports Injuries in Physical Education. Magnificent Wrting.02ZHAO, Wen-hu. (2011). Talking about sports injuries’prevention. Manager’ Journal.01AN, Min & QIAN Liang. (2005). The Investigation and Analysis of Common College Students’Sports Injuries. Journal of Yunnan Nomal University (Natural Science).03LI, Zhen. , & CHEN, Chao. (2008). The Investigation and Study of Contemporary College Students’Sports Injuries in Physical Exercise. Social Sciences Review.04W ANG, Feng-ying. , & JIANG, Xia. (2004). The Analysis of Sports Injuries and Some Preventive Measures.03ExcursusThe questionnaire about university students' sports safety issue inphysical education classDear students:How are you! According to the situation that many students are injured in physical education class, we design this questionnaire. The purpose of this survey is to understand the students’ safety awareness in sports and hope to understand the causes of injury. Please tick in brackets which before the answer depending on the options you select.1 do you see any injuries in movement in physical education class? ( ) Yes ( ) No2 What is the situation of injury you often see in class?( ) break ( ) sprain ( ) others3 How often do you usually participate in movement?( ) Twice a week or more ( ) once a week( ) less than once a week ( ) almost does not participate4 What is your level of understanding about the sports safety in physical education class?( ) very clear ( ) know a little ( ) not clear5 Does the physical education teachers conducted to explain the knowledge related to sports safety to you?( ) often introduced clearly ( ) occasionally mentioned ( ) did not mention6 Do you think preparation activities in physical education are important? ( ) Yes, I do ( ) No, I don’t7 Do you treat preparation activities seriously in physical education and do each preparation activities well?( ) Yes ( ) No8 What is your understanding of sports skill in physical education? ( ) very clear ( ) know a little ( ) not clear9 What is your specification degree of sports action in physical education?( ) standardized ( ) General ( ) not standardized 10 What do you think the exercise intensity in physical education? ( ) Tired ( ) proper ( ) easyThank you very much for your cooperation!。
学术英语(理工)abstract
电脑黑客是如何侵入计算机的？摘要：对于黑客是如何进入计算机这个问题，要想简单地去解释是很困难的。
在本文中，我们将提供很多细节并且分析黑客侵入计算机所使用的方法。
一般来说，侵入计算机有三种形式：进入计算机系统的存储目录，掌控系统的处理能力，捕获计算机系统之间的信息交流。
至于使用的方法，我们可以简要地描述为利用计算机中的漏洞，包括已知的漏洞，如因功能需要所存在的漏洞；还有就是未知的漏洞，如由欠佳的工程处理所致或从那些原本需要的功能中产生了意外的后果。
另外，在黑客利用所开发出的技术之前，他们必须明确目标系统的规格，然后便能利用已知构型的漏洞来侵入电脑了。
当然，从黑客所使用的技术中，我们也可受到启发，如何去限制和管理系统漏洞，以此来保护我们的计算机。
关键词：计算机，非授权用户，漏洞，安全。
How Do Computer Hackers “Get Inside” a Computer? Abstract: It is very difficult if you want to simply explain how computer hackers “get inside” a computer. In this text, we will provide lots of details and analyze the way hackers use to invade into the computer. Generally speaking, there’re three patterns of getting inside the computer, which refer to gaining access to the stored contents of a computer system, gaining access to the processing capabilities of system, or capturing information being communicated between systems. As for the method, concisely, we can describe it as exploiting vulnerabilities, which includes known vulnerabilities, exist as the result of needed capabilities, and the unknown vulnerabilities, the result of poor engineering or arise from unexpected consequence of the needed capabilities. On the other hand, the unauthorized user must determine the specification of the target system, and then they can exploit the configuration’s known vulnerabilities. Of course, from the hackers’ method, we can also be enlightened how to limit and manage the vulnerabilities of your system in order to assure the security of the computer.Keywords: computer, unauthorized user, vulnerabilities, security.。
学术英语abstract写作
文摘的文体结构
摘要_应具备的要素
简明扼要（conciseness）:去除文献中的次要 材料或辅助细节。
客观公正（objectivity）:摘要中不应有原文中 没有的信息资料。
全面完整（completeness）:要包括主题思想， 主要资料，结论或建议。
摘要中常见错误
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· Omit obscure abbreviations.
· Write the paper before you write the abstract.
Sample:
background
Feedback and assessment play an important role in teaching and learning of oral presentation skills. This study describes the implementation and evaluation of an innovative instruction that uses a Student Response System for peer assessment of oral presentations. A large number of oral presentations were assessed and students’ perceptions and learning what
Note:
有时由于篇幅的限制，摘要的内容不一定包括有五 个要素，因而需要缩减摘要的字数和内容。经过压 缩的摘要通常只能突出两个或三个要点，其中最重 要的应该是阐明研究的结果。简要的资料性摘要往 往省略背景知识。如果允许的字数范围内，摘要可 以在最后用一到两句话进行总结并提出建议。一篇 简要的资料性摘要的内容通常包括：
学术英语写作Unit 5 Abstract
What is an abstract?
An abstract is a stand-alone statement that briefly conveys the essential information of a paper, article, document or book; presents the objective, methods, results, and conclusions of a research project; has a brief, non-repetitive style. An abstract is a summary of a body of information. Sometimes, abstracts are in fact called summaries-sometimes, executive summaries or executive abstracts. There are different kinds of abstracts— your technical report uses two types: the descriptive abstract and the informative abstract.
Descriptive Abstracts
In this type of abstract, you don't summarize any of the facts or conclusions of the report. The descriptive abstract does not say something like this: Problem: Based on an exhaustive review of currently available
学术英语Abstract
AbstractIT ,A hot topic,which lasts for several years.That,s is sure ,as one of IT area,cloud storage has become more and more popular.After some enquiring comprehending aroudsdudents.It authenticate that although many students are using cloud storage,but they don,t understand pared the capacitance,they pay more attention to the advantages,disadvantages,secure,sustainability and internet speed.Andthen Searching for Google for some hours，it found that almost the big companies have advanced cloud storage technologies，some of them provide customer free storage enclosure，other gather some lease fee.Once some experts forecast cloud storage unsupersedetate.So,both customer angle and supplier angle,studying cloud storage has giant significance.This article is about enterprise-level cloud data storage. For consumer-level file hosting services, see file hosting service.Based on investigating quantities of materials，With self analysis and elaborative arrange，formed this article,which aim at helping the cloud storage customers understandthe details of their commodity.This article will show you the glamour of cloud storage.Meanwhile,promting the development of cloud storage.Key words: History Architecture Advantages concerns翻译：IT 行业，一个已经持续了几年的脱手可热的话题。
最新研究生学术英语写作教程Unit-8-Writing-Abstract
Unit 8 Writing AbstractObjectives- Learn the purpose of writing an academic abstract- Get to understand different types of abstracts and the abstract elements- Understand features of academic English in writing an abstract- Learn how to write an academic abstract- Learn how to write key wordsContents- Teacher’s introduction- Reading and discussion:What is an academic abstract?What are the elements of an abstract?- Language focus: commonly used verbs and tenses; sentence patterns- Rewriting practice: understand different styles of academic abstracts- Rewriting practice: understand the elements of an academic abstract- Writing practice: write an abstract and key words based on the given material1.Reading Activity1.1 Pre-reading TaskAbstract is an important part of academic assignments, most often, reports and research papers. The abstract is the last item that you write, but the first thing people read when they want to have a quick overview of the whole paper. We suggest that you leave abstract writing to the end, because you will have a clearer picture of all your findings and conclusions.Before you learn the detailed steps to write an abstract, please discuss the following questions:What is the purpose of writing an abstract?What are the basic elements for an academic abstract?What language problems may you have in abstract writing? (For example: the wording problem, the tense problem and the voice problem, etc.)1.2Reading PassageSample Abstract 1This dissertation examines the impacts of social movements through a multi-layered study of the Mississippi Civil Rights Movement from its peak in the early 1960s through the early 1980s. By examining this historically important case, the writer clarifies the process by which movements transform social structures and the constraints when they try to do so. The time period studied includes the expansion of voting rights and gains in black political power, the desegregation of public schools and the emergence of white-flight academies, and the rise and fall of federal anti-poverty programs. Two major research strategies were used: (1) a quantitative analysis of county-level data and (2) three case studies. Data have been collected from archives, interviews, newspapers, and published reports. This dissertation challenges the argument that movements are inconsequential. Some view federal agencies, courts, political parties, or economic elites as the agents driving institutional change, but typically these groups acted in response to the leverage brought to bear by the civil rights movement. The Mississippi movement attempted to forge independent structures for sustaining challenges to local inequities and injustices. By propelling change in an array of local institutions, movement infrastructures had an enduring legacy in Mississippi.(Kenneth Tait Andrews, “‘Freedom is a constant struggle’: The dynamics and consequences of the Mississippi Civil Rights Movement, 1960-1984″ Ph.D. State University of New York at Stony Brook, 1997 DAI-A 59/02, p. 620, Aug 1998)1.3 Reading Comprehension1.3.1 What does the abstract talk about?1.3.2Decide how many elements this sample includes and how they function.2Language Focus2.1 Commonly used verbs and tenses in abstractsRead the following sample abstract and pay attention to the verbs used in it. Sample abstract 2Cybercrime –crime on the Internet –is of growing concern in the business community. Despite UK Government initiatives (such as BS7799) and growing sales in software solutions (e.g. anti-virus software), cyber attacks are on the increase. This dissertation focuses on ways to assess the effectiveness of current preventative measures to cybercrime and to understand why organizations continue to be vulnerable to cybercrime. This dissertation met these twin research aims through an extensive study of relevant literature and the implementation of practical research. The latter was carried out through a Case Study with Company XXX using semi-structured interviews with key I.T. security personnel. This research produced a number of key findings: recent surveys confirm a significant increase in the incidences of cybercrime and their impact on the business community but also the types of cybercrime (viruses, hacking, spam, identity theft, fraud, privacy issues, web vandalism, etc.); organizations lacked the security expertise to deal with cybercrime and so depended too much on readily available technical ways to combat cybercrime (and failing); organizations were not aware of Government recommendations on how to address Internet-based security issues; and Governments and law enforcement agencies tended to localize cybercrime, allocating scant resources to contributing to a global solution. The main conclusions drawn from this research were that current approaches to fighting cybercrime are deficient because they fail to embrace a holistic approach, instead opting for a narrow local software-based focus, and that a lack of communication between major stakeholders at local, national and international level has hindered security development. This research argues for a multi-pronged model to reduce incidences of cybercrime. It takes into account Risk-Assessment models, local management of company policies, implementation issues (including proper resourcing and review policies), the need for global support infrastructures, and a means of fostering communication networks.(/Dissertation_Abstract.htm)2.2 More verbs and sentences patterns2.2 Verb tenses in abstractsRead the abstract above again and check the tenses in the abstract.3Writing Practice3.1 Abstract writing practice3.1.1 Why do we care about the problem and the results? If the problem is not obviously "interesting", it might be better to put motivation first; but if your work is incremental progress on a problem that is widely recognized as important, then it is probably better to put the problem statement first to indicate which piece of the larger problem you are breaking off to work on. This section should include the importance of your work, the difficulty of the area, and the impact it might have if successful. Read the following paragraph and write down the Motivation in the blank.A review of groundwater remediation in use today shows that new techniques are required to solve the problems of pump and treat, containment and in-situ treatment. One such technique is the method that involves the use of permeable treatment walls. These methods use a reactive medium such as iron to remediate contaminated groundwater.3.1.2 What problem are you trying to solve? What is the scope of your work (a generalized approach, or for a specific situation)? Be careful not to use too much jargon. In some cases it is appropriate to put the problem statement before the motivation, but usually this only works if most readers already understand why the problem is important. Read the following paragraph and write the problem (aim) in the blank.Several methods of implementing this remediation strategy have been described. These methods include injection and trenching. The use of a funnel and gate system via a trench has been examined in detail using a groundwater modeling option of the FLAC program.3.1.3 How did you go about solving or making progress on the problem? Did you use simulation, analytic models, prototype construction, or analysis of field data for an actual product? What was the extent of your work (did you look at one application program or a hundred programs in twenty different programming languages?) What important variables did you control, ignore, or measure? Read the following paragraph and write the approach in the blank.The use of a funnel and gate system via a trench has been examined in detail using a groundwater modeling option of the FLAC program. The modeling involved an analysis of the effect of changing the lengths of the walls and gate, varying the permeability, and varying the number of gates.3.1.4 What is the answer? Specifically, most good computer architecture papers conclude that something is so many percent faster, cheaper, smaller, or otherwise better than something else. Put the result there, in numbers. Avoid vague, hand-waving results such as "very", "small", or "significant." If you must be vague, you are only given license to do so when you can talk about orders-of-magnitude improvement. There is a tension here in that you should not provide numbers that can be easily misinterpreted, but on the other hand, you do not have room for all the caveats. Read the following paragraph and write the result in the blank.The results showed that increasing the wall length, gate length and permeability increases the size of the plume captured. An important factor in designing the walls is the residence time of the water in the gate or the contact time of the contaminant with the reactive media.3.1.5 What are the implications of your answer? Is it going to change the world (unlikely), be a significant "win", be a nice hack, or simply serve as a road sign indicating that this path is a waste of time (all of the previous results are useful). Are your results general, potentially generalizable, or specific to a particular case? Read the following and write the conclusion in the blank:A sensitivity analysis has been conducted that shows that increasing the size of the capture zone decreases the residence time which will limit the design. The results of the modeling and sensitivity analysis are presented so that they can be used as an aid to the design of permeable treatment walls.3.2 The following is a structured abstract from a report examining the network legitimacy in China telecommunication market (Low, Johnston, and Wang 97). Read it and transfer it into an informative abstract.Abstract structurePurpose – The purpose of this paper is to establish the importance and approaches in securing an organization’s legitimacy from the network community of customers, suppliers and manufacturers, including private investors and state-owned institutions when marketing their products.Design/methodology/approach –The paper presents an inductive interpretative approach complemented by action-based research founded on inquiry and testing.Findings –The paper finds that the key to legitimacy success involves using legitimacy orientations to demonstrate commitment to the interests of constituents, acquiring legitimacy from them, but concurrently considering the central government’s influence on a firm’s legitimacy performance.Research limitations/implications –The multiple interactions proposed in this paper remain untested and might have to be modified pending further empirical testing and analysis.Practical implications –In China’s telecommunication market, a company’s legitimacy emanates first and foremost from the development and commercialization of innovative and creative technological solutions. This requires good, creative management of technological resource and activity links, connecting the company’s technology to network constituents which include local manufacturers, carriers, software developers, investors.Originality/value – This is the first published paper that examines the proposed interactions among legitimacy orientations, alignments, and performances from a “market-as-network” perspective in a dynamic, transitional Chinese telecommunication market.3.3Writing keywordsKeywords often stand alone after the Abstract. In choosing the key words, a wide choice of keywords increases the probability that a paper will be retrieved and read, thereby potentially improving citation counts and journal impacts. To ensure that your paper can be found and cited by as many readers as possible, as suggested by James Hartley, it might be worth considering selecting keywords from a series of categories such as Discipline (e.g. economic, chemistry, biomedical), Methods (e.g. experiment, case study, questionnaire, grounded theory), Data source (e.g. primary, secondary, tertiary students, senior citizens), Location (e.g. country, city, town, institution), Topic (e.g. air pollution, super-virus, earthquake). Such a selection of keywords allows the search engine, such as Google Advanced Scholar, to list your paper in the results no matter which of the above keywords the reader types in.The researchers sometimes have to trade-off between the keywords, particularly when they write for the journals that bound the number of keywords in the limit of 3~5. In this situation, choose the keywords from recent or often-cited titles close to your contribution. If you pick your keywords in this way, the searches that retrieve these articles will also retrieve yours. Consequently, the chances of your paper being read will increase. Read the above sample abstracts and write down the key words:4. Writing project4.1 Get prepared for writing an abstractBefore you write the Abstract section of your research paper, you need to make everything ready for your writing. The following steps may be helpful for your preparation.1) Identify the major objectives and conclusions.2) Identify phrases with keywords in the methods section.3) Identify the major results from the discussion or results section.4) Assemble the above information into a single paragraph.5) State your hypothesis or method used in the first sentence.6) Omit background information, literature review, and detailed description ofmethods.7) Remove extra words and phrases.8) Revise the paragraph so that the abstract conveys only the essential information.9) Check to see if it meets the guidelines of the targeted journal.10) Give the abstract to a colleague (preferably one who is not familiar with yourwork) and ask him/her whether it makes sense.Work in groups and discuss what other preparations you can make for writing an abstract section of your research paper.4.2 Outline an abstractWhen we outline an abstract, there are usually five major aliments to follow. The following sample paper is finished without the abstract and key words. Read the paper, find the statements concerned and fill in the blank after it.Sample paperGLOBAL MEGACITIES AND LOW CARBON: FROM CONCEPT PLANNING TO INTEGRATED MODELLINGPhil Jones, Simon Lannon, Robbert van Nouhuys, Hendrik RosenthalMega citiesIn 1950, 30% of the world’s population lived in cities. In 2000, it was 47%. By 2010 more than half of the world’s population will be living in cities. The total may even reach 60% by 2030 and possibly 85% by the middle of this century. Such rapidly increasing urbanization, particularly in developing countries, creates many opportunities and challenges.We are living in a globalized and changing world whereby increasingly we require wise use of human and natural resources. At the same time, we need to reduce the risk urbanization poses and enhance the quality of life for all those who live in, or are impacted by Megacities. Megacities are more than just large cities with populations of 10 million inhabitants or more. They are critical to national economies. Their scalecreates new dynamics, new complexity and new simultaneity of events and processes –physical, social and economic. They host highly efficient economic activities utilizing intense and complex interactions between different demographic, social, political, economic and ecological processes.Nations undergoing economic progress often generate rapid urbanization linked with considerable opportunities, as well as strong pressures for change accompanied by environmental degradation. In current times in the developing world, Megacities grow faster than ever before and much faster than their infrastructure can support. Traditionally this results in uncontrolled urban sprawl, high traffic volumes and congested transport systems, high concentrations of industrial production, ecological overload, unregulated and disparate land and property markets, insufficient housing development, excessive waste generation, loss of productivity, general economic constipation, degradation and decline.Over the past decades traditional Megacities have been suffering from inadequate representative governance, inhibiting spatial planning, building control, delivery of services (such as water supply, sewage disposal and energy distribution), and the establishment of general order (including security and disaster prevention). Existing administrations and their organizational structures may have been outgrown by the rapidly expanding city and may simply be unable to cope with the huge scale of their new responsibilities. On the other hand, megacities contain a rich mix of coexisting people and support systems when properly planned and managed. Groups with their own distinctive ethnic, community, cultural roots, lifestyles and social surroundings have opportunity to thrive and develop. Differences in economic development, social polarization, quality of infrastructure and governance are recognized and taken into account. The scale and dynamism of Megacities, coupled with complex interacting processes and the sheer concentration of human capital make them incubators of huge growth and innovation. Megacities are the focal points of globalization as well as the driving forces for development; they harbor a wide spectrum of human skill and potential, creativity, social interaction and cultural diversity.For Hanoi to develop within a rapid urbanization scenario it must look far ahead –not 20 years, not 50 years but 100 years –into the 22nd Century. The use of conventional planning and economic development guidelines have proven to be outdated, resulting in the risk of harboring pronounced poverty, social inequality, and aggravating rapid environmental degradation. Population density, if not managed, increases vulnerability to natural and man-made hazards. Thus, Megacities are both victims and producers of risk, if unmanaged and exposed to the global environmental, socio-economic and political changes to which they contribute.Megacities will be essential and efficient drivers of a nation’s gross domestic product, processes and activities. Megacities will be ideal places to drive activities and innovation to solve social, environmental, medical, socio-economic and political issues. For these reasons, Megacities are necessary and have potential to substantially contribute towards global justice and peace – and thereby prosperity.Low Carbon and Energy ModelingAspects of sustainable master planning that impact carbon and energy implications need to be understood to help inform concepts at the earliest stage of the design process. For example, the full benefits of reducing operating energy demand of buildings can only be realized if the energy supply can respond to the reduced demand, which includes the additional benefits of reducing the energy supply infrastructure, which in turn reduces its embodied energy. Likewise, if a low (or zero) carbon energy supply is to be used, for example, renewable energy, this is easier to achieve if first the energy demand is reduced. Also, as the operating energy performance of buildings is improved the carbon dioxide emissions associated with the operation of the building, for heating, cooling, lighting, etc., becomes of the same order as the embodied energy used in construction and fit-out of the building and its infra-structure. So a balanced approach across energy demand and supply infrastructure, operating energy and embodied energy, is needed to achieve optimum performance.This paper describes how the aspects of low carbon planning and design (i.e. operating energy use, embodied energy associated with buildings, energy supply infrastructures, and other infrastructures such as transport, waste, water, sewage, etc.) can be assessed using urban scale modeling, namely EEP-Urban, at a whole city and building plot level. In particular, it explores how the reduction in energy supply infrastructure together with reduced energy demand can lead to reductions in carbon dioxide emissions associated with both operating and embodied energy. The concept of the Megacity in the context of Hanoi in 2110 is used to illustrate the model.The Concept of Metabolic Super ClustersHanoi in 2110 will feature super tall skyscrapers, elevated connectors and railways, nodal communication networks, as well as electrical and energy corridors. Vertical neighborhoods, where people live, shop, relax and work, are built on and above this surface. Built structures are not just individual towers standing independent from another but instead are interlinked and inter-dependent to form an urban spatial organization that allows for vertical connectivity.The urban model proposes 1 million people on a 1 square kilometer floor plate, hence called a Super Cluster. Under current suburban density standards a similar population would require in the order of 100 square kilometers. Thus, this vision for Hanoi in 2110 saves 99% of land for other uses, most notably conservation of ecological functions and provides food, leisure, material and energy support systems for the city thereby localizing the ecological footprint of the city.Another distinct aspect of Hanoi in 2110 is that it does not have static building functions. Instead, land use layers, building envelopes and orientations change over time – hourly, daily, weekly, monthly, yearly – to optimize performance efficiencies, therefore becoming a Metabolic Super Cluster. It is envisaged that Hanoi by the end of this century will consist of 30 metabolic super clusters in addition to its traditional urban city centre.Concentrated compact development will enhance the quality of life for urban dwellers because all infrastructures, environmentally damaging and other undesirablesurface activities are located underground or integrated into the vertical structure, thereby significantly improving the quality of living space at the ground, open-air level. Underground space may also provide a safer environment for some public and commercial activities as well as providing shelter from inclement weather conditions. This may prove to be essential for infrastructure in particular, given the predicted impacts associated with climate change. Elevated multi-level connectors between building clusters are converted into common corridors with public amenities, farms and open space.Quality of life depends on individual perceptions, attitudes, aspirations and value systems. These differ with age, ethnicity, culture and religion, as well as lifestyles, education and cultural background. An individual’s priorities and attitudes to life depend heavily upon socio-economic background and cultural environment. Historic places, cultural sites or public spaces may give Megacities a certain unique identity, heritage, and authenticity. As a result, such spatial capital contributes to social cohesion and makes people feel at home.Nevertheless, the general opinion may be that the quality of life for many residents in Megacities would be low – for rich and poor alike. Air, water and soil pollution, water and energy supply shortages, traffic congestion, environmental health problems, limited green spaces, poverty and malnutrition, social security and public safety problems place many burdens and restrictions on people.The Megacity of the future has adapted to greater diversity in socio-cultural circumstances by including and enhancing the often widespread and dynamic informal activities that enrich such communities. Further development of new visions and innovative management tools are now urgently needed in order to enhance quality of life and create cohesive communities.Urban governance and management is one of the key success factors of any global Megacity. As society and aspirations evolve over time, the city has to be designed to adapt to change. Utopian cities built around fixed ideologies have never worked. Megacities need to be versatile in order to adapt.The main challenges for a Megacity in terms of urban governance are: dealing with the speed of change with intelligent urban infrastructure systems; eradicating social exclusion; and introducing proper forms of urban governance.Way ForwardWhether or not 1 million people are appropriate for a 1 km2 super cluster remains to be seen. The optimum density for sustainability, land use and quality of life may be less and will vary with global location. The above approach is essential to inform the design of high rise high density Megacities if they are to realize their full potential for providing sustainable healthy zero carbon cities of the future that can co-exist in a sustainable way with their neighboring rural areas.4.3 According to the above table, draft an abstract and keywords for the sample paper. Abstract:Key words:5.Final Checklistbackground, purpose, findings, conclusions, recommendations and follow strictly the chronology of the report/papers.∙Avoid excessive use of jargon, and exaggerative language∙Keep within the specified word limit. Most institutions will have their own "house rules" as to the length of the abstract. The abstract should stand alone and be able to be understood without reference to citations,∙Ensure the abstract contains all your key words (for the searchable databases). ∙Add no new information but simply summarize the report/papers. Be intelligible to a wide audience。
学术英语abstract写作
摘要的内容
内容通常包括：
1. 背景知识或文献回顾（Background Information/Literature Review）
2. 研究的主要目的和范围（Principal Purpose） What is the problem to be solved? What has been done? What are the results?
results
Note:
有时由于篇幅的限制，摘要的内容不一定包括有五 个要素，因而需要缩减摘要的字数和内容。经过压 缩的摘要通常只能突出两个或三个要点，其中最重 要的应该是阐明研究的结果。简要的资料性摘要往 往省略背景知识。如果允许的字数范围内，摘要可 以在最后用一到两句话进行总结并提出建议。一篇 简要的资料性摘要的内容通常包括：
presentations were assessed and students’ perceptions and learning
progress concerning the particular instructional approach were
method
investigated. Results showed that the Student Response System was an
• Use present tense, past tense and present perfect tense
• Specify any abbreviations
• Use objective, academic instead of emotional words and expressions
of oral presentation skills. This study describes the implementation and