西方文论小论文
美国精神分析学家、哲学家和社会学家埃里希*弗洛姆曾说过：“马克思、弗洛伊德和爱因斯坦都是现时代的设计师”。
而贬损他的人，将他斥为冲进人类文明花园的“一头野猪”，性泛滥的鼓动者，认为他的精神分析学完全忽视了人性中高级的和道德的方面。
而事实上，弗洛伊德的精神分析学说虽然本身具有明显的局限和不足，但他成功的揭开了千百年来困惑人类的许多精神奥秘。
在20世纪人类文化的版图上，弗洛伊德毫无疑问占据着一个重要的位置。
同样，《俄狄浦斯王》不仅在艺术上给后世留下了典范，而且经由弗洛伊德的精神分析阐发，更引申出了一个新名词———俄狄浦斯情结。
俄狄浦斯是忒拜王拉伊奥斯的儿子，拉伊奥斯预知自己的儿子会杀父娶母，因此，俄狄浦斯一出生就被他父亲让牧人把他抛弃，但是，科林斯王发现了他，把他收为养子。
俄狄浦斯长大成人后，知道自己可怕的命运，便逃了出去，可事不凑巧，他恰好来到了忒拜，在那里当了国王，还娶了前王的妻子。
后来，忒拜城里发生了瘟疫，死了很多人，弄得人心慌慌。
神说只有找出杀害前王的凶手，瘟疫才能停止。
而当地的预言家说凶手就是俄底浦斯，俄底浦斯不信，认为是有人陷害他。
王后告诉他前王是在一个三叉路口被人杀害的，俄狄浦斯怀疑前王是自己所害，因为他确实在一个三叉路口杀害过一个老人。
后来，经过调查，找到了当年的牧人，事情的真相大白，应了神的预言，俄底浦斯受到命运的惩罚。
俄底浦斯刺瞎了自己的双眼离开的忒拜王国流放自己......
弗洛伊德认为《俄狄浦斯王》所以能打动我们，并非因为因为它表现了“至高无上的神的意志和人类逃避即将来临的不幸时毫无结果的努力之间的冲突”，也非赞扬主人公在跟命运斗争中所表现出来的坚强意志和英雄行为。
而是“也许我们每个人都命中注定要把我们的第一个性冲动指向母亲，而把我们第一个仇恨和屠杀的对象指向父亲，弑父娶母的俄狄浦斯向我们显示出我们自己童年时代的愿望实现了。
”俄狄浦斯的命运有可能是我们的命运，我们潜意识欲望中具有已被压抑了的师傅扑母的本能倾向。
俄狄浦斯情结是每个人在成长过程中都会经历的,但是绝大多数人都绝不会意识到这点，这不仅
是因为俄狄浦斯情结存在于孩子很小的时候,更是因它为不合乎伦理道德。
俄狄浦斯并不是有意杀父娶母，他也曾尝试逃避，但这似乎是他命中注定要经历的。
俄狄浦斯曾说：“罗克西阿斯曾说我命中注定要娶自己的母亲，亲手杀死自己的父亲，因此多年来我远离科林斯国”。
然而命运捉弄了他，他在无意识来到忒拜的路上，却与自己的生父拉伊俄斯王不期而遇，并发生口角致使他误杀了自己的生父，后来又被拥为新国王，并与国王的遗孀结婚，真正的走上了“杀父娶母”的道路。
但是所有的这一切俄狄浦斯都是不知情的，是在他的无意识中进行的。
弗洛伊德正是通过俄狄浦斯这一形象揭示出恋母情结的无意识性
当科林斯国的传信官来到忒拜告诉他，养父波吕玻斯去世了，请他回去时，他仍然不肯回去，此时他还不知道那是养母，即使国王已经死了，但他仍然担心那可怕的预言。
从一定的程度上说明了他有着恋母情节，他害怕应了神的预示，怎料到自己理智的逃脱却挣脱不掉命运的安排，不知不觉中俄狄浦斯终究没有逃脱“杀父娶母”的厄运。
强烈的罪恶感下俄狄浦斯的母亲兼妻子约卡斯塔上吊自杀，悲愤不已的俄狄浦斯，则刺瞎了自己的双眼。
这样一位智勇双全的英雄最终被命运捉弄的结局足以让我们唏嘘不已，心中产生无限的惋惜和同情。
这条道路尽管是他自己所不愿的，但却是道德法典所不允许的。
在弗洛伊德提出这一概念时，人们起先对这一情结不但嗤之以鼻，而且感到难以接受。
但弗洛伊德说：“人们应该接受这个被希腊神话所揭示的事实，就像俄狄浦斯接受不可避免的命运一样接受它。
”
弗洛伊德认为情节，来源于一切被压抑了的性本能冲动，弗洛伊德的这一观点，也使我想到了《哈姆雷特》，该剧叙述了丹麦王子哈姆雷特当时在德国维登堡大学读书，他的叔父克劳狄斯毒死老哈姆莱特，篡夺了王位，并霸占了哈姆莱特的母亲。
哈姆莱特回国后，通过父亲的鬼魂，叙说自己致死的原因。
他遵照鬼魂嘱咐，决定为父报仇，这时叔父国王克劳狄斯，开始对哈姆莱特产生了怀疑。
在大臣波洛涅斯的策划下，利用其女哈姆莱特的情人奥菲利娅去试探他，又指使哈姆莱特两同学前去打探，都被哈姆莱特识
破。
哈姆莱特利用剧团在宫廷演戏的机会，准备杀死国王。
结果他误杀了情人奥非利娅的父亲，奥菲利娅因为父亲被哈姆莱特杀死，疯癫自尽。
国王乘机挑拨波洛涅斯的儿子雷欧提斯以比剑为名，设计用毒剑刺死了哈姆雷特，该剧的结尾，哈姆莱特、国王、王妃、雷欧提斯同归于尽。
剧中哈姆雷特可以做任何事情，如放弃爱情，弃奥菲利亚，唯独不能对杀死他父亲，篡夺王位并娶了她母亲的叔父克劳迪斯进行报复，他复仇的决心常常被自我谴责和良心的顾虑所替代。
准备工作做的那样拖拉草率，内心斗争又如此激烈，以至于几次险些使计划落空。
这种矛盾的境地使哈姆雷特无从选择。
哈姆雷特与俄狄浦斯的不同之处就在于哈姆雷特是“知情”的。
弗洛伊德曾指出，俄狄浦斯情结是作家艺术家从事艺术创作的原始动机。
他认为，每一个儿童都有爱母恨父的感情，这在作家艺术家的童年表现得更加明确。
《俄狄浦斯王》、《哈姆雷特》都是俄狄浦斯情结的表现，所不同的是在《俄狄浦斯王》中，得以展现出来且实现，而在《哈姆雷特》中，这种幻想被压抑着。
最后，他虽然杀死了父亲的仇敌克劳狄斯，但是伴随着这一成功来临的却是母子双亡的悲剧性结局。
纵然哈姆莱特已相信他的叔父克劳狄斯暗杀了父亲却仍然犹豫不觉，迟迟拖延，不愿立即向他的叔父复仇。
由弗洛伊德的精神分析学，我认为是因为他本人有恋母杀父的俄狄浦斯情节，也对母亲怀有乱伦的渴望，同时对父亲也怀有仇恨的心理。
也就是所谓的“俄狄浦斯情结”阻止了他的行动。
当克劳狄斯杀死了哈姆莱特的父亲，篡夺了王位并与他的母亲发生了乱伦的关系，取代了哈姆莱特的父亲而成为一中父亲的象征。
在这种情况下，哈姆莱特杀死他就意味着杀父，于是杀死克劳狄斯也就意味着杀死他自己。
因为哈姆莱特自己也有类似的渴望，这个人向他展示了他童年时代被压抑愿望的实现。
哈姆莱特的性格中有其坚强的一面，也有其软弱的一面。
他生性乐观热情，但是宫廷的血性斗争动摇了他对人性善良的信念。
由热情而变为忧郁。
父王的猝死，母亲的改嫁，王位的丢失。
一下把一个对未来充满美好梦想的年轻王子置于一个不堪的现实，他自己也曾说：“生存还是毁灭，这是一个值得
考虑的问题，默默忍受命运的暴虐的毒箭，还是挺身反抗人世的无涯的苦难，通过斗争把它们扫清，这两种行为，哪一种更高贵……”。
经历了“生存还是毁灭”“忍受还是反抗”之间的一系列动摇和斗争，这也使他耽误了良机。
当哈姆莱特终于下定决心行动起来的时候，然而由于他的急躁，误杀了御前大臣而招致放逐。
最后，虽然刺死了奸王克劳狄斯，但是自己也付出了沉重的代价，哈姆莱特与其母双双惨死。
记得剧中哈姆雷特有这样一句独白：“脆弱啊，你的名字就是女人！”这句话几百年来有各种各样的诠释，我想，其中也暗含着他的俄狄浦斯情结吧
从《俄狄浦斯王》与《哈姆莱特》中，我们可以看到，它们都表现了同一故事主题，那就是“杀父娶母”的俄狄浦斯情结。
弗洛伊德也曾在《陀思妥耶夫斯基与弑父者》一文中他也极为重视俄狄浦斯情结的作用，认为“文学史上的三部杰作——索福克勒斯的《俄狄浦斯王》莎士比亚的《哈姆莱特》以及陀思妥耶夫斯基的《卡拉玛卓兄弟》都表现了同一故事主题——杀父。
而且弑父的动机都是为了争夺女人”。
在弗洛伊德看来，三部作品相隔两千年，竟表现同一主题，绝非偶然，而是人类存在的一个普遍现象”。
我发现，在我国的文学艺术领域中，恋母情结也大量涌现。
就像《一个陌生女人的来信》、《雷雨》、《满城尽带黄金甲》。
可见弗洛伊德的思想仍然闪烁着璀璨的光芒，感染着不同时代的人们。
认为俄狄浦斯并不是有意杀父娶母，本人非但没有罪，反而是一个为民除害的英雄、受人爱戴的英雄。
俄狄浦斯智慧超群，热爱邦国，大公无私。
在命运面前，他不是俯首帖耳或苦苦哀求，而是奋起抗争，设法逃离“神示”的预言。
继而，他猜破女妖的谜语，为民除害。
最后，为了解救人民的瘟疫灾难，他不顾一切地追查杀害前王的凶手，一旦真相大白，又勇于承担责任，主动请求将他放逐。
对于这样一个为人民、为国家做了无数好事的英雄所遭受的厄运，剧作家深感愤慨，发出了对神的正义性的怀疑，控诉命运的不公和残酷，因此，尽管结局是悲惨的，但这种明知“神示”不可违而违之的精神，正是对个人自主精神的肯定，也是雅典奴隶主民主派先进思想意识的反应。
当代西方文艺理论论文(全文)
当代西方文艺理论论文一、横向打通文论要点与柏格森认为笑是“镶嵌在活的东西上面的某种机械刻板的东西”，介绍他的生命哲学，“笑”的理论更易吃透。
讲“精神分析学说”的文论，就必须介绍弗洛伊德的人格理论。
人格是一个整体，指人的个性构成，与通常所指的人的品质有所区别。
人格整体包括3个部分，分别称为本我、自我、超我。
人格中的3个部分彼此交互影响，在不同时间内对个体行为产生不同的支配作用。
与本我、自我、超我相对应的是快乐原则、现实原则和理想原则。
如果只介绍“潜意识”、“俄狄浦斯情结”、或者梦的理论，没有精神分析理论基础的介绍就显得很突兀。
对荣格“原型”理论的认识必须在弗洛伊德个人“潜意识”理论的基础上，引进“集体无意识”的概念，“分析心理学”的“原始意象”、“自主情结”等文论要点就会迎刃而解。
再如，解构主义文论，罗兰·巴特是从对结构主义文论的反思走向解构主义的。
他在《S/Z》中开宗明义：“从每个故事里抽取出它的模型，以这些模型再建立一个巨大的叙述结构，然后（为了验证）又回到任何一部作品上去：这件任务使人力倦神疲，而且索然寡味，因为文本因此而失去了差异。
”而德里达是从语言学出发，反对逻各斯（语言）中心主义，形成了自己的理论特色。
这里须适当介绍索绪尔的语言学知识。
在索绪尔看来，语言符号是能指和所指的结合体，就具体语言符号而言，能指是随意的，与所指没有必定的联系。
任意性、差别性局限于能指领域。
语言优于文字，文字的首要用途是记录语言。
德里达认为“所指”领域同样存在任意性和差别性，语言并不优于文字。
为此，他解构了逻各斯中心主义，达到反传统的目的，说明“所指”世界构成一个流动的意义指涉过程，它也是不确定的。
至此，德里达在深广的背景下，打开了解构主义的大门。
“言虽不能言，非言无以传”，他后来自造“分延”（differnce）、“播撒”（dissemintion），“踪迹”（trce）等新词也正是以自己的理论为基础的。
西方文学理论论文3700字_西方文学理论毕业论文范文模板
西方文学理论论文3700字_西方文学理论毕业论文范文模板西方文学理论论文3700字(一)：翻转课堂在西方文学理论课程中的实践研究论文摘要：随着社会的不断发展，我国高校开始注重西方文学理论课程的教育教学质量。
翻转课堂是新的教学模式，将其应用在西方文学理论课程教学中，有助于学生更好地理解课程内容，激发学生的学习动力，提高教学整体质量。
鉴于此，文章将对翻转课堂在西方文学理论课程中的实践进行分析。
关键词：翻转课堂；西方文学理论课程；实践一、引言在新课改逐渐深入的背景下，教学改革对于课堂教学的要求越来越高，翻转课堂作为一种新的教学模式已经开始应用到各科课堂教学中，尤其是应用到西方文学理论课程中，有助于教学质量的不断提高。
西方文学理论课程，是英语专业的重要课程，也是学生了解西方文化，提高人文素养的主要途径。
二、翻转课堂视角下的西方文学理论课程在社会发展的背景下，我国教育模式发展了很大的改变，翻转课堂已经成功地应用在西方文学理论课程的教学过程中，这是教育改革的一个重要标志。
虽然我国部分学校已经开始加强创新，但是在翻转课堂视角下的西方文学理论课程的教学想要提高教学质量并获得较好的教学效果是非常难的，必须在设置课程的时候进行革新。
以往的西方文学理论课程教学主要在本科生三年级与四年级设置课程，一般而言，都是一周2节课，关于文学课程的安排非常单一，课时的设置少，随意性较大，存在很多问题。
同时，在市场经济与社会环境逐渐改变的背景下，西方文学理论课程已经开始被压缩，有个别学校将其压缩成选修课或者是辅修课。
如果要在一年时间内确保学生的阅读量，还要求西方文学理论课程的教学向专业化方面发展，几乎是非常困难的。
除此之外，面对逐渐加剧的就业压力，学生在保证紧张就业需求的同时，英语基础课也就是阅读写作课，还有商务英语、旅游英语、科技英语等的实践时间越来越少，阅读西方文学作品的时间也逐渐压缩，学生的阅读能力逐渐下降。
因此，我国在本科院校中的西方文学理论课程的设置上，应该减少专业化的理论课程设置，将关键内容放在学生思想的启迪和能力的开发方面，以促进学生综合素质的不断提高。
外国文学论文(五篇范文)
外国文学论文（五篇范文）第一篇：外国文学论文浅析《复活》《复活》除了谈论当时的的俄国社会制度问题以外，也涉及到了道德问题。
男主角聂赫留朵夫想要借上层社会的力量援助女主角玛斯洛娃，但是，在他为玛斯洛娃平反的过程中，亲眼目睹了俄国制度之迂腐、社会之黑暗。
本文主要内容在于男女主人的艺术形象及其复活的过程及《复活》中人性是怎么样得到复活的。
关键词：复活聂赫留朵夫玛斯洛娃忏悔的贵族，聂赫留朵夫聂赫留朵夫，一个叛逆的地主阶级的形象，车尔尼雪夫斯基指出：“托尔斯泰才华的特征在于他并不局限在提示心理活动，他感兴趣的是过程的本身。
”聂赫留朵夫的性格经历了三个阶段的发展。
首先是纯洁，善良，追求理想的阶段。
他接受了资产阶级启蒙思想的影响，认识到土地私有制的种种残忍和不公，把他父亲名下继承的土地分给了农民。
他真挚的爱着姑妈家半养女半婢女的玛斯洛娃。
当时，聂赫留朵夫从内心迸发出来对玛斯洛娃的爱情是无比纯洁的。
第二阶段是放纵情欲，走向堕落的。
受习惯观念以及违背真与美原则的日常生活榜样的影响，聂赫留朵夫变得委琐，空虚，渺小。
他对女人不再有纯美的爱情，而认为女人不过是一种享乐的工具。
他与同事抢情妇，与有夫之妇通奸，并罪恶地诱奸了玛斯洛娃。
在这过程中，他也有过内心的斗争，忏悔和自责。
他的本性是善良的，他希望玛斯洛娃幸福，但在欲望的驱使下他还是滑下了堕落的泥潭。
这样的描写也是对后面的“复活”做了铺垫。
第三阶段是从忏悔走向复活。
早法庭上认出玛斯洛娃后，聂赫留朵夫的心灵受到了强烈的震撼，开始对自己10年堕落的生活进行反省。
他承认了是因为他才导致了玛斯洛娃现在如此悲惨的命运。
于是他开始为玛斯洛娃上诉申冤。
在为她申冤的过程中，聂赫留朵夫广泛接触了社会各阶层，进一步认清了社会的罪恶。
他愤怒地揭露了法庭，监狱，政府机关和教会的黑暗。
他看出了农民贫穷的主要原因，并按“真理的原则”处理家庭财产。
在人民生活与官僚世界的强烈对比中，他看到了人民是无辜的受害者，认识到人民的苦难是不公平的社会制度和腐朽的官僚贵族所造成的，于是他放弃财产随玛斯洛娃流放西伯利亚，最后在上帝那里找到了灵魂的归宿。
西方文论论文
试论莱辛《拉奥孔》的主要文论思想摘要：莱辛的《拉奥孔》是一部非常具有影响力的西方近代美学著作，副标题为《论画与诗的界限》。
他以雕像群“拉奥孔”为题，在古典雕刻和古典诗中的不同的处理，比较了诗与画在表现形式上的不同，论证了诗和造形艺术的区别和界限，但同时又有着不可分离的美学视角，对两者都有不同角度的思考。
关键词：莱辛拉奥孔诗与画美学思想莱辛是德国杰出的戏剧家、文论家、美学家、哲学家。
是德国文学史上第一个职业作家。
是十八世纪德国启蒙运动杰出的代表人物。
他批判古典主义文艺观，倡导具有启蒙精神和民主色彩的新兴阶级文学观。
而莱辛的《拉奥孔》是启蒙文论的里程碑。
拉奥孔雕像表现的是特洛伊城的祭司拉奥孔和他的两个儿子被大蛇绞住时痛苦挣扎的场景。
莱辛就这一雕塑作品和维吉尔史诗《伊尼特》中相关内容进行比较，发现了几个不同点。
莱辛不同意温克尔曼对此所说的“希腊杰作有一种普遍和主要的特点，这便是高贵的单纯和静穆的伟大”古典文艺之最高理想即“静穆”，认为史诗和雕像处理的不同来自不同的摹仿媒介、题材、审美感受。
他结合许多例证，写了《拉奥孔》，阐释了他的诗与画不同的观点，文中对诗画特征的描述和两者区别的分析成为西方美学史上诗画理论的经典作，文中的理论意义和美学价值十分丰富。
莱辛在《拉奥孔》中，清楚地划分了诗与画的界限。
莱辛认为，绘画、雕刻等造型艺术属于空间艺术，受空间规律的支配；是属于时间艺术，受时间规律的支配。
所以他从媒介、模仿的对象以及审美的效果三方面来探讨了诗与画的界限。
第一，两者的媒介不同。
在莱辛看来，绘画是用线条和色彩等“自然的符号”来完成某种空间中的形体，诗所使用的是声音和语言等“人为的符号”，在时间的关系中叙述事物。
第二，两者的题材不同，绘画由于是一种空间艺术，因而它适合于表现空间中的一个或一组对象，适合于表现看得见的静态的物体，它的主要目地在于追求物体美；诗是时间艺术，适合于表现在时间维度上承续的动作，适合于表现动态的事物，它的主要目的是通过对动作或行为描写反映事物的动态美。
西方文论论文
从现象学角度看卡尔维诺的《孤独》专业：汉语言文学（师范）班级：07级三班学号：070160104 姓名：张鹤“现象学”一词最初是由18世纪的德国哲学家朗贝尔特提出，而它真正作为一个哲学学派出现，则始于20世纪初的德国哲学家胡塞尔，并且伴随着这股文学理论思潮的逐渐兴起，现象学开始为理解文学空间的独特性提供依据，为文学批评提供方法论。
在现象学看来，知识是一种叙事，我们使外部世界变成了我们意识本身的内容，意识与意识的对象是不可分割地联系在一起的。
同时意识的本质具有一种“意象性”，只有当外部世界被意识活动把握，成为意识活动的对象的时候，事物才有意义有秩序。
因此，胡塞尔认为，客体可以不是事物本身，而是由我们的意识假设、设想的事物。
意识也不像实证主义那样是对世界的被动记录、消极接受，而是具有“意识给予”功能，积极地对世界进行“构造”或“设想”，能动地将外部世界的印象综合改造为一个统一的经验系统。
我们先纵观卡尔维诺的《孤独》，文中那个作为局外人的“我”真的亲身经历了这样一场警察追逐窃贼的游戏了吗？恐怕不是。
或许这只是作者在回家的途中偶遇的一个事件，然后兴趣突发，就在回到家后将它写进自己的小说当中。
卡尔维诺是用自己的意识构造了这样一个将外部世界和自我意识活动密切联系起来的场景，这也正体现了现象学中的“意象性”概念。
现象学的一个著名口号是“回到事物本身”，胡塞尔用“悬置”和“加括号”来形象地表达“现象学的还原”的内涵。
而他所追求的研究出发点就是无成见、无预设地做中性观察和描述，达到一种绝无偏见的思考，在没有任何先决前提的条件下研究“事物本身”，最后再“回到事物本身”，这概括起来就是现象学方法论的实质“本质直观”。
《孤独》中的“我”最开始出现的状态是“正在闲荡，一个人，没什么特别的地方要去。
”正因为此，“我”便不由自主地加入了一帮窃贼的队伍，而伴随着以下几次身份的转换“窃贼-警察-窃贼-警察-窃贼”，“我”最终脱离了这两个队伍，又回到了“开始走，一个人，没什么特别要去的地方”这样原初的状态。
西方文学赏析论文2400字_西方文学赏析毕业论文范文模板
西方文学赏析论文2400字_西方文学赏析毕业论文范文模板西方文学赏析论文2400字(一)：论高校西方美术教学中的文学性赏析论文摘要：美术欣赏课是通过对中外美术作品、美术史等方面知识的学习，提高学生的审美情趣、审美能力的课程，是培养学生艺术修养和鉴赏力的一个重要途径。
对美术欣赏教学过程中，提倡进行文学性赏析和解读，有助于提高学生的审美能力和独立思考的能力。
关键词：西方美术；欣赏教学；文学性；高校美术欣赏是高校审美教育的重要内容。
美术欣赏课是通过对中外美术作品、美术史等方面知识的学习，提高学生的审美情趣、审美能力的课程，是培养学生艺术修养和鉴赏力的一个重要途径。
在美术欣赏教学中，教师引导学生通过对美术作品的材质、形式及内容的解释、想像、体验、评价和判断，能使他们获得初步的审美经验和鉴赏能力，并能陶冶情操、增长知识、提高美术素养和人文精神。
随着素质教育的全面推进，美术欣赏教学在学校教育中越来越受到重视。
但在具体教学中也存在着一些问题。
为了充分发挥学生在美术欣赏教育中的主动性，加强学习活动的综合性与探索性，我以现代教育理论为依据，在高校美术欣赏教学中，进行文学性赏析的教育实践。
何谓文学性赏析，就是在欣赏绘画等艺术过程中，加入文学性的解读和文学性的理解。
一、目前高校西方美术教学中的文学性赏析的缺失大学美术欣赏教学是以美术知识与欣赏为主导，以代表性、经典性的美术作品来扩大学生的审美视野，增加阅历，并以此构建高尚、健康的审美知识结构，促进审美能力的提高。
在当前美术欣赏教学中，美术教师对教学方法、途径、媒体技术的运用以及对学生审美要求的认识均存在偏差，尤其存在着对美术欣赏的文学性赏析。
文学性欣赏是一种审美的认识活动。
由于读者欣赏作品时的角度与距离的不同，所得到的审美认识不同。
对同一部文学作品，同一读者由于欣赏的角度与距离的不同，得到的审美认识也不同。
角度和距离，实际上是欣赏者立足点的问题。
不同的人，由于其独特的生活道路、文化修养、兴趣爱好、欣赏心境等不同，必然导致审美的差异性。
西方文论学期论文
西方文论学期论文浅析结构主义叙事学摘要：结构主义叙事学,是20世纪结构主义文论的直接成果。
面对各具特色的理论,本文试图从故事层面，话语层面，故事和话语层面融合三个角度梳理叙事学的发展脉络,阐明叙事学的代表理论。
关键词：结构主义叙事学；故事；话语结构主义叙事学是结构主义文论的重要组成部分,其目的在于分析叙事体共有的各种要素及其关系,发掘叙事体不变的深层结构,建立一套叙事学的普遍模式。
结构主义叙事学,是20世纪结构主义文论的直接成果。
1969年,法国当代著名结构主义符号学家、文艺理论家茨维坦·托多罗夫在《语法》里面,第一次提出“叙事学”(Narratology)这个称谓,标志着叙事学作为一门独立学科的开始。
尽管叙事学形成独立学科的时间至今才有30多年,但是其研究范畴却发生了重大转移,其过程始于俄罗斯形式主义学者对故事和情节的区分。
俄罗斯形式主义学者史柯拉夫斯基将故事定义为“在时间链条上依序铺开的人物及行动范型间的典型关系”,强调故事中的时间为发生于时间和空间上的因果链,将“情节”一词解释为把因果、顺序性的事件做一番艺术上的组合或解体。
这种把“故事”(fabula)与“情节”(sjuzet)区分开来的“二分法”直接导致了结构主义叙事学研究范畴的不同侧重。
本文试图以结构主义叙事学为基础,采用“故事”和“话语的“二分法”以及“故事”“话语”的融合,将叙事学研究的发展阶段做一梳理分析。
一、对故事层面的研究无论是在素材中,还是在已经完成的作品中,“故事”总是最基本的方面。
所以早期叙事学家在结构主义的影响下,多选择“故事”层面作为叙事学的研究对象。
对于“故事”结构的探索,始于形式主义学者普洛普,他所著的《民间故事形态学》开了结构主义叙事学的先河。
普洛普的研究旨在从各种各样的民间故事中抽象出它们共同具有的模式,以便对其进行有效的分类。
他从结构主义立场出发,认为民间故事的基本单位不是人物,而是人物在故事中的行为功能。
美国文学论文
美国文学论文美国文学是世界上最年轻的文学之一,从其诞生之时起,就因其尖锐的批判性、持续的独创性和精彩的多元性而独树一帜。
下面是店铺为大家整理的美国文学论文，供大家参考。
美国文学论文范文一：Analysis of the main character Ahab in Moby Dick摘要:«白鲸»讲述了饱经风霜的亚哈船长与他的仇敌白鲸之间惊心动魄的故事，亚哈身上体现了令人敬佩的正义品质:百折不挠、英勇无畏、经验丰富，同时还具有令人恐惧的邪恶力量:偏执、自私、专横。
他集正义与邪恶与一身，具有鲜明的双重性。
关键词:正义;邪恶;性格双重性Abstract:«Moby Dick» tells us a thrilling tale between Captain Ahab and his enemy whale called Moby Dick.Ahab's character is amphibious. On one hand,he is indomitable、brave and experienced. On the other hand, he is bigoted, selfish and presuming.Key words: justice; evil; character's amphibiousness«Moby Dick» written by Herman Melville is regarded as the first American prose epic. It's an encyclopedia of everything, history, philosophy, religion, etc. But it is first a Shakespearean tragedy of man fighting again overwhelming odds in an indifferent and even hostile universe.The story goes roughly as follows. Ishmael, feeling depressed, seeks escape by going out to sea on the whaling ship, Pequod. The captain is Ahab, the man with one leg. Moby Dick, the white whale, had sheared off his leg on the most as a reward for anyone who sights thewhale first. The Pequod marked a good catch of whales but Ahab refuses to turn back until he has killed his enemy. Eventually,the white whale appears, and the Pequod begins its doomed fight with it. On the first day the whale overturns a boat; On the second, it swamps another. When the third day comes, Ahab and his crew manage to plunge a harpoon into it, but the whale carries the Pequod along with it to its doom. All on board the whaler get drowned, except one, Ishmael, who survives to tell the tale. From the story, we can see that captain Ahab is a hero who dares to fight though he failed at last. Ahab is Byronic hero, a man with consuming desire to take revenge against the whale which has crippled him. He is brave. Though he knows that it has difficulty in killing whale, he never gives up. He thinks that man can make the world for himself and he tries his best to kill the whale. Although he fails at last, his spiritual is respectable and we should also be indomitable.We know that Ahab's character is amphibious, and we now more focus on the bleak view. As the author is negative, the story is full of tragedy, including the ending.Captain Ahab is a typical Melvillean “isolato”, and a typical Bartleby whose lips are set ever for an “I prefer not to”. He cuts himself off from his wife and kid, and stays away most of the time from his crew. He hates Moby Dick which is an embodiment of nature. He is angry because his pride is wounded. After the loss of his leg in his encounter with the white whale, he seems to hold God responsible for the presence of evil in the universe. Thus his anger assumes the proportions of a cosmis nature. In his egocentric obsession. He loves his sanity, and humanity and becomes a devilish creature rushing headlong toward his doom.Captain Ahab believed in his own power, he is too much of a self-reliant individual to be a good human being. His selfhood must be asserted at the expense of all else: lives may be sacrificed,and nature may be sacrificed, and nature may have to be vanquished in order that he may do what he wills. Ahab is ,to be more exact, a victim of solipsism, His tragedy stemming in the main from extreme individualism, selfish will, a spirit too much withdrawn to itself to warrant salvation.In conclusion, we should observe the two sides of the Captain's character. We need be brave and confident. We have to remind that man is in society, and we can't live without society. We should respect the nature.美国文学论文范文二：The review about the Literature of RomanticismⅠ. BackgroundFrom the early 1800s to the civil war，American was a land of paradoxes, a land stirred by spiritual dreams and shaped by the realities of a growing materialism. the United States had begun to change into an industrial cause society, technology would bring vast material benefits and cause overwhelming social disorders. Americans had sought new liberties and new ideas in life and art, but conflicts of their society had culminated in a bloody civil war. In the first half of the nineteenth century the proportion of Americans who labored on farms declined as increasing members left the land to work in urban businesses and factories. New York became American’s largest city, supplanting Boston and Philadelphia as the economic and cultural capital of the nation. Though the first half of the century the pursuit of simplicity, utility, and perfection remained an American characteristic.In the years preceding the Civil War relatively few volumes of imaginative literature were published in the United States. Most book were almanacs, schoolbooks, self-help manuals, or workson religion, medicine, or the law. Fewer than a dozen volumes of poetry were published annually. Fiction was a prime component of ladies’ magazines. Novels were increasingly popular, especially historical romances written by Europeans, most notably by “the monarch and master of modern fiction,” Sir Walter Scott. But as the century progressed, native American writers won increasing national and international fame. Washington Irving’s Sketch Book (1819-1820)became the first work by an American writer to win financial success on both sides of the Atlantic.Ⅱ. The definition of RomanticismRomanticism is a movement prevailing the 19th century in Western World in literature. art music and philosophy beginning as a reaction and protest against the bondage of rules and customs of neo-classicism. It was marked and is always marked by a story reaction .It returned to nature and plain humanity for material. It brought about a renewed interest in medieval literature. It was also marked by sympathy for poor people and thus a deep understanding toward common people. It was a movement expression of indivdual orignality and different poets realized their variety.A dream of golden age is established against stern realities .Imagination is the key point.Ⅲ. The Characteristic s of the Romantic LiteratureThe main trends of thought of the literature of romanticism is Romanticism, Transcendentation, Anti-slavery. Transcendentation as a moral philosophy, transcendentalism was neither logical nor systematized. It exalted feeling over reason, individual expression over the restraints of law and custom. They believed in the transcendence of the “Oversoul”, an all-pervading power for goodness from which all things come and of which all things are a part.Romanticism, attitude or intellectual orientation that characterized many works of literature, painting, music, architecture, criticism, and historiography in Western civilization over a period from the late 18th to the mid-19th century. Romanticism canbe seen as a rejection of the precepts of order, calm, harmony, balance, idealization, and rationality that typified Classicism in general and late 18th-century Neoclassicism in particular. It was also to some extent a reaction against the Enlightenment and against 18th-century rationalism and physical materialism in general. Romanticism emphasized the individual, the subjective, the irrational, the imaginative, the personal, the spontaneous, the emotional, the visionary, and the transcendental.Among the characteristic attitudes of Romanticism were the following: a deepened appreciation of the beauties of nature; a general exaltation of emotion over reason and of the senses over intellect; a turning in upon the self and a heightened examination of human personality and its moods and mental potentialities; a preoccupation with the genius, the hero, and the exceptional figure in general, and a focus on his passions and inner struggles;a new view of the artist as a supremely individual creator, whose creative spirit is more important than strict adherence to formal rules and traditional procedures; an emphasis upon imagination as a gateway to transcendent experience and spiritual truth; an obsessive interest in folk culture, national and ethnic cultural origins, and the medieval era; and a predilection for the exotic, the remote, the mysterious, the weird, the occult, the monstrous, the diseased, and even the satanic.Ⅳ. Main writer and masterpieceⅰ.Washington Irving(1783-1851)He was the Father of American Imaginative Literature; the Father of American Short Stories. He was the first great prose stylist of American romanticism familiar style.The apparent ease of his writing is not simply that of the gifted amateur; it results from his purposeful identification of his whole personality with what he wrote. He was urbane and worldly, yet humorous and gentle, his great and graceful style combine with American roots shaped his independent literary personality. He was the first great belletrist, writing always for pleasure, and to produce pleasure. In 1819-1820 ,his Sketch Book appeared the first modern short stories and the first great American juvenile literature to write good history and biography as literary entertainment. The most story of his Sketch Book is The Legend of Sleep Hollow and Rip Van Winkle. He introduced the familiar essay to America. His best-known stories awakened an interest in the life of American regions. In 1819, A History of New York by Diedrich Knickerbocker a rollicking burlesque of a current serious history of the early Dutch settlers, has become a classic of humor.Bracebridge Hall followed in 1822;then he first went to Germany in pursuit of an interest in German romanticism, which flavored the Tales of Traveller(1824), in Paris he with John Howard Payne wrote the brilliant social comedy Charles the Second or The Merry Monarch. A History of the Life and Voyages of Christopher Columbus(1828); A Chronicle of the Conquest of Grandada(1829); Voyages and Discoveries of the Companions of Columbus(1831) ; a famous volume of stories and sketches—The Alhambra(1832) and Legends of the Conquest of Spain (1835) and so on.ⅱ. James Fenimore Cooper(1789-1851)He was the first important American novelist began his literary career on a dare. In 1821,The Spy was successful, it was a rousing tale about espionage against the British during the Revolutionary War .Cooper launched two kinds of immensely popular stories: the sea adventure tale, and the frontier saga. The Pilot is the best of his many sea romances(1824). He wrote the first official history of the U.S. Navy in 1839. His frontier stories Leather Stocking T ales including five novels: The Deerslayer; The Last of the Mohicans, The Pathfinder, The Pioneers, The Prairie. Allan Nevins calls these five novels the nearest approach yet to an American epic. with a vast group of supporting characters, virtuous or villainous, Cooper made the American conscious of his past, and made the European conscious of American. And the Textbooks works is The Last of The Mohicans.ⅲ.Edgar Allan Poe(1809-1849)Poe was born in Boston. He was the Father of Modern Short Stories; the Father of Detective Story; and the Father of Psychoanalytic Critism. He was the jingle man. He won a contest with his story “Ms. Found in a Bottle” .Then he got a job as editor with the Southern Literary Messenger in 1833. He showed his true talents as an editor, a poet, a literary critic, and a writer of fiction. And he also issued The Fall of the House of Usher. In 1840, His first collection of short stories Tales of the Grotesque and Arabesque. The Raven was published as the title poem of a collection in 1845. In Europe, he was hailed as a pioneer in poetic and fictional techniques. His influence was especially strong on many French writers. The most famous works were To Helen; The Rav en; Annabel Lee; The Fall of the House of Usher. ⅳ. Ralph Waldo Emerson(1803-1882)He was responsible for bringing Transcendentalism to New England and was recognized throughout his life as the leader of the movement. He believed above all in individualism, independence of mind and self-reliance. He admired courage, he was not afraid of changing or clashing ideas. Like many original minds, he was often several jumps ahead of what his followers thought was his position or philosophy. He was one of the most influential American thinkers, yet he had no elaborate, formal system of thought and he never attempted to create one. Emerson believed above all in individualism, independence of mind, and self-reliance. In 1836,he issued the first book Nature , which met with a mild reception. However , two speeches in the next two years, The American Scholar and The Divinity School Address ,made him famous. Many of his lectures were later distilled into his famous Essays. Among his most important works are Representative Men (1850)and English Traits (1856).His Poem appeared in 1847. In his day, Emerson’s poems were criticized for their lack of form and polish. In recent years, hover, his poetry has received high praise.His harsh rhythms and striking images appeal to many modern readers as artful techniques. His prose style is sometimes as highly individual as his poetry. Many of his essays were put together from his journal entries, speeches, and random notes, and they are often somewhat disorganized. Yet his skill in polishing each sentence into a striking thought makes his writing memorable. One of his great statements was in The American Scholar. That title is now carried by one of the finest magazines in American. Oliver Wendell Holmes called the speech “our intellectua l Declaration of Independence”. He is the world ’s eye. He is the world’s heart.ⅴ. Henry David Thoreau(1817-1862)He was Emerson’s truest disciple, who put into practice many of Emerson’s theories. Walden, the superb book came out of his two-year’s reside nce at Walden Pond. He explained many of the beliefs that led him to try this kind of life. He thought it better for a man to work one day a week and the rest of the week could be devoted to thought. For Thoreau, as for Emerson, self-reliance and independence of mind ranked above all each should find out his own way of living. In 1849, From his experience in jail came his famous essay” Civil Disobedience”, which stated Thoreau’s belief that no man should violate his conscience at the command of a government. His famous book is Walden Where I Lived, and What I Lived For.ⅵ. Nathaniel Hawthorne(1804-1864)The House of the Seven Gables deals with the effects of a curse, and though the tale itself is fiction, the germ of the story sprang from the author’s family history. Hawthorne gathered his material by observing and listening to others whose talk was filled with New England Lore, legend, and superstition. His famous book is The Scarlet Letter.Hawthorne’s unique gift was for the creation of strongly symbolic s tories which touch the deepest roots of man’s moral nature. The finest example is the recreation of Puritan Boston, “The Scarlet Letter”. In this novel each word, image, and event works toward a single effect. It is a complex story of guilt, its effects upon various persons, and how deliverance is obtained for some of them. His ability to create vivid and symbolic images that embody great moral questions appear strongly in his short stories. It was Hawthorne’s ability to make a story exist in its own right but at the same time appear as a moral symbol.Hawthorne shares with Edgar Allan Poe the distinction of advancing the art of the short story, giving to the form qualities that are uniquely American. To Hawthorne and Melville, however, the telling of a tale was a way of inquiring into the meaning of life. His stories also have The Blithedale Romance(1852); splendid stories called Mosses from an Old Manse(1846); The Marble Faun(1860)ⅶ. Herman Melville(1819-1891)Moby Dick, a tremendous chronicle of a whaling voyage in pursuit of a seemingly supernatural white whale. The book is steeped in symbolism, another strong appeal to readers of his century. In 1846, Typee became known as the “man who lived among cannibals”. The book was basically factual but was no dou bt elaborated somewhat and built up from Melville’s reading as well as his experience. Equally successful was a sequel, Omoo(1847),about his adventures on Tahiti and other island. Later Melville based Bedburn(1849) on his first voyage to England, and White-Jacket(1850) on his brief career in the navy. He drew upon his naval experience again for Billy Budd(1891).He has two other philosophical novels Mardi, Pierre. two celebrated short novels Benito Cereno and Billy Budd. The story uses a ship as symbol of society and searchingly examines the problems of good and evil. Ahab’s ship was like a world inminiature with characters from all walks of life.ⅷ. Henry Wadsworth Longfellow(1807-1882)Longfellow was born in Portland, Maine, on February 27,1807 and died on March 24,1882 in Cambridge, Massachusetts, the most beloved American poet of his time. His main books are Longfellow’s first collection of poems entitled Voices of the Night(1838); Hyperion” the prose romance(1839) ;Ballads and other Poems(1841); Poems on Slavery(1842); Evangeline(1847); Song of Hiawath(1855); The Courtship of Miles Standish(1858)After his death, he became the only American to be honored with a bust in the Poet’s corner of Westminster Abbey. The gentleness, sweetness, and purity for which his poetry was popular during his lifetime.Ⅴ.SummaryFrom the end of the 18th century to the outbreak of he Civil War. It started with the publication of Washington Irving’s The Sketch Book and ended with Whitman’s Leaves of Grass. It is also called “the American Renaissance”. The desire for an escape from society and a return to nature became a permanent convention of American literature. The American Puritanism as a cultural heritage exerted great influences over American moral values. Besides, a preoccupation with the Calvinistic view of original sin and the mystery of evil marked the works of Hawthorne，Melville and a host of lesser writers. The most clearly defined Romantic literary movement in this period is New England Transcendentalism. This Transcendentalist group includes two of the most significant writers America has produced so far， Emerson and his young friend, Henry David Thoreau, whose writing has a strong impact on American literature. Basically, Transcendentalism has been defined philoso phically as “the recognition in man of the capacity of knowing truth intuitively, or of attaining knowledge transcending the reach of the senses.” Emerson once proclaimed in a speech, “Nothing is at last sacred but the integrity of you own mind.” Other concepts that accompanied Transcendentalism include the idea that nature is ennobling and the idea that the individual isdivine and, therefore, self-reliant. It ranges from the comic fables of Washington Irving to the Gothic tales of Edgar Allen Poe, from the frontier adventures of James Fenimore Cooper to the narrative quests of Herman Melville, from the psychological romances of Nathaniel Hawthorne to the social realism of Rebecca Harding.American romantic literature by western romantic literature influence.19 century, the rapid development of American capitalism, the national consciousness and patriotic enthusiasm, to get rid of the English literature of bondage, pay attention to the human spirit and the pursuit of freedom to create a fill transcendence, thus the romantic literature began to flourish.Bibliography:1. 王长荣. 《现代美国小说史》.上海：外语教育出版社，1992.2. 邵锦娣，白劲鹏. An Introduction to Literature. 上海：上海外语教育出版社，20013. 隋刚.《美国文学旧作新读》. 北京：外文出版社，1998.。
西方文论论文亚里士多德悲剧观
西方文论论文亚里士多德悲剧观第一篇：西方文论论文亚里士多德悲剧观浅析亚里士多德的悲剧观摘要：亚里士多德是西方美学史上第一个给悲剧提出完整定义的人，并指出悲剧的六个成分：情节、性格、思想、语言、唱段和戏景。
本文论述了亚里士多德悲剧理论产生的时代背景，在后世文学作品中的观照及其历史地位。
关键词：悲剧理论悲剧情节悲剧人物历史地位亚里士多德（Aristotle，公元前383—前322）是古希腊最著名的哲学家和文艺理论家，生于三位具有深远影响的悲剧艺术家埃斯库罗斯、索福克勒斯和欧里皮德斯之后，悲剧艺术十分繁荣的的时代。
马克思称他是“古代最伟大的思想家”，恩格斯称他是古代“最博学的人”。
正是这位百科全书式的伟人，在总结古希腊悲剧艺术的实践经验基础上，形成了最早的以情节论为中心的悲剧理论，同时在历史上第一次概括了悲剧的定义，创造了一套完整的悲剧理论，对后世特别是对西方悲剧的发展产生了不可磨灭的影响。
亚里士多德的悲剧理论主要集中在《诗学》中，从第六节到第十九节，都是在讨论悲剧。
《诗学》通过悲剧与史诗、悲剧与喜剧之间的比较肯定了悲剧的创作过程，对悲剧情节的取材、情节的结构原则及艺术技巧等问题作了许多精辟的论述。
因此，车尔尼雪夫斯基尊称亚里士多德是西方美学的奠基人。
（1）一、亚里士多德的悲剧理论产生的时代背景亚里士多德的老师柏拉图认为诗人的罪过是培养发育人性中低劣的部分而摧残理性，他否认史诗、悲剧、喜剧能表现真理，认为他们影子的影子，与真理隔着三层。
但史诗与悲剧相比较，柏拉图认为史诗优于悲剧，原因主要有以下几点：首先，在古希腊苏格拉底、柏拉图等哲学家认为爱真理者不应该喜欢庸俗低劣的悲剧，因为它远离真理；苏格拉底也要求他的信徒们戒除和严格禁绝这种非哲学的诱惑。
其次，亚里士多德在《诗学》最后一章中指出当时流行的观点认为“史诗的对象是有教养的听众—他们的欣赏无需身姿的图解，而悲剧则是演给缺少教养的观众看地。
所以，如果悲剧是一种粗俗的艺术，那么她显然是二者中的较为低劣者。
有关西方文学的论文范文2篇
有关西方文学的论文范文2篇有关西方文学的论文范文一：小议西方文学的研究趋向对话的目的，不是简单地褒贬某一文论，而是对文艺理论研究进行反思与自省。
诗学如此对话的目的，就是去探寻深层次的共同的有关人类审美文化的价值倾向。
动态研究。
研究当代西方文艺理论，采用静止的或孤立的观点，是行不通的。
要采用发展的、具体的的观点，去分析问题与研究问题。
在研究西方文艺理论过程中，我们不照搬照抄，而是通过参照对比，整理着、分析出、总结好我们的当代文艺理论，从而，更好地建设我们自己的当代文艺理论体系。
当研究透彻后，当我们洞悉20世纪西方文艺理论的内涵与真实意义，并从真正意义上知晓当代文论下隐藏的存在本体论的重要意义时，到时候，我们将有全新的知识型结构。
深层次地研究文艺理论与美学，就会触及到一个比较深远并十分重要的问题，有关中西文化精神的走向问题。
所以，研究诗学，不但关涉着诗意般的思维方式)问题。
所以，对当代中国的文艺理论体系进行构建，务必要弄清楚西方文化与诗学的价值取向和主要趋向。
多元化研究。
由于世界文化呈现出多元化的色彩，所以，我们应该进行多元化研究。
我国文论界，仔细地对第一世界与第三世界文化进行研究，发现，对资本主义生产与消费关系，进行批判的后殖民主义，着重于第三世界对第一世界的文化“拿来主义”，并没有意识“文化对话”，在新世纪，对中国的重要性。
当然，由此也提出了在全球化的语境中，如何摆正中国的文化以及文论知识分子的价值立场问题。
笔者认为“,全球化”并不意味全球单一化,而是逐步呈现出差异性的动态过程。
别研究。
在研究过程中，需要应用派别研究方法。
我们都知晓，后殖民主义与批判现代主义、现代主义、后现代主义密切相关。
引入后殖民主义,使后现代主义的反权威问题、价值平面问题、中心与边缘问题，变得更加繁杂,也使得我国文论界，面临着以下许多问题:后学研究的阐释中国的焦虑,后现代哲学与中国哲学审理以及哲学新方向,后现代主义与社会科学的复杂状态,形而上学的命运与后现代实在论,后现代主义与文学艺术的危机,当代诗学与后现代审美文化,后现代后殖民与文化保守主义,人文精神的困境与价值反思,后殖民主义的发展与中国文化思想的内在矛盾,后殖民场域中的第三世界文学和批评,后殖民主义与民族主义以及妖魔化等等。