英语修辞学第九章
unit 9 英语修辞学(Rhetoric)
Metaphor
• It is like a simile, also makes a comparison between unlike elements, but unlike a simile, this comparison is implied rather than stated. • mark: be • Experience is the mother of wisdom • she is shedding crocodile tears • Mark my words, the first woman who fishes for him, hooks him. • The diamond department was the heart and center of the store. • 钻石部是商店的心脏和核心
Rhetorical Devices
English Figures of Speech
• how many figures of speech do you know? • identify the following sentences, using certain rhetorical devices. • 你像个神人 • 你是个神人 • 神人，神事啊！ • 你还真是个“神人”啊。 • 。。。。
Simile
• It is a figure of speech which makes a comparison Marriage is like a between two unlike• elements having at least one beleaguered fortress; quality or characteristic in common. to make the those who are without comparison, words like as, as...as, as if and like want to get in, and are used to transfer the quality we associate with those within want go one to the other. get out . • mark: like, as, seem, as if, similar to, such as • 婚姻象是一个被包围 • I wandered lonely as a cloud. 的 堡垒；外面的想 • He was like a cock who thought the sun had risen 要进去，里面的人想 to hear him crow. 要出来。
现代英语修辞学
普通高等教育“十五”国家级规划教材现代英语修辞学Moder n English Rhetor ic胡曙中编著上海外语教育出版社图书在版编目(CIP)数据现代英语修辞学/胡曙中编著.—上海:上海外语教育出版社,2004ISBN7-81095-185-8Ⅰ.现…Ⅱ.胡…Ⅲ.英语修辞教材Ⅳ.H315中国版本图书馆CIP数据核字(2004)第014498号早在1982年,我的导师杨小石先生有意要编一本适合我国英语专业使用的英语修辞学教材,为此,他邀请了包括我在内的三位教师一起参加编写,我们商定了编写大纲,也作了具体的分工。
我当时只有35岁,对编写这么一本教材的困难程度并不清楚,但却凭着一股劲,居然勉强地完成了自己那一部分,但是由于他们未能完成自己的部分,我的那一部分最后也就不了了之了。
从那时到现在,时间过去了20多年。
在这20多年中,我读了一些书,作了一些研究,从《英汉修辞比较研究》、《美国新修辞学》到《英语修辞学》,我走了过来。
坦诚地说,前面走过的路不都是一步一个脚印的,但就在这步履艰难的过程中,我逐渐知道了什么是英语修辞,知道了如何来阐释和应用英语修辞。
现在奉献给大家的这本《现代英语修辞学》,承蒙教育部和有关专家的厚爱,被确定为普通高等教育“十五”国家级规划教材。
我把这本书写成一本英语修辞学的入门书,是想回答许多学生提出的问题:“什么是英语修辞学?”“英语修辞学是不是就是研究英语写作?”“英语修辞学是英语专业的课程,还是语言学的课程?”我希望我的这本书能较为满意地回答这些问题。
在这儿,我想概括一下本书的各章内容和目的:第0章导论解释英语修辞的种种意义,并说明本书的目的———对英语修辞现象的描述、应用和阐释第1章影响修辞活动的要素论述信息、使用场合、受话者之间的关系,说明语气如何反映其间的关系第2章词汇的修辞描述英语选字遣词的修辞规律及其应用第3章句子的修辞描述英语连词组句的修辞规律及其应用第4章 段落的修辞 描述英语段落构成的修辞规律及其应用第5章 语篇的修辞 描述英语语篇构成的修辞规律及其应用第6章 语篇的种类 描述语篇的种类及其特点第7章 语体 描述作为修辞活动综合体的语体特征第8章 修辞手段 描述修辞布局和辞格的规律第9章 理论阐释 简述主要的英语修辞理论第10章 传统与发展 回顾英语修辞学的传统,预测其发展本书主要适合英语专业高年级学生和研究生使用。
(最新整理)英语修辞学(Rhetoric)
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▪ 4. 英语被动句用得多，汉语主动句用得多。这更说明了英语 的“物称倾向”。
▪ An illustration is furnished by an editorial in the Washington Post (January 17, 1962).
▪ 《华盛顿邮报》（1962年1月17日）的一篇社论提供了一个 例子。
挨户去唱五朔节赞歌，祝福主人。在一些农村，每 年5月1日凌晨，青年们便奏着音乐、唱着赞歌，结 伴去树林砍树枝，待太阳出来后返回，将树枝插在
门窗上。
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▪ What is simile? E.g. ▪ The snow was like a white
blank drawn over the field. ▪ The structure: ▪ The signified, the simile
That is our policy and that is our declaration. ▪ 这就是我们的国策。这就是我们的宣言。
▪ If winter comes, can spring be far behind? ▪ 冬天来了，春天还会远吗？
▪ This is the reason why he is leaving so soon. ▪ 这就是他所以这么快就要离开的原因。
▪ To find out the common ways people know the world and ways people express themselves.
▪ To appreciate the beauty, explicit or not, of the language.
英语修辞学 Onomatopoei apotrophe pun
Onomatopoeia
杜甫的《登高》一是一著例。“风急天高猿啸哀，渚清沙白鸟飞回，无 边落木萧萧下，不尽长江滚滚来。万里悲秋常作客，百年多病独登台。 艰难苦恨繁霜鬓，潦倒新停浊酒杯。” The wind so swift, the sky so wide, apes wail and cry, Water so clear and beach so white, birds wheel and fly. The boundless forest sheds its leaves shower by shower, The endless river rolls its waves hour after hour. 作者当时流落夔州，重九登高，心中有无限悲凉之情。前四句，作者为
• O Nature, how hair is thy face, And how lights is thy heart. • “You Heavens, give me that patience, patience I need!” 上帝，赐予我耐力，我梦寐以求的耐力吧 ！ -- Shakespeare: King Lear
Apostrophe
Expressed by persons
• O Captain! My Captain; our fearful trip is done. The ship has weather’d every rack, the prize we sought is won… --- Walt Whitman
"Blue Moon, you saw me standing alone Without a dream in my heart Without a love of my own." (Lorenz Hart, "Blue Moon")
大学英语修辞学第九章
also known as parallel structure or parallel construction: Figure of balance identified by a similarity in the syntactical structure of a set of words in successive phrases, clauses, sentences; successive words, phrases, clauses with the same or very similar grammatical structure. This figure often occurs in public address with others such as antithesis, anaphora, asyndeton, climax, epistrophe and symploce. The application of parallelism in sentence construction can sometimes improve writing style clearness and readability.
Parallelism is often used in persuasive speech. It is either within a sentence or across sentences, within a paragraph or across paragraphs. 1.Within a sentence 1) ... and that government of the people, by the people and for the people, shall not perish from the earth. (Abraham Lincoln)
英语修辞学(Rhetoric)
Syllepsis
Syllepsis是指用一个词（如动词、形容词、介词等）同时与两个或更多的词相搭配，在越一个词搭配时用一种词义，而在与另一个词搭配时则用另一种词义,这种搭配在句法规则和语义上都是正确的，并产生不同的字面意义和比喻意义。
He lost the game and his temper. 他输了这一局，大发脾气。
半谐音也可称“无韵”，是指一组词、一句话或一行诗中同一元音重复出现，它具有音乐的节奏感，可增强语言的表现力。例如：
It’s fair and square affair from the beginning to the end. 这件事自始至终都是光明正大的。
All roads lead to Rome. 条条大路通罗马。
Pun
双关（pun） 就是用发音相似的词来表达特殊意义的修辞手法，它非常能够体现使用者的睿智机敏、幽默俏皮，造成印象隽永的效果。它的使用场合亦庄亦谐，既常见于故事、笑话、谜语、儿歌等，又可用于正式场合，表达严肃的思想和深邃的感情。 — Why is an empty parse always the same? — Because there is never any change in it.(change既表示“零钱”，又表示“变化”。“空钱包”里边没“零钱”当然就永远瘪着，毫无“变化”了。)
2。主体和喻体一般指两个不同的事物。
本体和喻体通常一个抽象一个具体，一个熟悉一个陌生
Simile(明喻)
希腊语Metapherein (transfer )转换
无需借助比喻词，直接将甲事物当作乙事物来描写。也称隐喻，是依据比喻和被比喻两种不同事物的相似或相关关系而构成的修辞格。 例如：
英语修辞学大纲(新版)
《英语修辞学》课程教学大纲一、课程基本信息课程代码020259课程中文名称英语修辞学课程英文名称English Rhetoric课程性质专业必修学分/学时 2/36适用专业英语专业先修课程无推荐教材（参考书）《英语辞格导论》, 张金泉、周丹主编，华中科技大学出版社，2013年版二、课程简介本课程在吸收、借鉴修辞研究的新方法、新成果的基础上，比较系统的介绍了英语修辞理论及常用修辞手法，使学生掌握英语修辞学及修辞手法的基本知识，提高英语语言素养，作为英语专业高年级课程，本课程具有实践性和实用性。
三、教学目的与基本要求通过本课程，提高学生英语口、笔表达的得体性和艺术性，使之对词语的选用更加贴切、句子表义更加清晰和生动；并通过对经典修辞实例的分析和品读，使学生更准确地理解作者的写作意图、文体风格和写作技巧，从而提高阅读能力和文学欣赏水平。
四、教学进度表讲（章）次各讲标题名称讲授学时教学周安排备注第一讲绪论 2 1第二讲音韵修辞格 4 2-3第三讲语义修辞格 22 4-15 期中考试占2学时第四讲句法修辞格 4 16-17第五讲总结 2 18（注：以讲或章为单位对教学内容做出学时要求安排。
）五、考核方式和成绩评定办法1、考核方式：闭卷考；2、成绩评定办法：平时成绩（包括课堂表现、提交作业、考勤）占30%，期中考试占10%，期末考试占60%六、内容提要第一周英语修辞学概述教学目的：1）了解修辞学定义及修辞学研究的历史；2）了解修辞学学习的意义及课程设置教学重点：修辞学研究的对象及意义教学难点：修辞的定义教学方法：讲授为主，结合学生讨论教学内容：1）修辞学定义2）修辞学研究历史概述3）英语辞格介绍4）英语修辞学学习的意义5）本门课程考核方式课后思考题：英专学生学习英语修辞学的意义授课时数:2第二周音韵修辞格（头韵、元韵）教学目的：理解并掌握头韵、元韵概念与具体运用教学重点：头韵教学难点：头韵、元韵的具体运用教学方法：教师讲授、学生讨论、课堂联系presentation相结合教学内容：1）头韵定义及修辞实例赏析2）元韵定义及修辞实例赏析授课时数：2第三周音韵修辞格（押韵、拟声）教学目的：理解并掌握押韵、拟声的概念与具体运用教学重点：押韵教学难点：押韵、拟声的具体运用教学方法：教师讲授、学生讨论、课堂联系presentation相结合教学内容：1）押韵定义及修辞实例赏析2）拟声定义及修辞实例赏析授课时数：2第四周语义修辞格（摹色）教学目的：理解并掌握摹色的概念与具体运用教学重点：颜色词教学难点：摹色具体运用教学方法：教师讲授、学生讨论、课堂联系presentation相结合教学内容：摹色定义及修辞实例赏析授课时数：2第五周语义修辞格（明喻）教学目的：1）掌握明喻的概念2）掌握明喻的几种常见形式3）了解as...as...类明喻的翻译教学重点：明喻的几种常见形式教学难点：as...as...类明喻的特征及文化内涵教学方法：教师讲授、学生讨论、课堂联系presentation相结合授课时数：2第六周语义修辞格（隐喻）教学目的：1）掌握隐喻的定义2）掌握隐喻的分类3）了解延伸式隐喻的定义教学难点：隐喻的分类教学方法：教师讲授、学生讨论、课堂联系presentation相结合授课时数：2第七周语义层面的修辞格（拟人、双关）教学目的：1）掌握拟人的概念、分类、修辞效果。
英语修辞学(打印版)
英语修辞手法1) Simile：(明喻）It is a figure of speech which makes a comparison between two unlike elements having at least one quality or characteristic (特性)in common. To make the comparison, words like as, as...as, as if and like are used to transfer the quality we associate with one to the other. For example, As cold waters to a thirsty soul, so is good news from a far country./ This elephant is like a snake as anybody can see.2) Metaphor：(暗喻）It is like a simile, also makes a comparison between two unlike elements, but unlike a simile, this comparison is implied rather than stated. For example, the world is a stage./ The diamond department was the heart and center of the store.3) Analogy: (类比）It is also a form of comparison, but unlike simile or metaphor which usually uses comparison on one point of resemblance, analogy draws a parallel between two unlike things that have several common qualities or points of resemblance.4) Personification: (拟人）It gives human form of feelings to animals, or life and personal attributes(赋予) to inanimate(无生命的) objects, or to ideas and abstractions(抽象). For example, the wind whistled through the trees.5) Hyperbole: (夸张）It is the deliberate use of overstatement or exaggeration to achieve emphasis. For instance, he almost died laughing.6) Understatement: (含蓄陈述）It is the opposite of hyperbole, or overstatement. It achieves its effect of emphasizing a fact by deliberately(故意地) understating it, impressing the listener or the reader more by what is merely implied or left unsaid than by bare statement. For instance, It is no laughing matter.7) Euphemism: (委婉）It is the substitution of an agreeable or inoffensive(无冒犯) expression for one that may offend or suggest something unpleasant. For instance, we refer to "die" as” pass away".8) Metonymy (转喻）It is a figure of speech that has to do with the substitution of the mane of one thing for that of another. For instance, the pen (words) is mightier than the sword (forces). 借代（metonymy）是指两种不同事物并不相似，但又密不可分，因而常用其中一种事物名称代替另一种。
英语修辞学第九章ppt课件
1. 松散句 (loose sentence) 2. 圆周句(periodic sentence) 3. 对偶句(antithesis)
Extremism in the defense of liberty is no vice; moderation in the pursuit of justice is no virtue. 4. 排比句(parallelism)
16. 换称(antonomasia) (来源：宗教，古代及当代的历史和文学，借代中的专 有名词则无须具有类似的起源）
Solomon tor;
Uncle Tom
17. 通感(synaesthesia)
And like music on the waters
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采用PP管及配件：根据给水设计图配 置好PP管及配 件，用 管件在 管材垂 直角切 断管材 ，边剪 边旋转 ，以保 证切口 面的圆 度，保 持熔接 部位干 净无污 物
5. 反复( rhetorical repetition) Happy, happy pair None but the brave, None but the brave, None but the brave deserves the fair. (连续反复） Like draws like. （首尾反复） We eat to live, not live to eat.（逆转反复） For glances beget ogles, ogles sighs, sighs wishes, wishes
22. 轭式搭配(zeugma) He ate a bun and a glass of milk. At noon Mrs. Turpin would get out of bed and humor, put
英语修辞格译法(16)
第九章英语修辞格的译法（教学安排：2课时）修辞格(figure of speech)是提高语言表达效果的语言艺术。
它能使语言生动形象、具体活泼，给人以美的享受。
要翻译好英语修辞格，首先要弄清其特点、弄清英汉两种语言在这方面的异同，然后根据具体情况采用恰当的技巧进行翻译。
翻译英语修辞格力求译文能有效地再现原文的修辞效果，否则译文即使在大意上与原文差不多，也会使原文的精神和风格受损，削弱语言的表达力。
一般说来，修辞格的翻译原则是形似不如神似重要。
要做到这一点有时可以采取直译，因为英汉两种语言在修辞手法上存在某些惊人的相似之处；但有时仅靠直译是不行的，因为英汉两种语言还存在着许多差异。
无视这些差异而采用直译不但不能保持原文中修辞格的神韵，反而会歪曲原作的意思，造成译文语言晦涩难懂。
这时译者就得借助其他翻译技巧，根据具体情况灵活地改换原文的某些修辞手法，使译文符合译入语的语言规范和表述习惯。
大致说来修辞格的翻译法有三：直译法、意译法和直译加注法。
但是，不管采用什么方法，都应尽量保留原修辞格的语言文化特色，努力传递出各种辞格的结构美、意韵美和音韵美。
一、Simile（明喻）simile与汉语的明喻基本相同，用某一事物或情境来比拟另一个事物或情境，使其变抽象为具体、化深奥为浅显、化陌生为熟悉，使描写更加生动形象。
英语simile 的比喻词一般是like, as（……as）等, 汉语明喻的比喻词通常是“好像”、“仿佛”、“一样”、“犹如”、“若”、“似”等。
例如：例1原文：They are like streetcars running contentedly on their rails.译文：1．直译当英语和汉语明喻中的喻义和喻体相对应时，可以采取直译。
例2原文：Among so many well-dressed and cultured people, the country girl felt like a fish out of water.译文：例3原文：Mrs. Macbeth has a heart as hard as flint.译文：例4原文：Previously, if I had been really interested in a book, I would race from page to page, eager to know what came next. Now, I decide, I had to become a miser with words and stretch every sentence like a poor man spending his last dollar.译文：例5as cold as ice as light as feather as bold as a lionas rapid as lightening as hungry as a wolf applause like thundersas sly as a fox as slow as a turtle as busy as a bee as dirty and greedy as a pig 2．改变喻体当英汉明喻中的喻义相同而喻体不同时，翻译时需要改变喻体。
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For example: (1) “家，是情之所系； 家，是爱的港湾；家，是人们平常吃饭睡觉的地
方”。 (2) We often joked about his passionate love for his daughter, his
cat and his astray. (3) Where shall I find hope, happiness, friends, cigarettes?
English Rhetoric
Chapter Nine Syntactic Figures of Speech (II)
By Song Pingfeng
Contents of This Chapter
• 9.1 Climax 层进 • 9.2 Anticlimax 突降 • 9.3 Syllepsis一笔双叙法 • 9.4 Zeugma 轭式修饰法 • 9.5 Chiasmus 交错配列法 • 9.6 Asyndeton连接词省略 • 9.7 Polysyndeton连词叠用 • 9.8 Rhetorical ques Nhomakorabeaion 反问
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For example, (1) It is a test of our courage----of our resolve----of our wisdom--of our essential democracy. (Franklin D. Roosevelt)
(2) “家，是爱的牵挂；家，是情的纽带；家，是心灵的归依和寄托。”
上句的亮点在于句末的—and dust。因为，在马克"吐温看来，他们一行人， 游兴勃发，甚至将旅途上的滚滚尘土都视作company，遗憾的是，我们读到了 如此“扫兴”的译文：
➢ “a sudden often funny change from something noble, serious, exciting, etc., to something foolish, unimportant, or uninteresting, esp. in a speech or piece of formal writing” (Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English).
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9.1 Climax
(1) Definition ➢ Climax is the arrangement of words, phrases, clauses or
sentences in ascending order of importance. ➢ Ideas arranged in such a way develop gradually, like climbing a
ladder, each idea outweighing the preceding one until reaching the summit.
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(2): Advantages: ➢ effective in stirring up feelings and emotions, and helps to drive home a point. (3) Basic requirement: ➢ The progression of thought in climax must ascend at least three steps. ➢ Climax is often combined with repetitive devices such as parallelism, anaphora, epihora, etc.
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9.2 Anticlimax
(1)Definition:
➢ It is defined as “ a sudden drop from the dignified or important in thought or expression to the commonplace or trivial, sometimes for humorous effect” (Webster’s New World Dictionary).
➢ It is a figure of speech that involves stating one’s thought in a descending order of significance or intensity, from the sublime to the ridiculous, from strong to weak, from weighty to light or frivolous.
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(2) Climax V.S. Anticlimax:
➢ Climax usually needs at least three “steps” up the ladder to achieve effect, but anticlimax sometimes needs only two steps of descends to gain emphasis.
“战士的职责就是保卫祖国和削土豆皮”。
战士的职责从神圣的“保卫祖国”突然降至微不足道的“削土豆皮”，实 属荒诞、可笑。正是因为作者运用了Anticlimax这一辞格，实现了喜剧性效 果。
(2) We had plenty of company in the way of wagon-loads and mule-loads of tourists—and dust. （Mark Twain）
(3) Anticlimax is often employed to humorous effects,
ridicule or satire.
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For example:
(1) The duties of a soldier are to protect his country and peel potatoes.