11 Threaded Fasteners
螺丝的作文500字
螺丝的作文500字英文回答：Screws are small, threaded fasteners that are commonly used to hold objects together. They come in a variety of sizes and materials, and are an essential component in construction, manufacturing, and DIY projects.Screws have a simple design, consisting of a head, a threaded shaft, and a point. The head is used to drive the screw into the material, and can come in different shapes such as flat, round, or oval. The threaded shaft is the part of the screw that grips the material and holds it in place. The point is the sharp end of the screw that allows it to be driven into the material.There are many different types of screws, each designed for specific applications. For example, wood screws are designed to be used in wood, while machine screws are used in metal. Self-tapping screws have a sharp tip that allowsthem to create their own hole as they are driven into the material.In addition to different types, screws also come in various materials such as steel, brass, and aluminum. The choice of material depends on the specific application and the environment in which the screw will be used. For example, stainless steel screws are resistant to corrosion, making them ideal for outdoor use.Overall, screws are a versatile and essential component in construction and manufacturing, and their simple yet effective design makes them a popular choice for holding objects together.中文回答：螺丝是一种小型的螺纹紧固件，常用于固定物体。
不锈钢螺栓螺母标准
不锈钢螺栓螺母是现代工业中非常重要的连接件，广泛应用于各种机械设备、建筑结构、车辆、船舶等领域。
为了确保其连接性能和使用安全，对不锈钢螺栓螺母的制造与使用都有一系列的标准进行规范。
以下将详细介绍不锈钢螺栓螺母的相关标准。
1. 不锈钢螺栓螺母的材料标准不锈钢螺栓螺母的材料通常需要符合国家或国际上的标准，以确保其具有良好的力学性能和耐腐蚀性。
常见的不锈钢材料标准包括：- GB/T 20878-2007《不锈钢及耐热钢牌号及化学成分》- ASTM A276/A276M-17《Standard Specification for Stainless Steel Bars and Shapes》这些标准规定了不锈钢的化学成分、力学性能、物理性能等指标。
2. 不锈钢螺栓螺母的尺寸标准不锈钢螺栓螺母的尺寸必须符合相应的标准，才能保证其在安装时的互换性和紧固效果。
常用的尺寸标准包括：- GB/T 5780-2016《六角头螺栓-产品级C》- GB/T 5782-2016《六角头螺栓-产品级A和B》- GB/T 6170-2015《六角螺母-产品级A和B》- ISO 4014:2011《Hexagon head bolts—Product grades A and B》- ISO 4032:2012《Hexagon nuts, style 1—Product grades A and B》这些标准详细规定了螺栓螺母的公称尺寸、尺寸偏差、螺纹规格等。
3. 不锈钢螺栓螺母的性能标准为了确保不锈钢螺栓螺母能够在实际应用中承受相应的载荷，其性能也需要符合一定的标准。
性能标准主要包括：- GB/T 3098.1-2010《机械连接-紧固件的机械性能-第1部分：螺栓、螺钉和螺柱》- GB/T 3098.2-2015《紧固件机械性能螺母第2部分：精制螺母》- ASTM F593-17《Standard Specification for Stainless Steel Bolts, Hex Cap Screws, and Studs》- ASTM F594-09(2020)《Standard Specification for Stainless Steel Nuts》这些标准涉及螺栓螺母的拉伸强度、屈服强度、伸长率、硬度等力学性能指标。
Threaded Fasteners
Draw thread axis
Draw a circle that represents a crest. Draw an arc that represents a root. Section lines are drawn into the crest of a thread.
DRAWING STEPS OF THREADED HOLE
Use alternate long and short lines for representing crests and roots of the thread, respectively.
External thread
Internal thread
Pitch
Root (thick line) Crest (thin line)
Chapter 11 Threaded Fasteners
TOPICS
Introduction Thread terminology Thread drawing and dimensioning Threaded fastener
Introduction
FASTENING TYPE
1. Permanent
Tap drill size 5.00 6.75 8.50 10.00
Metric thread
Minor diameter ≈ Tap drill size
In thread drawing, the following relationship is used. Minor diameter = Major diameter – Pitch
THREAD TERMINOLOGY
Right-hand thread Left-hand thread
各国紧固件标准
DIN ENபைடு நூலகம்ISO 3269-2000
紧固件.验收检查
DIN EN ISO 3506-1-1998 DIN EN ISO 3506-2-1998
耐蚀钢紧固件的机械性能.第1部分:螺栓,螺钉和螺柱 耐蚀钢紧固件的机械特性.第2部分:螺母 耐蚀钢紧固件的机械特性.第3部分:不受拉应力的止动螺 钉和类似的紧固件 耐腐蚀不锈钢紧固件的机械特性.第4部分:攻丝螺钉 紧固件.电镀层(ISO 4042:1999) 紧固件.ISO米制外螺纹零件末端 紧固件公差.第1部分:螺栓、螺钉和垫圈和螺母.产品等级 A、B和C 紧固件公差.第3部分:螺栓、螺钉和螺母用平垫圈.产品等 级A和C 紧固件.表面缺陷.第2部分:螺母 碳钢和合金钢制紧固件的机械性能.第1部分:螺栓,螺钉和 碳钢和合金钢制紧固件机械性能.第5部分:非拉伸应力条 碳钢和合金钢制紧固件的机械性能.第5部分:非拉伸应力 紧固件机械性能.第6部分:带规定试验负荷的螺母.细牙螺 紧固件.螺栓、螺钉、螺母和附件.术语和名称 紧固件.六角制件的对边宽度 航空和航天.宇航结构用紧固件.双六角(12角)扳手外形 技术图样.紧固件组装简化表示法.第1部分:一般原理 技术图样.紧固件组装简化表示法.第2部分:航空航天设备 用铆钉 航空和航天.紧固件.螺栓和螺钉的形状和位置公差.等同 采用 ISO 7913-1986 航空航天.紧固件.螺母的形状和位置公差 紧固件.螺栓、螺钉、螺柱和螺母的一般要求 中文名称
中文名称 紧固件.技术规范.第13部分:在-200℃～700℃温度范围使 紧固件.交货技术条件.结构和尺寸精度 紧固件.交货技术条件.第24部分:不带规定验证载荷值的 紧固件.技术规范.第26部分:螺栓连接件用锥形弹簧垫圈 紧固件.带粘附层的钢制螺钉、螺栓和螺柱技术规范 紧固件.第28部分:带压紧层的钢制螺钉、螺栓和螺柱.技 紧固件.在-200℃～+700℃温度范围使用的螺栓连接件的 紧固件.交货技术条件.第30部分:特性等级为10.9的米制滚 紧固件和类似零件.产品等级F的表面粗糙度和公差技术 航空和航天.可选择的紧固件材料 航空航天.可选择的紧固件材料.第2部分:实心铆钉 肘节式紧固件.带短支撑板的凸出部 肘节式紧固件.带加长支撑板的凸出部 肘节式紧固件.带和不带锁紧孔
SAE USCAR-11 2007 Torque-Tension Testing and Evaluation of Fastener Finishes
Torque-Tension Testing and Evaluation ofFastener FinishesSAE/USCAR-11 Revision 1March 2007ISBN: 978-0-7680-1942-1__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ The research data, analysis, conclusion, opinions and other contents of this document are solely the product of the authors. Neither SAE International nor the United States Council for Automotive Research (USCAR) certifies the compliance of any products with the requirements of nor makes any representations as to the accuracy of the contents of this document nor to its applicability for purpose. It is the sole responsibility of the user of this document to determine whether or not it is applicable for their purposes.Copyright © 2007, USCAR Printed in U.S.A.SAE/USCAR-11 REVISION 1Issued 1998-12 Revised 2007-03TORQUE-TENSION TESTING AND EVALUATION OF FASTENER FINISHES1. INTRODUCTION:On some applications of threaded fasteners, it is desirable to control the amount of developed tension when a specified range of torque has been applied or the torque required to develop a specified range of tension. Accurate torque-tension relationships can be achieved only by uniquely defining and controlling the many related assembly parameters. One of the more significant parameters is the frictional characteristic of the selected fastener finish.2. SCOPE:This standard provides a test method for determining the torque-tension relationship of a fastener finish as applied to a surrogate screw for the purpose of measuring the frictional characteristic of the fastener finish. The results obtained by this test shall be used as a process control attribute of the fastener finish and shall not be utilized for specific applications.3. TEST MATERIAL:3.1 Surrogate Screw:M10 X 1.5 6e6g surrogate screws conforming to the general requirements of ASME 18.2.3.1M (ISO 4014), except underhead fillet designed such that fillet does not interfere with test washer holediameter, and heat treated in accordance with ASTM F568 (ISO 898-1), Property Class 10.9, shall be used to evaluate applicable fastener finishes. Decarburization of the screw threads shall be within the limits defined in SAE J121M (ISO 898-1), Class 3/4 H.Threads shall conform to ASME B1.13M (ISO 965/1), class 6e6g tolerances and confirmed by ASME B1.3M, System 22 before coating; and class 6h tolerances and confirmed by ASME B1.3M, System 21 after coating. Threads on all surrogate screws shall be rolled. The thread surface shall be free of burrs or other contamination that might affect an accurate determination of the frictional performance of the finish.The screw length shall be such that a minimum of two full form threads protrude through the test nut when the screw is fully seated against the test washer. The thread length shall be such that a minimum of two full form threads are exposed within the grip length after the bolt is fully seated. Refer to Figure 1 of SAE/USCAR-10, Test for Evaluating the Torque-Tension Relationship of Both External and Internal Metric Threaded Fasteners.The finish to be evaluated shall be uniformly applied to all surfaces of the surrogate screw using normal production processes and equipment and shall meet all requirements of the individual finish specification.3.2 Test Nut:Test nuts shall conform to test nuts defined in SAE/USCAR-10, Test for Evaluating the Torque-Tension Relationship of Both External and Internal Metric Threaded Fasteners.3.3 Test Washer:Test washers shall conform to test washers defined in SAE/USCAR-10, Test for Evaluating the Torque-Tension Relationship of Both External and Internal Metric Threaded Fasteners.4. TEST EQUIPMENT:Test Equipment shall conform to test equipment defined in SAE/USCAR-10, Test for Evaluating the Torque-Tension Relationship of Both External and Internal Metric Threaded Fasteners.5. TEST PROCEDURE:5.1 Loosely assemble the surrogate screw, the appropriate test nut and test washer into the fixture. The parts are to be installed such that the surrogate screw can be driven by the drive tool and the screw’s bearing surface rotates against the test washer. The test washer shall be prevented from turning during rundown. Adjust the grip length of the test fixture such that when the parts are fully seated, the surrogate screw protrudes a minimum of two full form threads through the test nut.5.2 Set the power tool shut off at a tension value of approximately 1.0% greater than the specified clamp load value of 36.1 kN, 75% of proof load for a M10 X 1.5 property class 10.9 fastener. Tighten the joint by driving the surrogate screw with the power tool at a continuous speed of 10 to 40 RPM. Both torque and tension are to be continuously recorded during rundown. New components shall be used for each test.6. DATA ANALYSIS:6.1 Sample Size:The sample size shall be as specified or as agreed to between the manufacturer and purchaser.6.2 Results:Torque shall be statistically analyzed to produce mean and 3 sigma limits at the specified tension. Control charts of the test results shall also be maintained for each applicable fastener finish. The torque necessary to develop the specified tension shall meet the applied torque requirements of the individual finish specifications.7. REFERENCES:ASME B18.2.3.1M (ISO 4014) ASME B18.2.4.1M (ISO 4032) ASME B1.13M (ISO 965/1) ASME B1.3MASTM A563M (ISO 898/2) ASTM F568 (ISO 898/1)SAE J121M (ISO 898/1)SAE/USCAR-108. KEYWORDS:Torque, Tension, Clamp, Load。
astm f436m2011 硬化钢垫圈规格(米制)
Designation:F436M−11Standard Specification forHardened Steel Washers(Metric)1This standard is issued under thefixed designation F436M;the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of original adoption or,in the case of revision,the year of last revision.A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A superscript epsilon(´)indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.1.Scope*1.1This specification covers the chemical,mechanical,and dimensional requirements for metric hardened steel washers for use with fasteners having nominal thread diameters M12 through M100.These washers are intended for general-purpose mechanical and structural use with bolts,nuts,studs,and other internally and externally threaded fasteners.These washers are suitable for use with fasteners covered in Specifications A325M,A490M,A563M and with fasteners of Specification F568M property classes8.8and higher.1.2The types of washers covered in this specification are: 1.2.1Type1—Washers made of carbon steel.1.2.2Type3—Washers made of steel having atmospheric corrosion resistance and weathering characteristics comparable to that of steels covered in Specifications A242/A242M, A588/A588M,and A709/A709M.The atmospheric corrosion resistance of these steels is substantially better than that of carbon steel with or without copper addition.See5.1.When properly exposed to the atmosphere,these steels can be used bare(uncoated)for many applications.1.2.3This specification provides for furnishing Type3to chemical composition or a Corrosion Resistance Index(CRI) of6or higher at the suppliers option.1.3The styles of washers covered in this specification are: 1.3.1Circular Washers—Circular washers in nominal sizes 12mm through100mm,are suitable for applications where sufficient space exists and angularity permits.1.3.2Beveled Washers—Beveled washers are square and rectangular,in nominal sizes12mm through36mm,with a beveled1:6surface for use with American Standard beams and channels.1.3.3Clipped Washers—Clipped washers are circular or beveled for use where space limitations necessitate that one side be clipped.1.4Terms used in this specification are defined in Termi-nology F1789unless otherwise defined herein.1.5The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard.No other units of measurement are included in this standard.N OTE1—This specification is the metric counterpart of Specification F436.1.6This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns,if any,associated with its use.It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2.Referenced Documents2.1ASTM Standards:2A153/A153M Specification for Zinc Coating(Hot-Dip)on Iron and Steel HardwareA242/A242M Specification for High-Strength Low-Alloy Structural SteelA325M Specification for Structural Bolts,Steel,Heat Treated830MPa Minimum Tensile Strength(Metric)A490M Specification for High-Strength Steel Bolts,Classes10.9and10.9.3,for Structural Steel Joints(Metric)A563M Specification for Carbon and Alloy Steel Nuts(Met-ric)A588/A588M Specification for High-Strength Low-Alloy Structural Steel,up to50ksi[345MPa]Minimum Yield Point,with Atmospheric Corrosion ResistanceA709/A709M Specification for Structural Steel for Bridges A751Test Methods,Practices,and Terminology for Chemi-cal Analysis of Steel ProductsB695Specification for Coatings of Zinc Mechanically De-posited on Iron and SteelD3951Practice for Commercial PackagingF436Specification for Hardened Steel WashersF568M Specification for Carbon and Alloy Steel Externally1This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F16on Fasteners and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee F16.02on Steel Bolts,Nuts,Rivets and Washers.Current edition approved Nov.15,2011.Published January2012.Originally approved st previous edition approved in2010as F436M–10.DOI: 10.1520/F0436M-11.2For referenced ASTM standards,visit the ASTM website,,or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@.For Annual Book of ASTM Standards volume information,refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard Copyright©ASTM International,100Barr Harbor Drive,PO Box C700,West Conshohocken,PA19428-2959.United StatesThreaded Metric Fasteners(Metric)(Withdrawn2012)3 F606M Test Methods for Determining the Mechanical Prop-erties of Externally and Internally Threaded Fasteners, Washers,and Rivets(Metric)F1470Practice for Fastener Sampling for Specified Me-chanical Properties and Performance InspectionF1136M Specification for Zinc/Aluminum Corrosion Pro-tective Coatings for Fasteners(Metric)(Withdrawn2011)3 F1789Terminology for F16Mechanical FastenersG101Guide for Estimating the Atmospheric Corrosion Re-sistance of Low-Alloy Steels2.2ANSI Standard:4B18.23.2M Metric Beveled Washers3.Ordering Information3.1Orders for washers under this specification shall include the following:3.1.1Quantity,3.1.2Name of product,(that is,circular washer,beveled washer,clipped circular washer,or clipped beveled washer), 3.1.3Coating,if required(that is,hot-dip galvanized,me-chanically galvanized,Zinc/Aluminum Corrosion Protective Coating,etc.),3.1.3.1When galvanized washers are specified,the type of galvanizing,such as hot-dip or mechanical(see6.1and6.3), 3.1.3.1.1When the type of galvanizing is not specified,the manufac-turer,at his option,may furnish hot-dip or mechanically galvanized washers,3.1.4Dimensions,nominal size,and other dimensions,if modified from those covered in this specification,3.1.5Material type of washer(that is,Type1or Type3), 3.1.5.1When the type is not specified,either Type1or Type 3washers may be supplied when permitted by the purchaser.3.1.5.2When atmospheric corrosion resistance is required, Type3washers shall be specified by the purchaser.3.1.6Surface roughness control(see S1),3.1.7ASTM designation and year of issue,and3.1.8Any special requirements.N OTE2—Two examples of ordering descriptions follow:(1)1000 pieces,circular washers,hot-dip galvanized,24mm,Type1ASTM A436M,dated_______.(2)5000pieces,beveled washers,22mm,Type 3,ASTM,A436M,dated_______.4.Materials and Manufacture4.1Steel used in the manufacture of washers shall be produced by the open-hearth,basic-oxygen,or electric-furnace process.4.2All washers in nominal sizes12through36mm,shall be through-quenched-and-tempered.Washers in nominal sizes larger than36mm may be either through-quenched-and-tempered or carburized,quenched-and-tempered at the manu-facturer’s option.4.3Hot-dip galvanized washers shall be hot-dip galvanized in accordance with the requirements for Class C of Specifica-tion A153/A153M.Mechanically galvanized washers shall be mechanically zinc-coated,and the coating and coated washers shall conform to the requirements for Class50of Specification B695.Zinc/Aluminum Corrosion Protective Coating shall be coated and the coating and coated washers shall conform to the requirements of Grade3of Specification F1136M.4.4If washers are heat treated by a subcontractor,they shall be returned to the manufacturer for testing prior to shipment to the purchaser.5.Chemical Composition5.1Type1washers shall conform to the chemical compo-sition requirements specified in Table1.5.2Type3washers shall conform to the Heat Analysis specified in Table1.Alternatively,at the suppliers option,Type 3washers having a Copper minimum Heat Analysis of0.25%, Phosphorous and Sulfur conforming to Table1and a Corrosion Index of6or higher calculated from the Heat Analysis as described in Guide G101Predictive method based on the data of Larabee and Coburn shall be accepted.5.3For Type1and3furnished to the Chemical Composi-tions in Table1,Product Analyses may be made by the purchaser onfinished washers representing each lot.The Chemical Composition shall conform to the requirements in Table1,Product Analysis.5.4Product Analysis are not applicable to Type3washers furnished to a CRI of6or higher.Acceptance shall be based on the CRI of6or higher calculated from the Heat Analysis. 5.5Chemical analyses shall be performed in accordance with Test Methods,Practices,and Terminology A751.3The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on .4Available from American National Standards Institute(ANSI),25W.43rd St., 4th Floor,New York,NY10036,.TABLE1Chemical Requirements AElementComposition,%Type1Type3B Phosphorus,maxHeat analysis0.0400.040Product analysis0.0500.045Sulfur,maxHeat analysis0.0500.050Product analysis0.0600.055SiliconHeat analysis...0.15–0.35Product analysis...0.13–0.37 ChromiumHeat analysis...0.45–0.65Product analysis...0.42–0.68NickelHeat analysis...0.25–0.45Product analysis...0.22–0.48CopperHeat analysis...0.25–0.45Product analysis...0.22–0.48A When providing Weathering Steels to a calculated corrosion index use the Lagault-Leckie formula from Guide G101.Link to online calculator:http:/ /COMMIT/G01_G101Calcultr1100.xlsB Type3steel washers may also be manufactured from any of the steels listedin Table2of Specification F568M.6.Mechanical Properties6.1Through-quenched-and-tempered washers shall have a Rockwell hardness of 38to 45HRC,except when hot-dip galvanized,in which case they shall have a Rockwell hardness of 26to 45HRC.6.2Carburized,quenched-and-tempered washers shall be carburized to a minimum depth of 0.40mm and shall have a Rockwell hardness of 69to 73HRA.6.3When mechanically galvanized,washers shall have the same hardness range as noncoated washers.7.Dimensions and Tolerances7.1Circular and clipped circular washers shall conform to dimensions given in Table 2.All dimensions apply prior to plating or coating.7.1.1The axis of the inside hole shall be located at true position with respect to the axis of the washer circumference within a tolerance zone having a diameter of 0.6mm for washers of nominal sizes 16mm and smaller and 0.9mm for washers of nominal sizes 20mm and larger.7.1.2Washers shall be flat within 0.01mm/mm outside diameter.7.1.3As a result of the punching process,the inside diam-eter of the washer generally consists of three distinct sections.On the punch entry side of the washer there is some drawing in of the material resulting in a rounded corner section,following which is a substantially parallel section,and finally at the exitside a tapered breakout may occur (see Fig.1).The parallel sided section of the washer inside diameter shall be within the limits specified in Table 2,however,the specified maximum inside diameter may be exceeded at the washer face on the breakout side by a maximum taper allowance of 25%of the specified maximum washer thickness for each size.7.2Beveled washers shall conform to dimensions in accor-dance with ANSI B18.23.2M.7.3Clipped beveled washers shall conform to dimensions for beveled washers in accordance with ANSI B18.23.2,except that one edge may be clipped off not closer than 0.0875times the washer nominal size from the center of the hole.8.Workmanship,Finish,and Appearance8.1Washers shall be free of excess mill scale,excess coatings,and foreign material on bearing surfaces.Arc and gas cut washers shall be free of metal spatter.9.Sampling and Number of Tests and Retests9.1The requirements of this specification shall be met in continuous mass production for stock,and the manufacturer shall make sample inspections to ensure that the product conforms to the specified requirements.Additional tests of individual shipments of material are not ordinarily necessary.9.2When specified in the purchase order,the manufacturer shall furnish a test report certified to be the last complete set of mechanical tests for each stock size in each shipment.TABLE 2Dimensions of CircularWashersNominal Washer Size,mm AInside Diameter (A ),mm Outside Diameter (B ),mm Thickness (C ),mm Clipped Width (E ),mm,min Bmax min max min max min 1214.414.027.025.7 4.6 3.110.51416.416.030.028.7 4.6 3.112.21618.418.034.032.4 4.6 3.114.02022.522.042.040.4 4.6 3.117.52224.524.044.042.4 4.6 3.419.22426.526.050.048.4 4.6 3.421.02730.530.056.054.1 4.6 3.423.63033.633.060.058.1 4.6 3.426.23639.639.072.070.1 4.6 3.431.54245.645.084.081.87.2 4.636.74852.752.095.092.87.2 4.642.05662.762.0107.0104.88.7 6.149.06470.770.0118.0115.88.7 6.156.07278.778.0130.0127.58.7 6.163.08086.986.0142.0139.58.7 6.170.09096.996.0159.0156.58.7 6.178.7100107.9107.0176.0173.58.76.187.5A Nominal washer sizes are intended for use with fasteners of the same nominal thread diameter.BWashers may be clipped on one side not closer to the center of the washer than width E.9.3When weathering steels are furnished to Corrosion Resistance Index,the CRI number shall be calculated for each heat.9.4When the purchaser requires that additional tests be performed by the manufacturer to determine that the properties of products in an individual shipment are within specified limits,the purchaser shall specify the testing requirements,including the sampling plan and basis of acceptance,in the inquiry and purchase order.9.4.1When the purchaser does not specify the sampling plan and basis of acceptance the conditions in 9.4.1.1through 9.4.1.3shall apply:9.4.1.1The lot,for purposes of selecting samples,shall consist of all washers offered for inspection and testing,at one time,that are the same type,style,nominal size,and surface finish.9.4.1.2From each lot,samples shall be selected at random and tested for each requirement,except as specified in 9.4.1.3,in accordance with Table 3.9.4.1.3When determining the weight of coating of plated and coated washers,the sampling plan defined in 9.4.1.2shall apply,except that in no case shall the sample consist of less than three washers.10.Test Methods10.1Hardness tests shall be performed in accordance with Test Methods F606M .10.2Corrosion Resistance Index:10.2.1The Corrosion Resistance Index shall be calculated from the Heat Analysis in accordance with Guide G101Prediction Method based on the data of Larabee and Coburn.11.Inspection11.1The inspector representing the purchaser shall have free entry to all parts of the manufacturer’s works that concern the manufacture of the material ordered.The manufacturer shall afford the inspector all reasonable facilities to satisfy that the material is being furnished in accordance with this speci-fication.All tests and inspections required by the specification that are requested by the purchaser’s representative shall bemade prior to shipment,and shall be conducted as not to interfere unnecessarily with the operation of the works.11.2If other than the normal inspection for continuous mass production of parts as stipulated in 9.1is required by the purchaser,it shall be specified in the inquiry and contract order.12.Rejection12.1Disposition of nonconforming washers shall be in accordance with Guide F1470section titled “Disposition of Nonconforming Lots.”13.Certification and Test Report13.1Upon request of the purchaser in the contract or order,a manufacturer’s certification that the material was manufac-tured and tested in accordance with this specification,together with a report of the latest mechanical tests of each stock size in each shipment,shall be furnished at the time of shipment.13.2Data contained in the certified test report shall include material grade,hardness tests and calculated Corrosion Resis-tance Index when Type 3is furnished to a Corrosion Resistance Index.14.Responsibility14.1The party responsible for the fastener shall be the organization that supplies the fastener to the purchaser.15.Product Marking15.1Washers shall be marked with a symbol,or other distinguishing marks,to identify the manufacturer or private label distributor,as appropriate.15.2Additionally,washers shall be marked to identify their being metric size.Preferably,the metric marking shall be the symbol “M,”but may be of other distinguishing design as determined by the manufacturer.15.3Additionally,Type 3washers shall be identified with the symbol “3,”15.4Additional identification or distinguishing marks,or both,may be used by the manufacturer.15.5All marking symbols shall be depressed on one face of the washer.15.6Type and manufacturer’s or private label distributor’s identification shall be separate and distinct.The two identifi-cations shall preferably be in different locations and,when on the same level,shall be separated by at least two spaces.15.7It is possible that during the clipping of circular washers,the marking symbols may be removed.This is acceptable provided the majority of washers in the lot still display the identification marks.16.Packaging and Package Marking16.1Packaging:16.1.1Unless otherwise specified,packaging shall be in accordance with Practice D3951.16.1.2When special packaging requirements are required,they shall be defined at the time of the inquiry andorder.FIG.1Washer Inside ProfileTABLE 3Sample Sizes and Acceptance Numbers for MechanicalTestsNumber of Pieces in LotAcceptance CriteriaNumber of TestsAcceptance NumberRejection Number800and less 101801to 80002018001to 22000301over 220005116.2Package Marking:16.2.1Each shipping unit shall include or be plainly marked with the following information:16.2.1.1ASTM designation,16.2.1.2Size,16.2.1.3Name and brand or trademark of the manufacturer, 16.2.1.4Number of pieces,16.2.1.5Purchase order number,and16.2.1.6Country of origin.17.Keywords17.1carbon steel;metric;steel;washers;weathering steelSUPPLEMENTARY REQUIREMENTSThe following supplementary requirements shall apply only when specified by the purchaser in thecontract or order.Details of these supplementary requirements shall be agreed upon in writing betweenthe manufacturer and purchaser.Supplementary requirements shall in no way negate any requirementof the specification itself.S1.Surface RoughnessS1.1Washers shall have a multi-directional lay with asurface roughness not exceeding19µm in height including anyflaws in or on the surface.S1.2Burrs shall not exceed0.25mm in height.SUMMARY OF CHANGESCommittee F16has identified the location of selected changes to this standard since the last issue(A436M–10) that may impact the use of this standard.(Approved November15,2011.)(1)Deleted—previous5.5.(2)Revised—Table1.Committee F16has identified the location of selected changes to this standard since the last issue(A436M–09) that may impact the use of this standard.(Approved May1,2010.)(1)1.2.3was added.(2)In5.2-5.4,9,10.2.1and13.2provided for furnishing Type 3to a corrosion Resistance Index of6or higher.(3)Revised12.1Rejection and Rehearing to invoke Guide F1470.Committee F16has identified the location of selected changes to this standard since the last issue(A436M-04) that may impact the use of this standard.(1)Revised—4.3to add provision for specifying Zinc/Aluminum Corrosion Protective Coating conforming to Speci-fication F1470,Grade3.ASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentioned in this ers of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights,and the riskof infringement of such rights,are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed everyfive years and if not revised,either reapproved or withdrawn.Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters.Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee,which you may attend.If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards,at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International,100Barr Harbor Drive,PO Box C700,West Conshohocken,PA19428-2959, United States.Individual reprints(single or multiple copies)of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at610-832-9585(phone),610-832-9555(fax),or service@(e-mail);or through the ASTM website().Permission rights to photocopy the standard may also be secured from the ASTM website(/COPYRIGHT/).。
Screw-threaded fasteners
专利名称：Screw-threaded fasteners 发明人：GUY DIMITRI MILAN申请号：AU1669095申请日：19950215公开号：AU1669095A公开日：19950904专利内容由知识产权出版社提供摘要：A torque-limiting screw-threaded fastener has a body (10) provided with a principal head (11) by means of which that body may be rotated, the body being screw-threaded over at least part of its length. A socket (14) is formed in the principal head (11), a part (17) of a torque member (15) being non-rotatably received in that socket (14). The torque member has a sacrificial head (16) by means of which torque may be applied to the body. The sacrificial head (16) is arranged to shear off that part (17) of the torque member received in the socket (14) when a torque in excess of some predetermined value is applied to the sacrificial head. That part (17) remaining in the socket is appropriately coded so that an inspection of the principal head (11) will show the torque to which the fastener has been subjected.申请人：GUY DIMITRI MILAN更多信息请下载全文后查看。
紧固件螺纹检验标准(国标国军标)汇编及检测设备
紧固件螺纹检验标准（国标国军标）汇编及检测设备一、紧固件检验螺纹——国标GB/T3098.1- 2000 紧固件机械性能螺栓、螺钉和螺柱GB/T3098.2- 2000 紧固件机械性能螺母粗牙螺纹GB/T3098.3- 2000 紧固件机械性能紧定螺钉GB/T3098.4- 2000 紧固件机械性能螺母细牙螺纹GB/T3098.5- 2000 紧固件机械性能自攻螺钉GB/T3098.6- 2000 紧固件机械性能不锈钢螺栓、螺钉和螺柱GB/T3098.7- 2000 紧固件机械性能自挤螺钉GB/T3098.8- 1992 紧固件机械性能耐热用螺纹连接副GB/T3098.9- 1993 紧固件机械性能有效力矩型钢六角锁紧螺母GB/T3098.10- 1993 紧固件机械性能有色金属制造的螺栓、螺钉、螺柱和螺母GB/T3098.11- 1995 紧固件机械性能自钻自攻螺钉GB/T3098.12- 1996 紧固件机械性能螺母锥形保证载荷试验GB/T3098.13- 1996 紧固件机械性能螺栓与螺钉的扭矩试验和破坏扭矩公称直径1-10mmGB/T3098.14- 2000 紧固件机械性能螺母扩孔试验GB/T3098.15- 2000 紧固件机械性能不锈钢螺母GB/T3098.16- 2000 紧固件机械性能不锈钢紧定螺钉GB/T3098.17- 2000 紧固件机械性能检查氢脆用预载荷试验平行支承面法GB/T228- 2002 金属材料室温拉伸试验方法GB/T1231- 2006 钢结构用高强度大六角头螺栓、大六角螺母、垫圈技术条件GB/T3632- 2008 钢结构用扭剪型高强度螺栓连接副二、紧固件检验螺纹——国军标GJB715.1- 1989 紧固件试验方法盐雾GJB715.2- 1989 紧固件试验方法硬度GJB715.3A- 2002 紧固件试验方法振动GJB715.4- 1990 紧固件试验方法托板自锁螺母推出GJB715.5- 1990 紧固件试验方法托板自锁螺母拧脱GJB715.6- 1990 紧固件试验方法金属镀覆层厚度GJB715.7- 1990 紧固件试验方法应力腐蚀GJB715.8- 1990 紧固件试验方法应力松弛GJB715.9- 1990 紧固件试验方法抗剪接头疲劳GJB715.10- 1990 紧固件试验方法湿度GJB715.11- 1990 紧固件试验方法密封GJB715.12- 1990 紧固件试验方法应力持久性GJB715.13- 1990 紧固件试验方法安装成型紧固件的预紧力GJB715.14- 1990 紧固件试验方法力矩GJB715.15- 1989 紧固件试验方法力矩—拉力GJB715.16- 1990 紧固件试验方法板夹紧力GJB715.17- 1990 紧固件试验方法高温拉伸GJB715.18- 1990 紧固件试验方法高温双剪GJB715.19- 1989 紧固件试验方法搭接接头剪切GJB715.20- 1989 紧固件试验方法托板紧固件搭接接头剪切GJB715.21- 1990 紧固件试验方法托板紧固件拉伸GJB715.22- 1989 紧固件试验方法复合载荷GJB715.23- 1989 紧固件试验方法拉伸GJB715.24A- 2002 紧固件试验方法单剪GJB715.25- 1990 紧固件试验方法紧固件杆部膨胀特性的测定GJB715.26- 1990 紧固件试验方法双剪GJB715.27- 1990 紧固件试验方法应力持久性—内螺纹GJB715.28- 1990 紧固件试验方法旋具槽扭矩GJB715.29- 1990 紧固件试验方法应力断裂GJB715.30A- 2002 紧固件试验方法抗拉疲劳GJB715.20- 1990 紧固件试验方法托板紧固件的夹紧三、紧固件检验螺纹——ASTM standardsASTM A370- 2013 Standard Test Methods and Definitions for Mechanical Testing of Steel ProductsASTM F606- 2007 Standard Test Methods for Determining the Mechanical Properties of Externally and Internally ThreadedFasteners,Washers,Direct Tension Indicators,and RivetsASTM F606M-2007 Standard Test Methods for Determining the Mechanical Properties of Externally and Internally Threaded Fasteners,Washers,and Rivets [Metric]ASTM A962/962M- 2007 Standard Specification for Common Requirements for Steel Fastenersor Fastener Materials,orBoth,InteASTM A194/194M- 2008 在高温高压下使用的螺栓配合的碳钢和合金钢螺母ASTM A563- 2007 Standard Specification for Carbons and Alloy Steel Nuts ASTM A563M- 2007 Standard Specification for Carbons and Alloy Steel Nuts SAE J429- 2011 Mechanical and Material Requirements forExternally Threaded FastenersSAE J995- 1999 Mechanical and Material Requirements for Steel Nuts四、紧固件相关检测设备NZA-1000型多功能螺栓紧固分析系统FPL-600型紧固件横向振动疲劳试验机PLW-600型紧固件轴向疲劳试验机WAW-600型紧固件拉力试验机CBD-300型电子式冲击试验机（可配低温箱进行低温试验）DJ-3000型三工位快速顶锻试验机（来料检测）WDW-300型微机控制电子万能试验机YYF-50型紧固件应力腐蚀试验机。
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BLIND HOLE
INTERNAL THREAD
Metric Threads
• Definition: Pitch for metric threads is the distance between corresponding points on adjacent teeth. • Course-thread is intended for general engineering work and commercial applications • Fine-thread series is for general use. Compared with coarse, a fine-thread screw is stronger in both tensile and torsional strength • Definition: the FIT of a screw thread is the amount of clearance between the internal and external threads when they are assembled • Tolerance grades: the larger the number, the larger the tolerance – Tolerance position e (large allowance) – Tolerance position g (small allowance) – Tolerance position h (no allowance)
THREADED FASTENERS
SCREW THREAD TERMS
THREADED FASTENERS
THREAD FORMS
THREADED FASTENERS
THREAD FORMS
Three types of thread representation used on working drawings
THREADED FASTENERS
BASIC THREAD CALLOUT
• • • •
Thread Class 1A,2A,3A External 1B,2B,3B Internal 1A,1B: loosest fit 2A,2B: ordinary good grade of commercial product 3A,3B: High-grade commercial products Example: .750-10 UNC-2A class of fit
thread series
• Nominal Diameter
#threads/inch
(Diameter, #threads/inch, thread form & series, class of fit)
THREADED FASTENERS
EXTERNAL THREADS
THREADED FASTENERS
Pipe Threads
• Inch: 4-8NPT or 4 NPT • Metric: 4 IN. – 8 NPT or 4 IN.-NPT • Nominal diameter and pipe thickness specify inch-sized pipe (typical)
• • • • • • 4=nominal diameter 8=number of threads/inch N=American Standard P=pipe S=straight pipe thread T=taper pipe thread
Chapter 11 Threaded Fasteners
• • • • Two Basic types of fasteners: Permanent & removable Permanent- Examples: Rivets & welds Removable- Examples: bolts, screws, nuts, pins, rings keys Standardization reduces the costs of fasteners
THREADED FASTENERS
RIGHT- AND LEFT-HAND THREADS
THREADED FASTENERS
LEAD = 1P
SINGLE THREAD
THREADED FASTENERS
LEAD = 2P
DOUBLE THREAD
THREADED FASTENERS
LEAD = 3P
• 3 purposes
– To hold parts together – To adjust – To transfer power
Screw Threads
• Definition: a SCREW THREAD is a ridge of uniform section in the form of a helix on the external or internal surface of a cylinder • Definition: the PITCH of a thread P is the distance from a point on the thread form to the corresponding point on the next form, measured parallel to the axis • Definition: the LEAD L is the distance the threaded part would move parallel to the axis during one complete rotation in relation to a fixed mating part (the distance a screw would enter a threaded hole in one turn)
TRIPLE THREAD
Inch Threads
• Definition: PITCH =1/#threads per inch • Definition: THREAD SERIES are for fasteners with different diameters and the same #threads per inch • UNC Unified Course Thread Series • UNF Unified Fine Thread Series (Table appendix) • UNEF extra fine thread series
ISO Metric Screw Thread Designation
• Nominal size (basic major diameter) and pitch expressed in millimeters. • Example: M16 x 1.5 – 5g6g
Metric designation Nominal diameter Pitch Tolerance position & grade
– For internal threads: • Tolerance position G (small allowance) • Tolerance position H (no allowance)
THREADED FASTENERS
BASIC THREAD CALLOUT METRIC THREADS
• Simplified • Detailed • Schematic
Right- and Left-Hand threads
• Threads are assumed to be right hand unless otherwise designated • A bolt being threaded into a tapped hole would be turned in a right-hand (clockwise) direction
• Example: M10 x 1.5 x 25 Ф10mm 1.5 pitch 25 mm long • Example: M16 (pitch may be omitted for coarse threads)
Metric Threads continued
• For external threads, the length of the thread may be given as a dimension of the drawing. • For threaded holes that go all the way through the part, the term THRU is sometimes added • If no depth is given, the hole is assumed to go THRU • For threaded holes that do not go all the way thru, the depth is given in a note (minimum depth of full thread) Ex. M12 x 1.75 x 20