A study on the stress and nonuniformity of the wafer surface for the cmp process

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高中英语阅读理解高频考点专项练习题(历年高频考点真题) (7389) output

一、阅读理解文章大意：这是一篇说明文，文章介绍了现在的大学生面临的就业压力问题，很多学生都感到压抑，沮丧，作者举例说明情况的严重，还有给出专家的建议。

1. 请认真阅读下列短文，并根据所读内容在文章后表格中填入最恰当的单词。

注意：每空一词。

Job stress hits studentsAs the job-hunting season kicks off, many graduates are suffering from anxiety. Job interview results are becoming the most common conversation topic in dormitories. Worried about not getting satisfactory offers, some students have sleep problems, or lose their appetite. Some might even display symptoms of depression.According to a survey across several universities in Wuhan conducted by Wuhan Y angtze Business University, over 72 percent of student participants were worried about finding a job. Students in the first one or two years were also uneasy about their job prospects, which contributed to spreading anxiety further.Lang Lei, 22, a business major from Renmin University in Beijing, admitted having mood swings when job hunting. The student hoped to get positions with large state-owned enterprises in his hometown of Y antai, Shandong. But when it turned out that things wouldn’t be so easy, Lang became concerned. After some struggling moments, he has now changed to more realistic goals.Others feel tortured (受折磨) while waiting for interview results. Mo Tong, a senior software engineering major at South China Normal University, would fall into a nervous state every time after he attended a job interview.“For a day or two I couldn’t help but keep thinking about how I performed in front of the interviewers, how well I dealt with their questions, and whether they would consider giving me a chance in the end,” Mo was unable to focus on other things as his anxiety grew.Media reports about rising unemployment rates and a difficult job market have touched students’ nerves.‘‘I’ m alarmed by articles saying how bachelor’s degree holders are losing ground,” said Wang Hongjuan, a sophomore English major from Putian University in Fujian province. “It suggests to me that good jobs are only available to graduate or doctoral students.”As Wang has no plans to further her education, she has to commit herself to all sorts of extracurricular activities to improve her prospects. This throws her into a packed schedule.Wen Fang, a well-known education psychology expert and consultant in Beijing, advises students not to be misled by depressing surveys and reports about the job market. “Unemployment rates are not linked to an individual’s chances of getting a job,” he said. “An individual’s chances are actually mainly determined by his or her capability.”According to Wen, a moderate degree of anxiety is normal — it can even be helpful. But if it constantly affects a student’s normal life, one should pay more attention. “Focus on adapting yourself to the needs of society, and never ever overestimate your goals,” Wen added.2. A person searches various websites for different reasons, such as school, work, or entertainment. For teenagers, many informative resources on the Internet can be used. As a matter of fact, there are educational, music and art websites that are truly helpful to teenagers, because they can help make one’s life easier.Educational websites are helpful to a teenager in doing school work and searching for a college. Some can help studying for tests, explaining a lesson, and doing homework. Some can help find the right schools based on one’s interests. And still others have pages devoted to the social life at each of the colleges or the specific activities that occur at a certain school.Some free music sites enable a teenager to diversify their musical tastes. On these sites, all types of music are available such as pop, cock, jazz, and country. One can type in a song, category or artist and his or her entire catalog appears. Then, the listener can make multiple playlists without creating an account (账户) with the site.There are various art websites that can help students to appreciate and create art pieces. On these sites, a student can view numerous photos and art pieces from different mediums or create an account with the website to upload them art pieces for people to see. In addition, one can enjoy various art projects that people have created on display for the rest of the world.Truly informative resources are offered on the Internet. The best suggestion one can receive is to try to look for new websites that can help in the educational, music, or art area so one can become well-rounded and informed.Truly Helpful Websites for TeenagersMany 1 are available an various websites.I. Educational sites: helping one 2 and search for a college● Study for tests, explain a lesson, and do homework● Find the right school that one 3● Learn information about college school life and 4II. Free music sites: 5 to diversify musical tastes● Listen to all types of music● Type in a song, category, or artist to get an entire catalog● Make multiple playlists 6III. 7 : helping one appreciate and create works● View photos and works from mediums● 8 for others to see● 9 on displayHelpful websites can make teenagers 103. 请认真阅读下列短文，并根据所读内容在文章后表格中的空格里填入一个最恰当的单词。

机械工程专业英语考试必备

Lesson 1 Basic Concepts in Mechanics1、The branch of scientific analysis which deals with motions, time, and forces is called mechanics and is made up of two parts statics and dynamics对运动、时间和作用力作出科学分析的分支称为力学。

它由静力学和动力学两部分组成。

2、Our intuitive concept of force includes such ideas as place of application, direction,and magnitudeand these are called the characteristics of a force.直观概念包括作用点、方向和大小。

这些称为力的要素3、Inertia is the property of mass that causes it to resist any effort to change its motion.惯性是质量所具有的抵抗任何外力改变其本身运动状态的性质.4、A particle is a body whose dimensions are so small that they may be neglected.当一个物体的尺寸特别小，可以忽略不计时，该物体可以被称为质点。

5、Law 1 If all the forces acting on a particle are balanced, the particle will either remain at rest or will continue to move in a straight line at a uniform velocity.第一定律如果作用在一个质点上的所有外力平衡，那么，这个质点保持原来的静止或者匀速直线运动状态不变。

运动健康英语作文,中考

运动健康英语作文,中考《The Importance of Sports and Health in Middle School Entrance Examination》In the context of the Middle School Entrance Examination, the importance of sports and health cannot be overemphasized. Sports not only contribute to physical fitness but also have a profound impact on mental well-being and academic performance.Firstly, engaging in regular physical activity helps students build a strong and healthy body. It enhances their physical endurance, flexibility, and strength, enabling them to better cope with the challenges of daily life and academic studies. A healthy body is the foundation for a successful academic career.Secondly, sports play a crucial role in developing students’ mental health. Physical activity releases endorphins, which are known as “feel-good” hormones. These hormones can reduce stress, anxiety, and depression, promoting a positive mental state. Additionally, participating in sports teaches students important life skills such as teamwork, discipline, and perseverance, which are essential for their overall development.Furthermore, sports have a direct impact on academic performance. Studies have shown that students who are physically active tend to have better concentration, memory, and cognitive abilities. Regular exercise improves blood circulation to the brain, enhancing its functioning and facilitating better learning. Moreover, sports培养了学生的竞争意识和时间管理能力，这些品质在学术领域同样重要。

2020-2021大学《高级英语》(二)期末课程考试试卷(含答案)

2020-2021《高级英语》（二）期末课程考试试卷考试班级考试日期：；试卷所需时间：120分钟闭卷，A卷, 试卷总分：100分Part OneSection A Word Explanation (10%)1. Something that is _______ is deliberately deceitful, dishonest or untrue.A. spontaneousB. frenziedC. fraudulentD. stultifying2. If something ____________ your skin, it cuts it badly and deeplyA. lacerateB. demolishC. scudD. shrink3. People and animals that are _________ are hostile and unfriendly.A. inimicalB. derelictC. facetiousD. aberrant4. Something that is __________ is so bad or unpleasant that it makes you feel disgust or dismay.A. appealingB. appallingC. apparentD. appearing5. If you _________, you travel or move slowly and not in any particular direction.A. invokeB. meanderC. prescribeD. infuse6. A person who acts without thinking about what they are doing is often called an ____________.A. automationB. automatonC. automatD. autonomy7. A __________ is a group of trees that are close together, often because they have been planted in this way.A. gruffB. grudgeC. grovelD. grove8. If you ________ to something, you mention it in a very indirect way.A. illustrateB. concoctC. alludeD. invoke9. If a place is ______ by a particular route or method of transport, you are able to reach it by this route or method.A. accessibleB. assessableC. accessableD. acessable10. If someone has _______ motives or reasons for doing something, they do notshow their motives openly but hide them.A. hideousB. desultoryC. compulsiveD. ulteriorSection BVocabulary &Structure (10%)There are 10 incomplete sentences in this part. For each sentence there are four choices marked A), B), C) and D). Choose One answer that best completes the sentence.11. It ________me to think of all the money we’ve wasted.A. embattlesB. rejoiceC. infuriatesD. recede12. If you _____ something, such as food or drink, you reduce its quality or make itweaker, for example by adding water to it.A. adulterateB. moorC. vaccinateD. sue13. This terrific movie keeps _________me all the time.A. fracturingB. modulatingC. underminingD. reeling14. After she said these words , there was a ________pause in their talk.A. obsceneB. unfathomableC. aestheticD. momentary15. He is a (an ) _______boy, always insisting on his own rights and opinions.A. languishB. assertiveC. almightyD. tyranny16. He has always been ______________with fear of unemployment.A. intoxicatedB. exuberantC. indifferentD. obsessed17. Mr. Wilson is a man totally ________of all humor.A. indicativeB. devoidC. gruelingD. enigmatical18. You will, in fact, find nothing of the sort in Europe ---- _________perhaps in the moreputrid parts of England.A. andB. thereforeC. withoutD. save19. There is no _______motive in work other than the product being made and theprocesses of its creation.A. interiorB. exteriorC. ulteriorD. superior20. To the west of Gulfport ,the town of Pass Christian was virtually __________.A. pitched inB. rested onC. wiped outD. whipped upPart Two Reading Comprehension (20%)Directions: There are 3 passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet.Passage OneQuestions 21 to 25 are based on the following passage.When I applied under Early Decision to the University of Pennsylvania four years ago, I was motivated by two powerful emotions: ambition and fear. The ambition was to fulfill my lifelong expectation of attending an Ivy League school; the fear was that without the advantage offered by Early Decision, I wouldn’t make the cut. A Penn admissions officer told me that the previous year they had accepted 45 percent of Early Decision applicants and just 29 percent of total applicants. The implication was clear: applying under Early Decision dramatically improves your chances of acceptance. At Brown University, my other favorite, applying early did not confer any advantage. While Brown was my No. 1 choice, Penn was a close second, and I desperately wanted to make sure I got into one of the two.I applied just before the Nov. 1 deadline, and six weeks later I got my acceptance package.I was thrilled and relieved. While my friends spent winter vacation finishing as many as18 applications each, I relaxed. On a school trip to France over spring break, I drank wine while everyone else struggled with international calling cards to phone home and find out where they’d been accepted. People cried about getting rejected, or began the difficult and agonizing process of choosing between two or more schools. Strangely, none of this made me feel better about having applied early. It made me feel worse. When a lot of peoplefrom my class got into Brown, I wondered if I, too, could have.Penn sent a discombobulating array of material to incoming freshmen over the summer. As the pile of mail mounted, so did my concerns that I had made the wrong choice. I had been to Penn only one day, in October of my senior year. I realize now I did not know nearly enough about myself or the school. Picking classes was far more arcane than I had expected (or than it would have been at a smaller school). And when I got to the campus, I found that fraternities and sororities were a more noticeable and obnoxious presence than the 30 percent student membership had suggested to me.It wasn't long before I knew Penn was not right for me and I looked into transferring. For me, it was about more than just changing schools. I wanted to have the traditional application experience I'd missed out on during my first go-round. The only school on my list that allowed transfers during the second semester of freshman year was Wesleyan, so I waited out the whole year, and then applied to Yale, Brown and Wesleyan. I got into Wesleyan. The irony that I could have gotten in sooner, without getting rejected by the other schools, was not lost on me. But I know I made the right decision.To high-school seniors who want to avoid making the same mistake I did, my advice is simple: don’t apply under Early Decision unless you are absolutely sure that the school is your first choice. And, just as important, don’t let your parents or college-guidance counselor persuades you to apply under Early Decision. They may have their own agenda, or at least their own perception of who you are and what you want. As I discovered, no one can really know what you want better than yourself, and even you may need time to figure out what that is.21. The main reasons for the author to apply under Early Decision are _______.A. pride and ambitionB. dream and fearC. easiness and effort-savingD. trouble-saving and release22. It can be inferred from the text that the main advantage of Early Decision is that ______.A. you can graduate from the high school earlierB. you don’t worry about the resultsC. you needn’t take the entrance examinationD. you’re more likely to be accepted23. The description of the author’s feelings in Paragraph 2 shows that _______.A. he is satisfied with his choiceB. there are many advantages of being accepted earlierC. less effort is needed under Early DecisionD. he is happy with and doubts about his decision24. We can draw a conclusion from the text that ________.A. a full consideration is needed before applyingB. students should avoid the short cutC. a quick decision will do you no goodD. the author shouldn’t apply under Early Decision25. From the text we can see that the writer seems _________.A. regretfulB. optimisticC. gloomyD. sensitivePassage TwoQuestions 26 to 30 are based on the following passage.In some countries where racial prejudice is acute, violence has so come to be taken for granted as a means of solving differences, that it is not even questioned. There are countries where the white man imposes his rule by brute force; there are countries where the black man protests by setting fire to cities and by looting and pillaging. Important people on both sides, who would in other respects, appear to be reasonable men, get up and calmly argue in favor of violence – as if it were a legitimate solution, like any other. What is really frightening, what really fills you with despair, is the realization that when it comes to the crunch, we have made no actual progress at all. We may wear collars and ties instead of war-paint, but our instincts remain basically unchanged. The whole of the recorded history of the human race, that tedious documentation of violence, has taught us absolutely nothing. We have still not learnt that violence never solves a problem but makes it more acute. The sheer horror, the bloodshed, and the suffering mean nothing. No solution ever comes to light the morning after when we dismally contemplate the smoking ruins and wonder what hit us.The truly reasonable men who know where the solutions lie are finding it harder and herder to get a hearing. They are despised, mistrusted and even persecuted by their own kind because they advocate such apparently outrageous things as law enforcement. If half the energy that goes into violent acts were put to good use, if our efforts were directed at cleaning up the slums and ghettos, at improving living-standards and providing education and employment for all, we would have gone a long way to arriving at a solution. Our strength is sapped by having to mop up the mess that violence leaves in its wake. In a well-directed effort, it would not be impossible to fulfill the ideals of a stable social programme. The benefits that can be derived from constructive solutions are everywhere apparent in the world around us. Genuine and lasting solutions are always possible, providing we work within the framework of the law.Before we can even begin to contemplate peaceful co-existence between the races, we must appreciate each other’s problems. And to do this, we must learn about them: it is a simple exercise in communication, in exchanging information. “Talk, talk, talk,”the advocates of violence say, “all you ever do is talk, and we are none the wiser” It’s rather like the story of the famous barrister who painstakingly explained his case to the judge. After listening to a lengthy argument the judge complained that after all this talk, he was none the wiser. “Possible, my lord,” the barrister replied, “none the wiser, but surely farbetter informed.” Knowledge is the necessary prerequisite to wisdom: the knowledge that violence creates the evils it pretends to solve.26. What is the best title for this passage?A. Advocating Violence.B. Violence Can Do Nothing to Diminish Race Prejudice.C. Important People on Both Sides See Violence As a Legitimate Solution.D. The Instincts of Human Race Are Thirsty for Violence.27. Recorded history has taught us___________.A. violence never solves anything.B. nothing.C. the bloodshed means nothing.D. everything.28. It can be inferred that truly reasonable men___________.A. can’t get a hearing.B. are looked down upon.C. are persecuted.D. Have difficulty in advocating law enforcement.29. “He was none the wiser” means__________.A. he was not at all wise in listening.B. He was not at all wiser than nothing before.C. He gains nothing after listening.D. He makes no sense of the argument.30. According the author the best way to solve race prejudice is__________.A. law enforcement.B. knowledge.C. nonviolence.D. Mopping up the violent mess.Passage ThreeQuestions 31 to 35 are based on the following passage.Stratford-on-Avon, as we all know, has only one industry-William Shakespeare-but there are two distinctly separate and increasingly hostile branches. There is the Royal Shakespeare Company (RSC), which presents superb productions of the plays at the Shakespeare Memorial Theatre on the Avon. And there are the townsfolk who largely live off the tourists who come, not to see the plays, but to look at Anne Hathaway’s Cottage, Shakespeare’s birthplace and the other sights.The worthy residents of Stratford doubt that the theatre adds a penny to their revenue. They frankly dislike the RSC’s actors, them with their long hair and beards and sandals and noisiness. It’s all deliciously ironic when you consider that Shakespeare, who earns their living, was himself an actor (with a beard) and did his share of noise - making.The tourist streams are not entirely separate. The sightseers who come by bus-and often take in Warwick Castle and Blenheim Palace on the side –don’t usually see the plays, and some of them are even surprised to find a theatre in Stratford. However, the playgoers do manage a little sight -seeing along with their play going. It is the playgoers, the RSC contends, who bring in much of the town’s revenue because they spend the night (some of them four or five nights) pouring cash into the hotels and restaurants. The sightseers can take in everything and get out of town by nightfall.The townsfolk don’t see it this way and local council does not contribute directly to the subsidy of the Royal Shakespeare Company. Stratford cries poor traditionally. Nevertheless every hotel in town seems to be adding a new wing or cocktail lounge. Hilton is building its own hotel there, which you may be sure will be decorated with Hamlet Hamburger Bars, the Lear Lounge, the Banquo Banqueting Room, and so forth, and will be very expensive.Anyway, the townsfolk can’t understand why the Royal Shakespeare Company needs a subsidy. (The theatre has broken attendance records for three years in a row. Last year its 1,431 seats were 94 per cent occupied all year long and this year they’ll do better.) The reason, of course, is that costs have rocketed and ticket prices have stayed low.It would be a shame to raise prices too much because it would drive away the young people who are Stratford’s most attractive clientele. They come entirely for the plays, not the sights. They all seem to look alike (though they come from all over) –lean, pointed, dedicated faces, wearing jeans and sandals, eating their buns and bedding down for the night on the flagstones outside the theatre to buy the 20 seats and 80 standing-room tickets held for the sleepers and sold to them when the box office opens at 10:30 a.m.31. From the first two paragraphs, we learn that__________.A. the townsfolk deny the RSC’s contribution to the town’s revenueB. the actors of the RSC imitate Shakespeare on and off stageC. the two branches of the RSC are not on good termsD. the townsfolk earn little from tourism32. It can be inferred from Paragraph 3 that__________.A. the sightseers cannot visit the Castle and the Palace separatelyB. the playgoers spend more money than the sightseersC. the sightseers do more shopping than the playgoersD. the playgoers go to no other places in town than the theater33. By saying “Stratford cries poor traditionally”(Line 2-3, Paragraph 4), the authorimplies that__________.A. Stratford cannot afford the expansion projectsB. Stratford has long been in financial difficultiesC. the town is not really short of moneyD. the townsfolk used to be poorly paid34. According to the townsfolk, the RSC deserves no subsidy because__________.A. ticket prices can be raised to cover the spendingB. the company is financially ill-managedC. the behavior of the actors is not socially acceptableD. the theatre attendance is on the rise35. From the text we can conclude that the author__________.A. is supportive of both sidesB. favors the townsfolk’s viewC. takes a detached attitudeD. is sympathetic to the RSC.Passage FourQuestions 35 to 40 are based on the following passage.Ours has become a society of employees. A hundred years or so ago only one out of every five Americans at work was employed, i. e., worked for somebody else. Today only one out of five is not employed but working for himself. And when fifty years ago “being employed” meant working as a factory labourer or as a farmhand, the employee of today is increasingly a middle-class person with a substantial formal education, holding a professional or management job requiring intellectual and technical skills. Indeed, two things have characterized American society during these last fifty years: middle-class and upper- class employees have been the fastest- growing groups in our working population- growing so fast that the industrial worker, that oldest child of the Industrial Revolution, has been losing in numerical importance despite the ex- pans/on of industrial production.Yet you will fine little if anything written on what it is to be an employee. You can find a great deal of very dubious advice on how to get a job or how to get a promotion. You can also find a good deal of work in a chosen field, whether it be the mechanist’s trade or bookkeeping (簿记). Every one of these trades requires different skills, sets different standards, and requires a different preparation. Yet they all have employeeship in common. And increasingly, especially in the large business or in government, employeeship is more important to success than the special professional knowledge or skill. Certainly more people fail because they do not know the requirements of being an employee than because they do not adequately possess the skills of their trade; the higher you climb the ladder, the more you get into administrative or executive work, the greater the emphasis on ability to work within the organization rather than on technical abilities or professional knowledge36. It is implied that fifty years ago__________.A. eighty percent of American working people were employed in factoriesB. twenty percent of American intellectuals were employeesC. the percentage of intellectuals in the total work force was almost the same as thatof industrial workersD. the percentage of intellectuals working as employees was not so large as that ofindustrial workers37. According to the passage, with the development of modern industry,___________.A. factory labourers will overtake intellectual employees in numberB. there are as many middle -class employees as factory labourersC. employers have attached great importance to factory labourersD. the proportion of factory labourers in the total employee population has decreased 38. The word “dubious” (L. 2, Para. 2) most probably means__________.A. valuableB. usefulC. doubtfulD. helpful39. According to the writer, professional knowledge or skill is__________.A. less important than awareness of being a good employeeB. as important as the ability to deal with public relationsC. more important than employer-employee relationsD. as important as the ability to co-operate with others in the organization40. From the passage it can be seen that employeeship helps one__________.A. to be more successful in his careerB. to be more specialized in his fieldC. to solve technical problemsD. to develop his professional skillPart Three Paraphrase (20%)Directions: Explain the following sentences in your own words.41. We can batten down and ride it out.42. How long before they turn their guns in the other direction?43. They got out of bed on the wrong side is simple not a concern.44. Let both sides seek to invoke the wonders of science instead of its terrors.45. Conversation is not for making a point.46. There is no split of work and play, or work and culture.47. It would be best if you imagined it as your own fancy bids, assuming it will rise to theoccasion.48. boy and man , I had been through it often before.49. A carpenter sits crosslegged at a prehistoric lathe, turning chair-legs at lighting speed.50. The true intellectuals were far from flattered.Part Four (25%)Section A:Point out the figures of speech used in the following sentences: (10%) A. metaphor B. simile C. alliteration D. antithesis E. synecdoche F. hyperboleG. metonymy H. personification51. When the war was over, he laid down the sword and took up the pen. ( )52. United there is little we cannot do, in a host of cooperative ventures. Divided there islittle we can do. ( )53. Safe in a Pullman, I have whirled through the gloomy, Godforsaken villages of Iowaand Kansas, and the malarious tidewater hamlets of Georgia. ( )54. My brain was as powerful as a dynamo, as precise as chemist’s scales, and aspenetrating as a scalpel. ( )55. The fact their marriage may be on the rocks or that their love affairs have been brokenor even that they got out of bed on the wrong side is simply not a concern. ( ) 56. The air of morning was so clear that the snow still crowning the Eighteen Peaksburned with whit-gold fire across the miles of sunlit air, under the dark blue of the sky. ( )57. That did it. I leaped to my feet, bellowing like a bull. ( )58. The match will soon be over and defeat is staring us in the face. ( )59. I also see the dull, drill, docile, brutish masses of Hun soldiers plodding on. ( )60. I will wander the face of the earth, a shambling, hollow-eyed hulk. ( )Section B Translate the following sentences into Chinese (15%)61. We shall pay any price, bear any burden, meet any hardship, support any friend,oppose any foe to assure the survival and the success of liberty.62. The charm of conversation is that it does not really start from anywhere, and no onehas any idea it will go as it meanders or leaps and sparkles or just glows.63. Most of all, he hates himself, because he sees his life passing by, without making anysense beyond the momentary intoxication of success.64. Out of the melting pot emerges a race which hates beauty as it hates truth.65. Flaming diatribes poured from their pens denouncing the materialism and what theyconsidered to be the cultural boobery of our society.Part Five Writing (15%)Directions: In a year’s time you are going to graduate from university. How do you think your college years have prepared you for your future life? Write an essay ofabout 300 words on the following topic:What I have learned from my years at universityIn the first part of your essay you should state dearly your main argument, and in the second part you should support your argument with appropriate details. In the last part you should bring what you have written to a natural conclusion or make a summary.2020-2021《高级英语》（二）期末课程考试试卷答案Part One 1-10 CAABB BDCAD 11-15 CAADB 16-20 DBDCCPart Two21-25 BDDAA 26-30 BBDCA 31-35 ABCDD 36-40 DDCAA1. We can make the necessary preparations and survive the hurricane without much damage.2. How much longer before they turn their guns around and attack us?3.It’s not a matter of intere st or importance if their marriages are breaking up , or their love affairs have been broken or they are just in a bad temper .4. Let both sides try to call forth the wonderful things that science can do for mankind instead of the frightful things it can do .5. Conversation is not for persuading others to accept our ideas or point of view .6. Therefore pleasure and work went together; so did the cultural development of the worker go hand in hand with the work he was doing.7. It would be best if the reader pictures Omelas to himself as his imagination tells him , assuming his imagination will be equal to the task.8.As a boy later when I was a grown-up man, I had often travelled through the region .9.Sitting with his leg crossed and with using a very old-fashioned lathe , a carpenter quicklygives a round shape to the chair-legs he is making.10.The true intellectuals who started the revolt against society did not feel pleased or honoredby the imitation of their life style by so many people.Part Four section A 51-60 GDEBA ABHCFSection B :1. 为维护自由，使其长存不灭，我们将会不惜付出任何代价，肩负任何重担，迎战一切困难，援助一切朋友，反击一切敌人。

最新中考英语_【2021中考新题型专练】安徽任务型阅读

热点08 任务型阅读【中考变化】任务型阅读理解是根据任务型教学设计而成的，它是介于任务理解与书面表达之间的一种题型。

它要求学生在阅读文章后能对文章中某些细节做到准确把握或对整篇文章进行提炼概括，是一种读写结合的题型。

这种题型既考查学生的阅读理解能力，也考查学生的分析问题、解决问题的能力，还考查学生运用英语语言将有关内容以文字形式正确地表达出来的能力。

纵观去年的中考试题，不难发现阅读材料难度整体适中，材料后的题目设计难度并不很大，但是学生在实际做题过程中，经常会犯一些错误，导致不必要的失分。

因此我们有必要让同学们掌握一些解题方法。

完成任务型阅读的过程就是：阅读（信息输入）→判断、分析、概括、推理（信息加工与处理）→答题（信息输出）。

【满分技巧】一、确定阅读任务任务型阅读一般提供一段或几段阅读材料，在材料后设置5 个任务，做题时我们应先阅读所给的任务，明确任务是什么，再带着任务去阅读材料，这样就能做到心中有数，有针对性的去读，并能提高阅读效率。

二、读全文，了解大意明确任务后，应迅速阅读全文来了解文章主要内容，以及文章的感情基调、作者的意图、态度倾向。

三、仔细阅读题干，带着问题复读原文要仔细阅读题干（即问题），明白问题的指向。

读完问题，就应该能判断出问题的设计是针对一个单词、一句话、一段话，还是全文。

试题的题干决定了答题时不同的阅读范围，尤其值得注意。

四、仔细研读细节，答题必须符合题目要求任务型阅读不仅考查学生阅读理解层面的能力，更加注重考查学生“写”的能力。

若是写单词，则要注意拼写正确，词形、词性有无变化，是否需要大写；若所要完成的是短语或句子成分，则需谨慎对待，依据所给题干分析要完成的是什么句子成分，需用什么样的表达方式，不可简单草率地将文中信息直接挪用。

【限时检测】一、回答问题On October 20, 1936, Zhong Nanshan was born in Nanjing Central Hospital. His parents called him "Nanshan" because the hospital where he was born in the south of Zhongshan of Nanjing. Zhong Nanshan loved sports and broke the national record of 400m hurdles(跨栏) with 54.4 seconds at the first national games in 1959.In those days of fighting against SARS in 2003, he became a brave soldier. He thought it was a war for lifewith death. Zhong Nanshan, with his excellent medical skills and strong fighting action, became the hero in the people's hearts. On January 21, 2020, as a great team leader, he went to Wuhan with his team members in order to beat COVID-19 (新冠肺炎). Till now, many sick people have been cured (治愈). His family are well-known not only because Zhong Nanshan has got success in Chinese medicine, but also all his family are really good at sports. In 1956, Zhong Nanshan, who was in his third year of university, took part in the 400-metre race in the Beijing university sports meeting and won the gold medal. His whole family are basketball fans. Zhong Nanshan's wife, Li Shaofen, was the main player of the first Chinese Women's Basketball Team. After they got married, they had a son and daughter. His son, Zhong Weide, is now a doctor and the main player of the hospital basketball team. Her daughter, Zhong Weiyue, was an excellent swimmer in China and won the 100m Butterfly championship.Zhong Nanshan is Chinese people's great hero, but he continues working hard and helps many sick people get well every week. "It's my habit", he said.1．In what sports did Zhong Nanshan win the gold medal in 1959? (不超过15个词)________________________2．Why are Zhong Nanshan's family well-known? (不超过25个词)________________________3．Would you like to be a good doctor like Zhong when you grow up? Why or why not? (不超过15个词)________________________Can we give a hand to those endangered animals? Yes, we may only do a little bit, but together our small actions add up to a lot.1 Protect wildlife habitat (栖息地).Perhaps the greatest threat that faces many species (物种) is the widespread destruction (破坏) of habitat. Cutting down forests, farming, and development all result in loss of wildlife habitat. In areas where rare (稀有的) species live, habitat destruction can quickly force a species to extinction (灭绝). By protecting habitat, entire communities of animals can be protected together naturally.2Reduce the threat (威胁) of invasive (入侵的) species.The spread of non-native species has greatly reduced native populations around the world. Invasive species compete with native species for resources (资源) and habitat. They can even prey (捕食) on native species directly, forcing native species towards extinction.3 Place decals (贴花纸) on windows.It is reported that as many as one billion birds in the United States die each year because of collisions (碰撞) with windows. You can help reduce the number of collisions simply by placing decals on the windows in your home and office.4 Slow down when driving.Many native animals have to live in developed areas and this means they must move in human-living areas. One of the biggest obstacles (障碍) to them is that created by roads. Roads divide habitat and present a constant (不断的) risk to any animal attempting to cross from one side to the other. So when you’re out and about, slow down and keep an eye out for wildlife.4．Is the greatest threat that endangered animals faces created by roads? (不超过5个词)__________________________________________________________________________5．How many ways to protect the endangered animals is mentioned in the passage? (不超过5个词)__________________________________________________________________________6．Why are people advised to put decals on windows? (不超过10个词)__________________________________________________________________________When Mary was told she had only two years to live, she felt very sad. She was diagnosed(诊断) with cancer in 2020. She did what many sick people did: write down a list. She wanted to make a new plan for her rest life.“I have a good life but I feel that I have no freedom，” said the 56--year-old woman. She had a son and a daughter. Mary wanted to leave her husband. She secretly began preparing her new life.Although she loved her husband, she didn't let her husband know her plan. She asked for a new life on her own.She said, “When I know I have a short time to live, I don't want to be a housewife any longer. I don't want to cook every night... I want to be free! I want to change my life. If I hadn't had the cancer, I would have been a bored person. But because of it, I would become a much braver and more interesting old woman.”“I want to enjoy myself in the rest of my life. I want to stay with my children. I want to see my grandchildren.I dislike being treated as a cancer survivor(幸存者)．”7．What might many people with cancer do？(不超过15个词)_________________________________________________________________8．Why didn't Mary let her husband know her new plan？(不超过15个词)_________________________________________________________________9．What person had Mary become since she had cancer？(不超过15个词)_________________________________________________________________It's said that there is a kind of bird born without feet. They fly for their whole life and try to sing the most beautiful songs. They can only land once—the time when they die.Liu Yanzhi is just like the bird.When Liu Yanzhi was a baby, she had an accident and lost the ability to walk. Every time she saw other children play happily outside, Liu Yanzhi really wanted to join them. But she knew she was different. That made her upset.Once Liu Yanzhi went out onto the street in her wheelchair. Some people saw her and began to shout, “Look! That disabled girl wore make-up(化妆品)!” “Yes, how strange!”“Why can't a disabled girl wear make-up? Every flower has the right to show its beauty！” Liu decided to cheer up and have a wonderful life.In 2009, Liu got a job in a local beauty shop. She was paid a little but learned a lot.In 2012, Liu opened a beauty shop but failed. Her mother begged(乞求) her to give up, but she kept on. She travelled around to learn at different training meetings ...After a few years' hard work, Liu succeeded. She thought she could do more. In 2017, to help other disabled people, Liu started the Taihe Sunshine Disabled Association. Now, the 31--year--old woman owns a factory that produces make-up products of her own brand.10．How did Liu Yanzhi lose the ability to walk？(不超过10个词)______________________________________________________11．When did Liu Yanzhi get a job in a local beauty shop？(不超过5个词)______________________________________________________12．Why did Liu Yanzhi start the Taihe Sunshine Disabled Association? (不超过10个词)______________________________________________________A professor began his class by holding up a glass with some water in it. He held it up for all to see andasked the students, “How much do you think this glass weighs?” The students gave their different answers. “I really don't know unless I weigh it,” said the professor, “But, my question is: what would happen if I held it up like this for a few minutes?” “Nothing,” the students said.“OK, what would happen if I held it up like this for an hour?” the professor asked.“Your arm would begin to ache，” said one of the students. “You're right, now what would happen if I held it for a day?” “Your arm could go numb(麻木的), and you might have to go to hospital !”said another student, and all the students laughed.“Very good. But during all this, did the weight of the glass change?” asked the professor.No students replied.“Then what caused the arm ache, the muscle(肌肉) stress? Instead, what should I do?”The students were puzzled(困惑的).“Put the glass down! ” said one of the students.“Exactly!” said the professor. “Life's problems are something like this.”It's important to think of the challenges in your life, but it's even more important to put them down at the end of every day before you go to sleep. That way, you are not stressed, you wake up every day fresh and strong and can deal with any challenge that comes your way!13．How did the professor start this class one day?(不超过10个词)_________________________________________________________________14．What would happen to his arm if the professor held the glass up for one hour?(不超过10个词)_________________________________________________________________15．What lesson can we learn from this story?(不超过15个词)_________________________________________________________________Hello, I am John. I come from England. This is my home in China. I've got a small room clean (干净的) and bright (明亮的). There's a desk, two chairs and a bed in the room. The door is here. The window is there. I have a computer on the desk. There are some books and a bag on the desk too. The chairs are next to the desk. The bed is near the window. Under (在……下面) the bed there are shoes (鞋) and a ball.16．Where is John from? (不超过5个词)________________________________17．What's John's small room like? (不超过5个词)________________________________18．Where are the books and the bag? (不超过5个词)________________________________What does a cake look like? Maybe you've got lots of different answers in mind, but Zhou Yi and his team's cakes will certainly make you feel amazed!Zhou is called China's "Sugar King". In November 7, 2017 in the UK, he and his team won three gold medals and two bronze medal（铜牌）at the International Cake Competition, the world's largest cake competition.Zhou and his team's cakes show not only their great cake—making skills, but also traditional Chinese culture and art. For example, one of the gold medal—winning cakes shows China's first and only female (女性的) emperor Wu Zetian as a young woman.Someone said that the cake showed the beauty of Chinese art to the world.But don't think creating such amazing workers of art is very easy. “Some parts were made eight times just because the result was not quite what I wanted,” Zhou said. “You need to build every single part over and over again until you find the perfect fit.” He hopes to let more people know more about China through him.19．What is Zhou called? (不超过8 个词)_________________________________20．How many medals did Zhou Yi and his team win at the International Cake Competition? (不超过15 个词)_________________________________21．What does Zhou want to do by making those great cakes? (不超过12 个词)_________________________________A Special Form of Traditional Art—Chinese Knots（中国结）Chinese knots are a form of Chinese traditional art. The history of Chinese knots dates back to ancient times. It is said that they were developed into an art form in the Tang and Song Dynasties and later became popular in the Ming and Qing Dynasties.Colorful thread is used for tying the knots. However, the most commonly used color is red because it symbolizes good luck and prosperity. The knots can be used as car or mobile phone decorations. Also,people hangthe knots in rooms.Chinese knots can be seen in different parts of China, which are popular among the young and the old. 22．When did the Chinese knots appear?（不超过10个单词）___________________________________________________________23．When did the Chinese knots become popular?（不超过10个单词）___________________________________________________________24．What is the common color of the Chinese knots?（不超过5个单词）__________________________________________________________English has some apologetic terms (表示歉意的用语). It seems that they mean the same thing. They almost do. However, what’s the difference between “Pardon”, “I’m sorry”, and “What?”PardonAmericans don’t really use “pardon”. If you do, they will probably joke that you’re trying to sound pretentious (炫耀的) or joke that you’re British.I’m sorryWe often use “I’m sorry” for past events. That’s to say, it is generally used to apologize for something you have already done. For example, if you step on someone’s foot on a crowded bus, you would say “I’m sorry” or “sorry”.What?Americans usually use it to ask someone to repeat himself. If you want to be politer, you could say, “I’m sorry, what was that?” or “Excuse me, what did you say?” or any other such thing. Most Americans will just say “What?” though.In our daily life, we can also use these terms by mixing them up. You could, for example, ask someone to move by saying “Sorry, would you mind moving?” It’s an extra-polite way to make your request.根据短文内容，回答下列问题。

用力矩模型解释摩擦试验加载过程中的非线性变化

第23卷第2期岩石力学与工程学报 23(2)：252～2552004年1月 Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering Jan.，20042002年5月27日收到初稿，2002年8月20日收到修改稿。

作者邱泽华简介：男， 43岁，1982年毕业于北京大学地质系地震地质专业，现为博士研究生、副研究员，主要从事地球动力学、地震、地壳构造用力矩模型解释摩擦试验加载过程中的非线性变化邱泽华张宝红(中国地震局地壳应力研究所北京 100085)摘要应用考虑力矩的弹簧-滑块-平面模型，对摩擦试验加载过程中的非线性变化进行了分析。

结果表明，当加载过程进行到一定程度时，因力矩的作用而出现的剪应力分布的调整，将造成滑动发生前的力-位移曲线的非线性变化。

关键词岩石力学，地震，摩擦试验，力矩，非线性变化分类号 TU 458+.3，P315.75 文献标识码 A 文章编号 1000-6915(2004)02-0252-04THEORETIC STUDIES ON NONLINEARITY IN LOADING PROCESS OFFRICTIONAL EXPERIMENTS WITH MOMENT CONSIDEREDQiu Zehua ，Zhang Baohong(Institute of Crustal Dynamics ，China Seismological Bureau ， Beijing 100085 China )Abstract The nonlinearity in loading process of frictional tests is discussed by using 3D spring-rider-flat model with moment considered. Due to the moment of driving force ，the normal stress on the flat does not distribute uniformly ，which induces nonuniform distribution of frictional resistance by assuming friction coefficient is constant. The whole loading process actually consists of two stages. (1) Before the shear stress reaches the resistance ，the rider does neither slide nor deform and the force-displacement curve is linear. (2) After the shear stress ，because of the moment ，reaches the resistance firstly at the end where the driving force acts ，the rider deforms before it slides as a whole. The deformation of the rider will lead to redistribution of the shear stress on the flat and the nonlinear curve of force-displacement should be considered. Since no damage happens to the flat ，this mechanism can repeatedly produce such nonlinear phenomenon. Key words rock mechanics ，earthquake ，frictional test ，moment ，nonlinear1 引言断层摩擦滑动(粘滑)被普遍认为是地震的成因，因而，岩石摩擦试验受到地震学者们的高度重视[1]。

机械英语词汇

1statics静力学,静止状态dynamics动力学,原动力,动力特征mating配合,配套,相连(的)mating surface啮合表面,配合表面gear齿轮,齿轮传动装置shaft轴meshing啮合,咬合,钩住bearing轴承,支承,承载lever杠杆,操纵杆,手柄,把手pulley滑轮,皮带轮cam凸轮,偏心轮,样板,靠模,仿形板magnitude大小,尺寸,量度,数值compose组成,构成journal bearing滑动轴承,轴颈轴承squeeze挤压,压缩,压榨,挤压squeeze out挤压,压出flaking薄片,表面剥落,压碎,易剥落的spall削,割,打碎,剥落,脱皮,裂片,碎片intuitive直觉的,本能的,天生的inherent固有的,本征的,内在的surmise推测,估计,猜测nevertheless尽管如此,虽然…但是,然而inertia惯性,惯量,惰性,不活动celestial天体的celestial body天体incapable无能力的,不能的,无用的,无资格的deformation变形,形变,扭曲,应变deformable可变形的,应变的acceleration加速度,加速度值,促进,加快resultant合的,组合的,总的,合力,合量scalar数量,标量(的)vector矢量,向量displacement位移velocity速度moment力矩momentum动量3constraint抑制,限制,制约,约束constrain强迫,强制,制约,约束,束缚sense显示,方向noncoincident不重合的,不一致的,不符合的parallel并行的,平行的,相同的,平行线perpendicular垂直的,垂直,正交,垂线product产品,乘积free-body自由体,隔离体sketch草图,简图,示意图,设计图drawing绘图,制图,图样couple力偶diagram图表,简图,示意图,用图表示出facet面,小平面,事情的某一方面kinematic运动的,运动学的pair一双,一对,一副,成对,配合kinematic pair运动副normal distribution正态分布normal education师范教育static equilibrium静力平衡external force外力internal force内力5coupling联轴器,连接,耦合rectangular矩形的,直角的cross section截面,横断面,剖面screw螺旋丝杆,螺钉screw driver螺丝刀,螺丝起子,改锥blade叶片,桨片,刀片socket插座,插口,套筒wrench扳手,拧,扳紧,扭转socket wrench套筒扳手knob节,旋钮,圆形把手stem杆,棒,柄,柱,轴torsional扭转的,扭力的torque转矩,扭矩,扭转mounted安装好的,固定好的,安装在…上的deviate偏离,背离,偏差,偏移deviate from偏离,与有偏差twist使扭转,扭,使转动clutch抓住,捏紧,离合器bending弯曲,弯曲度,挠曲,挠曲度deflection偏转,偏差,挠曲,弯曲,挠度reversal颠倒,相反,反向,改变方向,倒转cold-roll冷轧,冷轧机forge锻造,打制,锻工车间key键keyway键槽adjacent邻近的,接近的,相邻的semipermanent半永久性的propeller螺旋桨,推进器flange凸缘,法兰hub中心部分,衬套,轮毂bolt螺栓,螺杆,用螺栓固定alignment直线对准,调准,对中心rabbet插孔,塞孔,缺口,榫接gearbox齿轮箱,变速箱flexible柔性的,易弯曲的,适应性强的flexible coupling弹性联轴器,挠性联轴器in such a way as以这样一种方式shock冲击,冲撞,打击strength强度stiff刚度fatigue疲劳shock load冲击载荷rabbet joint榫接7fastener紧固件,联接件acceptability可接受性,接受,合格,满意disassembly拆卸,拆除,拆开,分解,解体modular模数的,制成标准组件的,预制的,组合的subassembly组件,部件,局部装配,组件装配nut螺帽,螺母,拧螺母,装螺母appearance出现,外观,外貌,外部特征versus…对,与…比较,…与…的关系曲线,作为…的函数cotter栓,开口销,楔,用销固定cotter pin扁销,开口销rivet铆钉,铆接,固定,钉铆钉literally字面上地,逐字地,实在是,真正地,完全地nuisance麻烦事情,讨厌的事,障碍,刺激,损害rattle发出喀啦声,发硬物震动声,喀啦声spring弹簧,发条proportional(成正)比例的,平衡的,相称的suspension悬挂,悬置,悬挂装置bumper保险杠,缓冲器,阻尼器,减震器mower割草机silicon硅leaf spring板簧brass黄铜bronze青铜beryllium铍helical螺线,螺旋线,螺旋状torsion扭转temper回火,一种热处理corrosion腐蚀,侵蚀,锈蚀corrosion resistance抗腐蚀rivet joint铆接weld joint焊接helical coil spring圆柱螺旋弹簧torsion bar扭力杆hard drawn冷拔hot-rolled bar热轧棒材stress reversal交变应力9reliability可靠性,安全性sufficiently充足的at one's disposal供…使用,归…支配,摆在…面前surface texture表面形貌,加工表面几何形状误差specimen样品,样本,试样,试件justify证明…是正当的,认为…有道理feasible可行的,做得到的,行得通的,可能的category种类,类别,类型,等级elongation拉伸,伸长,延长,延伸率biaxial二轴的,二维的triaxial三维的,三轴的,空间的meager贫乏的,不足的,不充分的,量少的ductility延展性,可锻性,韧性,可塑性ductile可延展的,可锻的,可塑的,易变形的brittle脆性的,易碎的,易损坏的cross-sectional横截面的,剖面的gauge length标距(长度),计量长度cold-work冷变形加工erosion腐蚀,侵蚀,磨损,磨蚀pyramid棱锥,四面体,成角锥形indentation压痕,凹痕nondestructive非破坏性的,无损的waviness,lay,and flaw表面波度,加工纹理方向和伤痕11radial bearing向心轴承thrust bearing推力轴承angular contact bearing角接触轴承taper roller bearing圆锥滚子轴承fivefold五倍(的),五重的stiffness刚性,刚度,稳定性frictional摩擦的,由摩擦产生的drag拖,牵引,摩擦,拖着,阻碍,阻力,摩擦力,阻尼wear磨损,磨蚀,消耗,耗损contaminant沾染,杂质,污染物质,污染剂sealing密封,封接hostility敌视,敌意,敌对through-harden整体淬火,淬透HV=Vickers hardness维氏硬度notwithstanding虽然,尽管…(还是)clearance间隙,裕度,空隙interference干涉,干扰,妨碍,过盈,相互影响interference fit过盈配合fret侵蚀,腐蚀,磨损,损坏fretting松散,微振磨损fretting corrosion微振腐蚀磨损,微动腐蚀abut邻接,毗连,支撑,端,尽头,支架chamfer在…开槽,倒棱,倒角,圆角swivel旋转轴承,转体,旋转raceway轴承座圈,滚道lubricant润滑剂,润滑材料,润滑的deterioration变质,退化,恶化,变坏tribology摩擦学13geometrical几何的,几何图形的and the like=and such like以及诸如此类,依此类推,等等noncircular非圆形的nonuniform不均匀的,不一致的,非均质的follower从动轮,随动机构,从动件,推杆spatial空间的,立体的linkage连杆机构,连接,低副运动链prescribe规定,命令,指示,吩咐categorize分类,把…归类,区别criterion标准,规范,准则,指标planar平面的,在(同一)平面内的,二维的locus轨迹,轨线,(空间)位置slider-crank mechanism曲柄滑块机构arbitrary任意的,随机的,独立的,武断的concentric同心的,共轴的,集中的projection投影,射影,预测,计划coplanar共面的,同一平面的curvature弯曲,曲率,弧度relative motion相对运动kinematic design运动设计uniform motion匀速运动analytical解析的universal jiont万向联轴器restriction约束screw pair螺旋副15interdisciplinary各学科之间的,边缘学科的,多种学科的thermodynamics热力学encompass围绕,包含,包括,拥有,完成interwind互相盘绕,互卷staggering交错,交错的,惊人的,压倒的antiskid防滑的,防滑轮胎纹prevail流行,普及,占优势,经常发生interface交界面,分界面,界面,相互作用面interfacial分界面的,两表面间的,界面的proceed进行,继续做下去,开始,着手pneumatic气动的,气压的,充气的regime状况,状态,方式,方法tread踩,踏,滑动面,轮胎花纹disastrously灾害性地,造成巨大损失地boundary lubrication边界润滑hydrodynamic流体的,流体动力(学)的elastohydrodynamics弹性流体动力学degenerate退化,变质,简并seizure轧住,咬住,卡住,塞住,咬缸hitherto迄今,至今,向来,从来loosely松散地,不精确地,不严格地,大概compromise妥协,折衷,兼顾,综合考虑behave as性能像…一样lining衬层,涂层,覆盖17specification设计要求,规格书,任务书input quantity输入量output quantity输出量blank空白,空页,坯料jot把…摘记下来,匆匆地记下,一点,少许,小额recognition认识,识别,辨别,承认,重视,认可vague不明确的,含糊的,未定的,不明的discontent不满意,不满的,不安的,(令人)不满perceptible可感觉到的,能觉察得出的,明显的package包裹,包装,捆,束wrap包装,打包,覆盖,包围stack烟囱,堆,垛,捆,束irritant刺激的,有刺激性的,刺激物exhaust用尽,排出,排气implied暗指的,含蓄的,不言而喻的synthesis合成,综合,结构综合optimum最佳(的,条件,方式),最优的,最有利的optimize优选,选择最佳条件,发挥最大作用comply答应,同意,遵守,履行,根据synthesize合成,综合,接合devise设计,计划,发明,创造,产生prototype原型,样机,模型机originator创作者,发明者,创办人,发起人accomplishment完成,实施,成就,成绩,本领,技能presentation提出,展示,表示,表现supervisory监督的,管理的versatile通用的,多用途的,多方面的handicap障碍,不利条件,缺陷,妨碍,为…的障碍19envision想象,预见,展望innovative革新的,创新的mere仅仅的,只不过,边界utmost极度,极端,最大限度(的),最大可能decimal十进制的,小数的,(十进制)小数decimal point小数点misplace错放,误置,放错位置reinstate复原,修复,恢复,使正常,使恢复原状cling粘着,坚持,依附于,依靠,抱着…不放bug缺陷,故障,障碍,困难unforeseen想不到的,未预见到的,偶然的superior高级的,优良的,上级的,占优势的,优胜者flourish繁荣,兴旺,蓬勃发展inhibit防止,阻止,抑制,防腐剂detail drawing零件图assembly drawing装配图psychologist心理学家fall in落入,符合,归于,属于incorporate结合,合并,组成公司affirmative肯定的,正面的,赞成的,肯定,确认deficiency缺乏,不足之处,缺陷,不足额,亏空bear out证明,证实21reevaluation重新评价availability可得到的,存在,可利用,使用价值recycle再循环,回收,重复利用dictate规定,限定,确定,指挥serviceability适用性,使用的可靠性,操作性能,耐用性,可维修性feedback反馈promote促进,发扬,引起liability责任,义务,赔偿责任,不利条件conceptual概念上的interdependence互相依赖,相关性imperative命令的,强制的,必不可少的visualize目测,检验,设想,具体化,直观化prospect展望,预期,可能性,前景,调查substantially实质上,大体上,充分地compatible相容的,可共存的,协调的,相适应的insofar as到这样的程度,在…情况下,既然,因为inevitable不可避免的,必然的,料得到的reveal展望,显示,揭示,揭露,外露claim要求,要求赔偿损失权,主张,断言claimant申请人,(根据权利)提出要求者,原告sue诉讼,提出诉讼,提出请求23lathe车床turning旋转,车削,车外圆facing车平面,端面加工boring镗孔,镗削加工reaming铰孔drilling钻孔headstock头架,主轴箱,动力箱assembly装配,组合,组件,部件tailstock尾座,尾架carriage溜板leadscrew丝杆feed rod光杆schematic layout示意图,简图way导轨abrasion擦伤,刮去,磨损geometric ratio等比bar stock棒料preload预加载荷tapered锥形的,斜的longitudinally长度地,纵向地,轴向地thereon在其中,在其上,关于那,紧接着quill活动套筒,衬套,钻轴,空心轴swing摇摆,摆动,最大回转直径,车床床面上最大加工直径center中心,顶尖,定心,对中center distance中心距,顶尖距compound rest(车床)小刀架bench type台式machinist机械工人,机械师repetitious重复的,反复的turret(机床刀具)转塔,六角刀架age时效处理25machining机加工engine lathe普通车床,卧式车床removal除去,切削,切除encounter遭遇,遇到,碰见turret lathe转塔车床tracer追踪装置,随动装置,仿形板tolerance公差,允许限度merit优点,特征,价值,值得,有…价值confine限制在…范围内,封闭,区域,范围surface roughness表面粗糙度excessive过度的,极度的,非常的centerless无心的,没有心轴的grinding磨削(的)milling铣削otherwise另外,在其他方面,用其他方法,否则不然,不如是forging锻造(的),模锻,锻件cylindrical圆柱的,圆柱形的taper圆锥,锥体gage量具,测量仪表,标准,限度,范围concentricity同心,同心度,集中pitch间距,螺距,周节,螺旋线间隔reciprocating往复,来回(的),交互set up装夹,安装grinder磨床worthwhile值得做的,相当的,很好的pitch diameter(螺纹)中径bore枪膛,汽缸筒,孔,孔径,镗孔,打眼finishing operation精加工work工件27workpiece工件circumscribe与…外接,确定…的范围,限制chip碎片,切屑,切,削,刨scrap碎片,切屑,废品,废渣,碎片的,废弃,使成碎屑scarcity缺乏,不足,稀少,供不应求die模切,用模压成形,模具,冲模,压模medium介质,媒介物,机构,装置,工具imprint刻上记号,加特征,铭记,痕迹,特征primary motion主运动feed motion进给运动intermittent间歇的,间断的,断续的instantaneous瞬时作用的,同时发生的stroke打击,冲程,行程,循环,周期feed per tooth每齿进给量engagement啮合,吃刀量working engagement侧吃刀量back engagement背吃刀量engage啮合,切入unity一,单一,唯一,统一,单位tool cutting edge angle主偏角metal-forming process金属成型加工shaping牛头刨,刨削,压力加工,成形的planing龙门刨,刨削(的)broaching拉削honing珩磨lapping研磨cutting edge切削刃29flank侧面,后面,边,外侧tooth flank齿面rack齿条helix螺旋,螺旋线gradual逐渐的,渐渐的,顺序变化的generation生产,发生,制造,展成jobbing做临时工,重复性很小的工作jobbing shop修理车间involute渐开线,渐开的retract缩回,缩进,收缩,取消backstroke返回行程,回程epicyclic周转圆的,外摆线的hobbing滚削gash裂口,裂纹,划开,造成深长切口hob滚刀spur齿,正齿,支承物in this context由于这个原因,在这个意义上,在这方面,在这种情况下spline把…刻出键槽,用花键连接,花键,键槽,样条函数case-harden表面淬火,表面渗碳硬化rough粗糙(的),不光的,粗(未)加工的,粗制,粗加工shaving剃齿,剃齿法swarf细铁屑in mesh齿轮互相啮合scraping刮削micron微米form grinding成形磨削dress修整,精整,打磨dressing砂轮的修锐worm蜗杆,蠕动,爬行dresser修整器truing砂轮的整形true真正的,调整,精密修整,砂轮的整形dressing diamond修整金刚石tooth flank齿廓范成toothforming齿廓成形tooth module齿轮模数involute gear渐开线齿轮helical gear斜齿轮helix angle螺旋角spur gear直齿轮,直齿圆柱齿轮epicyclic gear行星齿轮internal gear内齿轮,内齿圈gear broaching拉齿gear hobbing滚齿gear shaping插齿gear blank齿轮坯料return stroke回程31dimensional tolerances尺寸公差alternative交替的,替换的,比较方案,替换物producibility可生产,可制造,可提出,可延长locating工件定位,放样accuracy准确,精确,精度,准确性survey观察,测量,综述,全面的观察interior内部的,里面的,内心的,本质的,内部,里面strut支柱,支杆,竖直构件支柱packing包装,组装,填充物,密封垫,密封件coarse粗的,粗糙的,未加工的,不精确的infrequent不常见的,很少发生的,不寻常的bracket托架,轴承架,支座piston活塞,柱塞shaft bearing轴承stress concentration应力集中fit适合,适用,装配,配合,符合,适当objectionable该反对的,不能采用的,不适宜的,不好的mounting安装,安置,装配,固定,配件interchangeability互换性seal ring密封环。

高考完形填空解题技巧

Our father was a struggling 36(lawyer) , but I always knew he was 37 . He never criticized us, but used to 38 to bring out our best. . strict B. honest C. special D. learned A. help B. peace C. smile D. praise
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platen brings the wafer in contact with particles in the slurry, which generates multiple actions including the mechanical friction, the chemical reaction and the removal of the chemical solvent to accomplish the highly eﬃcient material removal. The CMP mechanism in Fig. 1 is intrinsically very complicated and not yet understood very clearly, and the polishing mechanism is extremely diﬃcult to analyse. Therefore, it is necessary to simplify the CMP model. Runnels and Renteln [1] assumed no force transmission between the pad and wafer and an elastic pad, and ignored the eﬀect of slurry on establishing an axisymmetric model. They simulated the stress distribution on the wafer surface and rewrote Preston’s equation to infer the correlation between the stress and material removal rate. The result indicated that the normal stress had a signiﬁcant eﬀect on the removal rate. Runnels and Eyman [2] described the action of the chemical solvent by applying ﬂuid dynamics. The model is satisﬁed simultaneously with the slurry transport model and the physical erosion model, but the latter is much closer to the experimental result. Kaanta and Landis [3] designed a wafer carrier composed of two diﬀerent materials. The result showed that the upward deﬂection of the carrier caused by the two diﬀerent expansion coeﬃcients compensates the polishing eﬀect produced by the irregular abrasive distributions, but it seems diﬃcult to precisely control the deﬂection of the carrier. Warnock [4] presented a phenomenological erosion model. The pad compressibility was used to predict the polishing rate for diﬀerent patterns. However, the behaviour of the wafer edge was unpredictable. Sivaram et al. [5] tried to use the deﬂection of the pad to predict the polishing rate and planarisation. The model became a more complex mathematical problem if predicting the global planarisation because the model only considered the local wafer surface. Wang et al. [6] established a two-dimensional axisymmetric elastic model for CMP by using an I-DEAS package ignoring the eﬀect of slurry and assuming that the shear stress of the wafer surface was uniformly distributed on the surface. The von Mises
Int J Adv Manuf Technol (2003) 22: 401–409 DOI 10.1007/s00170-003-1544-y
O R I GI N A L A R T IC L E
Yeou-Yih Lin Æ Ship-Peng Lo
A study on the stress and nonuniformity of the wafer surface for the chemical-mechanical polishing process
Received: 25 September 2002 / Accepted: 30 September 2002 / Published online: 25 June 2003 Ó Springer-Verlag London Limited 2003
Abstract In this paper, a two-dimensional axisymmetric quasic-static model for the chemical-mechanical polishing process (CMP) was established. Based on the principle of minimum total potential energy, a ﬁnite element model for CMP was thus established. In this model, the four-layer structures including the wafer carrier, the carrier ﬁlm, the wafer and the pad are involved. The von Mises stress distributions on the wafer surface were analysed, and the eﬀects of characteristics of the pad and the carrier ﬁlm and the load of the carrier on the von Mises stress and nonuniformity on the wafer surface were investigated. The ﬁndings indicate that the proﬁle of the von Mises stress distributions correlates with the removal rate proﬁle. The elastic modulus and thickness of pad and carrier load would signiﬁcantly aﬀect the von Mises stress and nonuniformity, but those of the ﬁlm did not aﬀect very much. Keywords Chemical-mechanical polishing Æ Finite element method Æ von Mises stress Æ Nonunifomental removal rate. The axial stress and the strain are the dominant factors of the von Mises stress distributions on the wafer surface and the wafer deformation, respectively. Baker [9] presented a pressure proﬁle model and derived the deformation and the pressure distributions between the wafer and the pad while regarding the pad as an elastic plane. The result was that the pressure variation in the edge region matched the pressure variation in the nonuniform material removal.
1 Introduction
The chemical-mechanical polishing (CMP) mechanism consists of the wafer carrier, the carrier ﬁlm, the pad and the platen as shown in Fig. 1. The carrier is attached to the wafer back by means of a vacuum. The wafer surface, i.e., the IC part to be planarised, is placed on the platen with one or more layers of pads. Slurry is sprayed continuously through a tube and uniformly scattered on the pad. The wafer is placed between the carrier and pad. The relative motion generated by the carrier and