sight interpreting
second
the function / role in the context
have a clear picture of the sentence structure, make a quick judgement about the function or the role that the modifier is, and then decide how to express it in an appropriate way.
A spirited discussion springs up/ between a young girl / who insists that women have outgrown/
一场激烈的争论开始了。 。一个女孩 。。坚持认为女性已经走出了
the jumping-on-the-chair at-the-sight-of-a-mouse era/, 那个一看到老鼠就跳到椅子上的年代
美国的经济基本是以私有企业和市场导向经济为架构的，在这种经济下，消费者在市场上为那些他们最 想要的货品和服务付费，在很大程度上决定了什么应该被制造出来。
third
logical relationship
it's a little similar to find out the fnction, however, it pays much more attention to the relationship with other parts in the whole context. and the conjunction words and pronouns are always in need.
first
second
focus: the subject/ central word
focus: the function/ role in the context
third
forth
logical relationship
expressing habits
First
the subject / central word
and a colonel who says that they haven't.
但是，一个上校认为他们还没过去。
一场热烈的争论开始了。一方是一位年轻的女士，她坚持认为，妇女已经不再一见到老鼠就跳 到椅子上去，那个时代已经过去了；另一方是一位上校，他认为那个时代没有过去。
forth
expressing habits
01
the flame of human aspiration
measures to be taken
02 an era of intergration and interconnection
03
the point to be discussed
04 the resolve of international community
他们的目的是为了找到方法 来满足农民的要求
“变低产为高产”
to satisfy the peasants' demand
“to change loe-yielding lnd to high-yiellding land”
{complex} postpositive attributive
The American economic system is / , organized around a basically private-enterprise/, market-oriented economy / in which consumers largely determine / what shall be prrk with a famous musician
06
{simple} postpositive attributive
01
the flame of human aspiration
人类的理想
measures to be taken
采取措施
02 an era of intergration and interconnection
the day waiting for the result
等结果的那一天
包干到户
04
05 the question discussed yesterday
the boy sitting by the window 坐在窗边的男孩
昨天讨论的问题
06
{simple} postpositive attributive
attribute composition
sight interpreting
attribute composition
participial phrase infinitive phrase
prepositional phrase
attributive clause
Four perspectives
{complex} postpositive attributive
Their aim is to find ways / to satisfy the peasants' demand, / “to change loe-yielding lnd to high-yiellding land”
Their aim is to find ways
however complict or important the modifer is , the subject or the central world is supposed to be the prerequisite.
{simple} postpositive attributive
01
Chinese culture facing the world
the law strictly enforced
02
03 work contracted to households
the day waiting for the result
04
05 the question discussed yesterday
美国的经济体系是 以私有企业为主体的 市场导向型经济 （在这种经济下）消费者很大程 度决定了 什么应该被生产出来 （这是通过）在市场上消费 那些产品与服务 （。。。）是他们想要的
by spending their money in the marketplace /
for those goods and services/ that they want most.
this means understandable and idiomatic in the target language are important. and this can help us get out of the dull and rigid literal translation.
{complex} postpositive attributive
2. 拉斯维加斯举办了世界上最大的科技展销会。
allowing personnel and staffing assignments/
to be made accordingly.
有迹可循。
同时这些计算机记录下哪些时段是最忙的，哪些员工工作效率最高，这样就能相应地做出人员 人事安排。
{complex} postpositive attributive
03
相互融合，相互联系的时代
the point to be discussed
要讨论的点
04 the resolve of international community
05
国际社会的决心
the chance to work with a famous musician 与一位著名音乐家合作的机会
06
{complex} postpositive attributive
At the same time/ these computers record / which hours are busiest / and which employers are the most efficient/, 与此同时、 这些电脑记录了、 哪些时间最忙、 又哪些员工最高效， 这就使得人事安排，
the boy sitting by the window
06
{simple} postpositive attributive
01
Chinese culture facing the world 面向世界的中华文化
the law strictly enforced
严格执法
02
03 work contracted to households
Loose clothing gives you greater freedom of movement .
1.宽松的衣服给你更多行动的自由。
2.衣服宽松，可以活动自如。
{complex} postpositive attributive
The international gathering in Las Vigas is the world's biggest technology trade show. 1. 在拉斯维加斯举办的国际盛会是世界上最大的科技展销会。
口译的类型
口译的类型根据时间工作模式交替传译consecutive interpreting也称连续口译/传译、即席口译/传译、逐步口译（台湾用语）。
简称“交传”或“连传”；英文简称CI 。
讲话人说一段，译员翻译一段，然后循环往复、交替进行。
交替传译常用于新闻发布会、外事会见、商务谈判、户外活动等。
3分钟以上即可称为长交传。
同声传译simultaneous interpreting又称同步口译、即时传译（港台用语），简称“同传”；英文简称SI。
讲话人的“说”与译员的“译”几乎同时进行。
同声传译可分为常规会议同传和耳语同传两种：常规会议同传regular conference SI2-3人一组，在同传间/同传箱（booth）使用同传设备。
一般译员每20分钟轮换一次。
包括有稿同传和无稿同传两种形式。
耳语同传whispered interpreting or chuchotage只有1-3人需要口译服务，无需同传设备。
根据空间工作模式现场口译live interpreting 当事双方和译员同时在场。
远程口译remote interpreting 当事双方和译员不在一地：电话口译、远程视频口译等。
根据活动场合和主题会议口译 conference interpreting陪同口译 escort interpreting外交口译 diplomatic interpreting商务口译 business interpreting媒体口译 media interpreting社区口译 community interpreting导游口译 guide interpreting医学口译 medical interpreting （国外有资格认证）法庭/法律口译 court/legal/judicial interpreting （国外有资格认证）法庭译员被称为宣誓译员 sworn interpreter等等根据活动的性质和正式程度会议口译conference interpreting联络口译liaison interpreting根据译语的流向单向口译one-way interpreting 译员只将A语译成B语。
Unit 1 Interpreting 口译概况
心动不如行动！
口译的培训模式
同声传译模式： SI=L + M + P + C 同声传译（Simultaneous Interpreting）= 听力与分析(Listening and Analysis)+ 短期 记忆(Short-term memory effort) + 言语传 达(Speech Production)
Interpreting 口译
2015.9-2016.1王燕芳
Interpreting 口译
商务英语口译（黄敏） VOA慢速英语 VOA标准英语 CN理论、口译背景知识以及对学 生进行口译基本技巧的训练，使学生初步掌握口 译程序和基本技巧，初步学会口译记忆方法、口 译笔记、口头概述、公众演讲等基本技巧和口译 基本策略，培养学生关心时事的信息意识，积累 知识，掌握文献检索、资料查询的基本方法；培 养学生的话语分析能力，提高学生的逻辑思维能 力、语言组织能力和双语表达能力，提高学生跨 文化交际的能力和英、汉两种语言互译的能力。
难易程度 证书有效期
初级：三级 > 三级 > 中级 中级：二级 > 二级 > 高级 高级：一级 > 一级 > 无 每3年重新注册 登记一次，一次 注册有效期3年
暂无
暂无
口译的发展前景
在“非全日制就业人员工资指导价位”表 中列出的54种行业里，同声传译以每小时 2000元人民币的价格拔得头筹。 同声传译价目表中，英语类1天1.2万～2.1 万元人民币，非英语类是1.8万元人民币。 业内人士称，平均每星期做两次同声翻译， 一年平均50多万RMB。 交传一天的平均工资在3000-6000RMB.
口译与笔译的异同
口译分类
谢谢
指译员现场陪同谈话双方进行面对面的沟 通交流，为双方轮流提供口译服务，以保 证双方交际的顺利进行。从口译传递的方 向来看，陪同口译是一种“双向口译”；
主要以双向短交传或对话口译为主。 以兼职为主，包括多种场合下的兼职口译
服务，如导游、礼仪接待、工程口译、商 务访问、会展口译等多种口译服务。
社区口译
译员以听者的语言复述演讲者表达的信 息——原信息以译出语重述
同声传译的工作模式
译员几乎在听到讲话人开始讲话的同时开 始口译，并在整个讲话过程中始终保持此 同步状态，直到译员与讲话人几乎同时结 束讲话。
译员必须在安装有同声传译设备的同传室 里进行同声传译工作。
边听、边分析、边说
电声设备的采纳
耳语同传
借助或不借助电声设备 译员在边听演讲者讲话的同时，将讲
话者表达的意思轻声地传译给服务对 象。 服务对象一般在一到二人。
视译
一般指译员对书面稿件进行口译 接收为书面体，输出一般以正式会
议的口头形式 转译技巧类似同声传译
工作场合分类
会议口译(conference interpreting) 外交/外事口译(diplomatic interpreting) 法务口译(judicial interpreting) 法庭口译(court interpreting) 行业/业内口译(in-house interpreting) 联络/陪同口译(liaison-escort interpreting) 社区口译(community interpreting) 媒体口译(media interpreting) 远程口译(remote interpreting)
指在某一社会内部（移民社会或跨语界社 会），当服务委托人使用不同于社会公共 服务等部门或机构的官方语言时所采用的 一种口译服务。
Sight translation
Linear translation 顺句翻译
世界是你们的，也是我们的， 但是归根到底是你 们的。你们青年人朝气蓬勃，正在兴旺时期，好 像早晨八、九点钟的太阳。希望寄托在你们身上， 世界是属于你们的，中国的前途是属于你们的。 （毛泽东） The world is yours, as well as ours, but in the final analysis/after all, it is yours. You young people, full of vigour and vitality, are in the bloom/boom period of life, like the sun at eight or nine in the morning. Our hope is placed on you. The world belongs to you. China’s future China’ besion
All these matters must be dealt with within a broad and integrated perspective. 所有这些问题的解决，必须要有广阔而又 统一的视角。 Nothing is more harmful to the peaceful settlement of these disputes than his actions. 极度危害到这些争端的和平解决的是他的 行为。
Linearity 顺句驱动
译员根据原文顺序，把句子切成若干个意 群或概念单位，再通过各种手段，将译文 自然地组织粘合起来，这叫“顺句驱动” 自然地组织粘合起来，这叫“顺句驱动”。 译者需要： 尽量排除来自原文词汇形态、词汇排列和 语法结构的干扰。
实现“顺句驱动” 实现“顺句驱动”的方法
同声传译智慧树知到答案章节测试2023年大连外国语大学
第一章测试1.What is the landmark event in the development of simultaneous interpreting?A:International Postal CongressB:General Assembly of the United NationsC:the Paris Peace ConferenceD:Nuremberg Trials答案:D2.What makes the work of simultaneous interpreting possible?( )A:Demand of the marketB:Development of interpretingC:Demand of the leadersD:Development of technology答案:ABD3.Who is said to be the initiator of simultaneous interpreter?( )A:Edward FileneB:Gordon FinleyC:Andrew ConstableD:Filene-Finlay答案:A4.What is the English name for “耳语同传”? ( )A:chuchotageB:Consecutive interpretingC:whisperD:simultaneous interpreting答案:AC5.What is the simultaneous interpreting system updated by IBM?( )A:EarphoneB:Filene-FinlayC:HushaphoneD:Booth答案:C第二章测试1.What is the standard for good interpreting?（）A:quickB:accurateC:fluentD:complete答案:ABCD2.What is the biggest pressure for simultaneous interpreting?( )A:speechB:contextC:audienceD:time答案:D3.What are the common training for enhancing listening in simultaneous interpreting?（）A:retellingB:closeC:anticipationD:summary答案:ACD4.What belongs to paralanguage?（）A:stressB:Body languageC:IntonationD:pitch答案:ABCD5.If the simultaneous interpreters of all the languages shall listen to one specific interpreter, then what type of interpreting are they doing?（）A:RelayB:LiaisonC:WhisperD:chuchotage答案:A第三章测试1.What equals simultaneous interpreting in the Effort Model?( )A:ProductionB:Listening and AnalysisC:CoordinationD:Memory答案:ABCD2.Memory can be divided into the following except ______ ?（）A:sensory memoryB:past memoryC:long-term memoryD:short-term memory答案:B3.What is the core of information processing model according to psychologist?（）A:listeningB:analysisC:comprehensionD:memory答案:D4.Which of the following is connected with information storage in interpretingtask?（）A:immediate memoryB:long-term memoryC:sensory memoryD:short-term memory答案:CD5.源语复述训练过程中需要注意的是要先跟读，再复述。
同传技巧2
Review – Simultaneous interpreting
3. Speech at the Opening Ceremony of the Fifth East Asian Games by HK Chief Executive, Mr Donald Tsang
4. Remarks by Lee Hsien Loong, Singaporean Prime Minister, on the National Day
Sight interpreting
1) What is sight interpreting? Sight interpreting is simultaneous interpreting with text. (有稿同传/ 视听口译)
2) Why should we be trained in sight interpreting? A. It is used frequently at various conferences. B. Polishing your simultaneous interpreting skills Accurate Idiomatic Concise
Simultaneous interpreting
2011.8 新加坡总理李显龙2011年国庆献词 Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong's National Day Message
2011年国家主席胡锦涛新年贺词
Promoting the wellbeing of the world's people together -- 2011 New Year Speech delivered by Hu Jintao, President of the People's Republic of China
口译基本常识
口译基本常识Fundamentals of Interpreting1. 口译的定义Definition of Interpreting基本解释：口头翻译（区别于‘笔译’）。
译（譯）yì把一种语言文字依照原义改变成另一种语言文字。
例词：译本。
译文。
译注。
译著。
译制。
译音。
口译。
笔译。
意译。
直译。
翻译。
【动】形声。
从言,睪(yì)声。
1. 本义:翻译,把一种语言文字翻译成另一种语言文字。
〖translate〗译,传译四夷之言者。
——《说文》译,传也。
——《方言十三》北方曰译。
——《礼记·王制》重舌之人九译。
——张衡《东京赋》译者称西人。
——清·薛福成《观巴黎油画记》译欧西人之言。
——清·梁启超《谭嗣同传》又如:汉语被译成日语;译品(翻译的作品);译义(意译);译写(翻译写作);译经(翻译经典) 2. 解释;阐述〖explain〗夫圣人为天口,贤者为圣译。
——《潜夫论》3. 通“择”。
选择〖choose;select〗周道衰微,失爵亡邦,后嗣乖散,各相土译居。
——《隶释·汉孟郁修尧庙碑》又如:译居(择居)【名】1. 翻译人员〖interpreter〗于是乃召越译,乃楚说之。
——刘向《说苑》又如:译费(支付给翻译人员的钱);译界(翻译界);译员(翻译工作者)2. 异域〖foreignlands〗沧波伏忠信,译语辨讴谣。
——唐·顾况《送从兄使新罗》又如:译语(异域的语言)in·ter·pret [inˈtə:prit]v. in·ter·pret·ed, in·ter·pret·ing, in·ter·pretsv.tr.1. To explain the meaning of: interpreted the ambassador's remarks. 解释; 说明2. To conceive the significance of; construe: interpreted his smile to be an agreement; interpreted the open door as an invitation. 把…理解为；领会3. To present or conceptualize the meaning of by means of art or criticism. 演绎（按自己的感觉演奏音乐或表现角色）4. To translate orally. 口译v.intr.1. To offer an explanation. 解释; 说明2. To serve as an interpreter for speakers of different languages. 口译[Middle English interpreten, from Old French interpreter, from Latin interpretr, from interpres, interpret-, negotiator, explainer; see per-5 in Indo-European roots.]in·terpret·a·bili·ty, in·terpret·a·ble·ness n.in·terpret·a·ble adj.n. inˌterpreˌtationn. inˌterpreter: a person who translates the words of a speaker into the language of his hearers.in·ter·pret·er [ɪnˈtɜ:prɪtə]n.1. One who translates orally from one language into another. 口译工作者;口译译员；传译员synonym: translator, linguist, metaphrast, paraphrast.eg. Speaking through an interpreter, he said he was disappointed.2. One who gives or expounds an interpretation. 演绎(音乐、戏剧中人物等)的人synonym: performer, player, presenter, exponent.eg. Freni is one of the supreme interpreters of Puccini's heroines.An actor is an interpreter of other men's words, often a soul which wishes to reveal itself to the world. (Alec Guinness).3. (Computer Science) A program that translates an instruction into a machine language and executes it before proceeding to the next instruction. [计]解释程序，解释程式口译：翻译的一种形式，指将一种语言所表述的内容用另一种语言即时准确地用口头表达出来。
interpreting conversation
1.
The Chinese government provides plenty of preferential policies for overseas investors, therefore many overseas investors find it profitable to invest directly in China. 2. China is known for its massive land, abundant natural resources, cheap labor, low taxation, potential consumer market, stable environment, attractive investment policies, and high economic returns of investment. 中国幅员辽阔、自然资源丰富，劳动力低廉、 税收低、消费者市场潜力大，社会环境稳定， 投资政策诱人，经济回报率高。
翻译技巧点拨（1）：
汉译英中定语从句的处理
①汉语定语前置、英语定语后置 例一:
我是上海邮电服务发展公司海外部主任陈天
明。 译：I’m Chen Tianming, the director of overseas department of Shanghai Post & Telecommunication service development Company.
A: 欢迎来安阳，史密斯先生。您专程从英国赶来，我很高兴。我真 诚地希望您的来访有意义、有价值。 B: It is indeed my pleasure and privilege to have received your gracious invitation to come here. I had been looking forward to this visit for years. I had a dream that someday I would visit China and I’m very grateful that you’ve made my dream come true. A: 我真高兴您对这次来安阳工作有如此高的期望。我很高兴能为您 做点什么。 B: Well, nowadays a growing number of foreign firms have been pouring into China. As far as I am concerned, overseas investment in China has doubled in recent years. In the west, everybody is talking about going to the East and make an investment. A: 的确如此。出现这一高涨不止的投资热有多种缘故。除了中国是 世界上经济增长最快的国家之一这个原因之外，中国政府也非常重 视全面对外开放，尽可能地吸引外资。另外，很多投资人员认为在 中国直接投资比同中国公司做生意更有利可图。 B: You’re right. Actually, I am quite interested in direct investment in China. And I have been thinking of the possibilities to establish a joint venture with your company to manufacture electronic products.
sight interpreting(视译)
Principles for Sight Interpreting
• 1. Syntactic Linearity 顺句驱动 • 2. Anticipation 适度超前 • 3. Readjustment 随时调整
1. Syntactic Linearity 顺句驱动
• Linearity – interpreter closely follows the sourcelanguage structure and lexical choices in interpreting • E.g. • 所有人//都可以借助互联网信息资源//来学习，不论他们 是哪个民族、//何种性别、//何种肤色，//只要他们可以 接入互联网。 • All // can study // by relying on Internet resources // regardless of their races, // nationalities // and sex // providing that they could have access to the Internet.
24trainingsightt...
摘要视译是在阅读文本的同时将文本内容翻译成另一种语言的翻译形式。
自20世纪70年代以来，译员越来越多地可以在正式口译之前获得发言人的演讲稿。
这一方面给译员提供了便利，另一方面也给译员带来了新的挑战。
从受重视程度来说，视译多数被认为是同声传译的附属，仅仅作为基础性训练，为交替传译、同声传译和带稿同传打基础。
因此，针对视译的研究一直为数不多。
然而，Marjorie Agrifoglio的论文《视译与口译—制约因素与失利原因的比较分析》引起了人们的注意。
论文通过实验证明，视译的最大挑战来自于文本对译员的视觉干扰。
和交替传译、同声传译相比，视译的内容错误较少，而表达错误较多。
要提高视译的表达质量就要从减少文本的视觉干扰开始。
笔者就是以此结论为出发点，假设事先对文本进行适当标记可以提高视译的质量。
笔者首先介绍了前人对视译理论和实践的研究，通过Gile的精力分配模型，Levelt的语言获得模型以及Anderson的ATC*模型和中英文句法结构的比较，阐释视译过程中译员可能面临的困难。
其次，通过请受试者进行做文本标记和不做文本标记的中英、英中视译对比实验来分析文本标记对视译的影响。
实验结果证实了笔者的假设，文本标记可以减少视译的视觉干扰，提高视译表达质量。
但是，由于中国学生在中英视译和英中视译中遇到的难点不同，文本标记对提高视译表达的作用也不尽相同。
鉴于中国学生面对英文文本可能存在的理解问题和紧张等心理因素，是文本标记所无法克服的，而在视译中文文本时，这些问题相对较少，文本标记对中国学生中英视译的帮助要大过英中视译。
因此，在视译教学中，应着重培养学生的文本标记能力，辅以提高英语阅读理解水平的课程，并将多种主题、多种类型的视译与带稿同传训练相结合，提高学生的综合口译能力。
关键词：视译，文本标记，视觉干扰，中英文句法结构差异ABSTRACTThe Effect of Text Marks on the Delivery of Sight TranslationJin LuSight interpretation is the kind of interpreting activity when the interpreter interprets the text while reading it. Since the 1970s, more and more interpreters have had access to the written speech before interpreting it which, one the one hand, makes the job easier, but on the other hand, brings about new challenges. Compared with simultaneous and consecutive interpreting, sight interpretation has been regarded as inferior and less demanding; therefore, not much effort has been devoted in studying sight interpretation. However, Marjorie Agrifoglio’s study: Sight interpretation and Interpreting—A Comparative Analysis of Constraints and Failures has drawn people’s attention. Agrifoglio found that interpreters made more expression mistakes and fewer meaning mistakes in sight interpretation than in consecutive or simultaneous interpreting. Then he came to the conclusion that the difficulty of sight interpretation lies in the visual interference posed by the text. It is to eliminate the visual interference that can improve the performance of sight translation. The author, inspired by this conclusion, assumes that making notes can improve sight translation and tries to prove the assumption.First of all, the author reviews the theories and previous studies on sight translation, and then describes the difficulties sight translators might have by explaining Gile’s Effort Models, Anderson’s ATC* Model, Levelt’s Language Acquisition Model and thestructural differences between Chinese and English. Next, the author conducts a control experiment with the help of two groups of Chinese subjects. Group A sight translates a Chinese and an English text without making any mark on it whereas group B marks the texts in their preferred way first and then translates them. The results support the author’s assumption, but meanwhile, it shows that, because Chinese students tend to have comprehension problems and tend to be nervous while sight translating English, which can not be overcome simply by marking the text, the effect of text marks on English to Chinese sight translation is less evident than that on Chinese to English sight translation. Therefore, it is suggested that text marking skills should be emphasized in sight translation training, supplemented by English reading comprehension courses. In addition, sight translation training and sight interpreting with text training should be provided in a coordinative way, covering various topics with varying preparation time, so as to improve students’ overall interpreting performance.Keywords: sight translation, text marks, visual interferences, structural differences between Chinese and EnglishList of TablesTable 1 Differences between SI, CI, ST (2)Table 2 Experiment Subjects (24)Table 3 Performance Comparison (29)Table 4 Backtrackings (32)Table 5 Improper Pauses (34)Table 6 Fillers (36)Table 7 Repetitions (39)Table 8 Number of Words Articulated per Minute (40)Table 9 Incomplete Sentences (41)Table 10 (A-B)/A (44)List of FiguresFigure 1 Performance Comparison (30)Figure 2 Backtrackings (33)Figure 3 Improper Pauses (35)Figure 4 Fillers (37)Figure 5 Repetition (39)Figure 6 Number of Words Articulated per Minute (41)Figure 7 Incomplete Sentences (42)Figure 8 (A - B)/A (45)学位论文原创性声明本人郑重声明：所呈交的学位论文，是本人在导师的指导下，独立进行研究工作所取得的成果。