专业英语 第一组
医学专业英语第一章节学习笔记
医学专业英语（阅读一分钟reading I）<人卫出版>第一章节学习笔记目录：1.section A翻译2.章节构词汇总chapter1:Human Body as a WholeSection A:原文翻译：医学术语学1 引言一本中等医学词典中一共有多少医学单词？这个答案围绕在100，000左右，这也仅仅是保守计算而来。
此外，比如一些在先进领域中的术语，它的数量拓展的如此频繁和快速以至于不能背诵。
然而，这里有一些工具能帮助学习并且记忆医学术语，甚至能帮助你对不熟悉的单词进行有根据的推测。
此外，它们的数量被限制在400到500左右（最常用到的），但是随着结合派生之后它们的数量是巨大的。
因此，学习如何使用这些工具远比尝试记住所有的医学术语来的更加高效和有意义。
大多数医学术语是基于古希腊和拉丁文字，它们在许多地区保持一致和统一。
你将要学习并使用的工具，就是这些古希腊和拉丁部分的单词，它们有些被称作词根、前缀、后缀、、连接元音和构词成分。
词根是单词的基础，所有的医学单词中都含有至少一个或多个。
前缀是单词的开始。
并不是所有的医学单词有含有前缀，但是前缀对词汇的意义有着重要的作用。
后缀是单词的结束，并且所有的医学单词有含有一个后缀。
连接元音是连接词根和后缀或词根和词根之间的元音。
构词成分是词根与连接元音的结合体。
举例，分析此单词：Endo crin o logyEndo(前缀within/inner:在……之内)crin(词根secrete：分泌)O (连接元音)logy(后缀study of ：有关……的研究) crin+o=crino（构词成分）因此通过分析单词的组成（endocrino)内分泌学的意义被锁定为：关于人类腺体内分泌的学术研究。
（激素；荷尔蒙hoemones）2构词成分，前缀和后缀学习下列构词成分，前缀后缀并且在规定的空格内写下医学词汇的含义。
(1)Adren/o adrenal gland 肾上腺Adren al:-al Petraining to (有关于……的）adj.肾上腺的adrenal glandandren aline：(a) -lin/line，substance（物质）n「生化」肾上腺素 a hormone secreted from the adrenal glandadren alitis: (a)-itis, inflammation(炎症）n. 肾上腺炎inflammation of the adrenal glandmedic al：pertaining to medicine adj. 医学的；药的biologic al：pertaining to biology adj. 生物学的chemic al：pertaining to chemistry adj. 化学的(3) -ar pertaining to 有关于；……的vascul ar：vascul/o，blood vessel adj.血管pertaining to blood vesselscellul ar：adj.细胞的pertaining to cellsmolecul ar: adj.分子的pertaining to melocules(4) bi/o life 生物，生命bio medical：adj.生物医学的pertaining to the medicine of the living thingbio logy: -logy, study of n.生物学the study of living thingcardi ology：n「内科」心脏病学the study of heartcardi o pathy: -pathy,disease n. 心脏病the disease of the heartcardi o gram: -gram, record n.心电图the record of the heart waves【课堂补充：CPR—ccardiopulumonary resuscitation】(6) chrom/o color 色chromat/ochrom o somes:-somes, bodies n. 染色体(副数) the color body, the substance that carries genetic fatures from parents to children（把遗传性质遗传给孩子的物质）chromat in：-in，substance n.染色质 a protein substance in the nucleus of a cell, component of chromosomes 一种细胞核中的蛋白质物质，染色体中的组件chromat o plasm：-plasm，jelly substance (果冻物质)in cell n.染色质the coloredendo crino logy：n.内分泌学the study of human inner secretion from glandscrino genic: gen/o,+ -ic pertaining to production adj.促分泌的pertaining to the production of hormonecrino logy: n.分泌学the study of gland secretion(8) -cyte cell 细胞erythr o cyte：eryth/o，red n.红细胞the red blood cellleuk o cyte: leuk/o,white n.白细胞the white blood celllymph o cyte: lymph/o, lymph(淋巴) n.淋巴细胞the lymph cell(9) cyt/o cell 细胞cyto logy：n.细胞学the study of cellcyto chemistry: n.细胞化学，显微生物学the study of biology of cellembryo logy：n.胚胎学the study of embryoembryo ma: -oma,tumor n.胚瘤the tumor of the embryoembryo pathology:payhology, n.胚胎病理学the study of disease of the embryo (11) endo- inner 内endo crinology: n.内分泌学the study of the hunman inner secretion from glandsendo cardial: adj. 心内膜的，心脏内的pertaining to the inside of the heartendo callular: adj. 细胞内的pretaining to the inside of the cell(12) epi- above 上epi thelial: thelial,inner skin, adj.「生物」上皮的the covering tissue above the skin(覆盖于组织之上)epi derm ic: derm/o ,skin adj.外皮的，表皮的above the skinepi dermat itis：表皮炎inflammation of the skin【课堂补充：epithelium is one of the four basic types of animal tissue, along with connective tissue, muscle tissue nervous tissue(上皮组织与结缔组织、肌肉组织、和神经组织一样，是动erythr o cyte n.红细胞red blood cellsErythr o cyt o meter:-meter,instrument n.红血球计数器instrument 藕粉counting red blood cellerythro gene sis: -sis, state of (……的状态）红细胞发生the state of producing the red blood cell(14) ex- out 外，出ex hale: hale,breathe v. 呼气to breathe out the waste gas(废气)ex pel:pel, dirve v.驱逐，排除to drive somebody or someting outpatho gen：n.病原体sth that produces diseasesoxy gen: oxy-,oxygen n.氧气oxygen producednitro gen：nitro-,nitro group n.「化学」氮niter air produced(16) hemat(hem)/o blood 血hemato logy:n.血液学the study of bloodhemo globin:-globin,protein n.血红蛋白；血红素protein of blood =heamoglobin abbr.Hb，HGBhemo cyte：n.红细胞blood sells(17) hist/o tissue 组织histo logy: n.组织学the study of tissueshisto pathology: n.组织病理学the study of disease of tissuesbasic: adj. 基础的pertaining to the basetoxic: adj. 有毒的，中毒的pertaining to the toxin(毒)immuno logy：n. 免疫学the study of body's auto protection from diseasesimmune: adj.免疫的protected fromimmuno deficiency：n.免疫缺陷deficiendy in the immune system of the body (20) -ine/in substance 素adrenal ine：n.肾上腺素hoemone produced from the adrenal glandinsul in：insulu/o,island n.胰岛素substance that looks like islandur ine: ur/o,the urinary tract(尿路)，n.尿素、尿液substance from the urinary tract (21) -ism process or condition 状态，过程meta bol ism：meta-,change(变换) n.新陈代谢hence the process of change, the total of the chemical process in a cellana bol ism: ana-,up, n.合成代谢hence the process of building up complex materials(protion) from simple materials(材料物质)cata bol ism: cata-,down, n.分解代谢hence the process of breading downcomplexsocio logy: soci/o, society n.社会学the study of societyurino logy: n.泌尿科学the study of urinary systemlympho cyte: n.淋巴细胞lymph cellslympho ma：n.淋巴癌tumor of the lympathatic systemlympho logy: n.淋巴学the study of the lymphatic system(24) physi/o physical 生理的physio logy：n.生理学branch of the biological scireces dealing with the functioning of organisms(生物科学中的一个分支，研究生物体功能)physi cian:-cian,personnel in a certain field n.内科医师a doctor of internal medicinephysio therapy：n.物理疗法trearment by physiological methods(25) -plasm formation，growth orsubstance of formation 浆：质cyto plasm: n.细胞质jelly substance in the cellproto plasm：prot/o,first n.原生质the first jelly substance in the cellneo plasm: neo-,new n.「医」新生物，赘生物the new growth(26) psych/o mind 精神psycho logy: n.心理学the study of mindpsych osis:-osis,abormal condition n.精神病:精神错乱abnormal condition of the mindpsycho biology: n.心理生物学the study of the relationship between psychology and biology(27) -somes bodies 体chromo somes:n.染色体the color body or the subsrance that carries genetic features from parents to childrencentro somes:centr/o, center n.中心体bodies in the centerribo some:rib/o,ribose n.核糖体(NA) the body of nucleic acid(28) thyr/o thyroid gland 甲状腺hyper thyro id ism:hyper-,over\too much n.甲状腺机能亢进a condition of excessive activity of the thyroid glandhypo thyro id ism:hypo under \too little n. 甲状腺机能低下a condition of too little activity of the thyroid glandana tomy：ana-，apart n.解剖；解剖学cuyying apart the human body as a branch of medical sciencesosteo tomy: oste/o,bone n.截骨术，骨切开术surgical incision of bonevascul ar:n. 血管的pertaining to the blood vesselvascul itis: n.血管炎inflammation of the blood vesselvasculo lymphatic: adj. 血管淋巴管的pertaining to the lymphatic system and theblood vessel。
专业英语词汇大全
专业英语词汇大全专业英语词汇对于学习和专业发展至关重要。
作为一名学习者或从事专业工作的人士，熟练掌握专业英语词汇是提高专业素养和沟通能力的关键。
本文将为您提供一份专业英语词汇大全，涵盖各个领域的相关术语和常用词汇。
一、商务英语词汇1. Business（商务）: enterprise（企业）、commerce（商业）、market（市场）、finance（金融）、investment（投资）、trade（贸易）、competition（竞争）2. Management（管理）: leadership（领导力）、teamwork（团队合作）、strategy（策略）、organization（组织）、decision-making（决策）、planning（计划）、communication（沟通）3. Marketing（市场营销）: advertising（广告）、branding（品牌推广）、consumer（消费者）、market research（市场调研）、promotion （促销）、product launch（产品发布）4. Finance（金融）: accounting（会计）、budget（预算）、investment（投资）、risk management（风险管理）、stock market（股票市场）、asset（资产）二、科学技术英语词汇1. Computer Science（计算机科学）: software（软件）、hardware （硬件）、programming（编程）、algorithm（算法）、database（数据库）、network（网络）、cybersecurity（网络安全）2. Engineering（工程）: mechanical engineering（机械工程）、civil engineering（土木工程）、electrical engineering（电气工程）、chemical engineering（化学工程）、aerospace engineering（航空航天工程）3. Medicine（医学）: surgery（外科）、pharmacy（药学）、physiology（生理学）、neuroscience（神经科学）、epidemiology（流行病学）、diagnosis（诊断）4. Environmental Science（环境科学）: sustainability（可持续性）、climate change（气候变化）、pollution（污染）、renewable energy（可再生能源）、conservation（保护）、ecosystem（生态系统）三、法律英语词汇1. Civil Law（民法）: contract（合同）、tort（侵权行为）、liability （责任）、damages（损害赔偿）、property（财产）、negligence（过失）2. Criminal Law（刑法）: murder（谋杀）、theft（盗窃）、assault （袭击）、fraud（欺诈）、sentence（判决）、evidence（证据）3. International Law（国际法）: treaty（条约）、diplomacy（外交）、human rights（人权）、jurisdiction（管辖权）、sovereignty（主权）、war crime（战争罪）四、教育英语词汇1. Education（教育）: curriculum（课程）、teaching method（教学方法）、classroom management（教室管理）、assessment（评估）、learning outcomes（学习成果）、pedagogy（教育学）2. Psychology（心理学）: behavior（行为）、cognition（认知）、motivation（动机）、personality（人格）、developmental psychology（发展心理学）、counseling（咨询）3. Linguistics（语言学）: phonetics（语音学）、syntax（句法学）、semantics（语义学）、pragmatics（语用学）、language acquisition（语言习得）、sociolinguistics（社会语言学）五、艺术英语词汇1. Fine Arts（美术）: painting（绘画）、sculpture（雕塑）、photography（摄影）、drawing（素描）、composition（构图）、exhibition（展览）2. Music（音乐）: melody（旋律）、rhythm（节奏）、harmony（和声）、instrument（乐器）、orchestra（管弦乐队）、composition （作曲）3. Film and Television（电影与电视）: screenplay（剧本）、director （导演）、cinematography（摄影）、editing（剪辑）、special effects （特效）、casting（选角）总结：以上是专业英语词汇大全的部分内容，涵盖了商务、科学技术、法律、教育和艺术等领域的关键词汇。
专业英语作业1
《专业英语》作业global corporation全球公司economic boom 经济繁荣Ownership 所有权joint-venture合资企业headquarters 总部Competitive Advantage 竞争优势Entrepreneur企业家equity股权Insurance costs 保险费用bargaining power 议价能力overhead开销Insurance Company 保险公司stock options股票期权consumer appliance 家电消费Insurance contract 保险合同performance-based pay 基础薪酬policy-holder 投保人Commission 佣金personal effects 个人财物natural calamities 自然灾害Decision 决策insurance amount 保险金额insurance coverage 保险保障Venture Capital 风险资本marine coverage 海险salvage charge 救助费用Food chain 食物链general average 共同海损mass production 大规模生产containerization 集装箱distributor 经销商Chain stores 连锁商店phone interview 电话面试vending machine 自动售货机Selling point 卖点billboard 广告牌cinema commercials 影院广告Promotions 促销leaflet 传单poster 海报Search engine 搜索引擎stock prices股票价格Financial crisis 金融危机intellectual capital 智力资本national asset 国家资产Business Model 商业模式Electronic commerce 电子商务Globalization 全球化1、The multinational is big and rich. It often operates in industries which are difficult to enter and of vital national importance, e.g. the computer, chemical and automobile industries. Most important of all, the main objective of the multinational is to organize its activities around the world so as to maximize global profits and global market shares. Each subsidiary is part of an international network of affiliates. These all interact with each other. Each part serves the whole. The center controlling the network—the multinationals’ headquarters—is not under the control of the host government. It is frequently thousands of miles away from these subsidiaries.跨国公司不仅大而且富有。
英语专业翻译方向第一组15人
英语专业翻译方向第一组（15人）：地点：10301评委老师：王红卫（组长）、张琼、李明学生：左凝思马凯嘉麦燕妮邓淋杨昕黄银萍马慧琴朱韵潜许俊波廖佳玮吴许梦曦秦丽明冯生云向鸿玲许珂英语专业翻译方向第二组（16人）：地点：10302评委老师：余承法（组长）、陆全、许婷学生：张慧霍梓媚苏钰梅张婉清丁会敏蔡佩方泽花罗嘉琳吴庆云柯灿李博旻李洋米静邹晓英刘京里陈金金英语专业翻译方向第三组（17人）：地点：10303评委老师：李敏杰（组长）、曾华、刘磊学生：李茹霞龚文倩刘佳瑶张愉李月明王婷婷杨钟慧兰玮琳黄小星钱琨马飞飞宋银辉代海波王雪乔速垠翔武筱漩李经纬英语专业商务英语方向第一组（18人）：地点：10407评委老师：刘振艾（组长）、吕昊、谭瑜学生：但崇宝廖照群陶汝培袁正劼程琳马也宋刚荣严思远钟丹王焱周春凤唐颖刘万敏王悠罗雅杰陈媛媛阳萌杨文静英语专业商务英语方向第二组（19人）：地点：10408评委老师：邓之宇（组长）、张立玉、杨怏学生：潘攀宇唐甜陶秉辛雷芳芳马俊超易畅程真一韦晓玲卓林韵蒋一邓宝国彭小婷郑光君吴子夜李月明吴眉红李杏霖李佳滨刘宗佩英语专业商务英语方向第三组（17人）：地点：10410评委老师：蔡蔚（组长）、沈晓华、王兴军学生：李婷林海棠崔兴园谭敏诗罗浩瑜王文俊杨红燕胡嘉倚郑丽珠陆伊凡谢明里高小荃王安德乐邱映勉林燕妮杨倩倩陈林英语专业语言学方向第一组（15人）：地点：10401评委老师：吕万英（组长）、欧阳巧琳、王爽学生：张兵三刘紫丰马圣佳李雨潼宫哲任佩夏秋红马金宇严贵银沈倩桦尹磊陶雪峰薛丽郭凯莉蒙秀梅英语专业语言学方向第二组（15人）：地点：10402评委老师：许菊（组长）、刘昕、舒静学生：李威平邱云高枭林月明周莉莉罗超群夏雅平王俊张毅王敏阳林明康童宇超焦雯静吴佳倩周丹英语专业语言学方向第三组（15人）：地点：10403评委老师：郭林花（组长）、李颖、骆艳学生：谭瑜凌金响张继红王露露赵琬罗熠韦萍萍李帆文静琳胡娜秦颖魏宁宁罗曼梅兰梁桂蕉代江南英语专业语言学方向第四组（14人）：地点：10404评委老师：万光荣（组长）、周群强、翁义明学生：潘晓芳罗文芳扎西央宗杨丹原晓辉邓林林汪丹阮榄代云东蔡小敏郭茜茜宋梦晗李璐温都日玛拉英语专业文学方向第一组（16人）：地点：10405评委老师：詹琍敏（组长），涂沙丽，万丽华学生：李竞爽金学斌王月吴其苏王世韦穆培翠刘梦琴刘银黄雅洁李娟何群陈丽丽赵宇黄煜平静周琴。
机械专业英语Unit1-教案
主要教学步骤和教学内容课程导入：专业英语的主要特点新课讲授：Engineering graphics is a cornerstone of engineering. The essence of engineering—that is, design—requires graphics as the means of communication within the design process. Graphics servers as the common treaty between design and the manufacturing and construction processes.工程图学是工程设计里面的基础，工程的实质设计——要求图纸作为设计过程中进行交流的手段。
所以，图纸在设计与加工制造过程中充当共同协议的作用。
Study of the fundamentals of engineering graphics is one key to your success asan engineer. Being able to describe an idea with a sketch is a prerequisite of the engineering profession. The ability to pur forth a three-dimensional geometry in a form that can be communicated to other engineers, scientists, technicians, and nontechnical personnel is a valuable asset. Of equal importance is knowing how to read and understand the graphics prepared by others.工程制图是设计人员走向成功的一项基本技术。
新能源汽车专业英语试题库答案最新完整精品
2020版《新能源汽车专业英语》试题库第一部分：专业术语第二部分：常用缩写第三部分：英译汉1. What are Alternative fuels currently commercially available and closely attended? 目前商业可用和受到密切关注的替代燃料有哪些？· Liquefied petroleum gas 液化石油气· CNG 压缩天然气· Methanol 甲醇· Hydrogen 氢· Fuel-cell 燃料电池· Electricity 电能· Hybrid（electricity + conventional fuels）混合动力（电+传统燃料）2. What are the types of electric vehicles? 电动汽车分为哪几种？Electric vehicles are broadly categorized into four groups based on the electric design of their powertrains, namely battery electric vehicles (BEVs), plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs), hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs), and fuel-cell electric vehicles (FCEVs). Only BEVs and PHEVs are plug-capable, and are referred to as plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs).根据电动汽车动力传动系统的电动设计，将电动汽车大致分为四大类，即纯电动汽车(BEV)、插电式混合动力汽车(PHEV)、混合动力电动汽车(HEV)和燃料电池电动汽车(FCEV)。
医学专业英语第一单元passage 2
Key to the Exercises B
1. cytology 2. protoplasm 3.cell membrane 4. cell nucleus 5. cytoplasm 6. deoxyribonucleic acid 7. semipermeable 8. molecular biology 9. carbohydrate 10. differentially 11. to keep …. intact
Para. 3
细胞有很多种形状和大小。列如：有可能是 立方形或扁形的。科学家的研究发现单独一 个细胞可以像网球一样的大小，或小到几千 个细胞才能刚好填满针头。鸡的蛋黄是一个 非常大的单细胞。微小的细菌呢算是最小的 细胞。不管是细胞大小或形状的不同，每个 细胞都有“需要存活的机制”。对每个正常 的细胞，有效力的细胞，都存在许多问题， 能导致疾病。
Para. 1
Cells are organized into tissues, and tissues are arranged into organs, which in turn are grouped into systems. Each body system serves its specific functions. Bear in mind however that the body functions as a whole----no system is independent of the others. They work together to maintain the body’s state of internal stability, termed homeostasis. Now let’s begin our discussion with cells, the smallest unit of living matter that can exist by itself.
口腔医学专业英语#精选.
第一章口腔颌面部发育鼻凹nasal pit鼻板nasal placode鼻腭管naso-palatal canal鼻鳍nasal fin侧腭突lateral palatal process，也称继发腭（second palate），腭突（palatine shelf）第一鳃弓软骨Meckel's cartilage额鼻突frontonasal process腭裂cleft palate分叉舌bifid tongue，也称舌裂（cleft tongue，split tongue）颌裂cleft jaw继发腭secondary palate颊咽膜orapharyngeal membrane甲状舌管thyroglossal duct界沟sulcus terminalis颈窦cervical sinus口凹oral pit口咽膜orapharyngeal membrane拉特克囊Rathke's pouch，也称神经颊囊（craniobuccal pouch），颅颊囊（craniopharyngeal pouch）联合merge联合突copula面裂facial cleft模式发育patterning奇结节tuberculum impar前腭突median palatine process前脑单脑室畸形Holoprosencephaly切牙管incisive canal球状突globular process融合fuse鳃弓branchial arch鳃沟branchial groove上颌突maxillary process舌盲孔foramen cecum神经嵴neural crest神经节原基ganglionic placode施万细胞Schwann细胞为神经鞘膜细胞外间充质ectomesenchyme 也称外胚间叶，系来自于神经嵴外胚层的结缔组织的总称维甲酸综合征retinoic acid syndrome （RAS），妊娠早期服用过量13-顺-维甲酸引起的发育异常下颌软骨Meckel's cartilage嗅板olfactory placode嗅窝nasal pit咽囊pharyngeal pouch也称鳃囊原发腭primary palate原口stomadeum中鼻突medial nasal process主动脉的conotruncal第二章牙的发育氨基葡萄糖glycosaminoglycans成牙本质细胞odontoblast成釉蛋白ameloblastin成釉器enamel organ成釉细胞ameloblast分泌型成牙本质细胞secretory odontoblast赫特威上皮根鞘Hertwing epithelial root sheath基质小泡matrix vesicle颈环cervical loop静止型成牙本质细胞resting odontoblast蕾状期bud stage连接复合体junctional complex马拉瑟上皮剩余Malassez epithelial rest帽状期cap stage萌出eruption非胶原蛋白non-collagenous proteinNSPs内釉上皮层inner enamal epithelium前成牙本质细胞preodontoblast前期牙本质predentin缩余釉上皮reduced dental epithelium托姆斯突Tomes processe脱落shedding 交替外釉上皮层outer enamal epithelium星网状层stellate reticulum牙板dental lamina牙囊dental sac牙乳头dental papilla引导管gubernacular canal釉丛蛋白tuftelin釉结enamel knot釉龛enamel niche釉索enamel cord釉质形成amelogenesis原发性上皮带primary epithelial band罩牙本质mantle dentin中间层stratum intermedium终棒terminal web钟状期bell stage第三章牙体组织玻璃粘连蛋白vitronectin，细胞外粘附蛋白，副纤维粘连蛋白成纤维细胞fibroblast成牙本质细胞odontoblast成牙本质细胞突起odontoblasticprocess，也称"Tomes' fiber"成牙本质细胞突周间隙periodontoblastic space成釉蛋白ameloblastin穿通纤维perforating fiber蛋白酶proteinases第三期牙本质tertiary dentin多细胞层cell-rich zone乏细胞层cell-free zone, the zone ofWeil，Weil层反应性牙本质reaction dentin反转线reversal line非釉原蛋白non-amelogenins缝隙连接gap junction骨钙素osteocalcin骨连接素osteonectin骨桥蛋白osteopontin骨样牙本质osteodentin固有牙髓pulp proper管间牙本质intratubular dentin管周牙本质peritubular dentin核心蛋白聚糖decorin横纹cross striations基质金属蛋白酶20matrixmetalloproteinases 20，MMP20继发性牙本质secondary dentin，牙发育完成之后形成的牙本质腱蛋白tenascin绞釉gnarled enamel紧密连接tight junction科尔夫纤维Korff's fiber, 最先形成的牙本质纤维类牙骨质cementoid流体动力学说hydrodynamic theory磨损abrasion, attrition纳米球nanospheres耐龋潜能cariostatic potential脑啡肽enkephalin诺伊曼鞘Neumann sheath欧文线Owen line（加重的牙本质生长线），也称"contour line of Owen"前期牙本质predentin桥粒desmosome球间牙本质interglobular dentin芮氏线lines of Retzius，釉质生长线沙比纤维Sharpey's fiber，穿通纤维神经壁层parietal layer of nerves，Raschkow 丛神经传导学说direct innervation theory生长激素抑制素somatostatin生长线incremental lines，同芮氏线施雷格线Schreger line树突状细胞dendritic cells双糖链蛋白聚糖biglycan丝氨酸蛋白酶serine proteinases（kallikrein-4）死区dead tract髓核pulp core髓周牙本质circumpulpal dentin糖胺聚糖glycosaminoglycans透明层hyaline layer透明牙本质sclerotic dentin透明牙本质transparent dentin托姆斯颗粒层Tomes' granular layer托姆斯突凹Tomes processes pit，TPP微孔micropore未分化间充质细胞undifferentiatedmesenchymal cell无细胞固有纤维牙骨质acellularintrinsic fiber cementum, AIFC无细胞外源性纤维牙骨质acellularextrinsic fiber cementum, AEFC无细胞无纤维牙骨质acellular afibrillarcementum, AAC无细胞牙骨质acellular cementum无釉柱牙釉质rodless enamel细胞牙骨质cellular cementum纤维粘连蛋白fibronectin限制板lamina limitans楔状缺损wedge shaped defect新生线neonatal line修复性牙本质reparative dentin牙本质dentin牙本质磷蛋白dentin phosphophoryn；dentin phosphoproteins，DPP牙本质生长线von Ebner 1ine牙本质涎蛋白dentin sialoprotein，DSP牙本质涎磷蛋白dentinsialophosphoproteinsword.牙本质小管dentinal tubule牙本质牙骨质界dentino-cemental junction牙骨质cementum牙骨质生长因子cementum growth factor牙骨质粘附蛋白cementum adhesion protein牙面平行线perikymata，也称釉面横纹牙髓dental pulp牙髓牙本质复合体pulpo-dentinal complex牙釉质enamel牙釉质溶解蛋白enamelysin牙釉质牙本质界enamel-dentinal junction（EDJ）牙釉质牙骨质界enamelo-cemental junction油炸圈样appearance of doughnut有细胞固有纤维牙骨质cellular intrinsic fiber cementum, CIFC有细胞混合性分层牙骨质cellular mixed stratified cementum, CMSC釉板enamel lamellae釉丛enamel tufts釉丛蛋白tuftelin釉蛋白enamelin釉帽enamel cap釉面横纹perikymata，也称牙面平行线釉梭enamel spindle釉小皮enamel cuticle釉牙本质界enamel-dentinal junction （EDJ）釉原蛋白amelogenins釉柱enamel rod釉柱鞘enamel rod sheath原发性牙本质primary dentin，牙发育时期形成的牙本质原胶原tropocollagen灶性孔focal hole, FH罩牙本质mantle dentin中间连接intermediate junction中间牙骨质intermediate cementum重塑remodeling转导学说transduction theory组织细胞histiocyte第四章牙周组织不成熟的弹力纤维oxytalan fibers弹力纤维elastin fibers点彩stippling凋亡apoptosis附着龈attached gingiva根尖组apical group根间组interradicular group固有牙槽骨alveolar bone proper环行组circular group结合上皮junctional epithelium束骨bundle bone水平组horizontal group斜行组oblique group牙槽骨alveolar bone牙槽嵴组alveolar crest group牙槽突alveolar process牙槽龈组alveologingival group牙骨膜组dentoperiosteal group牙间乳头interdental papilla牙龈gingiva牙龈结合dentogingival junction牙龈上皮gingval epithelium第六章涎腺半月板demilune胞吐exocytosis杯状细胞goblet cell储备细胞reserve cell锇酸osmic acid分泌单位secretory unit分泌管secretory duct富脯氨酸蛋白proline-rich protein富酪氨酸蛋白tyrosine-rich protein干细胞stem cell高血糖素样蛋白glucogon-like protein颌下腺submandibular gland混合性腺泡mixed acinus肌动蛋白actin肌球蛋白myosin肌上皮细胞myoepithelial cell肌微丝myofilament浆液性腺泡serous acinus浆粘液细胞seromucous cell晶样体crystalloid局浆分泌merocrine抗蛋白溶解蛋白antiproteolytic protein篮细胞basket cell连接复合体junctional complex酶原颗粒zymogen granule排泄管excretory duct粘多糖mucin粘液性腺泡mucous acinus全浆分泌holocrine-type secretion乳铁蛋白lactoferrin闰管intercalated duct腮腺parotid gland腮腺导管Stensen duct腮腺素parotin舌下腺sublingual gland舍格伦综合征Sj?gren syndrome肾素rennin嗜酸粒细胞瘤oncocytoma嗜酸细胞oncocyte嗜酸性腺瘤oxiphilic adenoma唾液saliva唾液腺salivary gland味觉素gustin纹管striated duct涎液素ptyatin腺泡acinus小涎腺minor salivary gland原始多潜能涎腺导管细胞primitivepluripotential salivary duct cells致密小体dense body组氨酸histidine第七章颞下颌关节多细胞带cellularrich zone钙化软骨带zone of calcified cartilage关节囊capsule关节盘disc滑膜synovial membrane髁突condyle颞下颌关节temporo-mandibular join，TMJ纤维软骨带fibrocartilaginous zone纤维性关节表面带fibrous articularsurface第八章牙发育异常II型牙本质结构不良dentin dysplasiatype II ，冠部牙本质结构不良I型牙本质结构不良dentin dysplasiatype I白兰地型brandywine isolate，牙本质形成缺陷的一种斑釉mottled enamel半面过度增生hemifacial hyperplasia成熟不全型hypomatuaration type低磷酸酯酶症hypophosphatasia多生牙hyperdontia; supernumeraryteeth非氟性牙釉质浑浊症non-fluorideenamel opacities氟牙症dental fluorosis附加牙supplemental teeth副磨牙paramolar钙化不全型hypocalcified type过早脱落premature loss畸形舌侧尖lingual cusp deformity畸形舌侧窝lingual fossa deformity畸形中央尖central cusp deformity结合牙concrescence巨牙macrodontia壳状牙shell-teeth矿化不全型hypomineralized type牛牙症taurodontism前牙的牙外突dens evaginatus ofanterior teeth区域性牙发育不良regionalodontodysplasia，阴影牙融合牙fusion乳牙滞留persistence of deciduous teeth桑椹牙mulberry molar少汗外胚层发育不良hypohidroticectodermal dysplasia少牙hypodontia双生牙gemination水流围绕圆石water streaming roundbouldings，根部牙本质结构不良的表现四环素牙tetracycline stained teeth锁骨颅骨发育不全征cleidocranialdysplasia；也有称锁骨头颅发育不良胎生牙natal teeth，出生时即已萌出的牙特纳牙Turner's teeth，与乳牙有关的感染或创伤引起继生恒牙成釉细胞的损伤，导致继生恒牙牙釉质形成不全或矿化不全弯曲牙dilacerations无牙adontia先天性梅毒牙congenital syphilis小牙microdontia新生牙noenatal teeth，出生后30天内萌出的牙word.形成不全型hypoplastic type雪帽型snow-capped牙本质基质蛋白1dentin matrix protein 1, DMP1牙本质结构不良dentin dysplasia牙本质涎蛋白dentin sialoprotein, DSP 牙本质形成缺陷症II型dentinogenesis imperfecta type II牙变色discoloration of teeth牙骨质发育不全hypocementosis牙骨质过度增生hypercementosis牙内陷dens invaginatus牙釉质混浊症enamel opacities牙釉质矿化不全hypomineralized enamel牙釉质形成不全enamel hypoplasia牙釉质形成缺陷症amelogenesis imperfecta牙釉质延伸cervical enamel extension牙中牙dens in dente牙阻生impaction of teeth延迟萌出retarded eruption遗传性乳光牙本质hereditary opalescent dentin阴影牙ghost teeth，区域性牙发育不良鹰爪尖talon cusp釉珠enamel pearl远中磨牙distomolar早萌premature eruption正中牙mesiodens第九章龋病暗层dark zone变形链球菌mutans streptococci; S. mutans表层surface zone病损体部body of the lesion蛋白溶解－螯合学说proteolysis-chelation theory蛋白溶解学说proteolytic theory发酵乳杆菌L. fermentus放线菌属actinomyces干酪乳杆菌L. casei根龋root caries化学寄生学说chemico-parasitic theory 化学细菌学说chemico-bacterial theory 坏死崩解层zone of destruction获得性薄膜acquired pellicle，唾液薄膜急性龋acute caries静止性龋arrested caries菌斑bacterial plaque慢性龋chronic caries猛性龋rampant caries内氏放线菌 A. naeslundii平滑面龋smooth surface caries轻链球菌S. mitis龋病dental caries乳杆菌属Lactobacilli三联因素学说three primary factors theory嗜酸乳杆菌L. acidophilus酸原学说acidogenic theory透明层translucent zone ，硬化层脱矿层zone of demineralization唾液薄膜salivary pellicle，获得性薄膜窝沟龋pit and fissure caries细菌侵入层zone of bacterial invasion血链球菌S. sanguis牙本质龋dentin caries牙骨质龋cementum caries牙釉质龋enamel caries远缘链球菌S. sobrinus粘性放线菌 A. viscosus第十章牙髓病白三烯leukotrienes，LTs白细胞介素interleukin不可逆性牙髓炎irreversible pulpitis残髓炎residual pulpitis成牙本质细胞层空泡变性vacuolardegeneration of the odontoblastic layer急性化脓性牙髓炎acute supurativepulpitis急性浆液性牙髓炎acute serous pulpitis急性牙髓炎acute pulpitis可复性牙髓炎reversible pulpitis慢性闭锁性牙髓炎chronic closedpulpitis慢性溃疡型牙髓炎chronic ulcerativepulpitis慢性牙髓炎chronic pulpitis慢性增生性牙髓炎chronic hyperplasticpulpitis逆行性牙髓炎retrograde pulpitis前列腺素prostaglandins，PGs特发性吸收idiopathic resorption牙内吸收internal tooth resorption牙髓变性pulp degeneration牙髓充血pulp hyperemia牙髓钙化pulp calcification牙髓坏疽pulp gangrene牙髓坏死pulp necrosis牙髓渐进性坏死necrobiosis牙髓网状萎缩reticular atrophy of thepulp牙髓纤维性变pulp fibrosis牙髓炎pulpitis牙体吸收tooth resorption牙外吸收external tooth resorption转化生长因子transfer growth factor,TGF第十一章根尖周炎蜂窝织炎cellulitis根尖肉芽肿periapical granuloma根尖周炎periapical periodontitis急性根尖周炎acute periapicalperiodontitis急性牙槽脓肿acute alveolar abscess磷脂壁酸lipoteichoic acids慢性根尖脓肿chronic periapical abscess慢性根尖周炎chronic periapicalperiodontitis慢性牙槽脓肿chonic alveolar abscess肽葡聚糖peplidoglyans致密性骨炎condensing osteoitis肿瘤坏死因子tumor necrosis factor，TNF第十二章牙周组织病白细胞介素interleuk ins,IL白血病性龈增大gingival enlargementassociated with leukemia伴白血病性龈炎gingivitis with leukemia伴有牙髓病变的牙周炎periodontitisassociated with endodontic lesions边缘性龈炎marginal gingivitis变性degeneration病损确立期established lesion剥脱性龈病损desquamative lesion ofgingival创伤trauma创伤性咬合traumatic occlusion蛋白酶proteinases发育性或获得性异常及其状况developmental or acquired deformities andconditions反应全身疾病的牙周炎periodontitis asa manifestation of systemic diseases放线共生放线杆菌Actinobacillusactinomycetem comitans，Aa非菌斑性牙龈病损non-plaque-inducedgingival lesions非炎症性noninflammatory奋森龈炎Vincent gingivitis福赛类杆菌Bcteroides forsythus，Bf共聚coaggregation骨内袋intrabony pocket骨上袋supragingival pocket护骨因子osteoprotegerin,OPG坏死性牙周病necrotizing periodontaldiseases基质金属蛋白酶matrixmetalloprotinases，MMP激素性龈炎steroid hormone-influencedgingivitis急性坏死性溃疡性龈炎acutenecrotizing ulcerative gingivitis急性坏死性龈炎acute necrotizinggingivitis继发性咬合创伤secondary occlusaltrauma家族性龈纤维瘤病congenital familialfibromatosis浆细胞龈炎plasma cell gingivitis胶原酶collagenase金属蛋白酶metalloproteinases进展期advanced lesion聚集aggregation菌毛fimbriae老年性萎缩senile atrophy硫酸软骨素酶chondrosulphatase慢性牙周炎chronic periodontitis慢性龈炎chronic gingivitis密螺旋体属Treponema破骨细胞分化因子osteoclastdifferentation factor,ODF前列腺素E2 prostglandinE2，PGE2侵袭性牙周炎aggressive periodontitis青春期龈炎pubertal gingivitis人类白细胞抗原human leucocyteantigen,HLA妊娠期龈炎pregnancy gingivitis始发期initial stageword.嗜麦芽糖密螺旋体T. maltophilum梭螺菌龈炎fusospirochetal gingivitis特发性浆细胞龈口炎idiopathic plasma-cell gingivostomatitis特发性龈增生idiopathic gingival hyperplasia透明质酸酶hyaluronidase唾液粘蛋白mucin维生素C缺乏性龈炎vitamin C deficeint gingivitis萎缩atrophy细胞因子cytokine细胞粘附分子cellular adhesion m olecules，CAM细菌性生物膜dental pla que biofilm先天性家族性纤维瘤病congenital familial fibromatosis牙槽骨弥漫性萎缩diffuse atrophy of alveolar bone牙菌斑性牙龈病dental plaque-induced gingival disease牙龈病gingival diseases牙龈卟啉单胞菌Porphyromonas gingivalis，P.g牙龈二氧化碳嗜纤维菌Cap no gingivalis 牙龈乳头炎papillary gingivitis牙龈退缩gingival recession牙周变性periodontal degeneration牙周病periodontal disease牙周脓肿abcesses of the periodontium 牙周炎periodontitis牙周症periodontosis炎症inflammation咬合创伤occlusal trauma药物性龈炎medication-influenced gingivitis遗传性牙龈纤维瘤病hereditary gingival fibromatosis遗传性龈增生hereditary gingival hyperplasia龈袋gingival pocket龈沟液gingival crevicular fluid,GCF龈裂gingival cleft; Stillman'S cleft龈增生gingival hyperplasia营养不良dystrophy营养不良性dystrophic早老性萎缩presenile atrophy早期病变early lesion粘附adhesion粘性放线菌Actinomyces viscosus，Av 战壕口炎trench mouth脂多糖lipopolysaccharedes，LPS中间密螺旋体T.medium中性多形核白细胞polymorphonuclear leukocytes,PMN肿瘤neoplasia肿瘤坏死因子-αtumor necrosis factor-α，TNF-α组织金属蛋白酶的抑制剂tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinase，TIMP第十三章口腔粘膜病艾滋病AIDS白斑leukoplakia白塞综合征Behcet syndrome白色海绵状斑痣white sponge nevus白色念珠状菌candida albicans白色水肿leukoedema白皱折病white folded disease斑macule扁平苔藓lichen planus,LP程序化细胞死亡programmed cell death大疱bulla单纯性疱疹herpes simplex地图舌geographic tongue淀粉样变性amyloidosis多形渗出性红斑erythema multiformeexsudativum非典型性atypia非霍奇金淋巴瘤non-Hodgkin lymphoma复发性阿弗他口炎recurrent aphthousstomatitis,RAS复发性阿弗他溃疡recurrent aphthousulcer，RAU复发性坏死性粘膜腺周围炎periadenitismucosa necrotica recurrens，PMNR过度不全角化hyperparakeratosis过度角化hyperkeratosis过度正角化hyperorthokeratosis海绵形成spongiosis红斑erythroplakia红色增殖性病变erythroplastic lesion获得性免疫缺陷综合征acquiredimmunodeficiency syndrome, AIDS ，艾滋病基底细胞空泡性变及液化vaculationand liquefaction of hasal cell棘层松解acantholysis棘层增生acanthosis痂crusts假膜pseudomembrane，伪膜间杂型红斑interspersed erythroplakia胶样小体colloid body，Civatte小体角化不良dyskeratosis结节病sarcoidosis均质型红斑homogenous erythroplakia皲裂rhagade抗核抗体antinuclear antibody，ANA颗粒型红斑granular erythroplakia口腔Kaposi肉瘤oral Kaposi sarcoma口腔非霍其金淋巴瘤oral non-Hodgkinlymphoma口腔毛状白斑oral hairy leukoplakia，OHL口腔念珠菌病oral candidiasis口腔粘膜下纤维化oral submucousfibrosis溃疡ulcer类天疱疮样扁平苔藓lichen PlanusPemphigoides,LPP良性游走性舌炎benign migratoryglossitis良性粘膜类天疱疮benign mucousmembrane pemphigoid硫黄素T thioflavine T慢性盘状红斑狼疮chronic discoid lupuserythematosus梅一罗综合征Melkersson-Rosenthalsyndrome糜烂erosion念珠菌病candidiasis疱vesicle疱疹性口炎herpetic stomatitis气球变性ballooning degeneration桥粒芯胶粘蛋白desmocollins桥粒芯糖蛋白desmogleins丘疹papule区域剥脱性舌炎glossitis areataexfoliativa人免疫缺陷病毒humanimmunodeficiency virus，HIV肉芽肿性唇炎cheilitis granulomatosa上皮萎缩epithelial atrophy上皮异常增生epithelial dysplasia舌乳头炎lingual papillitis嗜碱性变性basophilic degeneration噬黑色素细胞melanophages天疱疮pemphigus天疱疮细胞Tzanck cell网状变性reticular degeneration韦格内肉芽肿Wegener granulomatosis萎缩atrophy细胞凋亡cell apoptosis腺性唇炎cheilitis glandularis肖曼小体Schauann bodies，多核巨细胞内的包涵体眼、口、生殖器三联综合征oculo-oral-genital syndrome增殖性红斑erythroplasia粘膜良性淋巴组织增生病benignlymphoadenosis of mucosa周缘扩展现象Nikolsky征第十四章颌骨疾病板层骨lamellar bone表皮树突状细胞dermal dendrocyte伯基特淋巴瘤Burkitt's lymphoma不确定细胞indeterminate cell成软骨细胞瘤chondroblastoma虫蚀状moth-eaten appearance出血性骨囊肿hemorrhagic bone cyst穿凿性吸收tunneling resorption ordissecting resorption穿凿样punched-out appearance单纯性骨囊肿simple bone cyst单骨性骨纤维异常增殖症monostoticbibrous dysplasia 也称单骨性骨纤维结构不良单核基质细胞mononucleate stromal cell单核巨噬细胞系统mononuclearphagocyte system动脉瘤性骨囊肿aneurysmal bone cyst多发性骨髓瘤multiple myeloma多发性软骨瘤病multiplechondromatosis多骨性骨纤维异常增殖症polyostoticfibrous dysplasia 也称多骨性骨纤维结构不良恶性成骨细胞瘤malignantosteoblastoma腭隆突torus palatinus放射性骨坏死osteoradionecrosis非钙化骨样组织unmineralized osteoid富巨细胞性病变giant cell rich lesion钙化骨mineralized boneword.孤立性骨囊肿solitary bone cyst骨化性骨膜炎periostitis ossificans骨化性纤维瘤ossifying fibroma骨巨细胞瘤giant cell tumor of bone，GCT骨壳involucrum骨瘤osteoma骨膜骨肉瘤periosteal osteosarcoma骨膜下骨吸收subperiosteal bone resorption骨旁骨肉瘤paraosteal osteosarcoma骨肉瘤osteosarcoma骨软骨瘤osteochondroma骨软骨性外生骨疣osteocartilaginous exostosis骨髓瘤myeloma骨外骨肉瘤extraosseous osteosarcoma 骨外型软骨肉瘤extraosseous chondrosarcoma骨纤维结构不良fibrous dysplasia of bone 也称骨纤维异常增殖症骨小梁周围纤维化peritrabecular fibrosis骨样骨瘤osteoid osteoma海绵型骨瘤cancellous osteoma汉-许-克病Hand-Schiiller-Christian disease颌骨放线菌病actinomycosis of jaws颌骨骨髓炎osteomyelitis of jaws颌骨结核tuberculosis of jaws颌骨巨细胞病变giant cell granuloma颌骨梅毒syphilis of jaws弧立性骨髓瘤solitary myeloma化牙骨质纤维瘤cementifying fibroma 急性化脓性颌骨骨髓炎acute suppurative osteomyelitis of jaws继发软骨secondary cartilage继发性甲状旁腺功能亢进secondary hyperparathyroidism家族性颌骨多囊性病familial mulitilocular cystic disease of jaws家族性颌骨纤维异常增殖症familial fibrous dysplasia of the jaws家族性巨颌症cherubism甲状旁腺功能亢进Hyperparathyroidism 假囊肿pseudocyst间叶型软骨肉瘤mesenchymal chondrosarcoma浆细胞瘤plasmacytoma结核性颌骨骨髓炎tuberculous osteomyelitis of jaws静止性骨腔static bone cavity巨大型骨样骨瘤giant osteoid osteoma 巨细胞肉芽肿giant cell lesions of the jaws巨细胞修复性肉芽肿giant cell reparative granuloma郎格汉斯细胞病Langerhans cell disease，同郎格汉斯细胞组织细胞增生症（Langerhans cell histiocytosis）郎格汉斯细胞组织细胞增生症Langerhans cell histiocytosis，同郎格汉斯细胞病（Langerhans cell disease）朗汉斯巨细胞Langhans giant cell勒-雪病Letterer-Siwe disease良性成骨细胞瘤benign oseoblastoma淋巴结的交错突细胞interdigitatingdendritic cell硫磺颗粒sulfur granule滤泡树枝状细胞follicular dendritic cell慢性非化脓性硬化性骨炎Garré'schronic nonsuppurative sclerosing ostitisGarre慢性骨髓炎伴增生性骨膜炎chronicosteomyelitis with proliferative periostitis慢性化脓性颌骨骨髓炎chronicsuppurative osteomyelitis of jaws慢性局灶性硬化性颌骨骨髓炎chronicfocal sclerosing osteomyelitis of jaws慢性弥漫性硬化性颌骨骨髓炎chronicdiffuse sclerosing osteomyelitis of jaws慢性硬化性颌骨骨髓炎chronicsclerosing osteomyelitis of jaws磨砂玻璃样groundglass appearance内生型软骨瘤enchondroma破骨细胞瘤osteoclastoma侵袭性成骨细胞瘤aggressiveosteoblastoma侵袭性骨化性纤维瘤aggressiveossifying fibroma青少年骨化性纤维瘤juvenile ossifyingfibroma日光放射状(影像)sun-ray肉芽肿性炎症granulomatousinflammation软骨瘤chondroma软骨颅chondrocranium软骨肉瘤chondrosarcoma软骨粘液样纤维瘤chondromyxoidfobroma上皮样细胞epithelioid cell嗜酸性肉芽肿eosinophilic granuloma树突状细胞系统dendritic cell system死骨sequestrum髓外浆细胞瘤extramedullaryplasmacyfoma髓外性尤文肉瘤extramedullarg Ewingsarcoma图顿巨细胞Touton giant cell外伤性骨囊肿traumatic bone cyst外生骨疣exostosis下颌隆突torus mandibularis纤维-骨病变fibro-osseous lesion新生儿上颌骨骨髓炎neonatal maxillitis牙骨质骨化性纤维瘤cemento-ossifyingfibroma洋葱皮onion-skin硬骨板lamina dura原发性甲状旁腺功能亢进primaryhyperparathyroidism致密型骨瘤compact osteoma致密性骨炎condensing ostitis中心型central type周围型peripheral type周围型软骨瘤peripreral chondroma周围性巨细胞肉芽肿peripheral giantcell granuloma转化亢进high-turnover state棕色瘤brown tumor组织细胞增生症X histiocytosisX第十五章颞下颌关节病（染色体）三体trisomy垂直裂vertical cleft错颌malocclusion骨剥露denudation骨关节病osteoarthrosis骨关节炎osteoarthritis,OA骨赘性唇状突出osteophytic lipping滑膜软骨瘤病synovialosteochondromatosis髁突增生condylar hyperplasia类风湿肉芽肿rheumatoid granuloma类风湿性关节炎rheumatoid arthritis，RA类风湿性小结rheumatoid nodule颞下颌关节紊乱病temporomandibularjoint disorders切线裂tangential cleft绒毛状突起villous projection色素性绒毛结节性滑膜炎pigmentedvillonosdular synovitis退行性关节病degeneratitive jointdisease纤维素样变fibrinoid change象牙化eburnation （骨质）血管翳pannus蚓状小体vermiform bodies游离小体loose body原纤维化fibrillation第十六章涎腺非肿瘤性疾病与涎腺肿瘤PAS periodic acid schiff的缩写，PAS反应即过碘酸雪夫反应，用于对糖原的特殊染色癌胚抗原carcinoembryonic antigen，CEA癌在多形性腺瘤中carcinoma expleomorphic adenoma; carcinoma inpleomorphic adenoma艾滋病病毒相关性涎腺疾病HIV-associated salivary gland disease暗细胞dark cells奥辛兰Alcian blue半多能双储备细胞理论semipluripotential bicellular reserve celltheory伴淋巴间质的未分化癌undifferentiatedcarcinoma with lymphoid stroma变性型涎腺肿大症degenerative sialosis波形丝蛋白vimnentin成涎细胞瘤sialoblastoma大细胞癌large cell carcinoma导管发育异常developmental anomaliesof ducts导管内乳头状瘤intraductal papilloma导管乳头状瘤ductal papilloma导管腺泡单位ductoacinar unit淀粉酶amylase顶浆分泌apocrine多动脉周围炎polyarteritis多发性肌炎polymyositis多囊腮腺polycystic parotid gland多能单储备细胞理论pluripotentialunicellular reserve cell theory多细胞理论multicellular theoryword.多形性低度恶性腺癌polymorphous low-grade adenocarcinoma多形性腺瘤pleomorphic adenoma恶性多形性腺瘤malignant pleomorphic adenoma恶性淋巴上皮病变malignant lymphoepithelial lesion发育性舌侧下颌涎腺陷入evelopmental lingual salivary gland depression放射线损伤radiant impair非皮脂淋巴腺瘤non-sebaceous lymphadenoma非特异性透明细胞癌clear cell carcinoma, not otherwise specified非特异性腺癌adenocarcinoma not otherwise specified，NOS分泌组份secretory component副涎腺accessory salivary gland干燥综合征sicca syndrome管状腺瘤canalicular adenoma; tubular adenoma过氧化物酶抗过氧化物酶peroxidase anti-proxidase, PAP汗腺瘤syringoma合胞体syncytium坏死性涎腺化生necrotizing sialometaplasia混合瘤mixed tumor获得性免疫缺陷综合征acquired immune deficiency syndrome AIDS霍奇金淋巴瘤Hodgkin lymphoma肌上皮瘤myoepithelioma基底储备细胞理论basal reserve cell theory基底鳞状的旋涡状basisquamous whorling基底细胞腺瘤basal cell adenoma急性化脓性腮腺炎acute pyogenic paratitis急性涎腺炎acute sialadenitis挤压假象crush artifact甲状腺球蛋白thyroglobulin浆液细胞腺癌serous cell carcinoma结外边缘带B细胞淋巴瘤extranodal marginal zone B-cell lymphoma静止骨腔static bony cavity巨细胞包涵体病cytomegalic inclusion disease口腔干燥症xerostomia链亲和素过氧化物酶streptavidin peroxidase,S-P链亲和素生物素复合物streptavidin-biotin complex SABC良性淋巴上皮病变benign lymphoepithelial lesion亮细胞light cells淋巴上皮癌lymphoepithelial carcinoma 淋巴上皮囊肿lymphoepithelial cyst鳞状细胞癌squamous cell carcinoma流行性腮腺炎epidemic parotitis; mumps 慢性复发性腮腺炎chronic recurrent parotitis慢性涎腺炎chronic sialadenitis慢性硬化性颌下腺炎chronic sclerosing sialadenitis of submandibular gland; Küttner 瘤弥漫性大B细胞淋巴瘤diffuse large B-celllymphoma迷走涎腺aberrant salivary glands免疫球蛋白A immunoglobulin A免疫细胞化学immunocytochemistry免疫组织化学immunohistochemistry囊腺癌cystadenocarcinoma囊腺瘤cystadenoma内翻性乳头状瘤inverted ductalpapilloma皮脂淋巴腺癌sebaceouslymphadenocarcinoma皮脂淋巴腺瘤sebaceous lymphadenoma皮脂腺瘤sebaceous adenoma前淋巴瘤prelymphoma桥本甲状腺炎Hashimoto's thyroiditis亲和素生物素过氧化物酶复合体avidinbiotin-peroxidase complex, ABC人类免疫缺陷病毒hunmanimmunodeficiency HIV溶菌酶lysozyme乳铁蛋白lactoferrin，LF乳头状淋巴囊腺瘤papillarycystadenoma lymphomatosum乳头状囊腺癌papillarycystadenocarcinoma乳头状囊腺瘤papillary cystadenoma乳头状涎腺瘤sialadenoma papilliferum上皮-肌上皮癌epithelio-myoepithelialcarcinoma上皮肌上皮岛epi-myoepithelial island上皮膜抗原epithelial membraneantigen，EMA舍格伦综合征Sjögren's syndrome施墨试验Schirmer test，检查泪液分泌情况的一种试验嗜酸细胞瘤oncocytoma嗜酸性腺瘤oxyphilic adenoma透明细胞癌clear cell carcinoma透明细胞瘤clear cell tumor未分化癌undifferentiated carcimma细胞角蛋白cytokeratin纤维连接蛋白fibronectin涎石病sialolithiasis涎腺病毒病salivary gland virus disease涎腺导管癌salivary duct carcinoma涎腺导管结石salivary duct stone涎腺导管囊肿salivary duct cyst涎腺发育不全aplasia of salivary gland涎腺发育异常development anomalies ofsalivary gland涎腺放线菌病actinomycosis of salivaryglands涎腺结核tuberculosis of salivary gland涎腺囊肿salivary gland cyst涎腺退行性肿大degenerative swelling ofsalivary gland涎腺先天性缺失congenital absence ofsalivary gland涎腺炎sialadenitis涎腺异位hetrotopic of saIivary gland涎腺症sialadenosis腺癌adenocarcinoma腺淋巴瘤adenolymphoma; Warthin瘤腺鳞癌adenosquamous carcinoma腺泡细胞癌acinic cell carcinoma腺样囊性癌adenoid cystic carcinoma小管-腺泡复合体tubelo-acinae-complexs小细胞癌small cell carcinoma小叶状癌lobular carcinoma血管瘤haemangioma血型物质blood group substances粘液表皮样癌mucoepidermoidcarcinoma粘液腺腺瘤样增生adenomatoidhyerplasia of mucous glands植物血凝素受体lectin receptors终末导管癌teminal duct carcinoma转移性多形性腺瘤Metastasizingpleomorphic adenoma组织多肽抗原tissuce peptide antigen，TPA第十七章口腔颌面部囊肿鼻唇囊肿nasolabial cyst鼻腭管囊肿nasopalatine duct cyst鼻牙槽囊肿nasoalveolar cyst残余囊肿residual cyst成人龈囊肿gingival cyst of adults发育性根侧囊肿lateral periodontal cyst根尖囊肿radicular cyst含牙囊肿dentigerous cyst畸胎样囊肿teratoid cyst即婴儿龈囊肿Bohn结节甲状舌管囊肿thyroglossal tract cyst假性囊肿pseudocyst颈部淋巴上皮囊肿cervicallymphoepithelial cyst口腔淋巴上皮囊肿oral lymphoepithelialcyst滤泡囊肿follicular cyst锚纤维anchoring fibrils萌出囊肿eruption cyst皮样囊肿dermoid cyst皮样样囊肿发epidermoid切牙管囊肿incisive canal cyst切牙窝incisive fossa球状上颌囊肿globlo-maxillary cyst鳃裂囊肿branchial cleft cyst上皮斑epithelial plaque舌下囊肿ranula透明小体Rushton body外渗性粘液囊肿mucous extravasationcyst下颌感染性颊囊肿mandibular infectedbuccal cyst下颌正中囊肿median mandibular cyst涎腺牙源性囊肿sialo-odontogenic cyst腺牙源性囊肿glandular odontogeniccyst新生儿牙板囊肿dental lamina cyst ofthe newborn牙旁囊肿paradental cyst牙源性产粘液囊肿mucus producingodontogenic cyst牙源性角化囊肿odontogenic keratocyst牙源性囊肿odontogenic cystword.炎症性根侧囊肿inflammatory collateral cyst异位口腔胃肠囊肿heterotopic oral gastrointestinal cyst婴儿龈囊肿gingival cyst of infants釉突enamel spur粘液囊肿mucocele痣样基底细胞癌综合征Gorlin 综合征痣样基底细胞癌综合征naevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome潴留性粘液囊肿mucous retention cyst第十八章牙源性肿瘤壁成釉细胞瘤mural ameloblastoma标准或经典型骨内成釉细胞瘤classic intraosseous ameloblastoma成牙骨质细胞瘤cementoblastoma成牙组织dental formative tissue成釉细胞瘤ameloblastoma成釉细胞肉瘤ameloblastic sarcoma成釉细胞纤维瘤ameloblastic fibroma成釉细胞纤维肉瘤ameloblatic fibrosarcoma成釉细胞纤维牙本质瘤ameloblastic fibrodentinoma成釉细胞纤维牙本质肉瘤ameloblastic fibrodentinsarcoma成釉细胞纤维-牙肉瘤ameloblasticfibro-odontosarcoma丛状型plexiform pattern丛状型单囊成釉细胞瘤plexiform unicystic ameloblastoma促结缔组织增生型成釉细胞瘤desmoplastic ameloblastoma单囊性成釉细胞瘤unicystic ameloblastoma恶性成釉细胞瘤malignant ameloblastoma反折线reversal line非肿瘤性牙滤泡增生non-neoplastic thickened follicle骨异常增殖症osseous dysplasias混合性牙瘤complex odontoma基底细胞型成釉细胞瘤basal cell ameloblastoma棘皮瘤型acanthomatous type畸形malformation极性倒置reversed polarity角化成釉细胞瘤keratoameloblastoma 颗粒细胞型granular cell type良性成牙骨质细胞瘤benign cementoblastoma滤泡型follicular pattern玫瑰花样结构rosette-like structure明显的玻璃样变marked hyalinization前成釉细胞preameloblast乳头状角化成釉细胞瘤papilliferous keratoameloblastoma牙本质生成性影细胞癌dentinogenic ghost cell carcinoma牙本质生成性影细胞瘤dentinogenic ghost cell tumor牙骨质样组织cementoid牙瘤odontoma牙源性癌odontogenic carcinoma牙源性癌肉瘤odontogenic sarcoma牙源性钙化囊肿calcifying odontogeniccyst ,COC牙源性钙化囊性瘤calcifying cysticodontogenic tumor牙源性钙化上皮瘤calcifying epithelialodontogenic tumor; Pindborg瘤牙源性角化囊性瘤keratocysticodontogenic tumour牙源性颗粒细胞瘤granular cellodontogenic tumor牙源性鳞状细胞瘤squamousodontogenic tumor牙源性囊肿恶变malignant change inodontogenic cysts牙源性肉瘤odontogenic sarcoma牙源性透明细胞癌clear cellodontogenic carcinoma牙源性透明细胞瘤clear cellodontogenic tumor牙源性纤维瘤odontogenic fibroma牙源性腺样瘤adenomatoid odontogenictumor, AOT牙源性龈上皮错构瘤odontogenicgingival epithelial hamartoma牙源性影细胞癌odontogenic ghost cellcarcinoma牙源性影细胞瘤odontogenic ghost celltumor牙源性粘液瘤odontogenic myxoma牙源性肿瘤odontogenic tumor一般型成釉细胞瘤classic ameloblastoma影上皮细胞ghost epithelial cell原发性骨内癌primary intraosseouscarcinoma原发性骨内鳞状细胞癌primaryintraosseous squamous cell carcinoma粘液瘤myxoma粘液纤维瘤myxofibroma真性牙骨质瘤true cementoma中心性巨细胞病变（肉芽肿）central giantcell lesion （granuloma）周边型peripheral ameloblastoma周边性牙源性纤维瘤peripheralodontogenic fibroma转移性（恶性）成釉细胞瘤metastasizing（malignant）ameloblastoma组合性牙瘤compound odontoma第十九章口腔颌面部其他组织来源的肿瘤和瘤样病变边缘不规则border irregularity不对称asymmetry车轮状-多形性storiform-pleomorphic成人型纤维肉瘤adult fibrosarcoma成釉细胞癌ameloblastic carcinoma丛状血管瘤tufted angioma又称进展性毛细血管瘤(progressive capillaryhemangioma)、Nakagawa 血管母细胞瘤（angioblastoma of Nakagawa）动静脉性血管瘤arteriovenoushemangioma多形性组织细胞增生症polymorphichistocytosis,PH恶性黑色素瘤malignant melanoma恶性淋巴瘤malignant lymphoma恶性雀斑样痣lentigo melanoma恶性肉芽肿malignant granuloma恶性纤维组织细胞瘤malignant fibroushistocytoma,MFH （多形型称为多形性恶性纤维组织细胞瘤/未分化高级别多形性肉瘤(pleomorphic malignant fibroushistiocytoma/undifferentiated high gradepleomorphic sarcoma)；巨细胞型称为巨细胞恶性纤维组织细胞瘤/伴巨细胞的未分化多形性肉瘤（giant cell malignant fibroushistiocytoma/undifferentiate pleomorphicsarcoma with giant cell）；炎症型称为炎症性恶性纤维组织细胞瘤/伴有明显炎症反应的未分化多形性肉瘤（inflammatorymalignant fibroushistiocytoma/undifferentiate pleomorphicsarcoma with prominent inflammation）；粘液型被归在纤维母细胞/肌纤维母细胞性肿瘤中,称为粘液纤维肉瘤(myxofibrsarcoma)；血管瘤样型则归为分化不确定的肿瘤中，称为血管瘤样纤维组织细胞瘤（angiomatoidfibrous hisiocytoma））非霍奇金淋巴瘤non- Hodgkinlymphoma,NHL分叶状纤维瘤leaf-fibroma复合痣compound naevus汞纹amalgamtatoo海绵状血管瘤cavernous hemangioma黑色素瘤melanoma黑色素胚前瘤menotic progonoma黑素细胞痣melanocytic naevus化脓性肉芽肿pyogenic granuloma霍奇金病Hodgkin disease,HD棘层松解性鳞状细胞癌acantholyticsquamous cell carcinoma也称腺样鳞状细胞癌（adenoid squamous cell carcinoma）基底样鳞状细胞癌basaloid squamouscell carcinoma尖锐湿疣condyloma acuminatum亦称性病性疣（venereal wart）或性病性湿疣（venereal condyloma）交界痣junctional naevus静脉性血管瘤vanous hemangioma结节性恶性黑色素瘤nodular malignantmelanoma巨细胞性龈瘤giant cell epulis局灶性上皮增生focal epithelialhyperplasia亦称Heck病（Heck disease）颗粒细胞肌母细胞瘤granular cellmyoblastoma颗粒细胞瘤granular cell tumor口腔转移性肿瘤metastatic tumors inthe oral tissues棱形小体angulate body淋巴管瘤lymphangioma淋巴瘤样肉芽肿病lymphomatoidgranulomatosis,LYG淋巴网状系统lymphoreticular system鳞状细胞癌squamous cell carcinoma鳞状细胞乳头状瘤squamous cellword.。
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形体美 physical beauty
3 站立时：护士的站姿要求：头正颈直，嘴角微微上 翘，双眼平视，两肩外展，双臂自然下垂。挺胸收 腹，两脚脚尖距离10-15公分，脚跟距离3-5公分。 两手交叉于腹部，右手四指在上，握左手食指.
3 beauty of standing: the nurse standing requirements:head and neck keep straight, mouth slightly upturned,look forward, arms natural prolapse，, your feet toes from 10 to 15 cm, 3-5 cm heel distance. Hands crossed in the abdomen, the google translate:right hand four fingers in the upper left index finger grip
2 beauty of sitting: the nurse should have correct and elegant posture:nurse sitting in a chair, into the left should be left out, went to the front of the chair in five steps from the back of the chair, and then the right foot half a step backward, side head slightly, along the left eye peripheral vision, lift the left hand from the waist back and down to straighten out the white coat hem , slowly sit down, hip 1/2 - 2/3 of buttocks on the surface of the chair.
形体美 physical beauty
5 下蹲时： 下蹲姿势：要求侧身顿下，先后移右 脚半步，左手整理衣服，缓缓下蹲，挺胸收腹， 调整中心，收回右脚。注意不面对他人蹲下， 也不要背对他人蹲下。
5 squating: squating posture: request sideways to lower, successively moved half a step right foot, left hand sorting clothes, slowly squat, stomach in,chest out, adjust the center, take back his right foot. Note don't squat down when face others or catch the situation where people back to back.
形体美 physical beauty
6 端治疗盘时： 护士端盘的时候，应用双手拇指和食
指掌住盘的两侧，其余三指分开托于盘的底部，原 则上要求双手不能触及盘的内缘，需要开门时不要 用脚踹门，可用后背开门。
6 when holding the treatment plate:the nurses hold plate , with both hands and thumb and index finger carry plate on both sides, the remaining three fingers prop separately in the bottom of the plate.in principle, hands can not touch the inner edge of the plate, do not open the door with their feet to kick the door, while the door can be open by back.
形体美 physical beauty
1 妆容美：护士的妆饰要适度，头发前不遮 眉，后不过领，淡妆上岗，与护士角色相 适应
1 beauty of makeup: nurses' decorate should be moderate, hair not cross the neckline or below the collar,light makeup on duty, adapted to the nurse role
形体美 physical beauty
4 行走时： 行走姿势：在站立姿势的基础上，双 手臂自然前后摆动30度左右，双脚落地在一条 直线，不要扭动臀部。要求抬足有力，柔步无 声。
4 when walking: walking posture: in a standing position, on the basis of natural swaying back and forth double arm around 30 degrees, feet fall to the ground in a straight line, not to hips. Requirement carry enough strong, soft step are silent.
形体美 physical beauty
2 坐姿美：护士要有端正优雅的坐姿：护士 坐在椅子上，应该左进左出，从椅子后面 走到椅子前面分五步，然后，将右脚后移 半步，稍微侧头，顺左眼余光，抬左手从 腰间往后下挪动理顺白大褂下摆，缓缓落 座，臀部占椅面的1/2-2/3.
形体美 puty of the nurse includes two aspects:
护士的内在美： 思想美 自信美 心灵美
The nurses‘ inner beauty： beauty of thought beauty of self-confidence beauty of soul
the beauty of the nurse
护士的美包括两大方面： the beauty of the nurse includes two aspects:
护士的外在美： 形体美 语言美 操作美
The nurses‘ outward beauty： physical beauty language beauty operation beauty