英语专业词汇学CHAPTER6
6.2 Psycholinguistics
• It is perhaps useful to distinguish psycholinguistics from the PSYCHOLOGY OF Language, which deals with more general topics such as the extent to which Language shapes thought, and from the PSYCHOLOGY OF COMMUNICATION, which includes non-verbal communication such as gestures and faciad
Psycholinguisticws
LANGUAGE Comprehension
Language Production
Jianbin Cui: A Study On Modern English Linguistics
6.0 Introduction: Language Processing in Mind
Jianbin Cui: A Study On Modern English Linguistics
6.2 Psycholinguistics
• As psychology, in its modern guise, uses and experimental methodology, it also follows that such behavioral manifestations will be studied under experimental conditions, and it is reasonable to see the last thirty years or so of psycholinguistics in terms of the construction of ingenious laboratory techniques for pursuing this goal.
• PSYCHOLINGUISTICS is concerned primarily with investigating the psychological reality of linguistic structures.
• Less modestly, it sometimes also produces findings, which make their own mark on linguistic research, leading to the modification of theoretical ideas.
• Questions: • 1. Why do we study Language? • 2. What is language? • 3. What is mind? • 4. What are the relationship between Language and mind?
Jianbin Cui: A Study On Modern English Linguistics
CUIJIANBIN: A Study on Modern English Linguistics L 6
语言与心理
Language Processing in Mind
Jianbin Cui: A Study On Modern English Linguistics
DOFS,WTC
INTRODUCTION
• The study of “Language and mind” aims to model the workings of the mind in relation to Languages.
Jianbin Cui: A Study On Modern English Linguistics
6.1 Language and Mind
Jianbin Cui: A Study On Modern English Linguistics
6.0 Introduction: Language Processing in Mind
Jianbin Cui: A Study On Modern English Linguistics
6.0 Introduction: Language Processing in Mind
• This accounts for the high degree of controversy that surrounds almost all areas of the subject.
• The label most usually given to the study of “Language and mind” is psycholinguistics, a term which is often perceived as being trendy.
Jianbin Cui: A Study On Modern English Linguistics
6.2 Psycholinguistics
• PSYCHOLINGUISTICS “proper” can perhaps be glossed as the storage, comprehension, production and acquisition of Language in any medium (spoken or written)
6.1 Language and Mind
• Language is a mirror of the mind in a deep and significant sense. It is a product of human intelligence, created anew in each individual by operations that lie far beyond the reach of will or consciousness. (Chomsky, Reflections on Language, 1975)
Chapter6pragmatics语言学整理的资料
Chapter 61.pragmatics:自测：Pragmatics treats the meaning of language as something intrinsic and inherent. (T/F)术语：pragmatics语用学解释：语用学处理的是语言的实际意义，是在应用中的意义，而不是固有的意义。
术语：Pragmatics can be defined as the study of how speakers of a language use sentences to effect successful communication. 语用学是研究某一语言的言者是如何利用句子成功进行交际的。
解释：Pragmatic analysis of meaning is first and foremost concerned with the study of what is communicated by a speaker/writer and interpreted by a listener/reader. Analysis of intentional meaning necessarily involves the interpretation of what people do through language in a particular context. Intended meaning may or may not be explicitly expressed. Pragmatic analysis also explores how listeners/readers make inferences about what is communicated.语用学对意义的研究主要关注的是说者或作者要交流的是什么，听者或读者读到的是什么。
并且根据语境分析要表达的意义。
英语词汇学教程ppt课件第6章
Sometimes when a word consisting of two or more syllables undergoes conversion, there is a change in the stress pattern.
Some of the most common words include
access, aim, bed, beer, brave, clean, cup, deck, e-mail, fool, impact, pension, ship, train and so on.
The formation of a noun by converting a verb,
He downed his beer and left.
The company has had its share of ups and downs.
Good binoculars a Nhomakorabeae a must for any serious birdwatcher.
Are you out to your parents?
In other words, conversion is a process by which a word belonging to one word class is transferred to another word class without any change in form.
It is a productive device for the creation of new words since there is no restriction on the form.
Chapter6词汇学
Chapter6: TestI. Multiple choices1.The word “treacle”has the following senses: (1)wild beast; (2)remedy for bites of venomous beasts; (3)antidote for poison or remedy for poison; (4)any effective remedy;(5)(BrE)molasses. What semantic process has“treacle”undergone?A. centralizationB. radiationC. concatenationD. narrowing2. which group of the following are perfect homonyms?A. dear (a loved person)—deer (a kind of animal)B. bow (bending the head as a greeting)—bow(the device used for shooting)C. bank(the edge of the river)—bank (an establishment for money business)D. right (correct)—write (put down on paper with a pen)3. The following are the main sources of homonyms except ____.A. change in meaningB. change in sound C .change in spelling D. borrowing4. “Charm and glamour”are synonyms resulting from____.A. borrowingB. dialects and regional EnglishC. figurative and euphemistic use of wordsD. with idiomatic expressions5.“win” and “gain the upper hand”，“hesitate” and“ be in two minds”are two pairs of synonyms resulting from ____.A. coincidence with idiomatic expressions.B. figurative and euphemistic use of words.C. dialects and regional English.D. borrowing6. “Timid ”and “timorous”, “comprehend”and “understand” are two pairs of synonyms mainly different in_____.A. denotationB. applicationC. connotationD. emotion7. Which group of synonyms of the following has prominent difference in connotation?A. want, wish, desireB.result, consequenceC. answer, replyD. rich, wealth8. Antonyms can be classified into three major groups except______ .A. evaluative termsB. contrary termsC. contradictory termsD. relative terms9.“parent/child,husband/wife, predecessor/succ essor” are ______.A. contrary termsB. contradictory termsC. relative termsplementary termsII. Fill in the blanks. The first letter of eachword is given1. The problem of interrelation of the various meanings of the same word can be dealt with from two different angles: d approach and s approach.2. When a word was created, it was endowed with p meaning. With the advance of time and the development of language it took on more and more d meanings.3. The development of word-meaning from monosemy to polysemy follows two courses, traditionally known as r and c .4. Based on the degree of similarity, homonyms fall into three classes: p ,h , and h .5. Synonyms can be grouped intoa synonyms and r synonyms.6. “Tulip”and “rose”, are h of “flower”.“Flower”is the superordinate term and “tulip”,“rose”are the s term.7. A semantic field is a m area where words share the same c .III. Define the following terms.Radiation:a semantic process in which the primary meaning stands at the center and the secondary meanings proceed out of it in every direction like rays.Concatenation: a semantic process in which the meaning of a word moves gradually away from its first sense by successive shifts until, in many cases, there is not a sign of connection between the sense that is finally developed and that which the term had at the beginning.Homonyms: words different in meaning but either identical both in sound and spelling or identical only in sound or spelling.Homographs: words identical only in spelling but different in sound and meaning.Homophones: words identical only in sound but different in spelling and meaning.Perfect homonyms: words identical both in sound and spelling, but different in meaning.Polysemy: a phenomenon that one form having morethan one meaning.Synonyms: words different in sound and spelling but most nearly alike or exactly the same in meaning. Antonyms: words opposite in meaning. Hyponymy: the relationship of semantic inclusion. Semantic field: a meaning area where words share the same concept.VI. Answer the following questions .1. What is the difference between homonyms and polysemants? How to differentiate them? Homonyms refer to different words which happen to share the same form and polysemants refer to the fact that the same word has several distinguishable meanings. By seeing their etymology, we can distinguish them, i. e. homonyms are from different sources while a polysemant is from the same source which has acquired different meanings in the course of development. The second principal consideration is semantic relatedness. The various meaning of apolysemant are correlated and connected to do with one another. Additionally, in dictionary, a polysemant has its meanings all listed under one headword whereas homonyms are listed as separate entries.2. Discuss some of the characteristics of antonyms.1. Antonyms are classified on the basis of semantic opposition.2 A word which has more than one meaning can have more than one antonym3 Antonyms differ in semantic inclusion. Pairs of antonyms are seen as marked and unmarked terms respectively.4 Contrary terms are gradable antonyms, differing in degree of intensity, so each has its own corresponding opposite.。
雅思真经chapter6科技发明类的单词
雅思（IELTS）考试是全球范围内最受欢迎的英语语言考试之一，雅思考试的科技发明类话题在雅思写作考试中也是非常经典的话题之一。
在雅思写作考试中，对于科技发明类话题的词汇积累是非常重要的，能够合理运用科技发明类的单词不仅可以使文章看起来更加专业和丰富，也可以为文章的表达增色不少。
本文将系统整理雅思真经chapter6科技发明类的单词，并提供一些实用的句子搭配，希望对考生们在备考雅思写作考试中能有所帮助。
1. invention n. 发明- The invention of the Internet has greatly changed people's way of life and work.2. innovation n. 创新- The rapid development of technology has brought about continuous innovation in various fields.3. breakthrough n. 突破- The breakthrough in medical technology has significantly prolonged the average lifespan of people.4. patent n. 专利- Manypanies invest heavily in research and development to obt本人n patents for their technological innovations.5. gadget n. 小器具- The new gadget has revolutionized the way peoplemunicate and interact.6. device n. 设备- The latest mobile device is equipped with advanced features for better user experience.7. technology n. 科技- With the advancement of technology, the world is bing more interconnected and smarter.8. digitalization n. 数字化- The digitalization of information has greatly improved the efficiency of data management.9. automation n. 自动化- The automation of production processes has led to increased productivity and reduced labor costs.10. artificial intelligence n. 人工智能- Artificial intelligence is expected to have a profound impacton various industries in the near future.11. virtual reality n. 虚拟现实- The application of virtual reality technology has opened up new possibilities in entert本人nment and education.12. biotechnology n. 生物技术- Biotechnology has played a significant role in improving crop yields and medical treatments.13. renewable energy n. 可再生能源- The development of renewable energy has be an important solution to environmental problems.14. nanotechnology n. 纳米技术- Nanotechnology has the potential to revolutionize various industries with its microscopic scale applications.15. sust本人nable development n. 可持续发展- Sust本人nable development requires the integration of economic growth, social progress, and environmental protection.16. information technology n. 信息技术- The rapid development of information technology has reshaped the way people work,municate, and learn.17. genetic engineering n. 基因工程- Genetic engineering has been used to enhance the tr本人ts of various organisms for agricultural and medical purposes.18. telmunication n. 电信- The advancement in telmunication technology has enabled global connectivity and instantmunication.19. cyberspace n. 虚拟空间- Cyberspace has be an integral part of modern society, transforming the way people access information and interact.20. network n. 网络- The Internet has connected people around the world through aplex network of information exchange.21. satellite n. 卫星- Satellite technology has enabled globalpositioning,munication, and observation capabilities.22. robotics n. 机器人技术- Robotics technology has been widely used in manufacturing, healthcare, and space exploration.23. 3D printing n. 三维打印- 3D printing has brought about a new era of on-demand and customized manufacturing.24. innovation-driven 发展创新驱动- China's development has shifted towards an innovation-driven model to stimulate economic growth.25. scientific research 科学研究- Scientific research plays a crucial role in advancing knowledge and technological progress.以上是雅思真经chapter6科技发明类的一些重要单词，这些单词涵盖了科技发明类话题的各个方面，希望考生们能够在备考雅思写作考试时有所帮助。
词汇学第六章
D. From general words to technical terms e.g. memory(记忆---储存器)； recovery(恢复---航天器的回收)； pack包裹---软片暗包 E. the narrowing of borrowings e.g. liquor (Latin) : liquid----ardent spirits烈酒 garage (French):‘任何储藏东西的地方’---车库
IV. Degradation of meaning (Deterioration) 词义的降格 Words with a commendatory meaning may become ones with a derogatory sense. This is called degradation of meaning, or deterioration. e.g. silly: happy, fortunate, holy, blessed----innocent, harmless (euphemism for the retardedБайду номын сангаасperson)---foolish, imbecile e.g. sad: full, satisfied, contended---- calm----serious---gloomy----sorrowful
B. From concrete to abstract e.g. place (square --- location, status, situation); e.g. ‘thing’ used to mean ‘a public assembly’ or a ‘council’ in Anglo-Saxon times, but now can refer to any object or event. ‘Thing, affair, business, concern, regard, article, circumstance, fact, state, condition, position, situation, way, means, matter, respect’, etc. Each of them may be used in an abstract sense instead of a concrete meaning as used in the past.
6.现代英语词汇学(第六章)
The massive word store of a language like English can be conceived of as composed around a number of meaning areas, some large, such as ‘philosophy’ or ‘ emotion’, others smaller, such as ‘kinship’ or ‘color’. Viewing the total meaning in this way is the basis of field theory. The German linguist Trier saw vocabulary as “an integrated system of lexemes (词位) interrelated in sense”. Therefore, the words of language can be classified into semantically related sets or fields. For example, peach, apricot, mango, pineapple, orange, lemon, etc. make up the semantic field of fruits; celery, lettuce, leek, onion, cucumber, pumpkin spinach, carrot,
e.g. There was a fine rocking-chair that his father used to sit in, a desk where he wrote letters, a nest of small tables and a dark, imposing bookcase. Now all this furniture was sold, and with it his own past. In this piece of discourse, the writer uses a set of hyponyms under furniture, which gives the writing coherence and provides the key to understanding the text. In production, knowing the semantic features of the hyponyms, and their superordinates can help us achieve vividness, exactness, and concreteness. Consider the following two pairs of sentences: (1.a) Trees surrounded the water near our summer place. (1.b) Old elms surround the lake near our summer cabin.
词汇学Unit 6
Unit 6 Sense Relations of WordsPart I. Relations of SynonymsI.Origin of SynonymsFrom French , Greek, Latin etc.Differences between British English and American EnglishII.Types of SynonymsA: absolute/ exact/ perfect synonyms 完全同义词B: near/ partial/ loose synonyms 部分同义词III.Differences of Synonyms1.s emantic differences2.s tylistic differences3.s ense differences4.d ifferences of methods and collocations根据以下四个原因，对下列各组同义词的形成原因作出判断：A. dialectB. formalityC. connotationD. collocation1. refuse: garbage__________2. chat: gossip___________3. lawyer: attorney_______4. warning: caveat________5. hate: loathe_________6. money: brass__________7. praise: eulogy________8. much: mickle_________9. western: occidental_________10. throw: hurl_________11. capable: able_______12. pass: die_________13. stingy: economic______14. help: servant________15. diminutive: tiny_______16. abdomen: belly______17. herd: flock______18. children: kids______19. sour: rancid________20. apartment: flat________ Part II. Relations of AntonymsI.Classifications of AntonymsII.Characteristics of AntonymsIII.Applications of Antonyms选出下列各词的反义词：1.i ndeterminate A. qualified B. definiteC. stubbornD. effective2.d iverge A. bypass B. encloseC. relayD. come together3.a nomalous A. viscous B. essentialC. normalD. elemental4.s tabilize A. penetrate B. minimize C. fluctuate D. isolate5.a nchor A. unbend B. disjoinC. disruptD. dislodge 1、2班6.r efute A. associate B. recognizeC. proveD. understand7.b oisterous A. angry B. clever C. frightened D. quiet8.e mit A. absorb B. demand C. mistake D. prevent9.a lly A. mediator B. adversaryC. inventorD. conspirator10.offhand A. accurate B. universal C. appropriate D. premeditated11.profuse A. sequential B. scantC. surlyD. supreme12.extant A. extensive B. extricable C. extinct D. extra13.persevere A. put into B. send outC. take awayD. give up14.pungency A. boredom B. redundancy C. blandness D. insignificance15.sedulous A. ponderous B. careless C. useless D. treacherous 16.flustered A. mute B. calm C. heavy D. courageous17.expire A. evolve B. stabilizeC. come to lifeD. grow to fruition18.morose A. agitated B. overawed C. decisive D. cheerful 19.gist A. artificial manner B. trivial point C. eccentric method D.singular event20.endorse A. provoke criticism B. receive payment C. submit unwillingly D. oppose publicly判断下列各形容词在句中的不同意义：1.blue1)He is wearing a blue shirt today.2)Her hands were blue with cold.3)He’s feeling blue all week.4)That’s a blue joke.2.green1)Wait for the light to turn green.2)These apples are too green to eat.3)You must be green to believe that!4)The passengers turned quite green withseasickness.3.fast1)Who’s the fastest runner in the world?2)That clock is ten minutes fast.3)He led a fast life.4)The color is fast.4. heavy1) Her father carried a heavy burden of responsibility.2) The going was heavy at the race-course.3) I don’t like heavy meals..4) It’s very heavy_ I think there’ll be a storm..5. poor1) They were too poor to buy shoes for the kids.2) The poor little puppy had been abandoned.3) It was raining heavily and visibility was poor.4) She’s a good teacher but a poor manager. 6. rich1) America is a rich country.2) Oranges are rich in vitamin C.3) Indians like rich curries.4) They are looking for a rich well-drained soil.7. short1) He is too short to become a police officer.2) The hospital is getting short of nurses.3) “Ben” is usually short for “Benjamin”.4) I’m sorry I was short with you earlier.8. soft1) The grass is soft and springy.2) I prefer a soft pink to harsh red.3) A soft breeze rustled the trees.4) If you’re too soft with these kids they’ll never respect you.9. strong1) Stay indoors in the middle of the day, when the sun is strong.2) The euro is getting stronger against the dollar.3) Strong will is one of the factors to achieve success.4) He is a strong candidate for the job.10. warm1) The weather is a bit warmer today.2) The host gave me a warm welcome.3) The room was furnished in warm reds and browns.4) Am I getting warmer?Part III. PolysemyI.the Original Meaning and ExtendedMeaningII.General Meaning and Special Meaning III.Abstract Meaning and Concrete MeaningIV.Literal Meaning and Metaphorical MeaningPart IV. HomonymyPart V. Hierarchical RelationGenerality and SpecificityHyponym, Co-hyponym and Superordinate TermQuasi-hyponymy 准下义关系Part VI. TaxonomyTaxonyms superordinate co-taxonyms co-taxonymyPart VII. PartonomyPart-whole relationsSuperordinate and meronymy写出下列共下义词的上义词：1.prawn, crab, octopus, oyster____2.flute, drum, violin, saxophone3.hammer, saw, spanner, screw4.sparrow, nightingale, owl, robin5.date, mango, peach, plum6.sight, hearing, touch, taste7.acridity, aroma, stink, pong8.boat, ship, destroyer, cruiser9.spectacles, mirror, telescope, microscope10.jacket, fleece, overcoat, sweater11.roll, bagel, croissant, baguette12.snack, repast, refreshment, feast13.cheesecake, pie, custard, fruit salad14.eggplant, mushroom, broccoli,cauliflower15.borrow, buy, steal, find16.walk, run, stagger, crawl17.murder, slay, slaughter, assassination18.slippers, boots, sandals, sneakers19.paper, pens, envelopes, eraser20.robbery, theft, raid, embezzlement。
英语词汇学Chapter6
Relationship between the primary and the central meaning:
– The two may coincide, e.g. hand: terminal part of the human arm beyond the wrist --- both primary and central – A new meaning may become the center, e.g. prevent: to anticipate (primary or original meaning, obsolete now) → to keep from happening (new meaning, synchronically central in Modern English)
（一词多义是同一个词的语义结构历史 发展的结果。）
• This first meaning is the
original meaning(原 始意义). derived meanings(派生意义).
• These later meanings are called
2) Synchronic approach (共时角度)
One example: fair
• (of attitude, behavior) just and honest; impartial; • (of results) average, quite good; • (of the weather) clear and sunny; • (of amount) satisfactory, abundant; • (of the skin, hair) pale; light in color; • clean, clear; without blemish
英语词汇学课件chapter 6
6.1.3 Two Processes of Development The development of word-meaning from monosemy to polysemy follows two courses which are called radiation and concatenation.
(3) Homophones are words identical only in sound but different in spelling and meaning, e.g. dear /diə/ n. a loved person deer /diə/ n. a kind of animal
6.2 Homonymy
They are words different in meaning but either identical both in sound and spelling or identical only in sound or spelling.
6.2.1 Types of Homonyms Based on the degree of similarity, homonyms fall into three types: perfect homonyms, homographs and homophones. (1) Perfect homonyms also known as absolute homonyms are words identical both in sound and spelling, e.g. bank n. the edge of the river, lake, etc. bank n. an establishment for money business
雅思词汇_Chapter6人文科学
小沈的单词本Chapter 6. 人文科学包括：a. 艺术与文学; b. 文化与历史; c. 经济与贸易; d. 企业与管理; e. 法律与犯罪.N.B.The words with shading are not required in IELTS, but required in at least one another examination, including TOEFL, SAT, GRE, CET4/6, and NETM. Also, the italicized words are neither required in IELTS, nor in TOEFL, SAT, GRE, CET4/6, or NETM according to YouDao Dict.The BrE phonetic transcriptions, but the NAmE spellings are typed in this article.There are 10 chapters in this article, other chapters and a complete version can be found in my Baidu blog.注意带黄底的单词是非雅思要求的词汇，但是是托福、SAT、GRE、四六级、考研英语之中至少一种考试所要求的词汇. 而斜体的单词既不是雅思要求的词汇，也不是托福、SAT、GRE、四六级、考研英语要求的词汇.本材料中采用单词的英音音标、美式拼写.本材料共10章, 其他章节和一个完整版均可以在我的百度文库店铺中找到.Chapter 6. 人文科学a.艺术与文学classical music 古典乐jazz /dʒæz/ 爵士乐rock /rɒk/ 摇滚乐hip-hop/ˈhɪp hɒp/ 嘻哈pop /pɒp/ 流行歌曲lyric /ˈlɪrɪk/ 抒情的lyrics /'lɪrɪks/ 抒情诗；歌词melody /ˈmelədi/ 旋律rhythm /ˈrɪðəm/ 节奏；韵律tone /təʊn/ 音调；音色；语气tune /tjuːn/ 曲调tuner/ˈtjuːnə(r)/ 调音师；谐振器instrument 乐器piano 钢琴violin /ˌvaɪəˈlɪn/ 小提琴cello /ˈtʃeləʊ/ 大提琴guitar 吉他harmonic /hɑːˈmɒnɪk/ 和声(的) harmonica/hɑːˈmɒnɪkə/ 口琴organ /ˈɔːɡən/ 风琴；器官mouth organ 口琴trumpet /ˈtrʌmpɪt/ 喇叭drum 鼓flute /fluːt/ 长笛trombone /trɒmˈbəʊn/ 长号cornet/ˈkɔːnɪt/ 短号clarinet /ˌklærəˈnet/ 单簧管oboe/ˈəʊbəʊ/双簧管percussion /pəˈkʌʃn/ 敲打乐器；打击乐solo 独奏；独唱band 乐队concert 音乐会；演唱会conductor 指挥symphony /ˈsɪmfəni/ 交响乐；和声orchestra /ˈɔːkɪstrə/管弦乐队improvise /ˈɪmprəvaɪz/ 即兴表演；即兴创作opera /ˈɒprə/ 歌剧；歌剧院；歌剧团drama /ˈdrɑːmə/ 戏剧；剧本melodrama /ˈmelədrɑːmə/ 闹剧；夸张的(情节剧) modern drama 话剧musical /ˈmjuːzɪkl/ 音乐剧ballet /ˈbæleɪ/ 芭蕾costume /ˈkɒstjuːm/ 戏服academic costume 学位服scene (舞台)场景；现场senery 舞台布景；风景lighting 舞台灯光spotlight 聚光灯auditorium /ˌɔːdɪˈtɔːriəm/ 礼堂；观众席target audience /ˈɔːdiəns/目标观众magic/ˈmædʒɪk/ 魔法；魔术；有魔力的circus /ˈsɜːkəs/ 马戏；马戏团rehearsal /rɪˈhɜːsl/ 排练rehearse /rɪˈhɜːs/ v.排练gallery /ˈɡæləri/ 画廊exhibition /ˌeksɪˈbɪʃn/ 展览；展会photograph /ˈfəʊtəɡrɑːf/ 照片；相片painting /ˈpeɪntɪŋ/ 绘画；油画sketch /sketʃ/ 素描；梗概portrait /ˈpɔːtreɪt/ 肖像；人像；半身雕塑像sculpture /ˈskʌlptʃə(r)/ v./n.雕塑；雕刻statue /ˈstætʃuː/ 雕像；塑像relief n.浮雕；救济；减轻mural /ˈmjʊərəl/ 壁画carve /kɑːv/ 雕刻stone/wood carving 石雕/木雕craft /krɑːft/手艺handicraft 手工艺；手工艺品artefact /ˈɑːtɪfækt/ 手工制品handwriting 笔迹；书法calligraphy /kəˈlɪɡrəfi/ 书法autograph /ˈɔːtəɡrɑːf/亲笔签名；手稿aesthetic /esˈθetɪk/ 审美；美学的movie/film(更英式) 电影cinema/theater /ˈsɪnəmə /电影院role 角色actor/actress 演员stand-in 替身演员hero/heroine /ˈherəʊɪn/ 男/女主角supporting actor/actress 男/女配角billing 演员表；广告；账款cast 演员阵容；投掷an all-star cast 全明星阵容members of the cast 剧组成员audition /ɔːˈdɪʃn/ (对演艺人员的)试演director 导演producer=PD制片人supervisor 监制photographer/cameraman摄影script 剧本scriptwriter编剧plot/scenario 情节frame 一帧(画面)original version /əˈrɪdʒənl/ 原版recompose/adapt /riːkəm'pəʊz//əˈdæpt/改编dub /dʌb/ v./n.配音lines 台词story line 故事梗概title 片名subtitile 字幕bullet screen 弹幕soundtrack配乐voiceover 旁白；画外音Oscar /ˈɑːskər/ 奥斯卡feature film 剧情片action film 动作片science fiction film 科幻片fantasy film 魔幻片comedy 喜剧tragedy film /ˈtrædʒədi/ 悲剧片X-rated 少儿不宜的porno film/ˈpɔːnəʊ/ 色情电影thriller /ˈθrɪlə(r)/ 惊悚片；恐怖小说horror film /ˈhɒrə(r)/ 恐怖片suspense film/səˈspens/悬疑片documentary /ˌdɒkjuˈmentri/ 纪录片newsreel/ˈnjuːzriːl/ 新闻影片animation /ˌænɪˈmeɪʃn/动画片cartoon /kɑːˈtuːn/卡通TV play 电视剧serial /ˈsɪəriəl/ 电视连续剧；小说连载；系列电影series /ˈsɪəriːz/ (广播或电视上的)系列节目superhero series 超级英雄系列电影Marvel/ˈmɑːvl/ 漫威a sequel to * /ˈsiːkwəl/ *的续集blockbuster /ˈblɒkbʌstə(r)/大片* was released/shown *上映a box-office hit 一部卖座的电影quiz program/kwɪz/ 知识竞赛节目game show游戏节目talent show 选秀节目reality talent show 真人秀talk show 脱口秀；访谈节目host 主持人emcee=MC/emˈsiː/主持人literate /ˈlɪtərət/ 有文化的；学者literature /ˈlɪtrətʃə(r)/ 文学literal /ˈlɪtərəl/ 文字的；逐字的；不夸张的tale 故事；传说fairy tale 童话fiction 小说poetry /ˈpəʊətri/ 诗satire /ˈsætaɪə(r)/ 讽刺；讽刺文学magazine 杂志；弹药库coverage 新闻报道；覆盖(范围) biography /baɪˈɒɡrəfi/ 传记；档案language 语言lingual /ˈlɪŋɡwəl/ 语言的；舌的linguistics /lɪŋˈɡwɪstɪks/ 语言学monolingual/ˌmɒnəˈlɪŋɡwəl/ 只会一种语言的monotonous /məˈnɒtənəs/单调的mundane /mʌnˈdeɪn/ 单调的；平凡的bilingual /ˌbaɪˈlɪŋɡwəl/ 双语的；会两种语言的multilingual /ˌmʌltiˈlɪŋɡwəl/ 会多种语言的Mandarin /ˈmændərɪn/普通话Cantonese /ˌkæntəˈniːz/广东话Chinese character 汉字pictograph /'pɪktəgrɑːf/ 象形文字pronounce /prəˈnaʊns/ 发音intonation /ˌɪntəˈneɪʃn/ 声调；语调inflection/ɪnˈflekʃn/ 声调变化；弯曲；变形accent /ˈæksənt/ 口音phonetics/fəˈnetɪks/ 语音学grammar /ˈɡræmə(r)/语法grammatical /ɡrəˈmætɪkl/ 文法的syntax /ˈsɪntæks/ 句法semantic /sɪˈmæntɪk/ 语义的；语义学的coherence /kəʊˈhɪərəns/连贯性fluency 流利；流利度syllable /ˈsɪləbl/ 音节vowel /ˈvaʊəl/ 元音(的) consonant /ˈkɒnsənənt/ 辅音(的)verbal /ˈvɜːbl/ 口头的；动词的oral /ˈɔːrəl/ 口头的；口述的utterance /ˈʌtərəns/ 表达；说话方式alphabet /ˈælfəbet/ 字母表vocabulary 词汇lexical /ˈleksɪkl/ 词汇的idiom /ˈɪdiəm/ 习语；土话；成语phrase /freɪz/ 短语proverb /ˈprɒvɜːb/ 谚语；格言adage /ˈædɪdʒ/ 格言；谚语；箴言slang/slæŋ/ 俚语root /ruːt/ 词源；根；生根prefix/ˈpriːfɪks/ (添加)前缀suffix/ˈsʌfɪks/ (添加)后缀abbreviation/əˌbriːviˈeɪʃn/ 缩写logogram/ˈlɒɡəɡræm/ 简写synonym /ˈsɪnənɪm/ 同义词antonym /ˈæntənɪm/ 反义词noun/naʊn/ 名词singular /ˈsɪŋɡjələ(r)/ 单数(的)；单一的plural /ˈplʊərəl/ 复数(的)a pluralist society /ˈplʊərəlɪst/ 多元的社会pronoun /ˈprəʊnaʊn/ 代词verb 动词adjective/ˈædʒɪktɪv/ 形容词adverb /ˈædvɜːb/ 副词preposition /ˌprepəˈzɪʃn/ 介词conjunction /kənˈdʒʌŋkʃn/ 连接词；结合clause /klɔːz/ 从句；条款tense /tens/ 时态；紧张的translation 翻译compile /kəmˈpaɪl/ v.编译；编制paraphrase /ˈpærəfreɪz/ 意译；解释literality/,lɪtə'rælətɪ/ 直译interpret /ɪnˈtɜːprət/ 口译；说明interpreter /ɪnˈtɜːprətə(r)/口译员narrate /nəˈreɪt/ 叙述；讲述illuminate /ɪˈluːmɪneɪt/ 阐明decipher /dɪˈsaɪfə(r)/ 破译eloquence /ˈeləkwəns/ 口才；修辞；雄辩eloquent /ˈeləkwənt/ 有说服力的；意味深长的punchline /ˈpʌntʃlaɪn/(笑话最后的)关键句，妙语；画龙点睛之语gossip /ˈɡɒsɪp/ n./v.八卦；闲聊rumour /ˈruːmə(r)/ 谣言；v.传闻medium /ˈmiːdiəm/ 媒介；中间的media /ˈmiːdiə/ 媒体；(复数)媒介press 新闻界；出版社publish 出版；发行journalism /ˈdʒɜːnəlɪzəm/ 新闻业commentary /ˈkɒməntri/实况报道；现场解说b.文化与历史culture文化civilization /ˌsɪvəlaɪˈzeɪʃn/ 文明epic /ˈepɪk/ 史诗(般的)tradition 传统custom 风俗customs /ˈkʌstəmz/海关ritual /ˈrɪtʃuəl/ 仪式；惯例；礼制etiquette/ˈetɪkət/ 礼节；礼仪derive from/dɪˈraɪv/ 源于originate from/əˈrɪdʒɪneɪt/ 源于native 本土的local 当地的nostalgia /nɒˈstældʒə/ 乡愁homesick 想家的exotic /ɪɡˈzɒtɪk/ 异国(风情)的alien /ˈeɪliən/ 外国(的)；外星人heritage /ˈherɪtɪdʒ/ 遗产；传统；继承(权) inherit /ɪnˈherɪt/v.继承antique /ænˈtiːk/ 古老的；古董archaeology /ˌɑːkiˈɒlədʒi/ 考古学archaeologist/ˌɑːkiˈɒlədʒɪst/ 考古学家excavate /ˈekskəveɪt/ 挖掘；开凿excavation n.发掘；挖掘antique /ænˈtiːk/古董；古老的pottery /ˈpɒtəri/ 陶器engrave /ɪnˈɡreɪv/ 雕刻engraving 雕刻品inscription /ɪnˈskrɪpʃn/ 题词；铭文；碑文museum 博物馆religion /rɪˈlɪdʒən/ 宗教materialism /məˈtɪəriəlɪzəm/ 唯物主义idealism /aɪˈdiːəlɪzəm/ 唯心主义Christian /ˈkrɪstʃən/ 基督教的/徒Buddhism /ˈbʊdɪzəm/ 佛教Islam /ˈɪzlɑːm/伊斯兰教atheist /ˈeɪθiɪst/ 无神论者clan /klæn/ 宗族；部落religious belief/faith /rɪˈlɪdʒəs/宗教信仰sacred /ˈseɪkrɪd/ 神(圣)的hallowed /ˈhæləʊd/ 神圣的holy /ˈhəʊli/ 圣洁的pope /pəʊp/ 教皇bishop /ˈbɪʃəp/ (基督教)主教missionary /ˈmɪʃənri/ 传教的/士priest /priːst/ 神父；牧师Bible /ˈbaɪbl/ 圣经church 教堂cathedral /kəˈθiːdrəl/ 大教堂choir /ˈkwaɪə(r)/ 唱诗班monk /mʌŋk/ 僧侣temple /ˈtempl/ 庙宇pagoda/pəˈɡəʊdə/ (东方寺院的)宝塔oriental /ˌɔːriˈentl/ 东方的renaissance /rɪˈneɪsns/ 文艺复兴enlightenment /ɪnˈlaɪtnmənt/启蒙运动slavery /ˈsleɪvəri/ 奴隶制colony /ˈkɒləni/ 殖民地tribe /traɪb/ 部落tribal 部落的aboriginal /ˌæbəˈrɪdʒənl/ 土著(的)feudal /ˈfjuːdl/ 封建制度的empire /ˈempaɪə(r)/ 帝国imperial /ɪmˈpɪəriəl/ 帝国的；皇帝的dynasty 王朝；朝代thrive /θraɪv/ v.繁荣；兴旺prosperity /prɒˈsperəti/繁荣；兴旺royal 皇家的nobility /nəʊˈbɪləti/ 贵族lord 主；上帝；(英)贵族emperor 皇帝king 国王majesty /ˈmædʒəsti/ 威严；王权status/ˈsteɪtəs/ 地位；状态queen 王后；女王prince 王子princess 公主；王妃knight 骑士anecdote /ˈænɪkdəʊt/ 奇闻；轶事c.经济与贸易economy /ɪˈkɒnəmi/ 经济economic /ˌiːkəˈnɒmɪk/ 经济上的economical /ˌiːkəˈnɒmɪkl/ 经济的；划算的；节约的financial /faɪˈnænʃl/ 财政的revenue/ˈrevənjuː/ (政府)财政收入；税收收入expense /ɪkˈspens/ 开支；代价expenditure /ɪkˈspendɪtʃə(r)/ 支出；花费currency 货币；通货monetary /ˈmʌnɪtri/ 货币的；财政的monetary policy 货币政策exchange rate 汇率The exchange rate of pound to RMB is about 9. shilling /ˈʃɪlɪŋ/ 先令(英国1971年以前货币单位，20先令合一英镑) pence /pens/ (复数)便士(100便士合一英镑) cash 现金cheque=check 支票dishonor拒付dishonored cheque 空头支票debit card /ˈdebɪt/ 借记卡credit card /ˈkredɪt/ 信用卡coin 硬币copper /ˈkɒpə(r)/ 铜币treasure /ˈtreʒə(r)/ 财富；珍宝tax 税levy /ˈlevi/ v./n.征收(税)；征集(兵) impose /ɪmˈpəʊz/征收duty 关税；责任tariff /ˈtærɪf/ v./n.(征收)关税export /ˈekspɔːt/ v./n.出口quota /ˈkwəʊtə/ 配额；指标export quota 出口限额achieve/have quota of * 完成*的指标import 进口value of import 进口额dump /dʌmp/ 倾倒；(向国外)倾销global trade 环球贸易domestic and overseas markets 海内外市场GDP=gross domestic product/dəˈmestɪk/per capita/'kæpɪtə/ 人均surplus /ˈsɜːpləs/盈余；顺差；过剩的deficit /ˈdefɪsɪt/ 赤字；逆差inflation /ɪnˈfleɪʃn/ 通货膨胀；膨胀deflation/ˌdiːˈfleɪʃn/ 通货紧缩；放气recession/rɪˈseʃn/ 衰退；不景气depression 不景气；沮丧sluggish/ˈslʌɡɪʃ/ 萧条的；迟缓的economic crisis /ˈkraɪsɪs/ 经济危机manufacturing industry 制造业service industry 服务业catering industry 餐饮业hospitality industry /ˌhɒspɪˈtæləti/ 酒店业；服务业tourism industry 旅游业commercial /kəˈmɜːʃl/ 商业的commerce /ˈkɒmɜːs/ 贸易；商务entity /ˈentəti/ 实体；存在；本质a business entity 企业实体a sovereign entity /ˈsɒvrɪn/主权(国)实体invest 投资capital inflow资本流入influx of capital /ˈɪnflʌks/资本流入capital withdrawal /wɪðˈdrɔːəl/ 资产撤出bid v./n.出价；投标merchant /ˈmɜːtʃənt/ 商人；批发商；商家retail /'riːteɪl/ v./n.零售；零售的wholesale /ˈhəʊlseɪl/ 批发(的) transaction 交易deal 交易；买卖；约定；对付consumption /kənˈsʌmpʃn/ 消费；消耗consumer /kənˈsjuːmə(r)/ 消费者consumerism/kənˈsjuːmərɪzəm/消费主义dispense /dɪˈspens/发售；分配；免除goods 商品item (一件)商品；项目merchandise /ˈmɜːtʃəndaɪz/ 商品；货物commodity/kəˈmɒdəti/ 商品；日用品cargo /ˈkɑːɡəʊ/货物daily necessity /nəˈsesəti/ 生活必需品dispenser /dɪˈspensə(r)/自动售货机；药剂师customer 顾客client /ˈklaɪənt/顾客；客户sponser /ˈspɒnsə(r)/ 赞助者；主办方patron /ˈpeɪtrən/ 赞助人；主顾turnover /ˈtɜːnəʊvə(r)/ 翻覆；营业额cost 成本；代价profit 利润purchase /ˈpɜːtʃəs/ v./n.购买earn 赚钱afford 买得起；承担得起on sale (廉价)出售promotion 促销；提升；促进bargain /ˈbɑːɡən/ n.便宜货；v.讨价还价discount n./v.折扣a 10% discount 打九折membership 会员身份；会员资格voucher /ˈvaʊtʃə(r)/ 代金券；票券；凭证coupon /ˈkuːpɒn/ 优惠券lease /liːs/ 租约；v.出租receipt /rɪˈsiːt/ 收据invoice /ˈɪnvɔɪs/ 发票refund 退款；退税reimburse /ˌriːɪmˈbɜːs/ 偿还；赔偿reimbursement n.赔偿；报销apply for reimbursement 报销affluent /ˈæfluənt/ 富裕的；富人asset /ˈæset/ 资产estate /ɪˈsteɪt/ 房地产；财产real/immovable estate 不动产possession /pəˈzeʃn/ 拥有；财产property /ˈprɒpəti/ 财产；所有权；性质legacy /ˈleɡəsi/ 遗产ownership 所有权copyright 版权auction /ˈɔːkʃn/ v./n.拍卖donate /dəʊˈneɪt/ 捐赠endow /ɪnˈdaʊ/ (向学校等机构)捐钱；赋予wealth management 理财security 证券；安全(性) bond 债券；n./v.结合fund 基金；资金stock /stɒk/ 股票share 份额；股份dividend /ˈdɪvɪdend/ 红利；股息lottery /ˈlɒtəri/彩票account 账户deposit /dɪˈpɒzɪt/ n./v.存款；押金withdraw (从银行)取款；撤回interest /ˈɪntrəst/利益；利息insurance 保险loan /ləʊn/ 贷款；借款mortgage /ˈmɔːɡɪdʒ/ n./v.抵押贷款debt /det/ 债务；借款obligation 义务；职责；债务liability /ˌlaɪəˈbɪləti/ 责任；债务installment /ɪn'stɔ:lmənt/ 安装；分期付款penalty /ˈpenəlti/ 罚款d.企业与管理listed company 上市公司multinational company 跨国公司joint-stock company 合资公司firm 公司；商号state-owned enterprise /ˈentəpraɪz/ 国有企业foreign-invested enterprise 外资企业corporation /ˌkɔːpəˈreɪʃn/ 公司；法人(团体) legal person 法人consortium /kənˈsɔːtiəm/ 财团acquisition /ˌækwɪˈzɪʃn/ 获得；收购negotiation 谈判；转让boss 老板director董事board 董事会chairman 董事长；会长；主席general manager 总经理supervisor 管理者superintendent /ˌsuːpərɪnˈtendənt/ 负责人；主管人executive /ɪɡˈzekjətɪv/主管subordinate 部属；下级apprentice /əˈprentɪs/ 学徒deputy/ˈdepjuti/ 副手；副职vice- 副的clerk /klɑːk/ 职员internship /ˈɪntɜːnʃɪp/ 实习生labor 劳动；劳动力workforce /ˈwɜːkfɔːs/ 劳动力white-collar worker 白领personnel /ˌpɜːsəˈnel/ 人事部门；全体人员human resource 人力资源regulate 调节；有系统地管理recruit /rɪˈkruːt/ v./n.招募；聘用；征兵post 岗位job vacancy/ˈveɪkənsi/ 职位空缺hunt for a job 找工作procedure /prəˈsiːdʒə(r)/程序；手续；步骤interview 面试；采访resume /rɪˈzjuːm/ 简历recommend 推荐recommendation /ˌrekəmenˈdeɪʃn/ 推荐信employ 雇用employee /ɪmˈplɔɪiː/雇员employer /ɪmˈplɔɪə(r)/ 雇主hire 租用；(临时)聘用preservice training 岗前培训undertaking (重大或艰巨的)任务；项目commute /kəˈmjuːt/通勤clock in 打卡上班flextime /ˈfleksitaɪm/弹性工作制attend/əˈtendəns/ 出席；上(大学等)；照料attendance /əˈtendəns/出席；考勤absent /ˈæbsənt/ 缺席的absenteeism /ˌæbsənˈtiːɪzəm/ 旷工；旷课ask for leave 请假overtime 加班时间；加班的overwork v./n.(工作)过度劳累salary 薪水income 收入wage /weɪdʒ/工资；报酬payment 付款；报酬payroll 工资单remuneration/rɪˌmjuːnəˈreɪʃn/ 报酬；酬劳subsidy /ˈsʌbsədi/ 津贴；补贴allowance /əˈlaʊəns/ 津贴bonus /ˈbəʊnəs/ 奖金；红利increment /ˈɪŋkrəmənt/定期的加薪deduct /dɪˈdʌkt/ 扣除(工资) suspension/səˈspenʃn/ 停职；暂停downsize /ˈdaʊnsaɪz/ v.裁员redundancy/rɪˈdʌndənsi/ n.冗余；裁员fire 解雇lay-off n.解雇dismiss 解雇dismissal /dɪsˈmɪsl/ n.解雇discharge v./n.释放；免职；出院sack /sæk/ v.解雇；掠夺resign v./n.辞职resignation /ˌrezɪɡˈneɪʃn/ n.辞职；辞职信retire 退休retirement n.退休pension /ˈpenʃn/退休金；抚恤金e.法律与犯罪law 法律legal /ˈliːɡl/ 法律的；合法的illegal 非法的；违法的legitimate /lɪˈdʒɪtɪmət/ 合法的；正当的statutory /ˈstætʃətri/ 法定的；可依法惩处的illegitimate /ˌɪləˈdʒɪtəmət/ 私生的；非法的valid/ˈvælɪd/ 有效的；合法的invalid 无效的；残疾的righteous /ˈraɪtʃəs/ 正义的；正直的rigorous/ˈrɪɡərəs/ 严格的；严密的rigid /ˈrɪdʒɪd/ 严格的；死板的stern /stɜːn/ 严厉的；船尾rule 规则regulation 法规treaty /ˈtriːti/ 条约；协议charter/ˈtʃɑːtə(r)/ 宪章protocol /ˈprəʊtəkɒl/ 协议；草案draft n.草案；v.起草agreement 协议；共识；契约consensus /kənˈsensəs/共识attempt to reach a consensus 努力达成共识recognition /ˌrekəɡˈnɪʃn/ 承认；识别；赞誉item/ˈaɪtəm/ 条目an undertaking clause/klɔːz/ 承诺条款convention /kənˈvenʃn/ 惯例；协定abide /əˈbaɪd/ 忍受；持续abide by 遵守observe/obey 遵守comply with /kəmˈplaɪ/ 遵守；照做violate/break the laws 违反法律deter 威慑；阻止；使打消念头mandatory /ˈmændətəri/ 法定的；义务的obligation /ˌɒblɪˈɡeɪʃn/ 义务；职责；债务enact /ɪˈnækt/ 制定(法律)；颁布formulate /ˈfɔːmjuleɪt/规划；制定；确切表达legislate /ˈledʒɪsleɪt/ v.立法legislation /ˌledʒɪsˈleɪʃn/ n.立法legislative /ˈledʒɪslətɪv/立法的legislative power 立法权legislative institution 立法机构judicial /dʒuˈdɪʃl/ 司法的executive power/ɪɡˈzekjətɪv/ 行政权constitution /ˌkɒnstɪˈtjuːʃn/ 宪法penal law/code /ˈpiːnl/ 刑法civil law/code 民法business/commercial law 商业法international law 国际法court 法院supreme court 最高法院judge 法官；裁判jury /ˈdʒʊəri/ 陪审团attorney /əˈtɜːni/[美]律师solicitor /səˈlɪsɪtə(r)/[英]诉状律师recess /ˈriːses/ n.休庭；休会trail /treɪl/ 审判；试验；痕迹awaiting trail 等候审判accuse /əˈkjuːz/ 控告accuse sb. of sth.petition/pəˈtɪʃn/ 请愿书；诉状prosecute /ˈprɒsɪkjuːt/ 检举；起诉mediate /ˈmiːdieɪt/ 调解；调停reconcile /ˈrekənsaɪl/调解；调停plead /pliːd/ 辩护pleading n.辩护justify/ˈdʒʌstɪfaɪ/ 替…辩护；证明…合法justifiable /ˌdʒʌstɪˈfaɪəbl/ 可证明为正当的justifiable defense 正当防卫mute /mjuːt/缄默的silent 沉默的oversee 监督；审查witness /ˈwɪtnəs/目击；目击者；证人clue 线索arrest 逮捕detain /dɪˈteɪn/扣押；拘留convict /kən'vɪkt/ 宣告…有罪；罪犯condemn /kənˈdem/ 谴责；判处(某人某种刑罚) condemn to death for murder 因凶杀被判处死刑appeal /əˈpiːl/ 上诉；呼吁appeal against the sentence 提出上诉a light/heavy sentence 轻/重刑victim 受害人hostage /ˈhɒstɪdʒ/ 人质decedent/dɪ'siːd(ə)nt/ 死者confess /kənˈfes/供认；忏悔succumb /səˈkʌm/ 屈从penalty /ˈpenəlti/ 处罚；罚款fine 罚款confine /kənˈfaɪn/ v.监禁n.范围；限制jail /dʒeɪl/监狱prison /ˈprɪzn/监狱suspect /səˈspekt/ 嫌疑人commit/kəˈmɪt/ 犯罪crime /kraɪm/罪行criminal /ˈkrɪmɪnl/ 罪犯guilt 犯罪vice /vaɪs/ 恶习；副的；代替offend /əˈfend/ 冒犯；违法petty/minor offend 轻微的罪行severe penal cases 严重的刑事案件offender 罪犯treason/ˈtriːzn/ 叛国罪bribe /braɪb/贿赂rob v.抢劫robbery/ˈrɒbəri/n.抢劫robber 强盗；劫匪burglar /ˈbɜːɡlə(r)/ 窃贼pirate /ˈpaɪərət/海盗；盗版hijack /ˈhaɪdʒæk/ (尤在交通工具上)劫持steal n.偷窃theif 小偷；盗贼larceny /ˈlɑːsəni/ 偷盗罪smuggle /ˈsmʌɡl/v.走私murder n./v.谋杀kidnap /ˈkɪdnæp/ v.绑架；拐骗kidnapping 拐骗罪murderer /ˈmɜːdərə(r)/ 杀人犯；凶手bloodguilt 杀人罪suicide /ˈsjuːɪsaɪd/ 自杀homicide /ˈhɒmɪsaɪd/他杀；杀人犯deceive /dɪˈsiːv/ v.行骗；欺骗deception /dɪˈsepʃn/ n.欺骗；欺诈fraud /frɔːd/ 欺诈；骗子sexual harassment/həˈræsmənt/ 性骚扰terrorist /ˈterərɪst/ 恐怖分子terrorism /ˈterərɪzəm/ 恐怖主义/行动shooting incident枪击事件evil /ˈiːvl/ 邪恶的wicked /ˈwɪkɪd/ 邪恶的；下流的devil /ˈdevl/ 魔鬼hatred /ˈheɪtrɪd/ 憎恨；仇恨loath=loth /ləʊθ/不情愿的；勉强的loathing 嫌恶；反感averse /əˈvɜːs/不愿意的ethic /ˈeθɪk/ 伦理道德ethical /ˈeθɪkl/ 伦理的moral /ˈmɒrəl/ 道德的inhumane /ˌɪnhjuːˈmeɪn/ 残忍的inhumanity /ˌɪnhjuːˈmænəti/不人道；无人性ruthless /ˈruːθləs/ 无情的；残忍的ruthlessness /ˈruːθləsnəs/ 残忍unfeeling 无情的；无怜悯心的cold-blooded 冷血的；无情的brutal /ˈbruːtl/ 残忍的；野蛮的cruel /ˈkruːəl/ 残忍的；残酷的vicious /ˈvɪʃəs/ 恶毒的；恶意的spite 恶意；不顾spiteful 恶毒的；恶意的venomous /ˈvenəməs/ 有毒的；恶毒的lenient /ˈliːniənt/ 宽大的；仁慈的leniency /ˈliːniənsi/ 宽大；仁慈tolerant /ˈtɒlərənt/宽容的charitable /ˈtʃærətəbl/行善的；宽厚的；慷慨的。