英语专业词汇学CHAPTER6
Chapter6pragmatics语言学整理的资料
Chapter 61.pragmatics:自测：Pragmatics treats the meaning of language as something intrinsic and inherent. (T/F)术语：pragmatics语用学解释：语用学处理的是语言的实际意义，是在应用中的意义，而不是固有的意义。
术语：Pragmatics can be defined as the study of how speakers of a language use sentences to effect successful communication. 语用学是研究某一语言的言者是如何利用句子成功进行交际的。
解释：Pragmatic analysis of meaning is first and foremost concerned with the study of what is communicated by a speaker/writer and interpreted by a listener/reader. Analysis of intentional meaning necessarily involves the interpretation of what people do through language in a particular context. Intended meaning may or may not be explicitly expressed. Pragmatic analysis also explores how listeners/readers make inferences about what is communicated.语用学对意义的研究主要关注的是说者或作者要交流的是什么，听者或读者读到的是什么。
并且根据语境分析要表达的意义。
英语词汇学教程ppt课件第6章
Sometimes when a word consisting of two or more syllables undergoes conversion, there is a change in the stress pattern.
Some of the most common words include
access, aim, bed, beer, brave, clean, cup, deck, e-mail, fool, impact, pension, ship, train and so on.
The formation of a noun by converting a verb,
He downed his beer and left.
The company has had its share of ups and downs.
Good binoculars a Nhomakorabeae a must for any serious birdwatcher.
Are you out to your parents?
In other words, conversion is a process by which a word belonging to one word class is transferred to another word class without any change in form.
It is a productive device for the creation of new words since there is no restriction on the form.
Chapter6词汇学
Chapter6: TestI. Multiple choices1.The word “treacle”has the following senses: (1)wild beast; (2)remedy for bites of venomous beasts; (3)antidote for poison or remedy for poison; (4)any effective remedy;(5)(BrE)molasses. What semantic process has“treacle”undergone?A. centralizationB. radiationC. concatenationD. narrowing2. which group of the following are perfect homonyms?A. dear (a loved person)—deer (a kind of animal)B. bow (bending the head as a greeting)—bow(the device used for shooting)C. bank(the edge of the river)—bank (an establishment for money business)D. right (correct)—write (put down on paper with a pen)3. The following are the main sources of homonyms except ____.A. change in meaningB. change in sound C .change in spelling D. borrowing4. “Charm and glamour”are synonyms resulting from____.A. borrowingB. dialects and regional EnglishC. figurative and euphemistic use of wordsD. with idiomatic expressions5.“win” and “gain the upper hand”，“hesitate” and“ be in two minds”are two pairs of synonyms resulting from ____.A. coincidence with idiomatic expressions.B. figurative and euphemistic use of words.C. dialects and regional English.D. borrowing6. “Timid ”and “timorous”, “comprehend”and “understand” are two pairs of synonyms mainly different in_____.A. denotationB. applicationC. connotationD. emotion7. Which group of synonyms of the following has prominent difference in connotation?A. want, wish, desireB.result, consequenceC. answer, replyD. rich, wealth8. Antonyms can be classified into three major groups except______ .A. evaluative termsB. contrary termsC. contradictory termsD. relative terms9.“parent/child,husband/wife, predecessor/succ essor” are ______.A. contrary termsB. contradictory termsC. relative termsplementary termsII. Fill in the blanks. The first letter of eachword is given1. The problem of interrelation of the various meanings of the same word can be dealt with from two different angles: d approach and s approach.2. When a word was created, it was endowed with p meaning. With the advance of time and the development of language it took on more and more d meanings.3. The development of word-meaning from monosemy to polysemy follows two courses, traditionally known as r and c .4. Based on the degree of similarity, homonyms fall into three classes: p ,h , and h .5. Synonyms can be grouped intoa synonyms and r synonyms.6. “Tulip”and “rose”, are h of “flower”.“Flower”is the superordinate term and “tulip”,“rose”are the s term.7. A semantic field is a m area where words share the same c .III. Define the following terms.Radiation:a semantic process in which the primary meaning stands at the center and the secondary meanings proceed out of it in every direction like rays.Concatenation: a semantic process in which the meaning of a word moves gradually away from its first sense by successive shifts until, in many cases, there is not a sign of connection between the sense that is finally developed and that which the term had at the beginning.Homonyms: words different in meaning but either identical both in sound and spelling or identical only in sound or spelling.Homographs: words identical only in spelling but different in sound and meaning.Homophones: words identical only in sound but different in spelling and meaning.Perfect homonyms: words identical both in sound and spelling, but different in meaning.Polysemy: a phenomenon that one form having morethan one meaning.Synonyms: words different in sound and spelling but most nearly alike or exactly the same in meaning. Antonyms: words opposite in meaning. Hyponymy: the relationship of semantic inclusion. Semantic field: a meaning area where words share the same concept.VI. Answer the following questions .1. What is the difference between homonyms and polysemants? How to differentiate them? Homonyms refer to different words which happen to share the same form and polysemants refer to the fact that the same word has several distinguishable meanings. By seeing their etymology, we can distinguish them, i. e. homonyms are from different sources while a polysemant is from the same source which has acquired different meanings in the course of development. The second principal consideration is semantic relatedness. The various meaning of apolysemant are correlated and connected to do with one another. Additionally, in dictionary, a polysemant has its meanings all listed under one headword whereas homonyms are listed as separate entries.2. Discuss some of the characteristics of antonyms.1. Antonyms are classified on the basis of semantic opposition.2 A word which has more than one meaning can have more than one antonym3 Antonyms differ in semantic inclusion. Pairs of antonyms are seen as marked and unmarked terms respectively.4 Contrary terms are gradable antonyms, differing in degree of intensity, so each has its own corresponding opposite.。
雅思真经chapter6科技发明类的单词
雅思（IELTS）考试是全球范围内最受欢迎的英语语言考试之一，雅思考试的科技发明类话题在雅思写作考试中也是非常经典的话题之一。
在雅思写作考试中，对于科技发明类话题的词汇积累是非常重要的，能够合理运用科技发明类的单词不仅可以使文章看起来更加专业和丰富，也可以为文章的表达增色不少。
本文将系统整理雅思真经chapter6科技发明类的单词，并提供一些实用的句子搭配，希望对考生们在备考雅思写作考试中能有所帮助。
1. invention n. 发明- The invention of the Internet has greatly changed people's way of life and work.2. innovation n. 创新- The rapid development of technology has brought about continuous innovation in various fields.3. breakthrough n. 突破- The breakthrough in medical technology has significantly prolonged the average lifespan of people.4. patent n. 专利- Manypanies invest heavily in research and development to obt本人n patents for their technological innovations.5. gadget n. 小器具- The new gadget has revolutionized the way peoplemunicate and interact.6. device n. 设备- The latest mobile device is equipped with advanced features for better user experience.7. technology n. 科技- With the advancement of technology, the world is bing more interconnected and smarter.8. digitalization n. 数字化- The digitalization of information has greatly improved the efficiency of data management.9. automation n. 自动化- The automation of production processes has led to increased productivity and reduced labor costs.10. artificial intelligence n. 人工智能- Artificial intelligence is expected to have a profound impacton various industries in the near future.11. virtual reality n. 虚拟现实- The application of virtual reality technology has opened up new possibilities in entert本人nment and education.12. biotechnology n. 生物技术- Biotechnology has played a significant role in improving crop yields and medical treatments.13. renewable energy n. 可再生能源- The development of renewable energy has be an important solution to environmental problems.14. nanotechnology n. 纳米技术- Nanotechnology has the potential to revolutionize various industries with its microscopic scale applications.15. sust本人nable development n. 可持续发展- Sust本人nable development requires the integration of economic growth, social progress, and environmental protection.16. information technology n. 信息技术- The rapid development of information technology has reshaped the way people work,municate, and learn.17. genetic engineering n. 基因工程- Genetic engineering has been used to enhance the tr本人ts of various organisms for agricultural and medical purposes.18. telmunication n. 电信- The advancement in telmunication technology has enabled global connectivity and instantmunication.19. cyberspace n. 虚拟空间- Cyberspace has be an integral part of modern society, transforming the way people access information and interact.20. network n. 网络- The Internet has connected people around the world through aplex network of information exchange.21. satellite n. 卫星- Satellite technology has enabled globalpositioning,munication, and observation capabilities.22. robotics n. 机器人技术- Robotics technology has been widely used in manufacturing, healthcare, and space exploration.23. 3D printing n. 三维打印- 3D printing has brought about a new era of on-demand and customized manufacturing.24. innovation-driven 发展创新驱动- China's development has shifted towards an innovation-driven model to stimulate economic growth.25. scientific research 科学研究- Scientific research plays a crucial role in advancing knowledge and technological progress.以上是雅思真经chapter6科技发明类的一些重要单词，这些单词涵盖了科技发明类话题的各个方面，希望考生们能够在备考雅思写作考试时有所帮助。
词汇学第六章
D. From general words to technical terms e.g. memory(记忆---储存器)； recovery(恢复---航天器的回收)； pack包裹---软片暗包 E. the narrowing of borrowings e.g. liquor (Latin) : liquid----ardent spirits烈酒 garage (French):‘任何储藏东西的地方’---车库
IV. Degradation of meaning (Deterioration) 词义的降格 Words with a commendatory meaning may become ones with a derogatory sense. This is called degradation of meaning, or deterioration. e.g. silly: happy, fortunate, holy, blessed----innocent, harmless (euphemism for the retardedБайду номын сангаасperson)---foolish, imbecile e.g. sad: full, satisfied, contended---- calm----serious---gloomy----sorrowful
B. From concrete to abstract e.g. place (square --- location, status, situation); e.g. ‘thing’ used to mean ‘a public assembly’ or a ‘council’ in Anglo-Saxon times, but now can refer to any object or event. ‘Thing, affair, business, concern, regard, article, circumstance, fact, state, condition, position, situation, way, means, matter, respect’, etc. Each of them may be used in an abstract sense instead of a concrete meaning as used in the past.
6.现代英语词汇学(第六章)
The massive word store of a language like English can be conceived of as composed around a number of meaning areas, some large, such as ‘philosophy’ or ‘ emotion’, others smaller, such as ‘kinship’ or ‘color’. Viewing the total meaning in this way is the basis of field theory. The German linguist Trier saw vocabulary as “an integrated system of lexemes (词位) interrelated in sense”. Therefore, the words of language can be classified into semantically related sets or fields. For example, peach, apricot, mango, pineapple, orange, lemon, etc. make up the semantic field of fruits; celery, lettuce, leek, onion, cucumber, pumpkin spinach, carrot,
e.g. There was a fine rocking-chair that his father used to sit in, a desk where he wrote letters, a nest of small tables and a dark, imposing bookcase. Now all this furniture was sold, and with it his own past. In this piece of discourse, the writer uses a set of hyponyms under furniture, which gives the writing coherence and provides the key to understanding the text. In production, knowing the semantic features of the hyponyms, and their superordinates can help us achieve vividness, exactness, and concreteness. Consider the following two pairs of sentences: (1.a) Trees surrounded the water near our summer place. (1.b) Old elms surround the lake near our summer cabin.
词汇学Unit 6
Unit 6 Sense Relations of WordsPart I. Relations of SynonymsI.Origin of SynonymsFrom French , Greek, Latin etc.Differences between British English and American EnglishII.Types of SynonymsA: absolute/ exact/ perfect synonyms 完全同义词B: near/ partial/ loose synonyms 部分同义词III.Differences of Synonyms1.s emantic differences2.s tylistic differences3.s ense differences4.d ifferences of methods and collocations根据以下四个原因，对下列各组同义词的形成原因作出判断：A. dialectB. formalityC. connotationD. collocation1. refuse: garbage__________2. chat: gossip___________3. lawyer: attorney_______4. warning: caveat________5. hate: loathe_________6. money: brass__________7. praise: eulogy________8. much: mickle_________9. western: occidental_________10. throw: hurl_________11. capable: able_______12. pass: die_________13. stingy: economic______14. help: servant________15. diminutive: tiny_______16. abdomen: belly______17. herd: flock______18. children: kids______19. sour: rancid________20. apartment: flat________ Part II. Relations of AntonymsI.Classifications of AntonymsII.Characteristics of AntonymsIII.Applications of Antonyms选出下列各词的反义词：1.i ndeterminate A. qualified B. definiteC. stubbornD. effective2.d iverge A. bypass B. encloseC. relayD. come together3.a nomalous A. viscous B. essentialC. normalD. elemental4.s tabilize A. penetrate B. minimize C. fluctuate D. isolate5.a nchor A. unbend B. disjoinC. disruptD. dislodge 1、2班6.r efute A. associate B. recognizeC. proveD. understand7.b oisterous A. angry B. clever C. frightened D. quiet8.e mit A. absorb B. demand C. mistake D. prevent9.a lly A. mediator B. adversaryC. inventorD. conspirator10.offhand A. accurate B. universal C. appropriate D. premeditated11.profuse A. sequential B. scantC. surlyD. supreme12.extant A. extensive B. extricable C. extinct D. extra13.persevere A. put into B. send outC. take awayD. give up14.pungency A. boredom B. redundancy C. blandness D. insignificance15.sedulous A. ponderous B. careless C. useless D. treacherous 16.flustered A. mute B. calm C. heavy D. courageous17.expire A. evolve B. stabilizeC. come to lifeD. grow to fruition18.morose A. agitated B. overawed C. decisive D. cheerful 19.gist A. artificial manner B. trivial point C. eccentric method D.singular event20.endorse A. provoke criticism B. receive payment C. submit unwillingly D. oppose publicly判断下列各形容词在句中的不同意义：1.blue1)He is wearing a blue shirt today.2)Her hands were blue with cold.3)He’s feeling blue all week.4)That’s a blue joke.2.green1)Wait for the light to turn green.2)These apples are too green to eat.3)You must be green to believe that!4)The passengers turned quite green withseasickness.3.fast1)Who’s the fastest runner in the world?2)That clock is ten minutes fast.3)He led a fast life.4)The color is fast.4. heavy1) Her father carried a heavy burden of responsibility.2) The going was heavy at the race-course.3) I don’t like heavy meals..4) It’s very heavy_ I think there’ll be a storm..5. poor1) They were too poor to buy shoes for the kids.2) The poor little puppy had been abandoned.3) It was raining heavily and visibility was poor.4) She’s a good teacher but a poor manager. 6. rich1) America is a rich country.2) Oranges are rich in vitamin C.3) Indians like rich curries.4) They are looking for a rich well-drained soil.7. short1) He is too short to become a police officer.2) The hospital is getting short of nurses.3) “Ben” is usually short for “Benjamin”.4) I’m sorry I was short with you earlier.8. soft1) The grass is soft and springy.2) I prefer a soft pink to harsh red.3) A soft breeze rustled the trees.4) If you’re too soft with these kids they’ll never respect you.9. strong1) Stay indoors in the middle of the day, when the sun is strong.2) The euro is getting stronger against the dollar.3) Strong will is one of the factors to achieve success.4) He is a strong candidate for the job.10. warm1) The weather is a bit warmer today.2) The host gave me a warm welcome.3) The room was furnished in warm reds and browns.4) Am I getting warmer?Part III. PolysemyI.the Original Meaning and ExtendedMeaningII.General Meaning and Special Meaning III.Abstract Meaning and Concrete MeaningIV.Literal Meaning and Metaphorical MeaningPart IV. HomonymyPart V. Hierarchical RelationGenerality and SpecificityHyponym, Co-hyponym and Superordinate TermQuasi-hyponymy 准下义关系Part VI. TaxonomyTaxonyms superordinate co-taxonyms co-taxonymyPart VII. PartonomyPart-whole relationsSuperordinate and meronymy写出下列共下义词的上义词：1.prawn, crab, octopus, oyster____2.flute, drum, violin, saxophone3.hammer, saw, spanner, screw4.sparrow, nightingale, owl, robin5.date, mango, peach, plum6.sight, hearing, touch, taste7.acridity, aroma, stink, pong8.boat, ship, destroyer, cruiser9.spectacles, mirror, telescope, microscope10.jacket, fleece, overcoat, sweater11.roll, bagel, croissant, baguette12.snack, repast, refreshment, feast13.cheesecake, pie, custard, fruit salad14.eggplant, mushroom, broccoli,cauliflower15.borrow, buy, steal, find16.walk, run, stagger, crawl17.murder, slay, slaughter, assassination18.slippers, boots, sandals, sneakers19.paper, pens, envelopes, eraser20.robbery, theft, raid, embezzlement。
英语词汇学Chapter6
Relationship between the primary and the central meaning:
– The two may coincide, e.g. hand: terminal part of the human arm beyond the wrist --- both primary and central – A new meaning may become the center, e.g. prevent: to anticipate (primary or original meaning, obsolete now) → to keep from happening (new meaning, synchronically central in Modern English)
（一词多义是同一个词的语义结构历史 发展的结果。）
• This first meaning is the
original meaning(原 始意义). derived meanings(派生意义).
• These later meanings are called
2) Synchronic approach (共时角度)
One example: fair
• (of attitude, behavior) just and honest; impartial; • (of results) average, quite good; • (of the weather) clear and sunny; • (of amount) satisfactory, abundant; • (of the skin, hair) pale; light in color; • clean, clear; without blemish
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
6.2 Psycholinguistics
• It is perhaps useful to distinguish psycholinguistics from the PSYCHOLOGY OF Language, which deals with more general topics such as the extent to which Language shapes thought, and from the PSYCHOLOGY OF COMMUNICATION, which includes non-verbal communication such as gestures and faciad
Psycholinguisticws
LANGUAGE Comprehension
Language Production
Jianbin Cui: A Study On Modern English Linguistics
6.0 Introduction: Language Processing in Mind
Jianbin Cui: A Study On Modern English Linguistics
6.2 Psycholinguistics
• As psychology, in its modern guise, uses and experimental methodology, it also follows that such behavioral manifestations will be studied under experimental conditions, and it is reasonable to see the last thirty years or so of psycholinguistics in terms of the construction of ingenious laboratory techniques for pursuing this goal.
• PSYCHOLINGUISTICS is concerned primarily with investigating the psychological reality of linguistic structures.
• Less modestly, it sometimes also produces findings, which make their own mark on linguistic research, leading to the modification of theoretical ideas.
• Questions: • 1. Why do we study Language? • 2. What is language? • 3. What is mind? • 4. What are the relationship between Language and mind?
Jianbin Cui: A Study On Modern English Linguistics
CUIJIANBIN: A Study on Modern English Linguistics L 6
语言与心理
Language Processing in Mind
Jianbin Cui: A Study On Modern English Linguistics
DOFS,WTC
INTRODUCTION
• The study of “Language and mind” aims to model the workings of the mind in relation to Languages.
Jianbin Cui: A Study On Modern English Linguistics
6.1 Language and Mind
Jianbin Cui: A Study On Modern English Linguistics
6.0 Introduction: Language Processing in Mind
Jianbin Cui: A Study On Modern English Linguistics
6.0 Introduction: Language Processing in Mind
• This accounts for the high degree of controversy that surrounds almost all areas of the subject.
• The label most usually given to the study of “Language and mind” is psycholinguistics, a term which is often perceived as being trendy.
Jianbin Cui: A Study On Modern English Linguistics
6.2 Psycholinguistics
• PSYCHOLINGUISTICS “proper” can perhaps be glossed as the storage, comprehension, production and acquisition of Language in any medium (spoken or written)
6.1 Language and Mind
• Language is a mirror of the mind in a deep and significant sense. It is a product of human intelligence, created anew in each individual by operations that lie far beyond the reach of will or consciousness. (Chomsky, Reflections on Language, 1975)