国际会计学第六版chapter5
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国际会计_第5章1
每年定期举行会议，为交流国际和各国会计领域 的工作以及对普遍的会计问题展开讨论，开辟了 一个具有权威性的国际论坛，其作用是有助于各 国会计界的相互沟通与了解，有利于各国会计准 则的协调，但是会议所形成的决议对各国并不具 有法律效力，所以其作用是有限的。
5.4 欧洲联盟：推动会计协调化最具成效的区 域性国家联盟
5.3.2 作为权威性的国际论坛
1982年,经社理事会大多数成员建议重新建立了常设 的会计和报告国际准则（ISAR）政府间专家工作组， 工作组隶属于跨国公司委员会，其工作由原跨国公司 和管理司负责（现已更名为“投资、技术和金融委员 会”）。 根据跨国公司委员会的建议，会议只是回顾会计领域 的发展，而不是制定会计准则。这样，联合国不打算 采用由它来设立机构制定准则并强制推行的方式，而 只是促进会计准则的国际协调。
决策有用的会计信息，为了满足多方面信息需求 者的需要，各国大都建立了一套会计准则和会计 制度来约束企业的财务会计和报告。要使各国企 业间的财务会计信息有可比性和可理解性，就必 须对各国会计准则和制度进行协调。因此，国际 会计协调的直接对象和内容是协调各国的会计规 范。 3.国际会计协调是建议性的，而不是强制性的， 它是参与协调的各国共同协商的结果，它的最终 方向是使先进的会计理论和方法在世界范围内得 到推广和应用。
5.4.2欧盟的公司法指令
公司法指令是依照《罗马条约》第54项条款制定发布 的，旨在协调各成员国的法律，使其为欧盟的单一市 场提供等效的保障。 在1968年3月发布的欧共体《第1号指令》中已涉及 会计问题，它要求公司应当披露认购和核定的资本总 额，并提供资产负债表和损益表两种基本报表。 欧共体发布的指令中与会计最相关的主要有： 1978年发布的涉及股份有限公司（包括证券公开发 行和不公开发行的）年度财务报表和年度报告的《第 4号指令》； 1980年发布的涉及公司在证券交易所上市定出正式 牌价前应予公开的信息细节和范围等的《第6号指令》
国际会计学第六版
Banks
Conservative earnings for creditor protection. Less extensive disclosures.
Development (contin)
Legal system
Code law
Laws are all-embracing. Accounting tends to be prescriptive and
Example: the Netherlands
Independent discipline approach
Accounting derived from business practices, judgment, and trial-and-error.
Examples: U.K. and U.S.
sector professional organizations.
Development (contin)
Taxation
Must companies record revenues and expenses in their accounts to claim them for tax purposes?
Development (contin)
Level of economic development
Affects the types of transactions and which ones are most prevalent in the economy which, in turn,
Accounting values (Gray)
Professionalism vs. statutory control Uniformity vs. flexibility Conservatism vs. optimism Secrecy vs. transparency
Conservative earnings for creditor protection. Less extensive disclosures.
Development (contin)
Legal system
Code law
Laws are all-embracing. Accounting tends to be prescriptive and
Example: the Netherlands
Independent discipline approach
Accounting derived from business practices, judgment, and trial-and-error.
Examples: U.K. and U.S.
sector professional organizations.
Development (contin)
Taxation
Must companies record revenues and expenses in their accounts to claim them for tax purposes?
Development (contin)
Level of economic development
Affects the types of transactions and which ones are most prevalent in the economy which, in turn,
Accounting values (Gray)
Professionalism vs. statutory control Uniformity vs. flexibility Conservatism vs. optimism Secrecy vs. transparency
国际会计学第六版chapter_5
3
Development of Disclosure
Voluntary disclosure
Voluntary disclosures are increasing as investors demand more detailed and timely information.
But managers’ incentives for disclosure aren’t always aligned with those of investors.
Forecasts are inherently unreliable. Legal repercussions if forecasts aren’t met.
9
Reporting and Disclosure Practices (contin)
Segment disclosures
Management development Compensation Diversity Human rights
14
Environmental reporting Impact of production processes, products, and services on
Air Water Land Biodiversity Human health
15
Water, raw material, and energy consumption Activities to reduce pollution Spending on all of the above
International Accounting, 6/e
Frederick D.S. Choi Gary K. Meek
Development of Disclosure
Voluntary disclosure
Voluntary disclosures are increasing as investors demand more detailed and timely information.
But managers’ incentives for disclosure aren’t always aligned with those of investors.
Forecasts are inherently unreliable. Legal repercussions if forecasts aren’t met.
9
Reporting and Disclosure Practices (contin)
Segment disclosures
Management development Compensation Diversity Human rights
14
Environmental reporting Impact of production processes, products, and services on
Air Water Land Biodiversity Human health
15
Water, raw material, and energy consumption Activities to reduce pollution Spending on all of the above
International Accounting, 6/e
Frederick D.S. Choi Gary K. Meek
国际会计学第六版cha
Terminology 6.2 BANKGROUND AND TERMINOLOGY(P127-129)
• Conversio n
• Translation
• Act of exchanging • one type of
money • or security for • another
It is simply a change in monetary expression.
Spot & Foward exchange rate
Bid quote 买方出价
• Is what the foreign exchange dealer would pay you for foreign currency.
ask quote 卖方报价
• Is the rate at which the dealer would sell you foreign currency.
currency translation differ from the
current rate method? What is the relationship between
currency translation and inflation?
Why do Firms Translate? 〔P127〕
Types of Transaction Rates
Spot transactions: the physical exchange of one currency for another in which delivery takes place immediately. 〔P128〕
Factors:
Learning Objectives
国际会计学第六版cha(1)
Choi/Meek, 6/e
2
Have a basic working knowledge of accounting classifications and how they compare with one another.
Explain the difference between the “fair presentation” and “legal compliance” orientations of accounting and identify nations in which each is prevalent.
Choi/Meek, 6/e
5
Development
Sources of finance – who, how many, how close? Equity markets
Profits measure how well managers have run the company.
Accounting is used to assess cash flows, risks, and to value the firm.
Choi/Meek, 6/e
9
Political and economic ties
Accounting ideas and technologies are transferred through conquest, commerce, and other forces.
Inflation
Extensive disclosures.
Banks
Conservative earnings for creditor protection. Less extensive disclosures.
国际财务管理学第六版许艳芳
国际财务管理学第六版许艳芳引言国际财务管理是现代经济领域的重要研究方向之一。
随着全球化的深入发展，国际贸易和投资规模不断扩大，财务管理在国际化背景下的挑战也越来越多。
许艳芳教授的《国际财务管理学第六版》是该领域的经典教材之一。
本文将对该教材进行综合介绍。
第一章国际财务管理的基础概念第一章主要介绍国际财务管理的基本概念和重要性。
作者通过对国际财务管理的定义、发展历程以及研究方法的讨论，帮助读者建立起对国际财务管理的整体认识。
- 国际财务管理的定义 - 国际财务管理的发展历程 - 国际财务管理的研究方法第二章国际金融市场与汇率第二章介绍国际金融市场的组成和功能，以及汇率的基本概念和影响因素。
作者详细分析了不同国家间货币的汇率形成机制和变动原因，为后续章节的学习打下基础。
- 国际金融市场的组成和功能 - 汇率的基本概念和分类 - 汇率的影响因素和变动原因第三章跨国公司的财务目标第三章重点讨论跨国公司的财务目标和风险管理。
作者通过对不同财务目标的比较和分析，介绍了传统财务目标与现代财务目标之间的区别和联系，并讨论了跨国公司如何管理汇率和利率风险。
- 传统财务目标与现代财务目标的比较 - 跨国公司的财务目标和风险管理 - 汇率和利率风险管理策略第四章国际金融市场与金融工具第四章重点介绍国际金融市场的各种金融工具和交易方式。
作者通过具体案例分析，帮助读者理解金融市场的运作机制和交易方式，并介绍了国际证券市场、外汇市场和衍生品市场的特点和参与者。
- 国际证券市场和股票交易 - 外汇市场和汇率交易 - 衍生品市场和风险管理工具第五章国际财务报告与分析第五章主要介绍国际财务报告的基本概念和要求，以及财务分析的方法和技巧。
作者通过对国际财务报告准则和标准的解读，帮助读者理解和使用财务报表进行分析和决策。
- 国际财务报告的基本概念和要求 - 财务分析的方法和技巧 - 国际财务报告的解读与分析结论《国际财务管理学第六版》通过系统而全面地介绍了国际财务管理的理论和实践知识。
国际金融学第六版习题答案
国际金融学第六版习题答案国际金融学第六版习题答案国际金融学是研究国际间货币和金融关系的学科，它涉及到国际贸易、外汇市场、国际金融市场等多个领域。
对于学习国际金融学的学生来说，习题是巩固知识、检验理解的重要工具。
在国际金融学第六版中，习题的答案对于学生来说尤为重要。
第一章：国际金融学概述习题1：国际金融学的定义是什么？答案：国际金融学是研究国际间货币和金融关系的学科，它涉及到国际贸易、外汇市场、国际金融市场等多个领域。
习题2：国际金融学的研究对象有哪些？答案：国际金融学的研究对象包括国际货币体系、国际金融市场、国际投资等。
第二章：国际金融市场习题1：国际金融市场的分类有哪些？答案：国际金融市场可以分为外汇市场、国际资本市场和国际债务市场。
习题2：外汇市场的功能是什么？答案：外汇市场的功能包括货币兑换、外汇储备、国际支付和利率确定等。
第三章：国际金融制度习题1：国际货币体系的演变有哪些阶段？答案：国际货币体系的演变经历了金本位制、布雷顿森林体系和现代浮动汇率制等阶段。
习题2：布雷顿森林体系的特点是什么？答案：布雷顿森林体系的特点包括美元的主导地位、固定汇率制和国际货币基金组织的建立等。
第四章：国际金融风险管理习题1：什么是汇率风险？答案：汇率风险是指由于汇率波动导致的资产和负债的价值变动。
习题2：如何进行汇率风险管理？答案：汇率风险管理的方法包括使用远期外汇合约、货币互换和期权等工具。
第五章：国际金融政策习题1：什么是资本流动限制？答案：资本流动限制是指国家对资本流动实施的各种措施和限制。
习题2：资本流动限制的影响有哪些？答案：资本流动限制的影响包括影响国际投资、影响外汇市场和影响国际收支平衡等。
通过对国际金融学第六版习题的答案的学习，可以帮助学生更好地理解和掌握国际金融学的知识。
同时，习题的答案也可以作为学生自我检验的工具，帮助他们发现自己的不足并加以改进。
在学习国际金融学的过程中，习题的答案是学生不可或缺的参考资料。
国际会计学第六版chapter_6-42页文档资料
Is similar to a translation gain or loss as it results from a restatement process.
Choi/Meek, 6/e
16
Choi/Meek, 6/e
17
Types of Translation Methods
Single rate method: applies a single exchange rate, the current rate, to all foreign currency assets and liabilities.
Choi/Meek, 6/e
2
How does a translation gain or loss differ from a transactions gain or loss?
Is there more than one way of translating financial statements from one currency to another? If so, what are they?
Preserves the original cost equivalent of a foreign currency item in the reporting currency.
Use of historical rates do not give rise to
translation gains or losses, which are
At the transaction date, each asset, liability, revenue, and expense denominated in a foreign currency is measured and recorded in the functional currency of the reporting entity at the spot exchange rate in effect on that date.
Choi/Meek, 6/e
16
Choi/Meek, 6/e
17
Types of Translation Methods
Single rate method: applies a single exchange rate, the current rate, to all foreign currency assets and liabilities.
Choi/Meek, 6/e
2
How does a translation gain or loss differ from a transactions gain or loss?
Is there more than one way of translating financial statements from one currency to another? If so, what are they?
Preserves the original cost equivalent of a foreign currency item in the reporting currency.
Use of historical rates do not give rise to
translation gains or losses, which are
At the transaction date, each asset, liability, revenue, and expense denominated in a foreign currency is measured and recorded in the functional currency of the reporting entity at the spot exchange rate in effect on that date.
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Have a basic understanding of the following selected corporate financialdisclosure practices: (a) disclosures of forward-looking information, (b) segment disclosures, (c) social responsibility reporting, (d) special disclosures for nondomestic financial statement users, and (e) corporate governance disclosures.
12
The measurement and communication of informa employee welfare, the local community, and the environment
A way to demonstrate corporate citizenship “Sustainability” reports integrate economic,
Social responsibility reporting
Reporting to “stakeholders”: employees, customers, suppliers, governments, activist groups, the general public, in addition to investors.
Must reconcile net income and stockholders’ equity to U.S. GAAP if the registrant uses another GAAP.
Do SEC requirements deter foreign companies from listing their securities in the U.S.?
stockholders’ equity to another GAAP This is the SEC requirement Complete financial statements using another GAAP, such as IFRS
17
Reporting and Disclosure Practices (contin)
Disclosure regulations and third party certification can improve the functioning of capital markets.
4
Development of Disclosure (contin)
Regulatory disclosure requirements
Despite criticisms, becoming mainstream among multinational companies
Global Reporting Initiative has issued guidelines
16
Reporting and Disclosure Practices (contin)
Statements of management’s plans and objectives for future operations
8
Softer information about future prospects is more common than precise forecasts. Why?
Special disclosures for non-domestic financial statement users
Language translations and currency restatements
Discussion of GAAP differences Limited restatement of income and
13
Reporting and Disclosure Practices (contin)
Examples: ▪ Employee reporting
▪ Employment levels and personnel costs by division and region of the world
Identify the broad objectives for accounting disclosure systems in investor-oriented equity markets.
2
Discuss “triple-bottom line” reporting and why it is a growing tendency among large multinational corporations.
Corporate governance disclosures Governance means the responsibilities, accountability, and relationships among shareholders, board members, and managers to meet corporate objectives.
7
Reporting and Disclosure Practices
Forward-looking information Includes
Forecasts of revenues, income, cash flows, capital expenditures
Prospective information about future economic performance or position
Reporting and Disclosure
Practices (contin)
18
Governance issues include:
Rights and treatment of shareholders Responsibilities of the board Disclosure and transparency Role of stakeholders
19
Or do the requirements protect investors and ensure the quality of U.S. capital markets?
Sarbanes-Oxley requirements are also believed to deter foreign companies from listing in the U.S.
Helps users understand how the parts make up the whole
Product lines and areas of the world vary in terms of risks, returns, and opportunities
11
Reporting and Disclosure Practices (contin)
International Accounting, 6/e
Frederick D.S. Choi Gary K. Meek
Chapter 5: Reporting and Disclosure
1
Learning Objectives
Distinguish voluntary and mandatory disclosure and the applicable regulatory measures.
3
Development of Disclosure
Voluntary disclosure
Voluntary disclosures are increasing as investors demand more detailed and timely information.
But managers’ incentives for disclosure aren’t always aligned with those of investors.
social, and environmental performance “Triple-bottom line reporting”: profits, people,
planet Increasingly being audited to avoid the charge
of “green-washing”
▪ Air ▪ Water ▪ Land ▪ Biodiversity ▪ Human health
15
▪ Water, raw material, and energy consumption ▪ Activities to reduce pollution ▪ Spending on all of the above
▪ Management development ▪ Compensation ▪ Diversity ▪ Human rights
14
Environmental reporting ▪ Impact of production processes, products, and services on
Market quality ▪ Markets are fair, orderly, and efficient. ▪ And free from abuse and misconduct.
6
SEC financial reporting debate
Foreign registrants must furnish financial information substantially similar to that required of domestic companies.
12
The measurement and communication of informa employee welfare, the local community, and the environment
A way to demonstrate corporate citizenship “Sustainability” reports integrate economic,
Social responsibility reporting
Reporting to “stakeholders”: employees, customers, suppliers, governments, activist groups, the general public, in addition to investors.
Must reconcile net income and stockholders’ equity to U.S. GAAP if the registrant uses another GAAP.
Do SEC requirements deter foreign companies from listing their securities in the U.S.?
stockholders’ equity to another GAAP This is the SEC requirement Complete financial statements using another GAAP, such as IFRS
17
Reporting and Disclosure Practices (contin)
Disclosure regulations and third party certification can improve the functioning of capital markets.
4
Development of Disclosure (contin)
Regulatory disclosure requirements
Despite criticisms, becoming mainstream among multinational companies
Global Reporting Initiative has issued guidelines
16
Reporting and Disclosure Practices (contin)
Statements of management’s plans and objectives for future operations
8
Softer information about future prospects is more common than precise forecasts. Why?
Special disclosures for non-domestic financial statement users
Language translations and currency restatements
Discussion of GAAP differences Limited restatement of income and
13
Reporting and Disclosure Practices (contin)
Examples: ▪ Employee reporting
▪ Employment levels and personnel costs by division and region of the world
Identify the broad objectives for accounting disclosure systems in investor-oriented equity markets.
2
Discuss “triple-bottom line” reporting and why it is a growing tendency among large multinational corporations.
Corporate governance disclosures Governance means the responsibilities, accountability, and relationships among shareholders, board members, and managers to meet corporate objectives.
7
Reporting and Disclosure Practices
Forward-looking information Includes
Forecasts of revenues, income, cash flows, capital expenditures
Prospective information about future economic performance or position
Reporting and Disclosure
Practices (contin)
18
Governance issues include:
Rights and treatment of shareholders Responsibilities of the board Disclosure and transparency Role of stakeholders
19
Or do the requirements protect investors and ensure the quality of U.S. capital markets?
Sarbanes-Oxley requirements are also believed to deter foreign companies from listing in the U.S.
Helps users understand how the parts make up the whole
Product lines and areas of the world vary in terms of risks, returns, and opportunities
11
Reporting and Disclosure Practices (contin)
International Accounting, 6/e
Frederick D.S. Choi Gary K. Meek
Chapter 5: Reporting and Disclosure
1
Learning Objectives
Distinguish voluntary and mandatory disclosure and the applicable regulatory measures.
3
Development of Disclosure
Voluntary disclosure
Voluntary disclosures are increasing as investors demand more detailed and timely information.
But managers’ incentives for disclosure aren’t always aligned with those of investors.
social, and environmental performance “Triple-bottom line reporting”: profits, people,
planet Increasingly being audited to avoid the charge
of “green-washing”
▪ Air ▪ Water ▪ Land ▪ Biodiversity ▪ Human health
15
▪ Water, raw material, and energy consumption ▪ Activities to reduce pollution ▪ Spending on all of the above
▪ Management development ▪ Compensation ▪ Diversity ▪ Human rights
14
Environmental reporting ▪ Impact of production processes, products, and services on
Market quality ▪ Markets are fair, orderly, and efficient. ▪ And free from abuse and misconduct.
6
SEC financial reporting debate
Foreign registrants must furnish financial information substantially similar to that required of domestic companies.