考博英语翻译笔记整理版(唐静主讲)
唐静-强化翻译笔记
考研英语强化翻译——第一讲一、考研翻译的重要性略二、翻译的课程安排。
总共5次课，每次课2.5个小时，总共12.5小时，每2.5小时休息十分钟完成事情：1、基础知识2、所有问题用什么资料来复习考研翻译，怎么复习考研翻译考研翻译画线句子里面代词不要翻译my不要翻译出来。
例：I put my hand into my pocket. m y画线句子里面人名、地名、大写的国家名称要不要要翻译。
3、讲义中的真题讲解从96年讲到05年，不讲06-09年的题（它们与近些年的题难度相当），留在考前20天再做。
三、考研翻译的题型什么是考研翻译的所有问题？1、弄清什么是考研翻译考研翻译的题型分两个方面说：大的方面和小的方面大的方面——主观题a. 什么是主观题？用笔写汉字，不要抄英语b. 书写工整小的方面——阅读理解试卷共三道大题：1、完型填空但不要先做完型填空，不一定按照试卷顺序做2、阅读理解1）大阅读，一长篇文章共40分2）新题型，7选5 3）翻译题型要求Part C: Translation Directions: Please read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. 在翻译划线的五句话之前，没有没必有通读全文？不用读文章，直奔主题划线句子3、写作命题原则评分标准2、怎么做考研翻译四、考研翻译的命题原则■翻译命题原则（1）所选择的题材偏向专业领域的学术文献例如：09年考的是教育学（education ）出处：杜威《Democracy and Education 》 发表于1916年04年考的沃尔夫的预言假说年考的沃尔夫的预言假说03年考的人类学、关于人、关于社会、关于文化定义之类的文章年考的人类学、关于人、关于社会、关于文化定义之类的文章96年——社会发展的区别年——社会发展的区别97年——动物的权利保护年——动物的权利保护98年——天体物理学中的大爆炸理论年——天体物理学中的大爆炸理论99年——历史研究的方法轮年——历史研究的方法轮00年——政府的宏观调控年——政府的宏观调控01年——人工智能的发展年——人工智能的发展02年——行为科学年——行为科学03年——人类学年——人类学04年——语言学年——语言学05年——传媒领域年——传媒领域06年——美国知识分子的作用年——美国知识分子的作用07年——法学在新闻报道中的作用年——法学在新闻报道中的作用08年——达尔文的思想及其变化年——达尔文的思想及其变化09年——教育学年——教育学（2）所选择的话题偏向文科等社会科学领域）所选择的话题偏向文科等社会科学领域考研翻译的话题有没有重复考过？考研翻译的话题有没有重复考过？ 没有没有如：考古学、建筑学、精神病学如：考古学、建筑学、精神病学（3）所选择的划线句总是长难句（平均长度为30个单词左右，多数为35个以上，最长的为58个词）个词）■ 评分标准考研英语强化翻译——第二讲一、考研英语的评分标准评分标准就是翻译的标准。
新东方【唐静】考研英语翻译必备单词
2008年46) believe, assert, claim, argue, assume, maintain, contend, point out, be convinced that, accept, prove, demonstrate, validate, state, scribe, tell, show, consider, opine, difficulty, difficult, compensate, compensate for, advantage, advantageous, advance, force, strength, power, thus, therefore, hence, enable, detect, detector, error, mistake, false, flaw, shortcoming, reason, reasoned, reasoning, reasonable, observe, observation, observer;47) follow, pure, purely, abstract, concrete, limit, confine, certain;48) as well, as well as, found, charge, change, critics, criticize, critical, criticism, while;49) add, addition, in addition, additional, tradition, traditional, humble, humbly, perhaps, possible, possibly, probable, probably, superior, superior to, super, inferior, inferior to, common, ordinary, banal, notice, attention, escape, carefully, careful, care, take care of;50) loss, lose (lost), at a loss, take a loss, injurious, injure, injury, intellect, intellectual, intelligence, wisdom, moral, virtue, virtually, virtual, character, characterize, characteristic;07年6) legal, law, preserve, conserve, institution, constitution, view, view…as, regard…as, take…as, see…as, special, specialize, specific, especial, especially; peculiar, peculiar t o, particular, particularly, rather than, necessary, essential, essence, critical, significant, significance, equipment, equip, facility;47) link, connect, connection, on the other, on the other hand, on the one hand, concept, notion, real, reality, in a way, in a manner, in a form, parallel, parallel to, journal, journalist, base, basic, basis, comment, comment on, cover;48) idea, profound, profoundly, far-reaching, citizen, rest on/upon, rely on, depend on/upon, responsible, responsibility, be held responsible for, response, media, news media, news agency, establish, established, establishment, convention;49) grasp, have a grasp of, command, have a good command of, feature, competent, competition, competitive, compete,50) reaction, react, action, in action, interaction, enhance, promotion, promote, preferable, prefer, infer, confer, favor, flavor, favorite, judge, judgment, make judgments of;06年46) define, definition, define…as…, select, elect, individual, active, activity, primary, duty, thinking, thought;47) analogous, analogous to, analyze, analysis, function, obligation, be obliged to do sth., be obliged to sb., obligate, be obligated to do sth., clear, course, cause, lead to, reveal, decision, decisive, decide;48) exclude, exclusive, include, conclude, conclusion, contribute, contribution, contribute to, make contribution to, distribute, distribution, accomplishment, accomplish, complete, solution, solve, resolve, be charged with, approach, aspect, inspect, expect, respect, expect, task;49) code, rule, dedicate, dedicate to, govern, government, energy, conduct, conduction, production, produce, explore, exploration; more than, less than, no more than, no less than, more than +数字, more than +名词/动词, more than +形容词/副词, no more than=no any more than;50) independent, independence, interdependence, reflect, reflection, make reflection on, earn, involve, salary;05年46) television, means, feeling, convey, connect, nation, create, invent, event, recent;47) multi-media, increase, increasingly, bring, publish, in relation to, relation, relate, related to, concern, concerning;48) alone, only, survive, underline, undergo, undertake, undermine, state, statistics, loss, take a loss, at a loss,49) identify, identity, respect, expect, aspect, represent, present, presentation, fabricate, fabric, continent, task, demand, choose, choice, strategic, policy;50) deal with, deal, challenge, scale, on…scale, exaggeration, it is no exaggeration to say…, unite, unity, divide;04年61) structure, instruction, instrument, construction, process, procedure, schedule, real, reality, realize, diversity, diverse, philosophy, philosopher;62) grateful, gratitude, different from, vanish, abolish, assimilate, similar, native, local;63) describ e, description, strike, striking, remark, remarkable, accuse, accuse…of…, data, date;64) interested in, relationship, relative, relatively, determine, habit, habitual, though;65) come to, believe in, a sort of, linguistics, physics, psychology, aesthetics, art, fine art, archaeology, anthropology, economy, psychiatry, law, media, cross-culture, mathematics, math, physician, chemistry, humanity, form, formula, formulate, grammar, pattern, produce, consequence, consequently;03年61) furthermore, further, ability, able, enable, inability, modify, change, charge, exchange, environment, deteriorate, subject, reject, refuse, fancy;62) branch, inquire, acquire, require, endeavor, order, disorder, system, passion, seek, scientific, science, phenomenon;63) combine, integrate, integration, perspective, unique, distinct, distinctly;64) complex, complicated, sophisticated, include, conclude, exclude, conclusion, custom, consume, consumer. Simple, simplicity, implicit, explicit;65) make…possible, res earch;02年61) almost, behavior, trait, trace;62) explain, explanation, explanatory, item, hard, remain, obscure;63) evolution, revolution, innovation, invention, invest, investigation, recognize;64) possess, possession, govern, government, theory, essential, credit, achieve, achievement, conduct, conduction;65) until, till, issue,01年71) chat, host, hold, pollution, containment;72) personality, personnel, personal, relax, relaxation, recreation, digital;73) breakthrough, break out, breakout, out-break, outset, take place, discover;74) ultimate, terminate, termination, century, millennium, decade, thousands of, hundreds of, for the better part of decade, half, quarter, triple, double;75) home, demotic, exotic, apply, apply to, application, appliance, control, operate, operation, cooperation, corporation, company;2000年71) condition, situation, circumstance, situate, vary, varying, various, variety, variety of, expert;72) obvious, ambiguous, be bound up with, bind, efficient, efficiency, industry, agriculture, horticulture, in turn, effort, all kinds;73) owing to, remarkable, mass, communication, community, expose, be exposed to, introduce, for the reason given above;74) pattern, spread, or so;75) stress, migrate, migration, arise from, arise, rise, give rise to, raise,1999年71) while, almost, historian, history, practice, conform, conform to, inform, uniform, attempt;72) valid, validate, validity, discipline, code, rule, intern, extern, quarrel, among;73) transfer, transparent, augment, argument, design, interpret, interpretation, evidence, evident;74) agreement, refer to, in general, generally, generally speaking, largely, appropriate, inappropriate;75) equal, equally, equate, equate…with, sou rce, resource, activity, animate, animation; 1998年71) look into, exist, exit, existence, resident, residence, citizen;72) giant, enormous, virtually, virtual, virtue, put forward, propose, dominant;73) report, finding;74) triumph;75) odd, sound, inflation, inflate, plausible, elementary, primary;1997年71) actually, in fact, account, accountant;72) contract, entitle, title, entitlement;73) discuss, discussion, consider, consideration, either…or, neither…nor, whether…or, extend, extend to, treat;74) relevant, extreme, choose, choice;75) encourage, instinct;1996年71) cause, complete, result, result from, result in, to some extent, accelerate;72) trend, detail, in detail;73) support, an amount of, goal, immediate;74) elegant, elegance, in principle, principal, fascinate, delight;75) standard, criterion;1995年71) target, attack, in doing sth., divert, diversion, competent, incompetent, competition, competitive;72) predict, prediction, reliable, skill;73) experiment, experience, avail, available, comparative, compare, contrast;74) quality, precise;75) favorable, favor; youngster, tell;1994年71) not so much…as, as…as, not so…as, through, insight, welfare, health, worth, genius, improve, tool;72) contend, as we call it, number, numerable, innumerable, expand, a series of, direction, direct;73) ignore, careless, fundamental;74) revolve;75) finance, financial, vice versa, etc, et al.。
考博英语翻译笔记整理版(唐静主讲)综述
2010考研翻译笔记（主讲：唐静）一、考研翻译的三大基本问题（一）考研翻译的解题“奥秘”做真题，而不是看翻译做翻译＝写汉字（二）考研翻译的题型、命题原则和考试内容1、题型①大的方面：主观题——汉字书写工整②小的方面：阅读题没有必要通读全文有些情况下，需要阅读划线句子的上下文划线句子有代词，需要读上下文2、命题原则①体裁偏向学术文献，比较抽象②题材偏向文科领域（1998年理科的）③划线的句子长30个字左右，为长难句3、考试内容=考点1）考察专有名词、词组和多义词的解释（1）专有名词人名、地名、国家名称、术语、组织机构名称（2）专业术语Big Bang大爆炸理论inflationary universe theory宇宙膨胀理论（3）学科术语anthropoloist人类学家anthropological人类学的inflationary universe theory宇宙膨胀理论SARS非典（4）词组as……as by means ofhome appliances家用电器die out灭绝（5）多义词：school 学派before以前serve起作用life 生命、生活（6）熟词生义set （成套）设备；集、集合offend 冒犯；排污超标；污染超标particle 粒子（7）生词：超纲词2）考察一般性翻译技巧，包括词序调整、词义选择A、词序调整：即改变英语单词在汉语译文中的先后顺序46)Television is one of the means by which these feelings are created and conveyed—and perhaps never before has it served so much to connect different peoples and nations as in the recent events in Europe.在联系不同民族和国家方面，电视也许以前没有像在最近欧洲事件中起如此重大的作用。
新东方考研翻译唐静老师笔记（十一）
新东⽅考研翻译唐静⽼师笔记（⼗⼀）**状语和状语从句英语中状语和状语从句常常可以直接翻译。
有时候需要把时间、条件、⽬的和原因状语从句翻译在主句之前。
状语翻译的最佳位置是在主语后、动词前。
时间翻译在前⾯，地点翻译在后⾯。
如果分词短语作状语在英语句⼦最前⾯的时候常常增加逻辑主语在翻译。
例：①01（75）And home appliances will also become so smart that controlling and operating them will result in the breakout ofa new psychological disorder---kitchen rage.i、个⼈⽣词:appliance ⽤具，器具（home appliances 家⽤器具）smart ⼩巧，精巧，智能化result in 导致breakout 爆发psychological ⼼理的disorder 混乱rage 狂暴，精神错乱kitchen rage 厨房综合症，厨房狂躁ii、⽅法：”so…that”结果状语从句“如此（太），以⾄于”iii、其他tips:a、”result in the breakout of new psychological disorder---kitchen rage.”注意翻译顺序，从后往前，最后翻译”kitchen rage”iv、参考译⽂：⽽且家⽤器具也将变得如此智能化，以⾄于控制和操作它们将会引发⼀种新的⼼理上的爆发（疾病）---厨房狂躁②02（65）Until these issues are resolved, a technology of behavior will continue to be rejected, and with it possibly the only way to solve our problems.i、个⼈⽣词:issue 问题resolve 解决technology 技术（⼿段）behavior ⾏为reject 排斥ii、⽅法：until引导的条件状语从句，这⾥可以翻译为“如果不”iii、其他tips:a、 “with it” 翻译为“随之”b、 “and with it possibly the only way to solve our problems”这句话省略了谓语”will continue to be rejected”（前后句是并列结构）c、 “a technology of behavior”翻译为“（研究）⾏为的技术（⼿段）”。
唐静翻译笔记(全)
考博翻译最难做。
（1）翻译是主观题。
（2）做翻译需要单词基础，语法基础，阅读基础和强大的汉语功底。
例：本次旅行有北京、上海等地。
This trip/travel/tour includes Beijing and Shanghai.（3）各所学校的命题非常不稳定。
[/p][p=30, 2, center]英译汉[/p][p=30, 2, center]考博翻译的概述[/p][p=30, 2, left]翻译你做过吗？做翻译不是看翻译Television is one of the means by which these feelings are created and conveyed and perhaps never before has it served so much to connect different peoples and nations as in the recent events in Europe. 在联系不同的民族和国家方面，电视或许以前从来没有像在最近欧洲事件中其如此大的作用。
在联系不同的民族和国家方面，电视像在最近欧洲事件中起的作用之大前所未见。
[/p][p=30, 2, center]怎么做英译汉[/p][p=30, 2, left]One might ask why speculation is permitted when there is so real a danger of loss. The basic reason is that speculation can perform useful functions in the market equilibrium and encourages faster entry of more suppliers. If the price change lagged until after an actual commodity shortage had occurred, the fluctuation would probably be sharper and more sudden. Remedial supply action could not be further delayed. Similarly, if speculators foresee a surplus in some commodity, their selling of futures will help drive the price down to some extent before the surplus actually occurs. When speculators foresee a shortage and bid up the price, they are also helping to conserve the present supply. As the price goes up, less of the commodity is purchased; a rise in price encourages users to economize. Similarly, a lowering of price encourages users to buy more, thus helping to sell the surplus which is developing.[/p][p=30, 2, left] The Renaissance embraced, first of all, an impressive record of new achievements in art, literature, science, philosophy, education and religion. Although the foundation of many of these was classical, they soon expanded beyond the measure of Greek and Roman influence. Indeed, many of the achievements in painting, science, politics and religion bore little relation to the classical heritage. Secondly, the Renaissance incorporated a number of dominant ideas and attitudes that gave it the impress of a unique society. Notable among these in general were optimism, and individualism; but the most significant of them all was humanism. In its broadest meaning humanism may be defined as emphasis on the human values.[/p][p=30, 2, left]It was a term derived from Cicero, who used it in the sense of devotion to the liberal arts, or the subjects most compatible with the dignity of man. The humanists rejected the Scholastic philosophy with its preoccupation with theology and logic. They strove for a smooth and elegant style that would appeal more to the aesthetic than to the rational side of man's nature.[/p][p=30, 2, left]翻译的步骤：一、画竖线目的：初步断开句子结构，化繁为简原则：1、拆出主句，分清从句；2、拆出主干，分清修饰；最佳方式：找断句点（1）连词；（2）引导词；（3）介词；（4）分词；（5）to；（6）标点符号；[/p][p=30, 2, left]（79）We accept and welcome, therefore, as conditions to which we must accommodate ourselves, great inequality of environment; the concentration of business, industrial and commercial, in the hands of a few; and the law of competition between these, as being not only beneficial to the future progress of the race.[/p][p=30, 2, left]二、写汉字：以每一小节作为单位来写汉字目的：初步了解每一个小结构的意思；[/p][p=30, 2, left]（79）We accept and welcome, therefore, as conditions to which we must accommodate ourselves, great inequality of environment; the concentration of business, industrial and commercial, in the hands of a few; and the law of competition between these, as being not only beneficial to the future progress of the race.[/p][p=30, 2, left]三、连汉字目的：把每一小节连接成为通顺的句子；需要适当地调整顺序，或者把一些不通顺的词语替换掉。
考博英译汉讲义
英译汉专项Unit 1I. 英汉翻译原理第一讲：什么是翻译？【例1】The history of a tree from the time it starts in the forest until the boards which it yields are used, would form an interesting and, in many instances, an exciting story.（“×”号表示译文有问题，下同）×树的历史开始于森林中，直到生产为木板后被使用为止，成为一个有趣且有许多事例的激动人心的故事。
上面这句话的原文实际上主要说了两点内容：1、树的历史的起迄时间2、树的历史是怎样一回事【译文】一棵树，从它在森林中生长起直到被制成木板使用为止，这段历史会构成一个饶有趣味的故事，在很多情况下这个故事十分激动人心。
【例2】There are two regulatory systems which interact. One timing system comes from the evidence of our senses and stomachs, and the periodicity we experience when living in a particular time zone.×有两个调节系统相互作用。
一个定时系统来自于我们的感官和胃的证明，就是当我们生活在一个特定的时区所经历的周期性。
【译文】人体有两个相互作用的时间调节系统。
一个时间调节系统依据感官和胃发出的信息，依据我们生活在某个时区所体验的周期性规律。
寻找对等词语和结构然后将其串接成句的翻译方法，常表现如下：1、简单语句的译文虽然生硬，但基本可读。
如：【例3】I can see three different types of composers in musical history, each of whom creates music in a somewhat different fashion.×我能看到音乐史上有三种不同的作曲家，他们中每一个人以某种不同的方式创作音乐。
考博英语翻译讲义
We have made some achievements, and we must guard against complacency. 我们取得一些成就，但要防止自满情绪。 From the evaporation of water people know that liquids can turn into gases under certain condition. 人们从水的蒸发现象了解到，液体在一定条件下能变成 气体。 Oxidation will make iron and steel rusty. 氧化作用会使钢铁生锈。 某些由动词或形容词派生的抽象名词，可增加适当的名 词。例如：persuasion（说服工作）；preparation （准备工作）；backwardness（落后状态）； tension（紧张局势）；arrogance（自满情绪）；
Day after day he came to his work – sweeping, scrubbing, cleaning. 他每天来干活——扫地，擦地板，收拾房间。 Mary washed for a living after her husband died of acute pneumonia. 玛丽的丈夫患急性肺炎去世后，就靠洗衣服维持生活。 After all preparations were made, the planes were flown across the U.S. to San Francisco. 一切准备工作就绪以后，飞机就飞越美国去旧金山。 In the summer of 1969, the Administration publicly urged an easing of tensions with China. 一九六九年夏天，政府公开主张缓和同中国的紧张关 系。
Lesson 7考博英语
Lesson 71.curtail v.缩短，消减例句：The new law curtails police powers.2.custodial a.监护的，照管的，管理员的n.圣物保存器3.dampen v.潮湿，减弱，抑制例句：Dampen the soil a little before you put the seeds in. 4.dart vi.猛冲，飞奔vt.投射n.飞镖，飞奔例句：Dr. Liu darted down the stairs.5.debilitating a.使衰弱的6.辨析decay，decompose，rotDecay常指从完整的状态下自然变坏Decompose指由腐败而分解成原来的化学成分Rot常用来指腐烂到了无法辨认的程度7.deciduous a.非永久的，短暂的，脱落的，落叶的8.decree n.命令，法令v.颁布命令，公告搭配：It is forbidden by decree to…法律禁止…例句：It is forbidden by decree to smoke in hospitals in the country.9.辨析：deduce，induce，reduceDeduce 推论，演绎出Induce 引诱，引起，导致Reduce 减少，缩小10.d eduction n.推论，演绎，扣除11.d efecate v.澄清，精华，排粪例句：Sudden brain injury causes the victim to simulaneously urinate and defecate.12.辨析defect，deficitDefect 缺点，缺陷Deficit 赤字13.d efer vt.推迟，延迟vi.听从例句：We will defer to your opinion.14.d eference n.听从，敬重15.d eferential a.恭敬的16.d efiance n.违抗，藐视搭配：in defiance of 违抗，无视17.d efinitive a.最可靠的，权威性的，决定性的18.d eforest v.滥伐森林，砍掉…上的树林例句：Everyone who unlawfully deforests the land will be punished.19.d eform v.损坏…的形状，使…变形例句：Shoes that are too tight can deform the feet.20.d efunct a.死的，不再使用的，失效的21.d egeneracy n.衰退，堕落，倒退22.辨析debase，degrade，disgrace，humiliateDebase常用于物，强调贬低某事物的价值或质量，用于人的时候，一般指降低了某人的道德水准。
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2010考研翻译笔记（主讲：唐静）一、考研翻译的三大基本问题（一）考研翻译的解题“奥秘”做真题，而不是看翻译做翻译＝写汉字（二）考研翻译的题型、命题原则和考试容1、题型①大的方面：主观题——汉字书写工整②小的方面：阅读题没有必要通读全文有些情况下，需要阅读划线句子的上下文划线句子有代词，需要读上下文2、命题原则①体裁偏向学术文献，比较抽象②题材偏向文科领域（1998年理科的）③划线的句子长30个字左右，为长难句3、考试容=考点1）考察专有名词、词组和多义词的解释（1）专有名词人名、地名、国家名称、术语、组织机构名称（2）专业术语Big Bang大爆炸理论inflationary universe theory宇宙膨胀理论（3）学科术语anthropoloist人类学家anthropological人类学的inflationary universe theory宇宙膨胀理论SARS非典（4）词组as……as by means ofhome appliances家用电器die out灭绝（5）多义词：school 学派before以前serve起作用life 生命、生活（6）熟词生义set （成套）设备；集、集合offend 冒犯；排污超标；污染超标particle 粒子（7）生词：超纲词2）考察一般性翻译技巧，包括词序调整、词义选择A、词序调整：即改变英语单词在汉语译文中的先后顺序46)Television is one of the means by which these feelings are created and conveyed—and perhaps never before has it served so much to connect different peoples and nations as in the recent events in Europe.在联系不同民族和国家方面，电视也许以前没有像在最近欧洲事件中起如此重大的作用。
例如：I studied very hard in the classroom at 6 every morning. 我每天早晨六点钟在教室认真学习。
B、词义选择：即选择一个单词的意思来翻译，解决单词问题（单词不认识怎么办）词义选择的方法：a、分析词根、词缀multimedia 多媒体，传媒determinism 决定论methodology 方法论anthropological 人类学的b、分析上下文来翻译：①借生词的上下文来造句人类有能力______环境（改造/征服/适应）Television is one of the meas.（电视是一种工具/方式/媒介）②借助上下文或根据汉语习惯做同义替换aspect方面P1-74) However, the world is so made that elegant systems are in principle unable to deal with some of the world's more fascinating and delightful aspects.deal with 处理，解决aspect在这里为“问题”P10-50) In dealing with a challenge on such a scale, it is no exaggeration to say “Unit ed we stand, divided we fall”处理挑战？deal with在这里为“应对/解决”在应对（面对/解决）如此大规模的挑战的时候，…P1-74) However, the world is so made that elegant systems are in principle unable to deal with some of the world's more fascinating and delightful aspects.优雅的系统？elegant“完善的、完美的、优良的”3）考察具体句型的翻译包括定语从句、状语从句、被动结构（三）考研翻译的方法直译为主，适当意译直译不等于死译考研翻译的标准和步骤：1、标准：准确、通顺、完整；严复：信、达、雅傅雷：神似；钱钟书：化境2、衡量的方式：读3、翻译步骤：第一步：通读全句、查找连接第二步：分析成分、划分意群第三步：选择词义、表达贴切第四步：适当调整、书写译文考研翻译步骤例题：P761）One difficulty is that / almost all of what is called behavioral science / continues to trace behavior to / states of mind ,feelings ,traits of character ,human nature ,and so on.第一步：通读全句、查找连接第二步：分析全句，划分译群主语：one difficulty 谓语：is that引导的表语从句从句的主语：almost all of what is called behavioral science（被动）谓语：continues第一个to：不定式的符号第二个to：介词的符号，后接名词4个名词：states of mind ,feelings ,traits of character ,human nature作并列宾语第三步：选择词义表达1、one 一个difficulty 困难is 是that almost 几乎all 所有what is called 被称之为behavioral science 行为科学continue 继续trace sth. to sth. ;trace:追踪、跟踪behavior 行为第二个to 到states of mind 心理状态feelings感觉、感情、情感character 性格train 特征human 人类nature大自然；本性and so on 等等第四步：适当调整、书写译文2、one 一个difficulty 困难is 是→在于that almost 几乎all 所有what is called 被称之为→所谓的behavioral science 行为科学……（不通顺）3、one 一个is 是→在于that almost 几乎what is called 被称之为→所谓的行为科学……（不通顺）4、将all放在behavioral science 后：一个困难在于所谓的行为科学几乎全部都（加上）continue继续trace sth. to sth. ;trace:追踪、跟踪behavior 行为第二个to 到……（不对劲）5、第二个to 到换为根据：一个困难在于所谓的行为科学几乎全部都continue继续trace sth. tosth. ;trace:追踪、跟踪behavior 行为第二个to 根据……（还不对劲）6、第二个to 根据放到trace跟踪前：一个困难在于所谓的行为科学几乎全部都根据心理状态情感性格特征人类本性等等方面（加上）继续追踪行为（差不多了）“根据”换为“依靠”，后加“从”；“继续追踪行为”替换为“寻找行为的根源”完成翻译：难题之一在于所谓的行为科学几乎全部都依靠从心理状态、情感、性格特征、人类本性、等等方面寻找行为的根源。
63）The role of natural selection in evolution was formulated only a little more than a hundred years ago ,and the selective role of the environment in shaping and maintaining the behavior of the individual is only beginning to be recognized and studied.一、通读：为and划分的并列结构二、1、第一句主语：The role of natural selection in evolution 谓语was formulated only a little more than a hundred years ago：时间状语翻译第一句主语：natural自然selection选择in 在evolution进化过程中（加上）The role的作用翻译状语：only a little more than a hundred years ago 仅仅在100多年前翻译谓语：formulate（没背过……）formulate v. formla 公式、方程式、等式molecular formula 分子式hedge fund 对冲基金NASDAQ纳斯达克formulate：（用公式、方程式…）阐明，为常考单词第一句话翻译：自然选择在进化过程中的作用仅仅在100多年前才阐明。
2、第二句主语：the selective role of the environment in shaping and maintaining the behavior of the individual翻译第二句environment 环境shaping 塑造and和maintaining保持behavior of the individual 个体行为的选择is only beginning to 才刚刚开始be recognized and studied认识和研究完全翻译：自然选择在进化过程中的作用仅仅在100多年前才（得以）阐明，而环境在塑造和保持个体行为的选择作用（则）刚刚开始（加以）认识和研究。
翻译考点——定语从句一、定语从句的翻译绝对重点、绝对考点、绝对考1、前置定语从句即把定语从句翻译到所修饰的先行词前面例1：P8 （61）Furthermore ,humans have the ability to modity the environment in which they live ,thus subjecting all other ;life forms to their own peculiar ideas and fancies. furthermorehumansmodity：（人类）改造（环境），根据上下文判断in which引导定语从句，they live前置上半句：而且，人类有能力改造他们所居住的环境；subject sth. to sth. 使遭受、使……服从于……subject n. 科目、学科、课程、主题、对象（为常考词）v.使遭受、使经历、使……服从于……the subject of experiment 实验的对象P1-75) New forms of thought as well as new subjects for thought must arise in the future as they have in the past, giving rise to new standards of elegance.新的思维方式和思维对象life form 生命形式、生活方式（根据上下文）peculiar 特有的；独特的peculiar… to…所特有的P4-74）concepts peculiar toidea：想法；观点完全翻译：而且，人类有能力改造他们所居住的环境，从而让所有其他形态的生命服从人类自己独特的想法和想象。