管理经济学托马斯版
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托马斯管理经济学课件第一讲课件
术发展。
培养跨学科的思维方式，结合其 他领域的知识提高决策质量。
关注全球化和国际市场的动态， 拓展企业的国际视野和竞争力。
THANKS
感谢观看
资源配置和生产决策
资源配置的原则和方法
原则
效率、公平和经济可行性。
方法
市场机制、计划配置、混合经济等。
生产决策的制定和优化
制定
根据市场需求、企业目标和技术条件 确定生产计划。
优化
通过生产要素的最佳组合实现成本最 小化或利润最大化。
生产效率和生产力的提升
效率
投入与产出之间的比例，低投入 高产出。
02
它探讨如何利用稀缺资源，通过合理配置和有效利用，实现企
业经济效益的最大化。
管理经济学融合了微观经济学、宏观经济学、计量经济学等学
03
科的理论和方法，为企业经营提供科学的决策依据。
管理经济学的重要性
管理经济学有助于企业制定合理的战 略规划和经营策略，提高市场竞争力。
管理经济学为企业提供了一种系统化 的决策方法，有助于减少决策中的主 观性和盲目性，降低经营风险。
管理经济学对于培养企业经营 管理人才、提高企业经济效益 具有重要意义。
课程目标
掌握管理经济学的基 本概念、原理和方法。
培养创新思维和批判 性思维，提高综合素 质。
学会运用管理经济学 理论分析实际问题， 提高解决实际问题的 能力。
02
管理经济学概述
管理经济学的定义
01
管理经济学是一门研究如何将经济学原理和方法应用于企业管 理决策的学科。
响。
管理经济学未来的发展趋势
1
更加注重跨学科的研究，如心理学、社会学等究数字化和人工智能对管理经济学的影响， 以及如何运用新技术提高企业效率和竞争力。
培养跨学科的思维方式，结合其 他领域的知识提高决策质量。
关注全球化和国际市场的动态， 拓展企业的国际视野和竞争力。
THANKS
感谢观看
资源配置和生产决策
资源配置的原则和方法
原则
效率、公平和经济可行性。
方法
市场机制、计划配置、混合经济等。
生产决策的制定和优化
制定
根据市场需求、企业目标和技术条件 确定生产计划。
优化
通过生产要素的最佳组合实现成本最 小化或利润最大化。
生产效率和生产力的提升
效率
投入与产出之间的比例，低投入 高产出。
02
它探讨如何利用稀缺资源，通过合理配置和有效利用，实现企
业经济效益的最大化。
管理经济学融合了微观经济学、宏观经济学、计量经济学等学
03
科的理论和方法，为企业经营提供科学的决策依据。
管理经济学的重要性
管理经济学有助于企业制定合理的战 略规划和经营策略，提高市场竞争力。
管理经济学为企业提供了一种系统化 的决策方法，有助于减少决策中的主 观性和盲目性，降低经营风险。
管理经济学对于培养企业经营 管理人才、提高企业经济效益 具有重要意义。
课程目标
掌握管理经济学的基 本概念、原理和方法。
培养创新思维和批判 性思维，提高综合素 质。
学会运用管理经济学 理论分析实际问题， 提高解决实际问题的 能力。
02
管理经济学概述
管理经济学的定义
01
管理经济学是一门研究如何将经济学原理和方法应用于企业管 理决策的学科。
响。
管理经济学未来的发展趋势
1
更加注重跨学科的研究，如心理学、社会学等究数字化和人工智能对管理经济学的影响， 以及如何运用新技术提高企业效率和竞争力。
托马斯《管理经济学》12e_Chapter1
第1章
管理者、利润与市场
© 2016 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
1-1
Hale Waihona Puke 习目标 （1.1） 理解为什么管理经济学依赖于微观经济学和产业组织理 论来分析商业实践，并制定企业战略；
（1.2） 解释经济利润和会计利润的不同，把经济利润与企业价 值联系起来；
（1.3） 描述当企业主和管理者的目标不一致，且企业主不可能 对管理者进行监督，或者监督成本高昂时，企业所有权和经营权的 分离如何导致委托-代理问题；
1-3
微观经济学
微观经济学
~ 研究经济个体行为的科学
商业实践或经营策略
~ 通过边际分析,微观经济学为理解日常商业决策提供了 基础
© 2016 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
管理者、利润与市场
© 2016 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
1-1
Hale Waihona Puke 习目标 （1.1） 理解为什么管理经济学依赖于微观经济学和产业组织理 论来分析商业实践，并制定企业战略；
（1.2） 解释经济利润和会计利润的不同，把经济利润与企业价 值联系起来；
（1.3） 描述当企业主和管理者的目标不一致，且企业主不可能 对管理者进行监督，或者监督成本高昂时，企业所有权和经营权的 分离如何导致委托-代理问题；
1-3
微观经济学
微观经济学
~ 研究经济个体行为的科学
商业实践或经营策略
~ 通过边际分析,微观经济学为理解日常商业决策提供了 基础
© 2016 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
管理经济学托马斯版Chap005
• Requires that consumers can rank all consumption bundles based on the level of satisfaction they would receive from consuming the various bundles
5-3
Quantity of burgers
5-19
Individual Consumer Demand
• An individual’s demand curve for a specific commodity relates utilitymaximizing quantities purchased to market prices
5-7
Typical Indifference Curve
(Figure 5.2)
5-8
Marginal Rate of Substitution
• MRS shows the rate at which one good can be substituted for another while keeping utility constant
A is preferred to B B is preferred to A The consumer is indifferent between A and B
• Transitivity
• If A is preferred to B, and B is preferred to C, then A must be preferred to C
C
B
D
125
200
250
Quantity of X
5-3
Quantity of burgers
5-19
Individual Consumer Demand
• An individual’s demand curve for a specific commodity relates utilitymaximizing quantities purchased to market prices
5-7
Typical Indifference Curve
(Figure 5.2)
5-8
Marginal Rate of Substitution
• MRS shows the rate at which one good can be substituted for another while keeping utility constant
A is preferred to B B is preferred to A The consumer is indifferent between A and B
• Transitivity
• If A is preferred to B, and B is preferred to C, then A must be preferred to C
C
B
D
125
200
250
Quantity of X
Thomas12e_Chapter3托马斯管理经济学章3
3-12
边际量和总量的关系
TC 4,000 100 F 320 3,000 520 100 2,000 640 1,000 C’ 100
(图 3.2)
TB
总收益和总成本（美元）
•B
B’
• D’•
D 100
•
820
•G•C •100•520
100 340
A 350 = A* 600 800 1,000
3-10
边际收益 & 边际成本
总收益的变化 TB MB 行动的变化 A 总成本的变化 TC MC 行动的变化 A
© 2016 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
行动水平
3-13
用边际分析找到最优行动水平
如果边际收益 > 边际成本
~ 应该增加行动以实现最高净收益
如果边际成本 > 边际收益
~ 应该减少行动以实现最高净收益
© 2016 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
管理经济学托马斯版Chap004
Copyright © 2011 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Chapter 4: Basic Estimation Techniques
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
Basic Estimation
• Parameters
Performing a t-Test
• First determine the level of significance
• Probability of finding a parameter estimate to be statistically different from zero when, in fact, it is zero
Yˆ aˆbˆX
Sample Regression Line
(Figure 4.2)
Sales (dollars)
S
70,000 60,000 50,000 40,000 30,000 20,000 10,000
0
•• •
SSii=6600,,000000
•
ei
•
•
SˆiŜi =464,367,3676
zero)
• Slope parameter (b) gives the change in Y associated with a one-unit change in X:
bY X
Simple Linear Regression
• Parameter estimates are obtained by
Unbiased Estimators
• An estimator is unbiased if its average value (or expected value) is equal to the true value of the parameter
Chapter 4: Basic Estimation Techniques
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
Basic Estimation
• Parameters
Performing a t-Test
• First determine the level of significance
• Probability of finding a parameter estimate to be statistically different from zero when, in fact, it is zero
Yˆ aˆbˆX
Sample Regression Line
(Figure 4.2)
Sales (dollars)
S
70,000 60,000 50,000 40,000 30,000 20,000 10,000
0
•• •
SSii=6600,,000000
•
ei
•
•
SˆiŜi =464,367,3676
zero)
• Slope parameter (b) gives the change in Y associated with a one-unit change in X:
bY X
Simple Linear Regression
• Parameter estimates are obtained by
Unbiased Estimators
• An estimator is unbiased if its average value (or expected value) is equal to the true value of the parameter
管理经济学托马斯版Chap006
Price falls
TR rises
No change in TR
TR falls
Factors Affecting Price Elasticity of Demand
• Availability of substitutes
• The better & more numerous the substitutes for a good, the more elastic is demand
• When calculating price elasticity at a point on demand, multiply the slope of demand
(Q/P), computed at the point of measure,
times the ratio P/Q, using the values of P and Q at the point of measure • Method of measuring point elasticity depends on whether demand is linear or curvilinear
Responsiveness E
%∆Q> %∆P E> 1 %∆Q= %∆P E= 1 %∆Q< %∆P E< 1
Price Elasticity of Demand (E)
• Percentage change in quantity demanded can be predicted for a given percentage change in price as:
• When calculating price elasticity of demand over an interval of demand, use the interval or arc elasticity formula
管理经济学托马斯版Chap.ppt
or
Y M PX X PY PY
5-13
Consumer’s Budget Constraint
(Figure 5.5)
5-14
Typical Budget Line (Figure 5.6)
• M A
PY Y M PX X PY PY
Quantity of Y
•B
M
Quantity of X
• Substitution effect • Income effect
5-25
Substitution & Income Effects
• Substitution effect
• Change in consumption of a good after a change in its price, when the consumer is forced by a change in money income to consume at some point on the original indifference curve
• Nonsatiation
• More of a good is always preferred to less
5-5
Utility
• Benefits consumers obtain from goods & services they consume is utility
• A utility function shows an individual’s perception of the utility level attained from consuming each conceivable bundle of goods
Y M PX X PY PY
5-13
Consumer’s Budget Constraint
(Figure 5.5)
5-14
Typical Budget Line (Figure 5.6)
• M A
PY Y M PX X PY PY
Quantity of Y
•B
M
Quantity of X
• Substitution effect • Income effect
5-25
Substitution & Income Effects
• Substitution effect
• Change in consumption of a good after a change in its price, when the consumer is forced by a change in money income to consume at some point on the original indifference curve
• Nonsatiation
• More of a good is always preferred to less
5-5
Utility
• Benefits consumers obtain from goods & services they consume is utility
• A utility function shows an individual’s perception of the utility level attained from consuming each conceivable bundle of goods
Thomas12e_Chapter2托马斯管理经济学章2
~ 在一定的时间段内，消费者愿意并且有能力 购买的商品或服务的数量。
© 2016 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
（2.6）
阐述政府制定限制价与支持价的影响。
2-2
© 2016 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
2-12
需求曲线(图 2.1)
Qd = 1,400 – 10P
© 2016 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
© 2016 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
（2.6）
阐述政府制定限制价与支持价的影响。
2-2
© 2016 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
2-12
需求曲线(图 2.1)
Qd = 1,400 – 10P
© 2016 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
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4-9
ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ Statistical Significance
• Must determine if there is sufficient statistical evidence to indicate that Y is truly related to X (i.e., b 0)
• Even if b = 0, it is possible that the
the true values of a & b • â& bˆ are random variables computed using
data from a random sample
• The distribution of values the estimates might take is centered around the true value of the parameter
zero)
• Slope parameter (b) gives the change in Y
associated with a one-unit change in X:
b Y X
4-4
Simple Linear Regression
• Parameter estimates are obtained by
•
Sample regression line Ŝi = 11,573 + 4.9719A
2,000
4,000
6,000
8,000
A
10,000
Advertising expenditures (dollars) 4-6
Unbiased Estimators
• The estimates â& bˆ do not generally equal
4-2
Regression Analysis
• Regression analysis
• A statistical technique for estimating the parameters of an equation and testing for statistical significance
choosing values of a & b that minimize the
sum of squared residuals
• The residual is the difference between the actual
and fitted values of Y: Yi – Ŷi
• The sample regression line is an estimate of the true regression line
4-7
Unbiased Estimators
• An estimator is unbiased if its average value (or expected value) is equal to the true value of the parameter
4-8
Relative Frequency Distribution*
• Probability of finding a parameter estimate to be statistically different from zero when, in fact, it is zero
(Figure 4.3)
Relative frequency of bˆ
1
Relative Frequency Distribution* for bˆ when b 5
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Least-squares estimate of b (bˆ )
*Also called a probability density function (pdf)
sample will produce an estimate bˆ that is different from zero
• Test for statistical significance using
t-tests or p-values
4-10
Performing a t-Test
• First determine the level of significance
Chapter 4: Basic Estimation Techniques
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
Copyright © 2011 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Basic Estimation
• Parameters
4-3
Simple Linear Regression
• Simple linear regression model relates dependent variable Y to one independent (or explanatory) variable X
Y a bX
• Intercept parameter (a) gives value of Y where regression line crosses Y-axis(value of Y when X is
Yˆ aˆ bˆX
4-5
Sample Regression Line
(Figure 4.2)
Sales (dollars)
S
70,000 60,000 50,000 40,000 30,000 20,000 10,000
0
•• •
SSii = 6600,,000000
•
ei
•
•
SˆiŜi =464,367,3676
• The coefficients in an equation that determine the exact mathematical relation among the variables
• Parameter estimation
• The process of finding estimates of the numerical values of the parameters of an equation