cholinergic antagonists-1509
1. 阐述阿托品的作用、机理、用途、 不良反应、禁忌证；
2. 比较山莨菪碱和东莨菪碱的作用 特点及用途；
3. 列举阿托品的合成代用品； 4. 列举肌松药的分类、代表药、主要
特点。
1
1．新斯的明一般不被用于 A. 重症肌无力 B．机械性肠及泌尿道梗
阻 C．肌松药过量中毒 D．手术后腹气胀和尿潴留 E．支气管哮喘
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【Clinical Uses 】
antispasmodic drug(解痉药） 1. visceral colic pain（内脏绞痛 ）
胃肠绞痛 (gastric and intestinal colic pain )
膀胱刺激症状 (bladder irritating
symptoms )
合用哌替啶
14
6. CNS
larger dose：excitation depression
不安、幻觉、谵妄、惊厥 循环抑制、呼吸抑制
restlessness(不安) , hallucination ( 幻觉),
delirium (谵妄) and convulsion (惊厥) circulatory (-) respiratory (-)
7
1． glands（腺体）
the secretion↓
sweat gland，salivary gland> lachrymal
> gastric parietal cells
（汗腺、唾液腺> 泪腺、呼吸道腺体Biblioteka >胃壁细胞 ）8
2. eye
Please compare atropine with pilocarpine
Attention: too large dose → HR↑，耗氧量↑，可致
室颤
19
暴发性流脑
5. Antishock（抗休克）
中毒性菌痢
中毒性肺炎
infectious shock (感染性休
克) 大剂量→解除血管痉挛，改善微循环
（large dose → abolish the vessel
spasm and improve microcirculation） Note: 休克伴发热及心动过速者禁用
（Atropine can not be used to the shock
patient accompany with fever and
tachycardia. ）
20
6. Organophosphate intoxication (有机磷酸酯中毒)
5. Vessels＆ blood pressure (血管与 血压 )
Therapeutic dose ---no significant effect
原因：多数血管缺乏胆碱能神经支配 Larger dose--- 皮肤、内脏血管扩张 面
The mechan色is潮m 红is，n解ot除k小no血wn管. 痉挛
Chapter 8
胆碱受体阻断剂
(cholinoceptor blocking drugs)
------------ M-R blocking drugs
5
§1 Atropine ＆ atropine-like alkaloid
（阿托品和阿托品类生物碱）
阿托品 Atropine
[ætrə'pɪn]
1) mydriasis（扩瞳）
atropine (-) 瞳孔括约肌M-R
开大肌功能占优势 瞳孔扩大
9
2) intraocular pressure↑ (升高眼内压)
Atropine → 扩瞳→ 虹
膜退向四周边缘→根
部变厚→前房角间隙 ↓
→房水回流↓ →眼
内
10
3）调节麻痹
睫状肌M-R
Atropine (-) 睫状肌M－R → 睫状肌松驰 →悬韧带拉紧→晶状体扁平→视远物清 楚，近物模糊。
17
3. 眼科(ophthalmologic disorders)
1) 虹膜睫状体炎 (Iridocyclitis)
⑴ 虹膜括约肌和睫状肌休息充分， 有助于炎症消退。
⑵与缩瞳药交替使用，防止粘连
2) 验光配镜、检查眼底 （Optical examination）
作用持续时间长
儿童用
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4. 缓慢型心律失常 迷走N过度兴奋所致： 窦性心动过缓、窦房阻滞、房室传导阻滞
12
4. Heart 1）HR
therapeutic dose HR （部分病人） larger dose HR↑
Mechanism: （-）窦房结M2-R →解除迷走神经
对心脏的抑制 （迷走张力高者作用显著）
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2） A – V conduction（房室传导）
Atropine facilitates AV conduction. （阿托品促进房室传导）
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3. smooth muscle
relaxes
Characteristics ： 1) 作用强度与平滑肌的功能状态有 关 2) 作用强度顺序：
gastrointestinal tract >urinary bladder
> Biliary tract, uterus 胃肠道 > 膀胱 > 胆管、子宫
胆绞痛 (gallbladder colic pain )
肾绞痛 (renal colic pain )
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2. Inhibition of the secretion of the glands
抑制腺体分泌 1) premedication（麻醉前给药） 2) severe night sweat（盗汗） 3）salivation (流涎)
2
2. 新斯的明对下列哪一效应器
兴奋作用最强?( )
A. 心脏
B. 腺
体
C. 眼
D.骨
骼肌
E . 心脏
3
Q＆A
某工地部分工人午饭后出现头晕、恶心 症状，其中两名工人瞳孔缩小、大汗淋漓、呼 吸困难、肌肉震颤。试分析
⑴ 此可能为哪类毒物中毒？为什么？简述 中毒机理。
⑵ 应为两名工人选用什么抢救药物？简述 选药理由及用药原则。
颠茄
曼陀罗
莨菪
6
【 Mechanism of action】 1.（-）M-R 2. large dose: CNS （+）
【 PharNmNa-cRological actions 】 gland > eye>heart > smooth muscle >CNS （腺体>眼>心>平滑肌>CNS ）
孕妇禁服的药物（Drugsforpregnantwomen）
孕妇禁服的药物（Drugs for pregnant women）There are many taboos in pregnant women medication. Because some drugs are more harmful to the fetus, and even lead to fetal malformations. There are many kinds of teratogenic agents, usually with the following drugs:1. Antibiotics. Such as tetracycline, oxytetracycline, streptomycin, gentamicin, neomycin and so on. Tetracycline, oxytetracycline may cause fetal short limb malformations, congenital cataract, fontanelle bulge, late pregnancy taking can cause childhood enamel hypoplasia; streptomycin, gentamicin drugs can damage the fetus eighth of the brain, resulting in congenital deafness, also can damage the kidney function; neomycin can make fetal bone dysplasia, parallel to kidney, pulmonary artery stenosis, congenital cataract, intellectual disability.2. Antimalarial drugs. Such as quinine, chloroquine, pyrimidine, can cause multiple malformations of the fetus. Such as deafness, limb defect, hydrocephalus and so on.3, the treatment of diabetes drugs. Such as chlorine sulfur C, McCann, urine sugar, equal, can cause limb malformation, cleft lip, stillbirth etc..4. Barbiturates and other sedative hypnotic drugs. Such as phenytoin, primidone, stability, limb, facial deformity and can cause brain development.5. Anticancer drugs. Such as actinomycin D, cyclophosphamide, 5 - fluorine Wo pyrimidine, thiotepa, can cause anencephaly,hydrocephalus, cleft palate, cleft lip, kidney and ureter defect, deformity of limbs and eyes.6. Hormone drugs. Such as diethylstilbestrol, progesterone, androgen, cortisone. Oral contraceptives cause malformations of fetal genital organs. Such as female fetal masculine, Yang pedicle hypertrophy, labia fusion, male fetal urethral following abnormalities.7. Anticoagulant drugs. Such as heparin, coumarin, aspirin, salicylic acid, etc. can also teratogenic, and can induce hemorrhagic diseases. In short, pregnancy should pay attention to avoid drug abuse, but in case of emergency situations endanger the safety of pregnant women, to medication, should be to save the life of the pregnant woman, when emergency situations in the past, should prompt a reduction or withdrawal. The idea that the fetus was refused medication was wrong. If the pregnant woman had a dangerous life, the fetus would talk about He Anquan. Therefore, in pregnant women medication problems, should distinguish between the primary and secondary contradictions, comprehensive consideration.1. penicillin: safer, including broad-spectrum penicillins, such as piperacillin. Oral, intramuscular, intravenous drip can be used for pregnant women. Warning: according to the recommended dosage, can not be excessive.2.: the same medicine and bacteria to erythromycin and roxithromycin, yarn, high molecular weight, is not easy to reach the fetus through the placenta, penicillin allergy can use the drug of choice for chlamydia and Mycoplasma infection.3. cephalosporin: there is no teratogenic effect at present.Tips: dangerous antibiotics ReportSome antibiotics can not be used by pregnant women because of their different side effects:Tetracycline: can cause yellow brown pigmentation of teeth, or storage in the fetal skeleton, but also can cause acute fatty liver and renal insufficiency in pregnant women.Gentamicin: kanamycin, and so on can cause damage to the fetal auditory nerve and kidney.Chloramphenicol: cause grey baby syndrome.Conclusion compound sulfamethoxazole and sulfamethoxazole tablets can cause neonatal jaundice, and can also antagonize folic acid.Furan gall bites: women suffering from urinary tract infection often choose, because it can cause hemolysis, should be used with caution.There is no report on the vancomycin: Although fetal risk, but renal toxicity to pregnant women, ototoxicity.The ciprofloxacin, norfloxacin, ofloxacin, irreversible arthritis occurred in the dog experiment.The anti tuberculosis drug use: when considering the pros and cons according to their size please ask the doctor.9 antifungal drugs: clotrimazole, nystatin, griseofulvin, pregnant women are not the best.The antiviral: do not advocate for pregnant women.4. metronidazole: insecticide, the treatment of Trichomonas infection, advocated early pregnancy does not use.5.: the treatment of Toxoplasma gondii infection, no adverse effects on the fetus.6. anthelmintic: animals have teratogenic effect, should be used with caution.7. digoxin: cardiac drug,It is easy to pass through the placenta and has no obvious adverse effect on the fetus, and the pregnant women with heart failure can be used.8. beta blockers: a report of fetal retardation.9. antihypertensive drugs: definite teratogenic effects of pregnant women is angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors, such as Kato Pury, angiotensin II receptor antagonists such as losartan, other types of drugs such as calcium antagonists (on behalf of the heart medicine education, cause uterine blood flow can be reduced, diuretic administration can reduce thenear term should be used with caution, the cause of neonatal platelet work experiment acetazolamide limb deformity, pregnant women do not use.10. drugs for the treatment of asthma: such as tea, epinephrine, sodium citrate, prednisone, no teratogenic effect.11. anticonvulsant drugs: the incidence of fetal congenital malformations was 2-3 times higher than that of women who took anticonvulsant drugs during pregnancy. Commonly used phenytoin sodium, C Masi Bing, trimethyl ketone, valproic acid and so on.12. antipsychotic drugs have teratogenic effects.13.: sedative drugs such as diazepam, estazolam, individual teratogenic effect.14. analgesic: acetaminophen can produce hepatotoxicity. Aspirin may be accompanied by oligohydramnios and premature closure of fetal ductus arteriosus. Bloven, Nai Pusheng, indomethacin can cause fetal arterial contraction leads to pulmonary hypertension and oligohydramnios, after 34 weeks of pregnancy should not use indomethacin, can cause fetal intraventricular hemorrhage, bronchopulmonary dysplasia and adverse effects of necrotizing enterocolitis.15. antiemetic drugs: no deformity and increasing the service road.16. antitumor drugs: a clear teratogenic effect.17.: immunosuppressant azathioprine, cyclosporine has obvious toxicity on mother and infant.18. vitamin A: a large number of use can cause birth defects, the smallest human teratogenic quantity is 25000-50000iuld.19. vitamin A isomer: the treatment of skin diseases, retinoic acid in the embryonic phase of medication can produce a variety of malformations.20. acitretin (aromatic retinoic acid): for the treatment of psoriasis, half-life is very long, withdrawal of drugs in >2 years, there are still drug testing, so at least 2 years of drug withdrawal can be conceived.The 21. hormone class: albendazole, diethylstilbestrol, should not be used for pregnant women, oral contraceptive sand dune degree has a positive teratogenic effect.The standard of risk for pregnancy was issued by the American drug and Food Administration (FDA) during pregnancy:Type A: control studies showed no harm. It has been proved that this kind of medicine has no adverse effects on human fetus, and is the safest.Class B: no evidence of harm to human beings. Animal experiments are harmful to fetal animals, but have not been proven to be harmful to the fetus or animal experiments are harmless to the fetus, but there is no adequate study in humans.Class C: non exception hazards. Animal experiments may be harmful or lack of research on fetal animals, but lack of relevant studies in humans, but the benefits for pregnant women are greater than the harm to the fetus.Class D: harm to the fetus. Market research or research confirms that it is harmful to the fetus, but the benefits for pregnant women outweigh the risks to the fetus.Class X: forbidden during pregnancy. In human or animal studies, or market research shows that the harm to the fetus more than the benefit of pregnant women, pregnancy prohibited drugs.Grade standard of commonly used drugs:Antihistamines:Chlorpheniramine (B), Simiti Martin (B), diphenhydramine (B) and promethazine (C)Two. Anti infective drugs:1. anthelmintic: gentian violet (C)2. antimalarial drug: chloroquine (D)3. Trichomonas agents: metronidazole (B)4. antibiotics: amikacin (C), gentamicin (C), kanamycin (D), neomycin (D),Cephalosporins (B), streptomycin (D), penicillins (B), tetracycline (D) and oxytetracycline (D),Chlortetracycline (D) and Bacillus peptide (C), chloramphenicol (C), erythromycin (B), Lincomycin (B) and stickyActinomycin B (B) and vancomycin (C)5. other antibiotics: SMZ-TMP (B/C) and trimethoprim (C), furazolidone, nitrofurantoin (C)Cause (B)6. anti tuberculosis drugs: ethambutol (B), isoniazid (C), Li Fuping (C), and salicylic acid (C)7. antifungal agents: clotrimazole (C), miconazole (C), nystatin (B)8. antiviral agents: amantadine (C), adenosine arabinoside (C), ribavirin (X), C, and noneCyclic guanosine (C)Three. Antineoplastic agents:Bleomycin (D), cyclophosphamide (D), D, cisplatin (D), cytarabine (D), and moreLincomycin (D), thiotepa (D) and daunorubicin (D), adriamycin(D) and 5-fluorouracil (D), nitrogenMustard (D), Ma Falan (D), methotrexate (D), vincristine (D)Four. Autonomic nervous system drugs:1. cholinergic drugs: acetylcholine (C) and neostigmine (C)2. anticholinergic drugs: atropine, belladonna (C) (C), Proulx Bernd Sin (C)3. adrenergic drugs: epinephrine (C), norepinephrine (D), ephedrine (C), and isoproterenolC, D, Dobaamine (C), dobutamine (C), B, and hydroxyEphedrine (B)Five. Central nervous system drugs:1. central stimulant: caffeine (B)2. antipyretic analgesics: acetylsalicylic acid (C/D), Fi Bernard Shiden (B), sodium salicylate (C/D)3. non steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs: indomethacin (B/D)4.: analgesic codeine, morphine (B/D) (B/D), opioid (B/D) and pethidine (B/D), narloKetone (C)5. sedative, hypnotic: amobarbital (C), Babito (C), Bernd Bobby Toy (B), chloral hydrate (C), ethanol (D/X), diazepam (D) and nitro (C)6. diazepam: droperidol (C) and chlorpromazine (C)7. antidepressants: doxepin (C)Six. Cardiovascular drugs:1.: digitalis cardiac glycosides (B) (B), digoxin, digitoxin(B), quinidine (C)2. antihypertensive drugs: clonidine (C), Ca Guido Ba (C), B,D and prazosin(C)3. vasodilator drugs: C, Pan Shengding (C), two isosorbide dinitrate (C),Result (C)Seven. DiureticsHydrochlorothiazide (D) and ethacrynic acid (D) and furosemide (C), Gan Luchun (C), triamterene (D)Eight. Digestive system drugs:Compound Camphor Tincture (B/D)Nine. Hormones:1. adrenal cortex hormone: cortisone (D), Batamison (C), dexamethasone (C), hydrocortisone (prednisone)B)2. estrogen: diethylstilbestrol (X), estradiol (D), oral contraceptive pill (D)3. progesterone: progesterone (D)4. hypoglycemic drugs: insulin (B), sulfonylurea (D), methyl sulfonyl Ding Niao (D)5.: antithyroid drug propylthiouracil (D) and methimazole (D)This paper is reproduced from QQ spacePenicillin: can destroy fetal red blood cell, cause serious jaundice, cause fetal death. Yangzhou First People's Hospital gynecology YulinStreptomycin: congenital deafness, skeletal deformity.Tetracycline induced amelogenesis imperfecta, skeletal and heart malformations, congenital cataract, short limb or defect (e.g. four fingers), neonatal jaundice, the most serious personcan appear kernicterus and even death.Oxytetracycline and doxycycline: make fetal short limb deformity.Chloramphenicol induced blood circulation disorders, respiratory insufficiency, cyanosis, neonatal abdominal distension (i.e. "gray baby syndrome"). If used in the end of pregnancy, it can cause neonatal thrombocytopenia, aplastic anemia or fetal death.Cara: deafness.Erythromycin: congenital cataract, limb deformities and so on.Gentamicin: fetal ear damage, and even lead to congenital gastric vascular malformation and polycystic kidney.Sulfa drugs (mainly based on long-acting sulfonamides and antibacterial synergist): hyperbilirubinemia, brain nuclear jaundice, deformity.Heroin: respiratory depression and death in the fetus.Pethidine: caused by neonatal asphyxia.Morphine: the inhibition of neonatal respiration and the withdrawal of the newborn like withdrawal, such as taking a week before delivery, can cause neonatal spasms, excitement and shrill cry.Aspirin: cause fetal small, malformation, cause neonatal prothrombin reduction group and bleeding and liver detoxification dysfunction.Finasteride and paracetamol: neonatal hypercholesterolemia.Indomethacin: cause jaundice and aplastic anemia.Barbiturate induced fetal heart: congenital malformation, facial and hand retardation, cleft lip and cleft palate.Primidone: fetal finger and toe deformities, late pregnancy can cause fetal asphyxia, taking hemorrhage and brain injury.Sleeping pills: malformations.Valium, tranquility, insomnia, and sleep induction can cause fetal abnormalities and become pregnant women.Activin induced cleft palate.Insulin: causes miscarriage, premature birth, stillbirth, and other congenital malformations.Progesterone: masculine female fetus.Cortisone and prednisone: fetal cleft lip and cleft palate. Cortisone can also cause fetal absence, premature delivery, premature death.Progesterone and testosterone: abnormalities of fetal externalgenital organs.Vitamin D: large doses, can cause fetal hypercalcemia and mental retardation.Vitamin K: a large number of taking, can cause hyperbilirubinemia, nuclear jaundice.Vitamin B6: a large number of taking, can cause neonatal vitamin B6 dependence, convulsions. Vitamin B6 derivatives naofuxin, caused by cleft lip in animal experiments, should be used with caution.Vitamins: if taken during pregnancy in the first three months of the risk of neurological deficiency in infants go through thick and thin together up to 60%.Promethazine hydrochloride: fetal limb deformities.Antimalarial drugs quinine, chloride, and pyrimidine: can cause hydrocephalus, bulging, cleft palate, renal arrest, development or malformation, retinal damage.Chlorpheniramine, Meclozine, An Qimin, and other anti allergy medicine diphenhydramine Dramamine: in addition to potentially induced cleft palate, cleft lip, short limb function, can also cause liver poisoning and brain injury, neonatal respiratory inhibition.Fluorouracil, cyclophosphamide, can cause fetal limb, nose, palate, urinary tract deformity and death.Methotrexate: no fetal brain, hydrocephalus, encephalocele, cleft lip, cleft palate, or limb deformities.Hydroxyurea and busulfan induced multiple malformations.Bai Ning: caused by the injury of central nervous system and brain.6- purine, testosterone propionate and L- L-asparaginase: fetal malformations.It can cause kidney and ureter defect.Fetal death caused by pethidine, 5-, fluorouracil, mitomycin C and colchicine. It is safer to use these antineoplastic agents after sixteenth weeks of pregnancy.Coumarin drugs: can cause fetal skin bleeding spots, brain disorders, placental abruption, bone and facial deformity, mental retardation or fetal death.Warfarin: nasal dysplasia, malformations.D860, a kind of sulfonylurea, can induce abortion and premature delivery, and has the effect of promoting distortion.MTU, propylthiouracil, methimazole, jiakangping, potassium iodide: induced hypothyroidism, cretinism, delayed ossification and hypospadias.Hydrochlorothiazide or cyclopenthiazide: can cause neonatal thrombocytopenia.Reserpine: cause neonatal poisoning, nasal congestion, respiratory obstruction, and even death due to lack of oxygen.Caffeine causes cleft lip and palate.Ether: a large number of continuous use, can cause fetal death.All arsenic containing drugs: all cause fetal death.Polymyxin E, B and vancomycin: taking too much time, so that pregnant women suffered from acute renal failure, the children are susceptible to neuromuscular blockade, ataxia, vertigo, seizures and mouth week after birth 3 years paresthesia. Vancomycin can also cause temporary or permanent hearing loss in infants.Rifampicin: fetal malformation.Anti fungal drugs griseofulvin, amphotericin B, nystatin, clotrimazole: serious adverse reactions of pregnant women's nervous system, hematopoietic system, liver and kidney function. Griseofulvin also led to abortion and teratism.Triamterene (three methotrexate): liver damage, change of maternal blood.Hydrochlorothiazide: adverse effects on the fetus.Furosemide: nausea and vomiting, diarrhea, drug rash, itching, blurred vision, postural hypotension and even water and electrolyte disorders in pregnant women and parturient.Diuretics: can cause transient hearing loss and sometimes develop permanent hearing loss.Other: alcoholism pregnant women newborns showed withdrawal like inhibitory state; multiple abnormalities can cause fetal alcohol. The contraceptive pill should be pregnant after six months of complete withdrawal of the drug, so as to avoid the birth of malformation or dementia caused by improper medication。
胆碱能药物
第八页，编辑于星期日：十八点 十四分。
M受体激动剂的临床应用
M样作用：引起心肌收缩力减弱，心率减慢；消化
道、呼吸道及其他脏器平滑肌收缩；动脉血管平滑 肌松弛，血管舒张，但大剂量又可使静脉血管收缩； 腺体分泌增加。 M受体激动剂属于直接作用于胆碱受体的拟胆碱药。 M受体激动剂主要用于手术后腹气涨、尿潴留；降 低眼内压，治疗青光眼；治疗阿尔茨海默症；大部 分胆碱受体激动剂还具有吗啡样镇痛作用，可用于 止痛。
Bethanechol的手性
CH3
H O
CH2N+(CH3)3
H
H3C O
CH2N+(CH3)3
O
NH2
O
NH2
S-(+)-Bethanechol
R-(-)-Bethanechol
S-异构体的活性大大高于R-异构体
第十四页，编辑于星期日：十八点 十四分。
生物碱类M受体激动剂
HO
H3C O
H3C
N+(CH3)3 O
乙酰胆碱酯酶单体为椭球型分子，其分子结构最显著 的特点是在表面有一向内凹陷的深而窄的峡谷。
其催化三联体的构成（Ser-His-Glu）与通常丝氨酸 蛋白酶（Ser-His-Asp）有所不同。
AChE活性中心位于谷底，由三个主要区域组成：
酯解部位 阴离子部位
疏水性区域
第二十四页，编辑于星期日：十八点 十四分。
H3C
O
N+(CH3)3
Muscarine
N CH3 N
Nicotine
M受体：M1，M2，M3，M4，M5 N受体：N1，N2
第四页，编辑于星期日：十八点 十四分。
文档：拟胆碱药和抗胆碱药
拟胆碱药和抗胆碱药(Cholinergic and Anticholinergic Drugs)一、单项选择题1．下列药物中哪一个属于M胆碱受体激动剂A．Physostigmine B．Galantamine C．Scopolamine D．Pilocarpine2．下列哪种叙述与胆碱受体激动剂不符A．乙酰胆碱的乙酰基部分为芳环或较大分子量的基团时，转变为胆碱受体拮抗剂B．乙酰胆碱亚乙基桥上β位甲基取代，由于M样作用大大增强，故成为选择性M受体激动剂C．Bethanechol Chloride作用较乙酰胆碱强而持久D．中枢M胆碱受体激动剂是潜在的抗老年痴呆药物3．Neostigmine Bromide的化学名是A．氯化2-[(氨基甲酰)氧基]-N,N,N-三甲基-1-丙铵B．溴化3-[[(二甲氨基)甲酰]氧基]-N,N,N-三甲基苯铵C．N-甲基-N-(1-甲基乙基)-N-[2-[(9H-呫吨-9-甲酰)氧基]乙基]-2-丙胺溴化物D．1,1'-[(2β,3α,5α,16β,17β)-3,17-双-(乙酰氧基)雄甾烷-2,16-二基]双[1-甲基哌啶鎓]二溴化物4．下列有关乙酰胆碱酯酶抑制剂的叙述不正确的是A．Neostigmine Bromide是可逆性乙酰胆碱酯酶抑制剂，其与AChE结合后形成的二甲氨基甲酰化酶，水解释出原酶需要几分钟B．Neostigmine Bromide结构中N, N-二甲氨基甲酸酯较Physostigmine结构中N-甲基氨基甲酸酯稳定C．中枢乙酰胆碱酯酶抑制剂可用于抗老年痴呆D．有机磷毒剂也是可逆性乙酰胆碱酯酶抑制剂5．下列哪个与Atropine Sulfate不符A．化学结构为二环氨基醇酯类B．具有左旋光性C．显托烷生物碱类鉴别反应D．碱性条件下易被水解6．Atropine 的水解产物是A．山莨菪醇和托品酸B．托品（莨菪醇）和左旋托品酸C．托品和消旋托品酸D．莨菪品和左旋托品酸7．以下叙述哪个不正确A．托品（莨菪醇）结构中C1、、C3、C5为手性碳原子，具旋光性B．托品酸结构中有一个手性碳原子，具旋光性C．山莨菪醇结构中C1、C3、C5、C6为手性碳原子，具旋光性D．莨菪品（东莨菪醇）结构中有三个手性碳原子，由于内消旋无旋光性8．下列合成的M胆碱受体拮抗剂分子中，具有9-呫吨甲酰基结构的是A．格隆溴铵B．盐酸苯海索C．溴丙胺太林D．甲溴贝那替嗪9． Pancuronium Bromide 与下列哪个药物的用途相似A ．甲睾酮B ．奥美溴铵C ．苯丙酸诺龙D ．维库溴铵 10． 下列哪项不符合氯琥珀胆碱的性质A ．为酯类化合物，难溶于水B ．为季铵盐类化合物，极易溶于水C ．在血浆中极易被酯酶水解，作用时间短D ．为去极化型肌松药 11． 下列有关M 胆碱受体的描述哪个不正确A ．蕈毒碱是M 受体激动剂B ．M 受体属于G 蛋白偶联受体家族C ．当乙酰胆碱与M 受体结合时，心收缩力减弱，心率减慢；腺体分泌增强D ．M 受体激动时，动脉血管收缩 12． 下列有关N 胆碱受体的描述哪个不正确A ．烟碱是N 受体激动剂B ．外周N 受体属于配体门控受体家族，本身既是受体，又是离子通道C ．乙酰胆碱与N 1受体结合可使自主神经节兴奋，血压降低D ．乙酰胆碱与N 2受体结合可使骨骼肌收缩 13． 下列生物碱何者为蕈毒碱A ．B ．C ．D ．H 3+(CH 3)3NNCH 3NNOH 3CCH 3ONNCH 3CH 3OOHNH 3C CH 314． 下列生物碱何者为烟碱A ．B ．C ．D ．CH 33H 3NNCH3H 3+(CH 3)315． 下列哪个是氯贝胆碱A ．B ．C ．D ．NNH 2H 2N OOCH 3N +(CH 3)3 Cl - H 3C OOCH 3N +(CH 3)3 Cl -N ON(CH 3)2CH 3O+Br -16． 下列结构中哪个是 AnisodamineA ．B ．C ．D ．NO OHOCH 3NCH 3NCH 3OOHONCH 317． 哌仑西平的结构是A ．B ．C ．D ．H NNN OON N CH 3H NNOON NCH 3S CH 3 H NNOONNCH 3CH 3Br -N O SS CH 3O H 3C OH +二、填空题1． 乙酰胆碱的生物合成在 内完成，由丝氨酸脱羧酶将 脱羧，再经胆碱N-甲基转移酶催化 生成胆碱，然后由胆碱乙酰基转移酶催化，将乙酰基由乙酰辅酶A 转移至胆碱，从而合成乙酰胆碱。
药理学中英文对照表
Aacetaminophen 对乙酰氨基酚acetylcholine (Ach) 乙酰胆碱acetylsalicylic acid 乙酰水杨酸adrenaline/epinephrine (Adr) 肾上腺素amantadine 金刚烷胺amobarbital 异戊巴比妥anisodamine 山莨菪碱arecoline 槟榔碱aspirin 阿斯匹林atropine 阿托品Bbarbiturates 巴比妥类benzodiazepines (BDZ) 苯二氮卓类bromocriptine 溴隐亭buspirone 丁螺环酮（布司匹隆）Ccarbachol 卡巴胆碱carbamazepine 卡马西平（酰胺咪嗪）carbidopa 卡比多巴chlorpromazine (wintermin) 氯丙嗪（冬眠灵）chloral hydrate 水合氯醛codeine 可待因Ddiazepam 地西泮dobutamine 多巴酚丁胺dolantin 度冷丁dopamine (DA) 多巴胺Eephedrine 麻黄碱estazolam 艾司唑仑（舒乐安定）ethosuximide 乙琥胺Fflurazepam 氟西泮Ggalanthamine 加兰他敏Iibuprofen 布洛芬imipramine 丙咪嗪indomethacin 吲哚美辛isoprenaline 异丙肾上腺素Llamotrigine 拉莫三嗪levodopa 左旋多巴lithium carbonate 碳酸锂Mmagnesium sulfate 硫酸镁mecamylamine 美卡拉明（美加明）metaraminol (aramine) 间羟胺（阿拉明）methaone 美沙酮morphine 吗啡muscarine 毒蕈碱Nnaloxone 纳洛酮neostigmine 新斯的明nimesulide 尼美舒利nitrazepam 硝西泮noradrenaline (NA) 去甲肾上腺素Oorganophosphates 有机磷酸酯类oxyphenbutazone 羟布宗PPAM-I 派姆paracetamol 扑热息痛pentazocin 喷他佐辛pethidine 派替啶phenbarbital 苯巴比妥phenobarbital 苯巴比妥phenoxybenzamine 酚苄明phentolamine 酚妥拉明phenylbutazone 保泰松phenytoin sodium (dilantin) 苯妥英钠（大仑丁）physostigmine (eserin) 毒扁豆碱（依色体）pilocarpine 毛果芸香碱（匹鲁卡品）pralidoximen chloride 氯解磷定pralidoximen iodide 碘解磷定primidone 扑米酮propranolol 普萘洛尔Ssalbutamol 沙丁胺醇scoline 司可林scopolamine/hyoscine 东莨菪碱secobarbital 司可巴比妥selegiline 司来吉兰sodium valprate 丙戊酸钠succinylcholine/suxamethonium 琥珀胆碱Tterbutaline 特布他林thiopental 硫喷妥trihexyphenidyl (antane) 苯海索（安坦）tubocurarine 筒箭毒碱Vvalium 安定venlafaxine 文拉法新Zzolpidem 唑吡坦zopiclone (imovane) 佐匹克隆（依梦返）药理学英文药名总结Cholinergic Drugsacetylcholine (Ach) 乙酰胆碱carbachol 卡巴胆碱pilocarpine 毛果芸香碱（匹鲁卡品）muscarine 毒蕈碱arecoline 槟榔碱neostigmine 新斯的明physostigmine（eserin）毒扁豆碱（依色体）galanthamine 加兰他敏Organophosphates Poisoning and Cholinesterase Reactivators organophosphates 有机磷酸酯类pralidoximen iodide 碘解磷定PAM－I 派姆pralidoximen chloride 氯解磷定Muscarinic Antagonistsatropine 阿托品anisodamine 654 山莨菪碱scopolamine，hyoscine 东莨菪碱Nicotinic Antagonists mecamylamine 美卡拉明，美加明succinylcholine，suxamethonium 琥珀胆碱scoline 司可林tubocurarine 筒箭毒碱Adrenergic Drugsadrenaline，epinephrine，Adr 肾上腺素dopamine，DA 多巴胺ephedrine 麻黄碱noradrenaline，NA 去甲肾上腺素metaraminol（aramine）间羟胺（阿拉明）isoprenaline 异丙肾上腺素dobutamine 多巴酚丁胺salbutamol 沙丁胺醇terbutaline 特布他林Antiadrenergic Drugsphentolamine 酚妥拉明phenoxybenzamine 酚苄明propranolol 普萘洛尔Anixiolytic and Hypnotics benzodiazepines BDZ 苯二氮卓类diazepam 地西泮valium 安定flurazepam 氟西泮nitrazepam 硝西泮estazolam 艾司唑仑，舒乐安定buspirone 丁螺环酮，布司匹隆zopiclone（imovane）佐匹克隆（依梦返）zolpidem 唑吡坦barbiturates 巴比妥类phenbarbital 苯巴比妥amobarbital 异戊巴比妥secobarbital 司可巴比妥thiopental 硫喷妥chloral hydrate 水合氯醛Antiepileptic and Anticonvulsive drugs phenytoin sodium（dilantin）苯妥英钠（大仑丁）carbamazepine 卡马西平，酰胺咪嗪lamotrigine 拉莫三嗪phenobarbital 苯巴比妥primidone 扑米酮ethosuximide 乙琥胺sodium valprate 丙戊酸钠magnesium sulfate 硫酸镁Drug Treatment of Psychosis chlopromazine（wintermin）氯丙嗪（冬眠灵）imipramine 丙咪嗪venlafaxine 文拉法新lithium carbonate 碳酸锂Antiparkinsonism Drugslevodopa 左旋多巴carbidopa 卡比多巴selegiline 司来吉兰bromocriptine 溴隐亭amantadine 金刚烷胺trihexyphenidyl（antane）苯海索（安坦）Antipyretic-Analgesic and Antiinflammatory Drugs acetylsalicylic acid 乙酰水杨酸aspirin 阿斯匹林acetaminophen 对乙酰氨基酚paracetamol 扑热息痛phenylbutazone 保泰松oxyphenbutazone 羟布宗indomethacin 吲哚美辛ibuprofen 布洛芬nimesulide 尼美舒利Analgesics morphine 吗啡codeine 可待因pethidine 派替啶dolantin 度冷丁methaone 美沙酮pentazocin 喷他佐辛naloxone 纳洛酮。
吉大生科院的药物化学名词解释
吉大名词解释第二章1、巴比妥类药物（barbiturates agents）：具有5，5二取代基的环丙酰脲结构的一类镇静催眠药。
20世纪初问市的一类药物，主要由于5，5取代基的不同，有数十个各具药效学和药动学特色的药物供使用。
因毒副反应较大，其应用已逐渐减少。
2、内酰胺-内酰亚胺醇互变异构（lactam-lactimtautomerism）：类似酮-烯醇式互变异构，酰胺存在酰胺-酰亚胺醇互变异构。
即酰胺羰基的双键转位，羰基成为醇羟基，酰胺的碳氮单键成为亚胺双键，两个异构体间互变共存。
这种结构中的亚胺醇的羟基具有酸性，可成钠盐。
3、锥体外系反应（effects of extrapyramidalsystem，EPS）：锥体外系指在中枢锥体系以外的连接大脑皮层、基底神经节、丘脑、小脑网状结构及神经元的神经束和传导系统。
是一套复杂的神经环路。
锥体外系的反应指震颤麻痹，静坐不能、急性张力障碍和迟发性运动障碍等神经系统锥体外系的症状，常是抗精神病药物的副反应。
?4、非经典的抗精神病药物（atypical antipsychotic agents）：近年来问世的一些抗精神病药物。
和传统的吩噻嗪类和氟哌啶醇药物不同，其拮抗多巴胺受体的作用较弱，可能是产生多巴胺和5-羟色胺受体的双相调节作用，其锥体外系的副反应较少，具有明显治疗精神病阳性和阴性症状的作用。
代表药物如氯氮平。
?5、构效关系（structure-activity relationship，SAR）：在同一基本结构的一系列药物中，药物结构的变化，引起药物活性的变化的规律称该类药物的构效关系。
其研究对揭示该类药物的作用机制、寻找新药等有重要意义。
6、选择性5-羟色胺再摄取抑制剂（selective serotonin-reuptake inhibitors，SSRIS）：通过选择性的阻碍突触间隙中的神经递质5-羟色胺的再摄取，提高5-羟色胺的浓度，产生抗抑郁作用的一类药物。
药理学名词解释 三理一免
absorption药物的吸收:药物从用药部位向血液循环中的转运Adrenoceptor agonists肾上腺素受体激动药:一类化学结构与药理作用和肾上腺素`去甲肾上腺素相似作用的药物,与肾上腺素受体结合后可激动受体,产生肾上腺素样的作用adverse reaction不良反应:凡不符合用药目的,并为病人带来不适或痛苦的有害反应afterdepolarization后除极:在一个动作电位中继0相除极后所发生的除极,其频率较快,振幅较小,呈振荡性波动,膜电位不稳定,容易引起异常冲动发放,引起触发活动.根据发生时间的不同,可分为早后除极和晚后除极agonist激动药:既有亲和力又有内在活性的药物,它们能与受体结合并激动受体而产生效应analgesics镇痛药:作用于CNS,能缓解疼痛,用于剧痛的药物Antidepressant drugs抗抑郁症药:用于治疗情绪低落`抑郁消极,使抑郁症状得到缓解的药物Antimanic drugs抗燥狂症药:使躁狂症状得到缓解的药物Antipsychotic drugs抗精神病药:临床上主要用于治疗精神分裂症,对精神失常的躁狂症状也有效的一类药物aspirin asthma阿司匹林哮喘:某些哮喘患者服用阿司匹林或其它解热镇痛药后可诱发哮喘bioavaiabiity生物利用度:药物制剂给药后其中能被吸收进入体循环的相对数量及速度calcium antagonists钙拮抗药:是一类能阻滞钙离子经细胞膜上电压依赖性钙通道进入细胞内`减少细胞内钙离子浓度,从而影响细胞功能的药物,又称钙通道阻滞剂cholinergic risk胆碱能危象:抗胆碱酯酶药如新斯的明治疗重症肌无力,因应用过量可使骨骼肌运动中伴有过多乙酰胆碱堆积,导致持久去极化,加重神经肌肉传递功能障碍,使肌无力症状加重,为胆碱能危象competitive α-receptor blocker竞争性α受体阻断药:酚妥拉明等药物与α受体结合后可拮抗肾上腺素的α型作用,但结合较疏松易于解离,故能竞争性阻断α受体Css稳态血药浓度:按照一级动力学规律消除的药物,其体内药物总量随着不断给药而逐步增多,直至从体内消除的药物量和进入体内的药物量相等时,体内药物总量不再增加而达到稳定状态,此时的血浆药物浓度depolarizing muscular relaxants除极化性肌松药:药物可与运动终板膜上N2胆碱受体结合,产生与乙酰胆碱相似但较持久的除极化,使终板不能对乙酰胆碱起反应而使骨骼肌松弛,此类药物称为dose-effect relationship量效关系:药理效应与剂量一定范围内成比例drngresistance耐药性:指病原体或肿瘤细胞对反复应用的化学治疗药物的敏感性降低,也称抗药性ED50半数有效量:能引起50%实验动物出现阳性反应时的药物剂量elimination药物的消除:药物因分布`代谢`排泄而自血液或机体的清除excitation兴奋: 机体器官原有功能水平的提高exocytosis胞裂外排:当神经冲动到达神经末稍时,钙离子进入神经末稍,促进囊泡膜与突触前膜融合,形成裂孔,通过裂孔将囊泡内容物一并排出至突触间隙,其中递质NA和Ach可与其各自受体结合,产生效应first order elimination一级消除动力学:体内药物在单位时间内消除的药物百分率不变,即单位时间内消除的药物量与血浆药物浓度成正比first pass effect首关效应:药物经肝脏时被肝脏代谢,进入体循环的药量减少GF生长比率:增殖细胞群在肿瘤全细胞群中的比率hepato-enteric circulation肝肠循环:自胆汁排进十二指肠的结合型药物在肠中经水解后再吸收,形成循环idiosyncrasy特异质反应:少数特异质病人对某些药物反应特别敏感,反应性质也可能与常人不同,但与药物固有药理作用基本一致inhibition抑制:机体器官原有功能水平的降低ion channels离子通道:细胞膜中的跨膜蛋白质分子,对某些离子能选择通透,其功能是细胞生物电活动的基础k消除速率常数:体内瞬间消除的百分率LD50半数致死量:能引起50%的实验动物死亡时的药物剂量loading dose负荷剂量:为了使血药浓度迅速达到所需的水平,在常规给药前应用的一次剂量maximum efficacy效能:随着剂量或浓度的增加,效应也增加,当效应增加到一定程度后,若继续增加药物浓度或剂量而其效应不再继续增强,这一药理效应的极限称为最大效应.MBC最低杀菌浓度:体外试验中,药物能够杀灭培养基内细菌生长的最低浓度membrane responsiveness膜反应性:指膜电位水平与其所激发的0相最大上升速率之间的关系.一般膜电位高,0相上升速率快,动作电位振幅大,传导速度快.反之,则传导减慢MIC最低抑菌浓度:体外试验中,药物能够抑制培养基内细菌生长的最低浓度Nervous transmitter神经递质:神经元与下一级神经元或效应期之间通过释放传递信息的化学物质neuromodulator神经调质:由神经组织或非神经组织生成的化学物质,其本质不具有递质活性,不直接引起突触后生物学效应,但能调制神经递质在突触前的释放及突触后细胞的兴奋性,调制突触后细胞对递质的反应noncompetitive α-receptor blocker非竞争性α受体阻断药:酚苄明等药物与α受体结合后形成牢固的共价键,长时间占据受体,可拮抗肾上腺素的α型作用,且该作用是非竞争性的nondepolarizing muscular relaxants非除极化性肌松药:药物可与运动终板膜上N2胆碱受体结合,竞争性阻断乙酰胆碱除极化使骨骼肌松弛,此类药物on-off response开关反应:患者服用左旋多巴后突然出现多动不安,而后又出现全身性或肌强直性运动不能,严重妨碍病人的正常活动,称为PAE抗菌后效应:将细菌暴露于浓度高于MIC的某种抗菌药物后,再去除培养基中的抗菌药,去除抗菌药的一定时间内细菌繁殖不能恢复正常的现象PBPs青霉素结合蛋白:细菌细胞壁粘肽合成酶,即是位于细菌胞浆膜上的特殊蛋白,也是β-内酰胺类抗生素的结合靶点pharmacodynamics药物效应动力学:研究药物对机体的作用及作用原理pharmacokinetics药物代谢动力学:研究药物的体内过程及体内药物浓度随时间变化的规律pharmacology药理学:研究药物与机体作用规律及原理的科学,为临床合理用药防治疾病提供理论基础placebo安慰剂:不具药理活性的剂型potency效价强度:指能引起等效反应（一般采用50%效应量）的相对浓度或剂量,其值越小则强度越大.receptor受体:构成细胞的物质成分,具有严格的立体专一性,能与药物相互作用引起细胞效应reentry折返激动:指一个冲动沿着曲折的环形通路返回到其起源的部位,并可再次激动而继续向前传播的现象.单次折返可引起早搏,连续折返可引起阵发性心动过速.regulative paralysis调节麻痹: 抗胆碱药如阿托品,可阻断眼睫状肌M受体,使睫状肌松弛,悬韧带拉紧,晶状体处于扁平状态,屈光度变小,故不能将近处物体成像在视网膜上,视近物模糊,适于视远物的现象.regulative spasm调节痉挛:抗胆碱药如毛果芸香碱,可激动眼睫状肌M受体,使睫状肌收缩,悬韧带松弛,晶状体变凸,屈光度增加,故不能将远处物体成像在视网膜上,视远物模糊,适于视近物的现象.residual effect后遗效应:指停药后血药浓度已降至阈浓度以下时残存的药理效应.Reye syndrome瑞夷综合症:病毒感染伴有发热的儿童或青年服用阿司匹林后出现一系列反应,有严重肝功能不良合并脑病side reaction副反应:当药物的某一效应用作治疗目的时,其他效应就成为~T1/2半衰期:血浆药物浓度下降一半所需的时间Tachyphylaxis快速耐受性:有些药物,如麻黄碱,短期内反复给药,作用可逐渐减弱therapeutic index治疗指数:药物的LD50/ED50的比值time-concentration时-量曲线:药物在血浆的浓度随时间的推移而发生变化所作的曲线tolerance耐受性:机体在连续多次用药后反应性降低,要达到原来反应必须增加剂量.toxic reaction毒性反应:指在剂量过大或药物在体内蓄积过多时发生的危害性反应Uptake1摄取1:神经摄取,去甲肾上腺素的失活主要依赖于神经末稍的摄取use dependence频率依赖性:指通道开放的频率与药物的阻滞作用呈正相关.即通道开放的频率越频繁,药物的阻滞作用越强.维拉帕米`地尔硫卓有明显频率依赖性,而硝苯地平则无Vd表观分布容积:当血浆或组织内药物分布达到平衡后,体内药物按此时的血浆药物浓度在体内分布时所需体液容积withdrawal reaction停药反应:指突然停药后原有疾病加剧,又称回跃反应.zero order elimination零级消除动力学:药物在体内以恒定的速率消除,即不论血浆药物浓度高低,单位时间而你消除的药物量不变β-内酰胺类抗生素:指化学结构中具有一个β-内酰胺环的一类抗生素.包括青霉素类`头孢菌素类`非典型β-内酰胺类和β-内酰胺酶抑制剂等化疗药物:化疗过程中所用的药物,包括抗微生物药`抗寄生虫药和抗肿瘤药化疗指数: 是衡量化疗药物临床应用和安全性评价的重要参数,一般可用实验动物LD50/ED50表示化学治疗:应用药物对病原体所致疾病进行预防或治疗称为化学治疗学:研究药物`病原体和宿主之间相互作用`作用机制和作用规律的学科戒断症状:反复使用阿片类药物的患者,一旦停药则可出现兴奋`失眠`流泪`出汗震颤`呕吐`腹泻甚至虚脱,意识丧失等抗菌活性: 抗菌药物抑制或杀灭病原菌的能力,可用体外和体内两种试验方法测定抗菌谱:抗菌药物抑制或杀灭病原微生物的范围抗菌药:指能抑制或杀灭细菌,用于预防和治疗细菌性感染的药物,包括人工合成抗菌药和抗生素:微生物的代谢产物,分子量较低,低浓度时能杀灭或抑制其他病原微生物抗生素:是微生物的代谢产物,分子量较低,低浓度时能杀灭或抑制其他病原微生物.包括天然的和人工半合成的抗生素杀菌药:不仅能抑制病原菌的生长繁殖而且具有杀灭作用的药物肾毒性:指药物引起肾脏的中毒表现,可出现蛋白尿`管型尿,严重发生氮质血症及无尿首剂现象:首次应用哌唑嗪后出现低血压`晕厥`心悸等反应细菌的耐药性:指长期或反复用药过程中,特别是滥用药物后,细菌对药物的敏感性下降甚至消失,造成抗菌药物对耐药菌感染的疗效降低或无效心肌肥厚与重构:各种充血性心力衰竭发病过程中,心脏形态结构多种病理变化的总和,其最终发展为心力衰竭药物耳毒性:药物引起的前庭功能和耳蜗神经的损伤,前庭功能的损伤表现为眩晕恶心呕吐`平衡障碍;耳蜗神经损害表现为听力减退或耳聋抑菌药:仅能抑制病原菌的生长繁殖而无杀灭作用的药物正性肌力作用:即加强心肌收缩性,表现为心肌收缩时最高张力和最大缩短速率的提高,使心肌收缩有力敏捷,增加心输出量。
拟副交感神经药课件
• 2.眼科用药 –虹膜睫状体炎
• 松弛,充分休息 • 与缩瞳药交替使用,防粘连 –验光配镜
• 睫状肌充分松弛,晶状体固 定,屈光度测量准确
3.平滑肌痉挛性疼痛
–各种内脏绞痛
–对胃肠绞痛，膀胱刺激症状 效果好，但对胆绞痛、肾绞 痛和输尿管绞痛效果差
• 缓慢性心律失常 –心动过缓、窦房阻滞、房室传 导阻滞
–抑制中枢AChE活性，治疗阿尔 茨海默病
难逆性胆碱酯酶抑制药
• 有机磷酸酯类：与AChE难逆性结 合,Ach大量堆积
• 应用
–杀虫剂 果
敌百虫,敌敌畏,乐
–战争毒气 沙林,塔崩
中毒机制:
与AChE难逆性结合 磷酰化AChE AChE失活 Ach大量堆积
“老化”
• 若不及时解救, 磷酰化AChE可生 成更稳定的化合物
–汗腺分泌减少,机体散热减少
• 扩瞳 • 眼内压升高 • 调节麻痹
睫状肌松弛,退向外缘,悬韧 带拉紧,晶状体变扁平,看近物 模糊,看远物清楚
• 松弛多种内脏平滑肌,尤其对过 度活动和痉挛者更显著
• 缓解胃肠绞痛 • 降低尿道和膀胱逼尿肌张力和收
缩幅度 • 对胆管、输尿管和支气管解痉作
用弱
• 心率加快 –解除迷走神经(胆碱能神经) 对心脏的抑制作用
复） •阿托品: 阿托品化 •胆碱酯酶复活药
胆碱酯酶复活药——解磷定
• 恢复被有机磷酸酯类抑制的AChE活性 磷酰化胆碱酯酶－解磷定复合物
磷酰化解磷定 随尿排出
AChE 被解救出来
• 与体内游离的有机磷酸酯直接 结合
• 迅速控制肌肉震颤，并缓解中 枢作用
• 不能直接对抗积聚的ACh，临 床上与阿托品联用
外周神经系统药物
Choline receptor
毒蕈碱型受体：副交感神经的节后纤维的胆 碱受体对毒蕈碱较为敏感，故称为M-胆碱受体 烟碱型受体：位于神经节细胞和骨骼肌膜上 的胆碱受体，对尼古丁比较敏ห้องสมุดไป่ตู้，故称为N-胆 碱受体
受体 M M1 分布 大脑皮质、海马、 大脑皮质、海马、纹状体 、周围神经节和分泌腺体 生理功能 与传递神经元的兴奋冲 动有关、调节大脑的各 动有关、 种功能， 种功能，并调节汗腺和 消化腺体的分泌 引起心肌收缩力减弱、 引起心肌收缩力减弱、 心率降低、 心率降低、传导减慢 激动剂药物作用 治疗早老性痴呆 拮抗剂药物作用 治疗消化道溃疡
槟榔碱： 槟榔碱：A cycle “reverse ester” ” 反向酯 of acetylcholine Act at both N- and M-receptor,Partial agonist at M1 and M2 used as animal drug
占诺美林
promising for AD
M2 M3
中枢神经系统较低脑区和 心脏等周围效应器组织 腺体和平滑肌
有可能用于治疗冠 有可能用于治疗冠 心病和心动过速
治疗心动徐缓性心 治疗心动徐缓性心 率失常
血管平滑肌舒张、 治疗痉挛性血管病 治疗慢性阻塞性呼 痉挛性血管病、 血管平滑肌舒张、胃肠 治疗痉挛性血管病、 治疗慢性阻塞性呼 吸道疾病、 道和膀胱平滑肌收缩、 手术后腹气胀、 道和膀胱平滑肌收缩、 手术后腹气胀、尿 吸道疾病、尿失禁 括约肌松弛、瞳孔缩小、 潴溜 括约肌松弛、瞳孔缩小、 腺体分泌增加 抑制钙离子通道 孤儿受体 释放乙酰胆碱 缺乏特异性配基 缺乏特异性配基 治疗早老性痴呆 治疗高血压 松弛骨骼肌
((3s-cis)-3-ethyl-dihydro-4-[(1-methyl-1Himidazol-5-yl) methyl]-2(3H)-furanone Reduction of intraocular pressure in some types of glaucoma
药理学专业词汇中英文对照总结
药理学英汉专业词汇对照索引Aabciximab 阿昔单抗absorption 吸收acarbose 阿卡波糖,拜糖平acebutolol 醋丁洛尔acenocoumarol 醋硝香豆素，新抗凝acetaminophen 对乙酰氨基酚acetazolamide 乙酰唑胺acetonide 缩丙酮acetylation 乙酰化acetylcholine 乙酰胆碱acetylcholinesterase 乙酰胆碱酯酶acetylcysteine 乙酰半胱氨酸acetylsalicylic acid 乙酰水杨酸acetylspiramycin 乙酰螺旋霉素acipimox 阿昔莫司activase 阿克伐司active transport 主动转运acyclovir 阿昔洛韦addiction 成瘾性adenosine 腺苷adrenaline 肾上腺素adrenergic blocking agents 肾上腺素受体阻断药adrenergic drugs 拟肾上腺素药adrenergic receptor 肾上腺素受体adrenoceptor 肾上腺素受体adrenoceptor antagonist 肾上腺素受体拮抗剂adrenoceptor blocking drugs 肾上腺素受体阻断药adrenocortical hormones 肾上腺皮质激素adrenocortical sex hormones 肾上腺皮质性激素adrenomimetic drug 拟肾上腺素药adverse drug interaction 药物不良相互作用adverse reaction 不良反应afterdepolarization 后去极agonist 激动药aldosterone 醛固酮aldosterone antagonists 醛固酮拮抗药alendronate 阿仑膦酸钠allergic reaction 变态反应allopurinol 别嘌醇,别嘌呤醇alprenolol 阿普洛尔aluminum hydroxide 氢氧化铝amantadine 金刚烷胺amikacin 阿米卡星amiloride 阿米洛利aminoglutethimide 氨鲁米特aminoglycosides 氨基糖苷类p-aminomethylbenzoic acid 氨甲苯酸aminophylline 氨茶碱para-aminosalicylic acid(PAS) 对氨水杨酸amiodarone 胺碘酮amitriptyline 阿米替林amlodipine 氨氯地平ammoniosteroids 类固醇铵类ammonium chloride 氯化铵amoxapine 阿莫沙平amoxicillin 阿莫西林amphotericin B 两性霉素Bampicillin 氨苄西林amrinone 氨力农anabolic hormone 同化激素androgen 雄激素androgens 雄激素angioensin converting enzyme inhibitor 血管紧张素转化酶抑制药angiotensin II receptor blocker 血管紧张素Ⅱ受体阻断药angiotensinⅠconverting enzyme inhibitor 血管紧张素Ⅰ转化酶抑制药anisodamine 山莨菪碱anistreplase 阿尼普酶anorethidrane dipropionate 双炔失碳酯，53号抗孕片antacids 抗酸药antagonism 拮抗作用antagonist 拮抗药anthraquinones 蒽醌类antiadrenergic drugs 抗肾上腺素药antiasthmatic drugs 平喘药antiatherosclerotic drugs 抗动脉粥样硬化药antibacterial drugs 人工合成抗菌药antibiotics 抗生素anticholinergic drugs 抗胆碱药anticholinesterase agents 抑制胆碱酯酶剂anticholinesterase drugs 抗胆碱酯酶药anticoagulants 抗凝血药anticonvulsive drugs 抗惊厥药antidepressants 抗抑郁药antidiarrheal 止泻药antiepilepsirine 抗痫灵antiepileptic drugs 抗癫痫药anti-gram negative bacteria 抗革兰阴性杆菌青霉素antihelicobacter pylori drugs 抗幽门螺杆菌药antihypertensive agents 抗高血压药antiimplantation contraceptives 抗着床避孕药antileprosy drug 抗麻风病药antilymphocyte globulin (ALG) 抗淋巴细胞球蛋白antimanics 抗躁狂药antimetabolite 抗代谢药antioxidants 抗氧化药antiplatelet drugs 抗血小板药antipsychotic drugs 抗精神病药antituberculosis drugs 抗结核病药antitussives 镇咳药anxiolytic 抗焦虑药apparent volume of distribution 表观分布容积aquaporin(AQP) 水孔蛋白arabinofuranosyl adenine 阿糖腺苷aramine 间羟胺arbekacin 阿贝卡星area under the time-concentration curve 时量曲线下面积arecoline 槟榔碱arfonad 阿方那特argatroban 阿加曲班arrhythmia 心律失常arsenic trioxide 三氧化二砷artane 安坦L－asparaginase 门冬酰胺酶aspirin 阿司匹林astemizole 阿司咪唑,息斯敏atenolol 阿替洛尔atherosclerosis 动脉粥样硬化atorvastatin 阿伐他汀atracurium 阿曲库铵atropine 阿托品atropine methobromide 甲溴阿托品augmentation 亢进augmentin 奥格门汀autacoid 自身活性物质autoinduction 自身诱导作用autoreceptor 自身受体azathioprine (AZP) 硫唑嘌呤azelastine 氮斯汀azithromycin 阿奇霉素azlocillin 阿洛西林aztreonam 氨曲南Bbacitracin 杆菌肽barbiturates 巴比妥类barrier phenomenon 屏障现象beclomethasone 倍氯米松benactyzine 贝那替嗪benazepril 贝那普利benemid 羧苯磺胺benproperine 苯丙哌林benserazide 苄丝肼benzafibrate 苯扎贝特benzamides 苯甲酰胺类benzathine penicillin 苄星青霉素benzatropine 苯扎托品benzimidazoles 苯并咪唑类benzodiazepines(BDZ) 苯并二氮类benzonatate 苯佐那酯benzylpenicillin 苄青霉素betamethasone 倍他米松betaxolol 倍他洛尔bethanechol 氨甲酰甲胆碱，贝胆碱biguanides 双胍类bile acid binding resin 胆汁酸结合树脂binding rate of drug to plasma protein 血浆蛋白结合率bioavailability 生物利用度bioequivalance 生物当量bioequivalency 生物等效性biopharmaceutics 生物药学biotransformation 生物转化bisacodyl 比沙可啶bismuth potassium citrate 枸橼酸铋钾bismuth subcarbonate 次碳酸铋bleomycin 博来霉素blood brain barrier , BBBblood-brain barrier 血脑屏障blood-eye barrier 血眼屏障bound drug 结合型药物bretylium 溴苄铵broad－spectrum penicillins 广谱青霉素bromhexine 溴己新bromocriptine 溴隐亭buclizine 布可立嗪，安其敏budesonide 布地奈德buformin 丁双胍bumetanide 布美他尼bupivacaine 布比卡因buprenorphine 丁丙诺啡bupropion 安非他酮buspirone 丁螺环酮busulfan 白消安butazolidin 布他酮butoxamine 布他沙明butyrophenones 丁酰苯类butyrylcholinesterase(BChE) 丁酰胆碱酯酶Ccalcium antagonists 钙拮抗药calcium carbonate 碳酸钙calcium channel blockers 钙通道阻滞药camptothecine 喜树碱candesartan 坎地沙坦capreomycin 卷曲霉素captopril 卡托普利carbachol 卡巴胆碱，氨甲酰胆碱carbamazepine 卡马西平carbamazepine 酰胺咪嗪carbapenems 碳青霉烯类carbenicillin 羧苄西林carbidopa 卡比多巴carbimazole 卡比马唑，甲亢平carboplatin 卡铂carboxymethylcellulose 羧甲基纤维素carcinogenesis 致癌cardiac glycosides 强心苷cardiac remodeling 心脏重构carmustine 卡莫司汀carrier 载体carrier mediated-transport 载体调节转运carteolol 卡替洛尔carvedilol 卡维地洛castor oil 蓖麻油catecholamines 儿茶酚胺类cefaclor 头孢克洛cefadroxil 头孢羟氨苄cefamandole 头孢孟多cefatrizine 头孢曲秦cefazaflur 头孢氮氟cefazolin 头孢唑啉cefclidin 头孢克定cefdinir 头孢地尼cefditoren 头孢妥仑酯cefepime 头孢吡肟cefetamet pivoxil 头孢他美酯cefixime 头孢克肟cefmenoxime 头孢甲肟cefmetazole 头孢美唑cefodizime 头孢地秦cefonicid 头孢尼西cefoperazone 头孢哌酮ceforanide 头孢雷特cefotaxime 头孢噻肟cefotetan 头孢替坦cefotiam 头孢替安cefoxitin 头孢西丁cefpiramide 头孢匹胺cefpirome 头孢匹罗cefpodoxime proxetil 头孢泊肟酯cefprozil 头孢丙烯cefradine 头孢拉定cefroxadine 头孢沙定cefsulodin 头孢磺啶ceftazidime 头孢他啶ceftezole 头孢替唑ceftibuten 头孢布烯ceftizoxime 头孢唑肟ceftriaxone 头孢曲松cefuroxime 头孢呋辛cefuroxime axetil 头孢呋辛酯celiprolol 塞利洛尔cell cycle 细胞周期cell proliferation 细胞的增殖central compartment 中央室centrally acting sympathoplegic drugs 中枢性抗高血压药cephacetrile 头孢乙腈cephalexin 头孢氨苄cephaloglycin 头孢来星cephaloridine 头孢噻啶cephalosporins 头孢菌素类cephalothin 头孢噻吩cephamycin 头霉素cephapirin 头孢匹林cerivastatin 西立伐他汀cetirizine 西替利嗪chemotherapeutic index 化疗指数chenodeoxycholic acid 鹅去氧胆酸chloramphenicol 氯霉素chlordiazepoxide 氯氮chlormadinone 氯地孕酮chloropromazine 氯丙嗪chlorpheniramine 氯苯那敏，扑尔敏chlorpromazine 氯丙嗪chlorpropamide 氯磺丙脲chlorprothixene 氯普噻吨chlortetracycline 金霉素cholestyramine 考来烯胺choline theophylline 胆茶碱cholinergic drugs 拟胆碱药cholinergic receptor 胆碱受体cholinesterase reactivator 胆碱酯酶复活药cholinesterase-inhibiting drugs 抗胆碱酯酶药cholinoceptor 胆碱受体cholinoceptor agonists 胆碱受体激动剂cholinoceptor blocking drugs 胆碱受体阻断药chondroitin 硫酸软骨素Acilastatin 西司他丁cilazapril 西拉普利cimetidine 西咪替丁cinnarizine 桂利嗪ciprofibrate 环丙贝特ciprofloxacin 环丙沙星cisapride 西沙比利cisplatin 顺铂citalopram 西酞普兰clarithromycin 克拉霉素clavulanic acid 克拉维酸clenbuterol 克伦特罗clinafloxacin 克林沙星clindamycin 克林霉素clofazimine 氯法齐明clofenamic acid 氯芬那酸clomacrane 氯马克仑clomiphene 氯米芬clonazepam 氯硝西泮clonidine 可乐定clopenthixol 氯哌噻吨clopidogrel 氯吡格雷clotiapine 氯噻平clotrimazole 克霉唑cloxacillin 氯唑西林clozapine 氯氮平codeine 可待因cogentin 苯扎托品colchicines 秋水仙碱colestipol 考来替泊colistin 粘菌素，多粘菌素Ecompartment models 房室模型competitive antagonist 竞争性拮抗药competitive displacement 竞争性置换competitive inhibition 竞争抑制concentration-effect relationship 浓度－效应关系conduction anesthesia 传导麻醉congestive heart failure(CHF) 充血性心力衰竭conjugation reaction 结合反应constant amount transpor 定量转运constant rate transport 恒速转运constitutive enzyme 要素酶contraceptive 避孕药controlled hypotension 可控制性低血压controlled release preparation 控释制剂corticoid binding globulin(CB) 皮质激素结合球蛋白corticotrophin 促皮质素corticotropin 促皮质素cortisol 氢化可的松，皮质醇co-trimoxazole 复方磺胺甲恶唑coumarin 香豆素cromakalim 克罗卡林cryoprecipitate 冷沉淀剂cyclizine 赛克利嗪cyclooxygenase(COX) 环氧酶cyclopentolate 环喷托酯cyclophosphamide 环磷酰胺cyclosporin 环孢素cyclosporin A (CsA) 环孢素Acyproheptadine 赛庚啶cytarabine 阿糖胞苷cytochrome P450 enzymes system 细胞色素P450酶系统Ddactimicin 达地米星dactinomycin D 放线菌素Ddapsone 氨苯砜darifenacin 达非那新daunorubicin(DNR) 柔红霉素dehydrocholic acid 去氢胆酸delayed afterdepolarization(DAD) 迟后去极demeclocycline 地美环素demoxepam 地莫西泮deoxycortone 去氧皮质酮dependence 依赖性depolarizing muscular relaxants 去极化型肌松药desipramine 地昔帕明desoxycorticosterone 去氧皮质酮dexamethasone 地塞米松dextran sulfate 硫酸葡聚糖dextromethorphan 右美沙芬diaminodiphenylsulfone 氨苯砜diamorphine 二乙酰吗啡diamox 醋唑磺胺diazepam 地西泮diazoxide 二氮嗪,氯甲苯噻嗪dibekacin 地贝卡星dicaine 地卡因diclofenac 双氯芬酸dicloxacillin 双氯西林dicoumarol 双香豆素dicyclomine 双环维林diethylstilbestrol 己烯雌酚digitoxin 洋地黄毒苷digoxin 地高辛dihydroetorphine 二氢埃托啡diltiazem 地尔硫dimenhydrinate 茶苯海明,乘晕宁dimevamide 地美戊胺diotahedral smectite 思密达diphenhydramine 苯海拉明diphenoxylate 地芬诺酯diphenylbutylpiperidine 二苯丁哌啶类diphenylhydantoin 大伦丁diponium bromide 地泊溴铵dipterex 敌百虫dipyridamole 双嘧达莫dirithromycin 地红霉素disinhibited sedation 脱抑制镇静disopyramide 丙吡胺dissociation 解离度distribution 分布diuretics 利尿药diuretics 利尿药dobutamine 多巴酚丁胺docusate sodium 多库酯钠domperidone 多潘立酮dopamine 多巴胺dopamine receptor 多巴胺受体dopamine receptor blocking drugs 多巴胺受体阻断dosage regimens 给药方案dose-effect relationship 剂量-效应关系down-regulation 向下调节doxacurium 多库铵doxorubicin 多柔比星doxycycline 多西环素drug 药物drug abuse 药物滥用drug action 药物作用drug disposition 药物体内处置drug induced disease 药源性疾病drug metabolism 药物代谢drug resistance 耐药性drug transport 药物转运dyflos 异氟磷Eearly afterdepolarization(EAD) 早后去极ebastine 依巴斯汀elimination 消除emedastine 依美斯汀enalapril 依那普利enalkiren 依那克林encainide 恩卡尼endocytosis 内吞endogenous substances 内源物enoxacin 依诺沙星enterochromaffin-like cell 肠嗜铬样细胞enterohepatic circulation 肝肠循环enzyme inductors 药酶诱导剂enzyme inhibitors 药酶抑制剂enzyme kinetics 酶动力学ephedrine 麻黄碱epidural anesthesia 硬膜外麻醉erythromycin 红霉素erythropoietin(EPO) 红细胞生成素esmolol 艾司洛尔essential drugs 基本药物estazolam 艾司唑仑estradiol 雌二醇estradiol valerate 戊酸雌二醇estrio1 雌三醇estrogen 雌激素estrone 雌酮ethacrynic acid 依他尼酸ethambutol 乙胺丁醇ethinylestradio1 炔雌醇ethionamide 乙硫异烟胺ethisterone 炔孕酮ethnic variations 种族差异ethosuximide 乙琥胺ethotoin 乙苯妥英ethynodiol diacetate 双醋炔诺醇etiological treatment 对因治疗etoposide 依托泊苷eucatropine 尤卡托品euphoria 欣快感excretion 排泄exertional angina 劳累型心绞痛expectorants 祛痰药extensive metabolizer 快代谢型Ff1uvastatin 氟伐他汀famotidine 法莫替丁felbamate 非尔氨酯fenofibrate 非诺贝特fentanyl 芬太尼ferric ammonium citrate 枸橼酸铁铵ferrous sulfate 硫酸亚铁fibrates 苯氧酸类fibric acid derivatives 苯氧酸类fibrinolytics 纤维蛋白溶解药filgrastim 非格司亭filtration through pores 膜孔过滤first-order absorption kinetics 一级吸收动力学first-order elimination kinetics 一级消除动力学first-order kinetics 一级动力学first-pass effect 首关效应first-pass elimination 首关消除flavoxate 黄酮哌酯flecainide 氟卡尼fleroxacin 氟罗沙星flucloxacillin 氟氯西林fluconazole 氟康唑flucytosine 氟胞嘧啶fludrocortisone 氟氢可的松flumazenil 氟马西尼flunisolide 氟尼缩松fluocinolone acetonide 氟轻松fluopromazine 三氟丙嗪fluoroquinolones 氟喹诺酮类fluorouracil (5－FU) 氟尿嘧啶fluoxetine 氟西汀flupentixol 氟哌噻吨fluphenazine 氟奋乃静flurazepam 氟西泮flurithromycin 氟红霉素fluspirilene 氟斯必灵flutamide 氟他胺fluvoxamine 氟伏沙明folic acid 叶酸fortimicin 福提米星fosinopril 福辛普利free drug 游离型药物full agonist 完全激动药furbenicillin 呋苄西林furosemide 呋塞米fusidic acid 夫西地酸Ggabapentin 加巴喷丁galanthamine 加兰他敏gallamine triethiodide 戈拉碘铵ganciclovir 更昔洛韦ganglion-blocking agents 神经节阻断药ganglionic blocking drugs 神经节阻断药gatifloxacin 加替沙星gemfibrozil 吉非贝齐gene therapy 基因治疗genetic polymorphism 遗传多态性gentamicin 庆大霉素glianimon 达哌啶醇glibenclamide 格列苯脲，优降糖glibornuride 格列波脲，克糖利gliclazide 格列齐特，甲磺吡脲,达美康glimepiride 格列美脲glipizide 格列吡嗪，吡磺环己脲,美吡达gliquidone 格列喹酮，糖适平glucocorticoids（GC）糖皮质激素glucuronic acid 葡萄糖醛酸glycerin 甘油glycopeptide antibiotics 糖肽类抗生素glycopyrronium bromide 格隆溴铵gossypo1 棉酚granisetron 格拉司琼granulocyte colony stimulating 粒细胞集落刺激因子granulocyte－macrophage 粒－巨噬细胞集落刺激因子grepafloxacin 格帕沙星griseofulvin 灰黄霉素guanethidine 胍乙啶Hhalf life 半衰期half life of elimination 消除半衰期haloperidol 氟哌啶醇halothane 氟烷harringtonine 三尖杉酯碱hematopoietic growth factor 造血细胞生长因子heparin 肝素hepatic clearanc 肝清除率ehepatic drug enzymes 肝药酶heroin 海洛因heteroreceptor 异身受体hexamethonium 六甲双铵hexamethonium bromide 六甲溴铵hirudin 水蛭素histamine 组胺histamine receptor antagonists 组胺受体阻断药HMG－CoA reductase inhibitor 甲基戊二酸单酰辅酶A还原酶抑制剂homatropine 后马托品homoharringtonine 高三尖杉酯碱hydralazine 肼屈嗪, 肼苯哒嗪hydrochlorothiazide 氢氯噻嗪hydrocortisone 氢化可的松，皮质醇hydroxycamptothecine 羟喜树碱hydroxycarbamide 羟基脲17α－hydroxyprogesterone caproate 羟孕酮己酸酯hydroxyurea(HU) 羟基脲hyoscine 东莨菪碱hypersensitive reaction 过敏反应hypertonic glucose solution 高渗葡萄糖液hypnotics 催眠药hypotensive drugs 降压药Iibopamine 异波帕胺ibuprofen 布洛芬idiosyncrasy 特异体质idoxuridine 碘苷imipenem 亚胺培南imipramine 丙咪嗪imovane 依梦返incompatibility 配伍禁忌indapamide 吲达帕胺individual variation 个体差异indomethacin 吲哚美辛inducible enzyme 诱导酶infiltration anesthesia 浸润麻醉inhalation 吸入inhalational anesthetics 吸入性麻醉剂inhibition 抑制insulin 胰岛素interferon(IFN) 干扰素interleukin－11(IL－11) 白介素－11 interleukin－2(IL－2) 白介素－2 interstitial fluid 细胞间液intracellular fluid 细胞内液intramuscular injection 肌内注射intrathecal injection 椎管注射intravenous infusion 静脉滴注intravenous injection 静脉注射ipratropium 异丙基阿托品ipratropium 异丙托溴铵irbesartan 厄贝沙坦iron dextran 右旋糖酐铁isepamicin 异帕米星isoflurophate 异氟磷isoniazid(INH) 异烟肼isoprenaline 异丙肾上腺素isoprinosine (ISO) 异丙肌苷isosorbide dinitrate 硝酸异山梨酯isosorbide mononitrate 单硝酸异山梨酯isoxazoly penicillins 异唑类青霉素isradipine 依拉地平itraconazole 伊曲康唑Jjosamycin 交沙霉素Kkanamycin 卡那霉素kemadrin 开马君ketoconazole 酮康唑ketotifen 酮替芬kitasamycin 吉他霉素Llabetalol 拉贝洛尔labetalol 拉贝洛尔β－lactamase resistant penicillin 耐β－内酰胺酶青霉素lactulose 乳果糖lamictal 拉莫垂根lamotrigine 拉莫三嗪leuprorelin 亮丙瑞林levamisole 左旋咪唑levodopa 左旋多巴levofloxacin 左氧氟沙星librium 利眠宁lidocaine 利多卡因ligand 配体lincomycin 林可霉素lincosamides 林可胺类linear kinetics 线性动力学lipid solubility 脂溶性lipid-lowering drugs 降血脂药lipocortin－1 脂皮素－1liquid paraffin 液状石蜡lisinopril 赖诺普利lithium carbonate 碳酸锂lithium salt 锂盐local anesthetics 局部麻醉药lomefloxacin 洛美沙星lomustine 洛莫司汀loperamide 洛哌丁胺loracarbef 氯碳头孢lorazepam 劳拉西泮losartan 氯沙坦losec 洛赛克loxapine 洛沙平luminal 鲁米那Mmacrolides 大环内酯类mafenide 磺胺脒隆magnesium citrate 柠檬酸镁magnesium hydroxide 氢氧化镁magnesium sulfate 硫酸镁magnesium trisilicate 三硅酸镁magnesium valproate 丙戊酸镁malathion 马拉硫磷male contraceptives 男性避孕药mannitol 甘露醇maprotiline 马普替林marcaine 麻卡因margin of safety 安全范围mathematical model 数学模型maximal efficacy 最大效应mean steady state concentration 平均稳态浓度mecamylamine 美卡拉明mecillinam 美西林meclozine 美克洛嗪,敏克静medecamycin 麦迪霉素median effective concentration（EC50）半数有效浓度median effective dose 半数有效量median effective dose(ED50) 半数有效剂量median lethal dose（LD50）半数致死剂量median toxic concentration（TC50）半数中毒浓度median toxic dose（TD50）半数中毒剂量medopar 美多巴medroxyprogesterone acetate 醋酸甲羟孕酮,醋酸甲孕酮,安宫黄体酮，medroxyprogemefenamic acid 甲芬那酸megestrol 甲地孕酮meglitidine 美格列定meglitinide 美格列奈mephenytoin 美芬妥英2－mercaptophenylimidazole 麻风宁mercaptopurine(6－MP) 巯嘌呤meropenem 美罗培南mesoridazine 美索达嗪metabolism 代谢metandienone 去氢甲睾酮metaproterenol 奥西那林metaraminol 间羟胺metformin 二甲双胍，甲福明,降糖片methacholine 乙酰甲胆碱，醋甲胆碱methacycline 美他环素methadone 美沙酮methicillin 甲氧西林methoin 甲妥英methotrexate(MTX) 甲氨蝶呤methoxamine 甲氧胺，甲氧明methylation 甲基化methylcellulose 甲基纤维素methyldopa 甲基多巴methylhydrocortisone 甲基氢化可的松methylprednisolone 甲基强的松methylprednisolone 甲泼尼龙methyltestosterone 甲睾酮，甲基睾丸素methylthiouracil 甲硫氧嘧啶methylxanthine 甲基黄嘌呤类metoclopramide 甲氧氯普胺metoprolol 美托洛尔metronidazole 甲硝唑metyrapone 美替拉酮mexiletine 美西律mezlocillin 美洛西林mianserin 米安色林microaerosol 微气溶胶micronomicin 小诺霉素midazolam 咪达唑仑milrinone 米力农mineralocorticoids(MC) 盐皮质激素minimal effective concentration 最小有效浓度minimal inhibitory concentration(MI) 最低抑菌浓度minimal lethal dose 最小致死量minocycline 米诺环素minoxidil 米诺地尔miocamycin 美欧卡霉素mirtazapine 米尔塔扎平misoprostol 米索前列醇mithramycin 光辉霉素mitomycin (MMC) 丝裂霉素mitotane 米托坦mitoxantrone 米托蒽醌mivacurium 美维库铵,米库铵mizolastine 咪唑斯汀moclobemide 吗氯贝胺molindone 吗茚酮monoamine oxidase(MAO) 单胺氧化酶monobactams 单环β－内酰胺类monocomponent insulin（MI）单组分胰岛素morphine 吗啡moxifloxacin 莫西沙星moxonidine 莫索尼定mupirocin 莫比罗星muromonab－CD3 莫罗莫那－CD3muscarine 毒蕈碱muscarinic antagonists 毒蕈碱受体拮抗药mutagenesis 致突变mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) 麦考酚酸酯myocardial depressant factor(MDF) 心肌抑制因子mysoline 麦苏林Nnabumetone 萘丁美酮nadifloxacin 那氟沙星nadolol 纳多洛尔nafcillin 萘夫西林nalbuphine 纳布啡nalidixic acid 萘啶酸nalmefene 纳美芬naloxone 纳洛酮naltrexone 纳曲酮nandrolone phenylpropionate 苯丙酸诺龙narcotics 麻醉药品nateglidine 纳格列定nedocromil 奈多罗米nefazodone 奈法唑酮neomycin 新霉素neostigmine 新斯的明netilmicin 奈替米星nicorandil 尼可地尔nicotine 烟碱nicotinic acid 烟酸nifedipine 硝苯地平nimodipine尼莫地平nitrates 硝酸酯类nitrazepam 硝西泮nitrendipine 尼群地平nitric oxide 一氧化氮nitrofurans 硝基呋喃类nitroglycerin 硝酸甘油nitromidazoles 硝基咪唑类nitrosoureas 亚硝脲类nizatidine 尼扎替丁non-catecholamines 非儿茶酚胺类non-compartment models 非房室模型non-competitive antagonist 非竞争性拮抗药non-depolarizing muscular relaxant 非去极化型肌松药non-linear kinetic 非线性动力学non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug 非甾体抗炎药non-tricyclic anti-psychotics 非三环类抗精神病药noradrenaline 去甲肾上腺素norethisterone 炔诺酮norfloxacin 诺氟沙星norgestrel 炔诺孕酮,18－甲基炔诺酮,甲基炔诺酮norvancomycin 去甲万古霉素novocaine 奴佛卡因nystatin 制霉菌素Oobidoxime 双复磷occupation theory 占领学说ofloxacin 氧氟沙星omeprazole 奥美拉唑ondansetron 昂丹司琼one open-compartment model 一房室开放模型opioid analgesics 阿片类镇痛药opium 阿片oral administration 口服organophosphates 有机磷酸酯类ornidazole 奥硝唑osmotic diuretics 渗透性利尿药oxacillin 苯唑西林oxatomide 奥沙米特oxazepam 奥沙西泮oxcarbazepine 奥卡西平oxybutynin 奥昔布宁oxymetholone 羟甲烯龙oxyphenbutazone 羟布宗oxyphencyclimine 羟苄利明oxyphenonium bromide 奥芬溴铵oxytetracycline 土霉素Ppaclitaxel 紫杉醇pancuronium bromide 泮库溴铵paracetamol 扑热息痛paralysis 麻痹parathion 对硫磷paroxetine 帕罗西汀partial agonist 部分激动药passive diffusion 被动扩散passive transport 被动转运pavulon 巴夫龙peak concentration 峰浓度peak time 峰时间pefloxacin 培氟沙星peganone 乙妥英pempidine 潘必啶penbutolol 喷布洛尔penfluridol 五氟利多penicillin 青霉素penicillin binding proteins(PBPs) 青霉素结合蛋白penicillin G 青霉素Gpenicillin V 青霉素Vpentaerythritol tetranitrate 戊四硝酯pentazocine 喷他佐辛penthienate bromide 喷噻溴铵pentolonium 潘托安pentoxyverine 喷托维林pergolide 倍高利特pergolide 培高利特perhexiline 派克昔林perindopril 培哚普利peripheral compartment 周边室peroxisome proliferator activated receptor 过氧化物酶体增殖激活受体perphenazine 奋乃静persantin 潘生丁pethidine 哌替啶pharmaceutical equivalence 药剂当量pharmaceutical preparation 药物制剂pharmacodynamics 药物效应动力学，药效学pharmacokinetic parameters 药代动力学参数pharmacokinetics 药物代谢动力学,药动学pharmacological effect 药理效应pharmacology 药理学pharmacopoeia 药典phase of distribution 分布相phase of elimination 消除相phases 时相phenacetin 非那西丁phenformin 苯乙双胍,苯乙福明,降糖灵phenobarbital 苯巴比妥phenolphthalein 酚酞phenothiazines 吩噻嗪类phenoxybenzamine 酚苄明phentolamine 酚妥拉明phenylbutazone 保泰松phenylbutylpiperidines 苯丁哌啶类phenylephrine 去氧肾上腺素，苯肾上腺素phenytoin 苯妥英phenytoin sodium 苯妥英钠pholcodine 福尔可定phosphatidylinositol 肌醇磷脂phosphodiesterase 磷酸二酯酶phosphodiesterase inhibitor 磷酸二酯酶抑制剂physical dependence 身体依赖性physiological barrier 生理屏障physiological pharmacokinetic model 生理药代动力学模型physostigmine 毒扁豆碱pilocarpine 匹鲁卡品pilocarpine 毛果芸香碱pimozide 匹莫齐特pinacidil 吡那地尔pindolol 吲哚洛尔pioglitazone 吡格列酮pipecuronium bromide 哌库溴铵pipemidic acid 吡哌酸piperacillin 哌拉西林pirbuterol 吡布特罗pirenzepine 哌仑西平piroxicam 吡罗昔康placebo 安慰剂plateau level 坪浓度platelet inhibitors 血小板抑制剂plicamycin 普卡霉素polymixin B 多粘菌素Bpolymixins 多粘菌素类polypeptides 多肽类polyunsaturated fatty acids 多不饱和脂肪酸pontocaine 潘妥卡因poor metabolizer慢代谢型positive inotropic action 正性肌力作用postmarketing surveillance 售后调研potassium channel activators 钾通道激活药potassium channel openers 钾通道开放药potassium chloride 氯化钾potassium-sparing diuretics 保钾利尿药potency 效应强度pralidoxime chloride 氯解磷定pravastatin 普伐他汀prazosin 哌唑嗪precutaneous or mucosal administration 皮肤、黏膜给药prednisolone 泼尼松龙prednisone 泼尼松predrug 前药pregnenolone 孕烯醇酮prenylamine 普尼拉明primaquine 伯氨喹primidone 扑米酮principle of action 作用原理probanthine 普鲁本辛probenecid 丙磺舒probucol 普罗布考procainamide 普鲁卡因胺procaine 普鲁卡因procaine penicillin 普鲁卡因青霉素procyclidine 丙环定progestogens 孕激素promethazine 异丙嗪, 非那根propafenone 普罗帕酮propantheline 溴丙胺太林propionibacterium acnes 短小棒状杆菌(COPARVAX) proportionate transport 定比转运propranolol 普萘洛尔propylthiouracil 丙硫氧嘧啶prostaglandin(PG) 前列腺素prostigmine 普洛斯的明protriptyline 普罗替林pseudocholinesterase 假性胆碱酯酶psychic dependence 精神依赖性pyrazinamide 吡嗪酰胺pyribenzamine 吡苄明，扑敏宁pyridostigmine 吡斯的明pyrimethamine 乙胺嘧啶Qqualitative response 质反应quantitative response 量反应quantitatively atypical antipsychotics 剂量型非典型抗精神病药quinestro1 炔雌醚quinidine 奎尼丁quinolones 喹诺酮类Rraloxifene 雷洛昔芬ramipril 雷米普利ranitidine 雷尼替丁rate theory 速率学说rebound reaction 反跳反应receptive substance 接受物质receptor 受体receptor desensitization 受体脱敏receptor hypersensitization 受体增敏receptor site 受点recombinant staphylokinase（r-SaK）重组葡激酶reentry 折返regulation 调节remikiren 雷米克林renal clearance 肾清除率renal glomerular filtration 肾小球过滤renal tubular secretion 肾小管分泌renin inhibitors 肾素抑制剂repaglidine 瑞格列定repaglinide 瑞格列奈replacement therapy 替代治疗reserpine 利血平reteplase 瑞替普酶ribavirin 利巴韦林ribostamycin 核糖霉素ridogrel 利多格雷rifamdin 利福定rifampicin 利福平rifampin 利福平rifapentine 利福喷汀rimantadine 金刚乙胺risperidone 利培酮rocuronium bromide 罗库溴铵rogor 乐果rokitamycin 罗他霉素ropivacaine 罗哌卡因rosiglitazone 罗格列酮roxatidine 罗沙替丁roxithromycin 罗红霉素rufloxacin 芦氟沙星Ssalbutamol 沙丁胺醇salicylates 水杨酸类sargramostin 沙格莫丁sarin 沙林saturation kinetics 饱和动力学scoline 司可林scopolamine 东莨菪碱second messenger 第二信使secondary reaction 继发反应selective estrogen-receptor 选择性雌激素受体调节剂selectivity 选择性selegiline 司来吉兰semustine 司莫司汀sensitization 致敏反应sertraline 舍曲林sex hormones 性激素side effect 副作用side reaction 副反应simvastatin 辛伐他汀sisomicin 西索霉素skeletal muscular relaxants 骨骼肌松弛药sodium bicarbonate 碳酸氢钠sodium channel blockers 钠通道阻滞药sodium citrate 枸橼酸钠sodium cromoglycate 色甘酸钠sodium lactate 乳酸钠sodium nitroprusside 硝普钠sodium phosphates 磷酸钠sodium salicylate 水杨酸钠sodium valproate 丙戊酸钠solasulfone 苯丙砜soman 索曼sorbitol 山梨醇sotalol 索他洛尔spare receptor 储备受体sparfloxacin 司巴沙星specificity 特异性spectinomycin 大观霉素spironolactone 螺内酯stable angina 稳定型心绞痛stanozolol 司坦唑醇steady state concentration 稳态浓度stem cell factor(SCF) 干细胞因子stimulation 兴奋streptokinase 链激酶streptomycin 链霉素streptozotocin 链佐星subarachnoidal anesthesia 蛛网膜下腔麻醉subcutaneous injection 皮下注射substitutes of plasma 血浆代用品succinimides 琥珀酰亚胺类sucralfate 硫糖铝sulbactam 舒巴坦sulbenicillin 磺苄西林sulfacetamide sodium(SA－Na) 磺胺醋酰钠sulfacytine 磺酰乙胞嘧啶sulfadiazine silver（SD－Ag）磺胺嘧啶银sulfadiazine（SD）磺胺嘧啶sulfadimidine 磺胺二甲嘧啶sulfadoxine 磺胺多辛,周效磺胺sulfamethizole 磺胺甲二唑sulfamethoxazole(SMZ) 磺胺甲恶唑sulfamethoxydiazine(SMD) 磺胺对甲氧嘧啶sulfametopyrazine 磺胺林sulfamonomethoxine（SMM）磺胺间甲氧嘧啶sulfanilamide 对氨基苯磺酰胺sulfapyridine 磺胺吡啶sulfasalazine(SASP) 柳氮磺吡啶sulfate acid 硫酸sulfathiazole 磺胺噻唑sulfinpyrazone 磺吡酮sulfisoxazole（SIZ）磺胺异恶唑sulfonamides 磺胺类药sulfones 砜类sulfonylureas 磺酰脲类sulindac 舒林酸sulperazone 舒普深sulpiride 舒必利supplement therapy 补充治疗surface anesthesia 表面麻醉sustained release preparation 缓释制剂suxamethonium 琥珀胆碱sympatholytic drugs 交感神经阻滞药sympathomimetic amines 拟交感神经胺类sympathomimetics 拟交感神经药symptomatic treatment 对症治疗synergism 协同作用systox 内吸磷Ttabun 塔朋tachyphylaxis 快速耐受性tacrolimus 他克莫司tamoxifen 他莫昔芬tamsulosin 坦洛新tannalbin 鞣酸蛋白tazobactam 三唑巴坦tazocin 他唑星tegretol 卡巴咪嗪teicoplanin 替考拉宁telenzepine 替仑西平temocillin 替莫西林teniposide 替尼泊苷teratogenesis 致畸胎terazosin 特拉唑嗪terazosin 特拉唑嗪terbinafine 特比萘芬terbutaline 特布他林terbutaline 特布他林terfenadine 特非那定testosterone 睾酮,睾丸素testosterone phenylacetate 苯乙酸睾酮，苯乙酸睾丸testosterone propionate 丙酸睾酮，丙酸睾丸素tetracaine 丁卡因tetracycline 四环素thalidomide 沙利度胺，反应停,酞胺哌啶酮theophylline 茶碱therapeutic drug monitoring(TDM) 临床药物监测therapeutic effect 治疗效果therapeutic index 治疗指数thiamazole 甲巯咪唑，他巴唑thiamphenicol 甲砜霉素thiazide diuretics 噻嗪类利尿药thiazides 噻嗪类thiazolidinediones 噻唑烷二酮类thiophosphoramide 塞替派thioridazine 硫利达嗪thiotepa 塞替派thiothixene 替沃噻吨threshold concentration 阈浓度thrombolytics 血栓溶解药thyroid hormone 甲状腺激素thyroxin 甲状腺素tiagabine 噻加宾ticarcillin 替卡西林ticlid 抵克立得ticlopidine 噻氯匹啶time-concentration curve 时量曲线timentin 特美丁timolol 噻吗洛尔tinidazole 替硝唑tissue plasminogen activator 组织型纤溶酶原激活因子tobramycin 妥布霉素tocainide 妥卡尼tolazoline 妥拉唑林tolbutamide 甲苯磺酰脲,甲磺丁脲,甲糖宁tolerance 耐受性topiramate 托匹马特torsemide 托拉赛米tosufloxacin 托苏沙星total clearance 总清除率toxic reaction 毒性反应tranexamic acid 氨甲环酸trans-membrane transport 跨膜转运transport 转运transport carrier of acidic drug 酸性药物转运载体transport carrier of organic bases 有机碱性药物转运载体trazodone 曲拉唑酮triamcinolone 曲安奈德triamterene 氨苯蝶啶triazolam 三唑仑tricyclic antipsychotic 三环类抗精神病药trifluoperazine 三氟拉嗪triggered automaticity 触发活动trihexyphenidyl 苯海索triiodothyronine 三碘甲状腺原氨酸trimetaphan 樟磺咪芬,咪噻芬trimethoprim(TMP) 甲氧苄啶tripotassium dicitratobismuthate 三钾二枸橼酸铋troglitazone 曲格列酮tropicamide 托吡卡胺,托品酰胺trovafloxacin 曲伐沙星tubocurarine 筒箭毒碱two model theory 二态模型学说Uunasyn 优立新unbound drug 游离型药物up-regulatio 向上调节nurapidil 乌拉地尔uric acid 尿酸urinary antiseptics 泌尿道抗菌药urokinase 尿激酶ursodeoxycholic acid 熊去氧胆酸Vvaccine calmette－guerin (BCG) 卡介苗valethamate bromide 戊沙溴铵valium 安定valproic acid 丙戊酸valsartan 缬沙坦vancomycin 万古霉素variant angina 变异型心绞痛vasodilators 血管舒张药vecuronium bromide 维库溴铵venlafaxine 文拉法辛verapamil 维拉帕米vigabatrin 氨己烯酸vinblastine(VLB) 长春碱vincristine(VC) 长春新碱voglibose 伏格列波糖Wwarfarin 华法林，苄丙酮香豆素Xxenobiotics 外源性物质xylocaine 赛罗卡因Yyohimbine 育亨宾Zzarontin 扎兰丁zero-order absorption kinetics 零级吸收动力学zero-order kinetics 零级动力学zero-order（nonlinear）elimination kinetics 零级（非线性）消除动力学zidovudine 齐多夫定zolpidem 唑吡坦zopiclone 佐匹克隆。
神经系统药理2胆碱能神经系统
zonule Anterior chamber Ciliary muscle (contraction)
调节麻痹
• paralysis of accommodation
•mydriasis
far sight
atropine
miosis
spasm of accommodation
near sight
神经系统药理2胆碱能神经系统
Muscurinic receptor antagonists
Drug classification of cholinergic antagonists
• M cholinoceptor antagonists
Atropine阿托品 (Antimuscarinic drugs)
• Measurement of the refractive errors(验光): children • Acute iritis or iridocyclitis: mydriatics/miotics （ to
prevent synechia/adhesion）
(2) Antispasmodic agent
• N cholinoceptor antagonists
NN cholinoceptor antagonists: mecamylamine美加明 (Ganglionic Blocking drugs, rarely used )
NM cholinoceptor antagonists: succinylcholine琥珀胆碱 (Neuromuscular Blocking drugs )
bronchial tract • insensitive: uterus