Chapter 5 The Analysis of Investment Projects
投资学 chapter 5
Sample question:You have the following rates of return for a risky portfolio for several recent years:1. If you invested $1,000 at the beginning of 2005 your investment at the end of 2008 would be worth ___________.A. $2,176.60B. $1,785.56C. $1,645.53D. $1,247.87If you invest 1,000, at the end of year one, you will have 1000*(1+35.23%),At the end of year 2, you will have 1000*(1+35.23%)*(1+18.67%), do the same work for year 3 and 4, then$1000(1+35.23%)(1+18.67%)(1 -9.87%)(1+23.45%) = $1785.562. The annualized average return on this investment isA. 16.15%B. 16.87%C. 21.32%D. 15.60%Because geometric average rate of return is more accurate, we will use geometric average rate of return here.Geometric average rate of return=((1+r_1)(1+r_2)*…(1+r_n))^(1/n)-1, then we haveHint: we have already calculated 1000(1+35.23%)(1+18.67%)(1 -9.87%)(1+23.45%) = $1785.56, thus (1+35.23%)(1+18.67%)(1 -9.87%)(1+23.45%)=1.7856.1. You put up $50 at the beginning of the year for an investment. The value of the investment grows 4% and you earn a dividend of $3.50. Your HPR was _D___.A. 4.00%B. 3.50%C. 7.00%D. 11.00%2. The geometric average of -12%, 20% and 25% is _____C____.A. 8.42%B. 11.00%C. 9.70%D. 18.88%3. The excess return is the ____B_____.A. rate of return that can be earned with certaintyB. rate of return in excess of the Treasury bill rateC. rate of return to risk aversionD. index return4. Your investment has a 20% chance of earning a 30% rate of return, a 50% chance of earning a 10% rate of return and a 30% chance of losing 6%. What is your expected D return on this investment? DA. 12.8%B. 11.0%C. 8.9%D. 9.2%5. Your investment has a 40% chance of earning a 15% rate of return, a 50% chance of earning a 10% rate of return and a 10% chance of losing 3%. What is the standard deviation of this investment? 10.7% AA. 5.14%B. 7.59%C. 9.29%D. 8.43%6. Both investors and gamblers take on risk. The difference between an investor and a gambler is that an investor ____B___.A. is normally risk neutralB. requires a risk premium to take on the riskC. knows he or she will not lose moneyD. knows the outcomes at the beginning of the holding period7. Treasury bills are paying a 4% rate of return. A risk averse investor with a risk aversion of A = 3 should invest in a risky portfolio with a standard deviation of 24% only if the risky portfolio's expected return is at least __C____.A. 8.67%B. 9.84%C. 12.64%D. 14.68%8. Two assets have the following expected returns and standard deviations when the risk-free rate is 5%:11 15.9An investor with a risk aversion of A = 3 would find that ________C_________ on a risk return basis.A. only Asset A is acceptableB. only Asset B is acceptableC. neither Asset A nor Asset B is acceptableD. both Asset A and Asset B are acceptable9. You purchased a share of stock for $29. One year later you received $2.25 as dividend and sold the share for $28. Your holding-period return was ______C___.A. -3.57%B. - 3.45%C. 4.31%D. 8.03%10. The holding period return on a stock was 25%. Its ending price was $18 and its beginning price was $16. Its cash dividend must have been ___C______.A. $0.25B. $1.00C. $2.00D. $4.0011. An investor invests 70% of her wealth in a risky asset with an expected rate of return of 15% and a variance of 5% and she puts 30% in a Treasury bill that pays 5%. Her portfolio's expected rate of return and standard deviation are _______C___ and__________ respectively.A. 10.0%, 6.7%B. 12.0%, 22.4%C. 12.0%, 15.7%D. 10.0%, 35.0%12. Consider the following two investment alternatives. First, a risky portfolio that pays 15% rate of return with a probability of 40% or 5% with a probability of 60%. Second, a treasury bill that pays 6%. The risk premium on the risky investment is ____B_____.A. 1%B. 3%C. 6%D. 9%13. What is the geometric average return of the following quarterly returns: 3%, 5%, 4%, and 7%, respectively? CA. 3.72%B. 4.23%C. 4.74%D. 4.90%You have the following rates of return for a risky portfolio for several recent years. Assume that the stock pays no dividends14. What is the geometric average return for the period? CA. 2.87%B. 0.74%C. 2.60%D. 2.21%15. What is the dollar weighted return over the entire time period? BA. 2.87%B. 0.74%C. 2.60%D. 2.21%。
投资学精要（博迪）（第五版）习题答案英文版chapter5综述
Essentials of Investments (BKM 5th Ed.Answers to Selected Problems – Lecture 60 –300Purchase of three shares at $100 each. 1 –208Purchase of two shares at $110 less dividend income on three shares held. 2 110 Dividends on five shares plus sale of one share at price of $90 each. 3 396Dividends on four shares plus sale of four shares at price of $95 each. 396|||110 |Date: 1/1/96 1/1/97 1/1/98 1/1/99| || || || 208300The Dollar-weighted return can be determined by doing an internal rate of return (IRRcalculation. In other words, set the present value of the outflows equal to the presentvalue of the inflows (or the net present value to zero: %1661. 0001661. 01(396 1(110 1(208300321−=−=+++=++R R R3. b.5. We need to distinguish between timing and selection abilities. The intercept of the scatterdiagram is a measure of stock selection ability. If the manager tends to have a positive excess return even when the market’s performance is merely ‘neutral’ (i.e., has zero excess return, then we conclude that the manager has on average made good stock picks – stock selection must be the source of the positive excess returns.Timing ability is indicated by curvature in the plotted line. Lines that become steeper as you move to the right of the graph show good timing ability. An upward curvedrelationship indicates that the portfolio was more sensitive to market moves when the market was doing well and less sensitive to market moves when the market was doingpoorly -- this indicates good market timing skill. A downward curvature would indicate poor market timing skill.We can therefore classify performance ability for the four managers as follows:a. Bad Goodb. Good Goodc. Good Badd. Bad Bad9. The manager’s alpha is:10 - [6 + 0.5(14-6] = 010. a α(A = 24 - [12 + 1.0(21-12] = 3.0%α(B = 30 - [12 + 1.5(21-12] = 4.5%T(A = (24 - 12/1 = 12T(B = (30-12/1.5 = 12As an addition to a passive diversified portfolio, both A and B are candidates because they both have positive alphas.b (i The funds may have been trying to time the market. In that case, the SCL of the funds may be non-linear (curved.(ii One year’s worth of data is too small a sample to make clear conclusions.(iii The funds may have significantly different levels of diversification. If both have the same risk-adjusted return, the fund with the less diversified portfolio has a higher exposure to risk because of its higher firm-specific risk. Since the above measure adjusts only for systematic risk, it does not tell the entire story.11. a Indeed, the one year results were terrible, but one year is a short time period from whichto make clear conclusions. Also, the Board instructed the manager to give priority to long-term results.b The sample pension funds had a much larger share in equities compared to Alpine’s. Equities performed much better than bonds. Also, Alpine was told to hold down risk investing at most 25% in equities. Alpine should not be held responsible for an asset allocation policy dictated by the client.c Alpine’s alpha measures its risk-adjusted performance compared to the market’s:α = 13.3 - [7.5 + 0.9(13.8 - 7.5] = 0.13%, which is actually above zero!d Note that the last five years, especially the last one, have been bad for bonds – and Alpine was encouraged to hold bonds. Within this asset class, Alpine did much better than the index funds. Alpine’s performance within each asset class has been superior on a risk-adjusted basis. Its disappointing performance overall was due to a heavy asset allocation weighting toward bonds, which was the Board’s –not Alpine’s – choice.e A trustee may not care about the time-weighted return, but that return is moreindicative of the manager’s performance. After all, the manager has no control over the cash inflow of the fund.。
英文版国际金融练习题Chapter_5
INTERNATIONAL FINANCEAssignment Problems (5) Name: Student#: I. Choose the correct answer for the following questions (only ONE correct answer) (3 credits for each question, total credits 3 x 20 = 60)1. When the supply of and demand for a foreign exchange in the foreign exchange market are exactly the same, the exchange rate is the __________.A. real exchange rateB. effective exchange rateC. equilibrium exchange rateD. cross exchange rate2. An increase in the demand for French goods and services will __________.A. induce a rightward shift in the demand for euroB. induce a leftward shift in the demand for euroC. result in a rightward movement along the demand curve for euroD. result in a leftward movement along the demand curve for euro3. If U.S. demand for Japanese goods increases and Japan’s demand for U.S. products also rises at the same time, which of the following can you conclude in this situation?A. The U.S. dollar will appreciate against the yen.B. The U.S. dollar will depreciate against the yen.C. The U.S. dollar will not change relative to the yen.D. The U.S. dollar may appreciate, depreciate, or remain unchanged against theyen.4. If the price of a pair of Nike sneakers costs $85 in U.S, and the price of the same sneakers is €80 in Paris, the spot rate is $1.35 per euro, the euro __________.A. is correctly valued according to PPPB. is correctly valued according to relative PPPC. is undervalued according to PPPD. is overvalued according to PPP5. If the expected exchange rate E (S B/A) according to the relative purchasing power parity is lower than the spot exchange rate (S B/A), we may conclude that __________.A. country B is expected to run huge BOP surplus with country AB. country A’s interest rate is going to be lower than that of country B’sC. the expected inflation rate in country A is higher than the expected inflation rate in country BD. the expected inflation rate in country A is lower than the expected inflation rate in country B6. Assume that PPP holds in the long run. If the price of a tradable good is $20 in theU.S. and 100 pesos in Mexico; and the exchange rate is 7 pesos/$ right now, which of the following changes might we expect in the future?A. an increase in the price of the good in the U.SB. a decrease in the price of the good in MexicoC. an appreciation of the peso in nominal termsD. a depreciation of the peso in nominal terms7. Which basket of goods would be most likely to exhibit absolute purchasing powerparity?A. Highly tradable commodities, such as wheatB. The goods in the Consumer Price indexC. Specialized luxury goods, which are subject to different tax rates across countriesD. Locally produced goods, such as transportation services, which are not easily traded8. The absolute purchasing power parity says that the exchange rate between the two currencies should be determined by the __________ .A. relative inflation rate of the two currenciesB. relative price level of the two countriesC. relative interest rate of the two currenciesD. relative money supply of the two countries9. According to the relative PPP, if country A’s inflation rate is higher than country B’s inflation rate by 3%, __________.A. country A’s currency should depreciate against country B’s currency by 3%B. country A’s currency should appreciate against country B’s currency by 3%C. it is hard to say whether country A’s currency should appreciate or depreciate against country B’s currency. The exchange rate is influenced by many factorsD. none of the above is true10. If the law of one price holds for a particular good, we may conclude that __________.A. there is no trade barriers for the good among the different nationsB. the price of the good is the same ignoring the other expensesC. arbitrage for the good does not existD. all of the above are true11. An investor borrows money in one market, sells the borrowed money on the spot market, invests the proceeds of the sale in another place and simultaneously buys back the borrowed currency on the forward market. This is called __________.A. uncovered interest arbitrageB. covered interest arbitrageC. triangular arbitrageD. spatial arbitrage12. Real return equalization across countries on similar financial instruments is called __________.A. interest rate parityB. uncovered interest parityC. forward parityD. real interest parity13. In which of the following situations would a speculator wish to sell foreign currency on the forward market?A. If E[S1d/f] < F1d/fB. If E[S1d/f] > F1d/fC. If E[S1d/f] = F1d/fD. If E[S1d/f] = 1/F1d/f14. According to IRP, if the interest rate in country A is higher than that in country B, the forward exchange rate, defined as F1A/B is expected to be __________.A. lower than the spot rate S0A/BB. the same as the spot rate S0A/BC. higher than the spot rate S0A/BD. necessary the same as the future spot rate S1A/B15. For arbitrage opportunities to be practicable, __________.A. arbitragers must have instant access to quotesB. arbitragers must have instant access to executionsC. arbitragers must be able to execute the transactions without an initial sum of money relying on their bank’s credit standingD. All of the above must be true.16. The __________ states that the forward exchange rate quoted at time 0 for delivery at time t is equal to what the spot rate is expected to be at time t.A. interest rate parityB. uncovered interest parityC. forward parityD. real interest parity17. Assume expected value of the U.S. dollar in the future is lower than that now compared to the value of the Japanese yen. The U.S. inflation rate must be higher than Japan’s inflation rate according to __________.A. relative PPPB. Fisher equationC. International Fisher relationD. IRP18. According to covered interest arbitrage if an investor purchases a five-year U.S. bond that has an annual interest rate of 5% rather than a comparable British bond that has an annual interest rate of 6%, then the investor must be expecting the __________ to __________ at a rate at least of 1% per year over the next 5 years.A. British pound; appreciateB. British pound; revalueC. U.S. dollar; appreciateD. U.S. dollar; depreciate19. Covered interest arbitrage moves the market __________ equilibrium because __________.A. toward; investors are now more willing to invest in risky securitiesB. toward; purchasing a currency on the spot market and selling in the forward market narrows the differential between the twoC. away from; purchasing a currency on the spot market and selling in the forward market increases the differential between the twoD. away from; demand for the stronger currency forces up the interest rates on the weaker security20. If the forward exchange rate is an unbiased predictor of the expected future spot rate, which of the following is NOT true?A. The future spot rate will actually be equal to what the forward rate predictsB. The forward premium or discount reflects the expected change in the spot exchange rate.C. Speculative activity ensures that the forward rate does not diverge too far from the market’s consensus expectation.D. All of the above are true.II. Problems (40 credits)1.The Argentine peso was fixed through a currency board at Ps1.00/$ throughout the 1990s. In January 2002 the Argentine peso was floated. On January 29, 2003, it was trading at Ps3.20/$. During that one year period Argentina’s inflation rate was 20% on an annualized basis. Inflation in the United States during that same period was2.2% annualized. (10 credits)a. What should have been the exchange rate in January 2003 if purchasing power parity held?b. By what percentage was the Argentine peso undervalued on an annualized basis?2. Assume that the interest rate paid by an American borrower on a ten-year foreign bond is 10% if the bond is sold in Denmark and 7% if the bond is sold in the Netherland. Will the expected inflation rate in the Netherlands likely be higher than the expected inflation rate in Denmark? Will the Danish kroner be expected to increase in value against the Dutch guilder? Explain your answer. (5 credits)3. Suppose S = $1.25/₤ and the 1-year forward rate is F = $1.20/₤. The real interest rate on a riskless government security is 2 percent in both England and the United States. The U.S. inflation rate is 5 percent. (5 credits)a. What is England’s nominal required rate of return on riskless government securities?b. What is England’s inflation rate if the equilibrium relationships hold?4. Akira Numata, a foreign exchange trader at Credit Suisse (Tokyo), is exploring covered interest arbitrage possibilities. He wants to invest $5,000,000 or its yen equivalent, in a covered interest arbitrage between U.S. dollars and Japanese yen. He faced the following exchange rate and interest rate quotes: (12 credits)Spot rate: ¥118.60/$ 180-day forward rate: ¥117.80/$ 180-day dollar 4.8% per yearinterest rate180-day yen 3.4% per yearinterest rateThe bank does not calculate transaction costs on any individual transaction because these costs are part of the overall operating budget of the arbitrage department. Plot the given information on the covered interest parity grid. Explain and illustrate the specific steps Akira must take to make a covered interest arbitrage profit.5. On a particular day, the spot rate between Czech koruna (CKR) and the U.S. dollar is CKR30.35/$, while the interest rate on a one-year financial instrument in Czech is7.5% and 3.5% in U.S. (8 credits)a. What is your expected spot exchange rate a year later?b. You’re concerned your investment in the Czech Republic because of the economic uncertainty in that country. When you expect the future value of the koruna, you require a risk premium of 2%. What is the expected future spot rate supposed to be?Answers to Assignment Problems (5)Part II1. a. inflation differential (20% -2.2%) = 17.8%U.S. should have appreciated by 17.8%Implied exchange rate 1(1 + 17.8%) = Ps1.178/$b. (1.178 – 3.2 ) / 3.2 = -63.19%2. a. According to international Fisher equation: (1 + i d) / (1 + i f) = (1 + E[πd]) / (1 + E[πf])i d: interest rate in Denmarki f: interest rate in Netherlandπd: Danish inflation rateπf Dutch inflation rateSince (1 + i d) / (1 + i f) = (1 +10%)/(1 + 7%) > 0So, (1 + E[πd]) / (1 + E[πf]) >0, which means the expected inflation rate in Denmark would be greater than that in Netherland.b. If Danish inflation is higher than Dutch inflation, Danish kroner will be expected to decrease in value against the Dutch guilder. (relative PPP theory)3. a. U.S. nominal interest rate 2% + 5% = 7% (Fisher equation)7% - U.K.i = (1.2 – 1.25)/1.25 (IRP)U.K.i = 7% + 4% = 11%b. 11% - 2% = 9% (Fisher equation)4. a. According to IRP:i￥– i$ = 4.8%/2 – 3.4%/2 = 0.7% = 0.007(F￥/$– S￥、$) / S￥/$ = (117.8 – 118.6) / 118.6 = - 0.006745i￥– i$￥/$– S￥、$) / S￥/$greater than forward-spot exchange rate differential.Step 1: Since Akira decides to invest $5,000,000, so he borrow yen equivalent $5,000,000 x ¥118.6/$ = ¥593,000,000Akira’s obligation: ¥593,000,000 x (1 + 1.7%) = ¥603,081,000 Step 2: Sell yen for dollar at the spot market¥593,000,000 / ¥118.6/$ = $5,000,000 (dollar inflow)Step 3: invest in U.S. market$5,000,000 x (1 + 2.4%) = $5,120,000 (payoff)Step 4: sell dollar for yen at the forward market($5,120,000) x (¥117.8/$) = ¥603,136,000 (yen inflow)Akira’s net profit: ¥603,136,000 –¥603,081,000 = ¥55,0005. a. According to UIP, i CKR– i$ = (E(S) – S)/S7.5% - 3.5% = ((E(S) – 30.35)/30.35E[S] = (30.35 x 0.04) + 30.35 = 31.564b. i CKR– i$ = (E(S) – S)/S + risk premium7.5% - 3.5% = ((E(S) – 30.35)/30.35 + 2%E[S] = (30.35 x 0.02) + 30.35 = 30.957。
Chapter 5 补充后
Chapter 5: Evaluating a Single Project
Engineering Economy, Fifteenth Edition By William G. Sullivan, Elin M. Wicks, and C. Patrick Koelling
企业资金分配问题的一个简单例子
Engineering Economy, Fifteenth Edition By William G. Sullivan, Elin M. Wicks, and C. Patrick Koelling
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.
To be attractive, a capital project must provide a return that exceeds a minimum level established by the organization. This minimum level is reflected in a firm’s Minimum Attractive Rate of Return (MARR). 为了具有吸引力，资本项目必须提供一个超出 由组织建立的最低标准的回报。 这个最低标准反应为公司的最低吸引力收益率 （MARR）。
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.
The objective of Chapter 5 is to discuss and critique contemporary methods for determining project profitability.
公司财务原理Principles of Corporate Finance(11th edition)_课后习题答案Chap005
CHAPTER 5Net Present Value and Other Investment CriteriaAnswers to Problem Sets1. a. A = 3 years, B = 2 years, C = 3 years.b. Bc. A, B, and Cd. B and C (NPV B = $3,378;NPV C = $2,405)e. True. The payback rule ignores all cash flows after the cutoff date,meaning that future years’ cash inflows are not considered. In addition, thepayback rule ignores the timing of cash inflows. For example, for apayback rule set at two years, a project with a payback period of one yearis given equal weight as a project with a payback period of two years.f. It will accept no negative-NPV projects, but will turn down some withpositive NPVs. A project can have positive NPV if all future cash flows areconsidered but still do not meet the stated cutoff period.Est. time: 6 – 102. Given the cash flows C0, C1, . . . , C T, IRR is defined by:It is calculated by trial and error, by financial calculators, or by spreadsheetprograms.Est. time: 1 – 53. a. $15,750; $4,250; $0b. 100%Est. time: 1 – 54. No (you are effectively “borrowing” at a rate of interest highe r than theopportunity cost of capital).Est. time: 1 – 55 a. Two. There are multiple internal rates of return for a project when thereare changes in the sign of the cash flows.b. −50% and +50%. The NPV for the project using both of these IRRs is 0.c. Yes, NPV = +14.6.Est. time: 1 – 56. The incremental flows from investing in Alpha rather than Beta are −200,000;+110,000; and 121,000. The IRR on the incremental cash flow is 10% (i.e., −200 + 110/1.10 + 121/1.102 = 0). The IRR on Beta exceeds the cost of capital and so does the IRR on the incremental investment in Alpha. Choose Alpha.Est. time: 1 – 57. 1, 2, 4, and 6The profitability index for each project is shown below:Start with the project with the highest profitability index and go from there. Project2 has the highest profitability index and has an initial investment of $5,000. Thenext highest profitability index is for Project 1, which has an initial investment of $10,000. The next highest is Project 4, which will cost $60,000 up front. So far we have spent $75,000. Projects 5 and 6 both have profitability indexes of .2, but we only have $15,000 left to spend, so we will add Project 6 to our list. This gives us Projects 1, 2, 4, and 6.Est. time: 1 – 58. a. $90.91.10)(1$10001000NPV A -=+-=$ $4,044.7310)(1.$1000(1.10)$1000(1.10)$4000(1.10)$1000(1.10)$10002000NPV 5432B +=+++++-=$ $39.4710)(1.$1000.10)(1$1000(1.10)$1000(1.10)$10003000NPV 542C +=++++-=$ Projects B and C have positive NPVs.b. Payback A = one yearPayback B = two yearsPayback C = four yearsc. A and Bd.$909.09.10)(1$1000PV 1A == The present value of the cash inflows for Project A never recovers the initialoutlay for the project, which is always the case for a negative NPV project.The present values of the cash inflows for Project B are shown in the thirdrow of the table below, and the cumulative net present values are shownin the fourth row:C 0C 1 C 2 C 3 C 4 C 5 -2,000.00+1,000.00 +1,000.00 +4,000.00 +1,000.00 +1,000.00 -2,000.00909.09 826.45 3,005.26 683.01 620.92 -1,090.91 -264.46 2,740.80 3,423.81 4,044.73Since the cumulative NPV turns positive between year 2 and year 3, the discounted payback period is:years 2.093,005.26264.462=+The present values of the cash inflows for Project C are shown in the third row of the table below, and the cumulative net present values are shown in the fourth row:C 0 C 1 C 2 C 3 C 4 C 5-3,000.00 +1,000.00 +1,000.000.00 +1,000.00 +1,000.00 -3,000.00 909.09 826.450.00 683.01 620.92 -2,090.91 -1,264.46 -1,264.46 -581.45 39.47Since the cumulative NPV turns positive between year 4 and year 5, thediscounted payback period is:years 4.94620.92581.454=+e. Using the discounted payback period rule with a cutoff of three years, thefirm would accept only Project B.Est. time: 11– 159. a. When using the IRR rule, the firm must still compare the IRR with theopportunity cost of capital. Thus, even with the IRR method, one mustspecify the appropriate discount rate.b. Risky cash flows should be discounted at a higher rate than the rate usedto discount less risky cash flows. Using the payback rule is equivalent tousing the NPV rule with a zero discount rate for cash flows before thepayback period and an infinite discount rate for cash flows thereafter.Est. time: 1 – 510.The two IRRs for this project are (approximately): –17.44% and 45.27%. Between these two discount rates, the NPV is positive.Est. time: 06 - 1011. a.The figure on the next page was drawn from the following points:Discount Rate 0% 10% 20%NPV A +20.00 +4.13 -8.33NPV B +40.00 +5.18 -18.98b. From the graph, we can estimate the IRR of each project from the pointwhere its line crosses the horizontal axis:IRR A = 13.1% and IRR B = 11.9%This can be checked by calculating the NPV for each project at theirrespective IRRs, which give an approximate NPV of 0.c.The company should accept Project A if its NPV is positive and higherthan that of Project B; that is, the company should accept Project A if thediscount rate is greater than 10.7% (the intersection of NPV A and NPV B onthe graph below) and less than 13.1% (the internal rate of return).d. The cash flows for (B–A) are:C0 = $ 0C1 = –$60C2 = –$60C3 = +$140Therefore:Discount Rate0% 10% 20%NPV B−A+20.00 +1.05 -10.65IRR B − A = 10.7%The company should accept Project A if the discount rate is greater than10.7% and less than 13.1%. As shown in the graph, for these discountrates, the IRR for the incremental investment is less than the opportunitycost of capital.Est. time: 06 - 1012. a. Because Project A requires a larger capital outlay, it ispossible that Project A has both a lower IRR and a higher NPV thanProject B. (In fact, NPV A is greater than NPV B for all discount rates lessthan 10%.) Because the goal is to maximize shareholder wealth, NPV isthe correct criterion.b. To use the IRR criterion for mutually exclusive projects, calculate theIRR for the incremental cash flows:C 0 C 1 C 2 IRRA -B −200 +110 +121 10%Because the IRR for the incremental cash flows exceeds the cost ofcapital, the additional investment in A is worthwhile. c. 81.86$(1.09)3001.09250400NPV 2A =++-= $79.10(1.09)1791.09140200NPV 2B =++-= Est. time: 06 - 1013. Use incremental analysis:C 1 C 2 C 3Current Arrangement −250,000 −250,000 +650,000Extra Shift −550,000 +650,000 0Incremental Flows −300,000 +900,000 -650,000The IRRs for the incremental flows are (approximately): 21.13% and 78.87%If the cost of capital is between these rates, Titanic should work the extra shift.Est. time: 06 - 1014.a. First calculate the NPV for each project.The NPV for Project D is: $=-+=D 20,000NPV 10,0008,181.821.10The NPV for Project E is:=-+=E 35,000NPV 20,000$11,818.181.10Profitability index = NPV/initial investment.For Project D: Profitability index = 8,181.82/10,000 = .82.For Project E: Profitability index = 11,818.18/20,000 −.59.b. Each project has a profitability index greater than zero, and so both areacceptable projects. In order to choose between these projects, we must use incremental analysis. For the incremental cash flows:0.3610,0003,63610,000)( 1.1015,00010,000PI D E ==--+-=- The increment is thus an acceptable project, and so the larger project should be accepted, i.e., accept Project E. (Note that, in this case, the better project has the lower profitability index.)Est. time: 11 - 1515. Using the fact that profitability index = (net present value / investment), we find:ProjectProfitability Index 10.22 2−0.02 30.17 40.14 50.07 60.18 7 0.12 Thus, given the budget of $1 million, the best the company can do is to acceptProjects 1, 3, 4, and 6.If the company accepted all positive NPV projects, the market value (compared to the market value under the budget limitation) would increase by the NPV ofProject 5 plus the NPV of Project 7: $7,000 + $48,000 = $55,000.Thus, the budget limit costs the company $55,000 in terms of its market value.Est. time: 06 - 1016. The IRR is the discount rate wh ich, when applied to a project’s cash flows, yieldsNPV = 0. Thus, it does not represent an opportunity cost. However, if eachproject’s cash flows could be invested at that project’s IRR, then the NPV of each project would be zero because the IRR would then be the opportunity cost ofcapital for each project. The discount rate used in an NPV calculation is theopportunity cost of capital. Therefore, it is true that the NPV rule does assume that cash flows are reinvested at the opportunity cost of capital.Est. time: 06 - 1017.a.C 0 = –3,000 C 0 = –3,000C 1 = +3,500 C 1 = +3,500C 2 = +4,000 C 2 + PV(C 3) = +4,000 – 3,571.43 = 428.57C 3 = –4,000 MIRR = 27.84%b. 2321 1.12C 1.12xC xC -=+ (1.122)(xC 1) + (1.12)(xC 2) = –C 3(x)[(1.122)(C 1) + (1.12C 2)] = –C 3)()2123 1.12C )(C (1.12C -x += 0.4501.12)(4,00)(3,500(1.124,000x 2=+=)() 0IRR)(1x)C -(1IRR)(1x)C -(1C 2210=++++ 0IRR)(10)0.45)(4,00-(1IRR)(10)0.45)(3,50-(13,0002=++++- Now, find MIRR using either trial and error or the IRR function (on afinancial calculator or Excel). We find that MIRR = 23.53%.It is not clear that either of these modified IRRs is at all meaningful.Rather, these calculations seem to highlight the fact that MIRR really hasno economic meaning. Est. time: 11 - 15 18. Maximize:NPV = 6,700x W + 9,000x X + 0X Y – 1,500x Z subject to: 10,000x W + 0x X + 10,000x Y + 15,000x Z ≤ 20,00010,000x W + 20,000x X – 5,000x Y – 5,000x Z ≤ 20,0000x W - 5,000x X – 5,000x Y – 4,000x Z ≤ 20,0000 ≤ x W ≤ 10 ≤ x X ≤ 10 ≤ x Z ≤ 1Using Excel Spreadsheet Add-in Linear Programming Module:Optimized NPV = $13,450with x W = 1; x X = 0.75; x Y = 1 and x Z = 0If financing available at t = 0 is $21,000:Optimized NPV = $13,500with x W = 1; x X = (23/30); x Y = 1 and x Z = (2/30)Here, the shadow price for the constraint at t = 0 is $50, the increase in NPV for a $1,000 increase in financing available at t = 0.In this case, the program viewed x Z as a viable choice even though the NPV ofProject Z is negative. The reason for this result is that Project Z provides apositive cash flow in periods 1 and 2.If the financing available at t = 1 is $21,000:Optimized NPV = $13,900with x W = 1; x X = 0.8; x Y = 1 and x Z = 0Hence, the shadow price of an additional $1,000 in t =1 financing is $450.Est. time: 11 - 15。
财金英语教程参考答案
财金英语教程参考答案Chapter 1: Introduction to Finance1. What is finance?- Finance is the management of money and includesactivities such as investing, borrowing, lending, budgeting, saving, and forecasting.2. What are the three main functions of finance?- The three main functions of finance are planning, acquiring, and managing financial resources.3. What is the time value of money?- The time value of money is the concept that a sum of money is worth more now than the same sum in the future dueto its potential earning capacity.4. How does inflation affect the value of money?- Inflation erodes the purchasing power of money over time, meaning that the same amount of money will buy fewer goodsand services in the future.5. What is the difference between a bond and a stock?- A bond is a debt instrument where an investor lends money to an entity in exchange for interest payments, while a stock represents ownership in a company and offers thepotential for capital gains and dividends.Chapter 2: Financial Statements1. What are the four main financial statements?- The four main financial statements are the balance sheet, income statement, cash flow statement, and statement of changes in equity.2. What is the purpose of a balance sheet?- The balance sheet provides a snapshot of a company's financial position at a specific point in time, showing its assets, liabilities, and equity.3. How is net income calculated?- Net income is calculated by subtracting all expensesfrom the total revenue of a company during a specific period.4. What does the cash flow statement show?- The cash flow statement shows the inflow and outflow of cash within a business over a period of time, categorizedinto operating, investing, and financing activities.5. What is the statement of changes in equity?- The statement of changes in equity shows the changes in the equity accounts of a company over a period of time, including retained earnings, capital contributions, and other comprehensive income.Chapter 3: Financial Analysis1. What are the main types of financial analysis?- The main types of financial analysis are ratio analysis,horizontal analysis, vertical analysis, and trend analysis.2. What is the purpose of ratio analysis?- Ratio analysis is used to evaluate a company's financial health by comparing various financial ratios such asliquidity, profitability, and leverage ratios.3. What is horizontal analysis?- Horizontal analysis involves comparing financial statement items over multiple periods to identify trends and changes in performance.4. What is vertical analysis?- Vertical analysis, also known as common-size analysis,is a method of financial statement analysis where each itemis expressed as a percentage of a base figure, typicallytotal assets or total revenue.5. What is trend analysis?- Trend analysis involves examining the historical data of financial metrics over time to predict future trends and performance.Chapter 4: Risk Management1. What is risk management?- Risk management is the process of identifying, assessing, and prioritizing potential risks to an investment or project, and taking steps to mitigate or avoid these risks.2. What are the types of risks in finance?- The types of risks in finance include market risk,credit risk, liquidity risk, operational risk, and legal risk.3. What is diversification?- Diversification is a risk management strategy that involves spreading investments across various financial instruments, industries, or geographic regions to reduce overall risk.4. What is hedging?- Hedging is a risk management technique used to reducethe risk of price fluctuations in an asset by taking an offsetting position in a related security.5. What is the role of insurance in risk management?- Insurance is a risk management tool that providesfinancial protection against potential losses or damages by transferring the risk to an insurance company in exchange for a premium.Chapter 5: Investment Strategies1. What are the different types of investment strategies?- Types of investment strategies include passive investing, active investing, value investing, growth investing, and income investing.2. What is the difference between passive and active investing?- Passive investing involves a "set it and forget it" approach, typically using index funds, while active investingrequires regular buying and selling of individual securities based on market research and analysis.3. What is value investing?- Value investing is an investment strategy that involves buying stocks that are considered undervalued by the market, with the expectation that their true value will eventually be recognized.4. What is growth investing?- Growth investing focuses on companies that are expected to grow at an above-average rate compared to the market, often investing in companies with strong competitive advantages and high growth potential.5. What is income investing?- Income investing is an investment strategy aimed at generating a steady stream of income from investments, typically through dividends or interest payments.Chapter 6: International Finance1. What is international。
chapter5-ledger accounts and double entry
FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
Ledger accounts and nominal ledger
1.
The records of transactions, assets and liabilities should be kept in the following ways.
In chronological order, and dated so that transactions can be related to a particular period of time. Build up in cumulative totals. Books of original entry then to summarize these records.
The
wages of employee is the deduction of profit. Any amount paid by a business to its proprietor is treated by accountants as withdrawals of profit (the usual term is appropriations of profit) and not as expenses incurred by the business. The drawings of owner are the deduction of capital.
2.
The entries in the books of prime entry are posted to ledgers.
The books of prime entry are totaled up and two entries will be made in these accounts with each of these totals – this is called double entry. Ledger accounts summarise all the individual transactions listed in the books of pd general ledger, is an accounting record which summarizes the financial affairs of a business. It is the double entry books of account.
罗斯 公司理财 英文第九版Chap005
5-8
5.4 The Internal Rate of Return
IRR: the discount rate that sets NPV to zero Minimum Acceptance Criteria:
Ranking Criteria:
Accept if the IRR exceeds the required return Select alternative with the highest IRR
Independent Projects: accepting or rejecting one project does not affect the decision of the other projects.
Must exceed a MINIMUM acceptance criteria
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5.1 Why Use Net Present Value?
Accepting positive NPV projects benefits shareholders.
NPV
uses cash flows NPV uses all the cash flows of the project NPV discounts the cash flows properly
Mutually Exclusive Projects: only ONE of several potential projects can be chosen, e.g., acquiring an accounting system.
RANK all alternatives, and select the best one.
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n
Accounting: Yes! Finance: No!
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Continued……
Corporate Finance
Assets Asset 1 Asset 2 Asset 3 · · · Asset n Liabilities and Equity Liabilities Equity Capital Market
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Measurement of Value
Accounting？ ？ Market？ ？
Two approaches of measuring value:
– Accounting: Book value—Historical cost – Financial: Market value—Discounting
Continued……
Corporate Finance
Assets Asset 1 Asset 2 Asset 3 · · · Asset n Liabilities and Equity Liabilities Equity
Total Assets
Liabilities & Equity
Total Assets = ∑Asseti ?
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Internal Rate of Return, IRR The discount rate 11.04% Year 0 1 2 3 4 5 Flow -1000 450 350 250 150 50 NPV = 0 Indifferent PV -1000 405 284 183 99 30 Cum_PV -1000 -595 -311 -128 -30 0
Forecasting cash flows: Decisions and events Decision Flexibilities in the project’s life
– Continue/discontinue the project – Reduce/increase the level of investment
per year per year
per unit
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The Balance Sheet
Asset = Liability + Equity
The Use of Money The Sources of Money
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9
Cum_PV -1000 -591 -302 -114 -11 20
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The discount rate 15% Year 0 1 2 3 4 5 Flow -1000 450 350 250 150 50 NPV = -69 Don’t do the Project PV -1000 391 265 164 86 25 Cum_PV -1000 -609 -344 -180 -94 -69
Procedures of project analysis include
– Starting with an original idea for increasing shareholder wealth – Gathering information to assess the costs and benefits – Devising and then implementing the strategy
Project’s cash flows are the incremental revenues and costs associated with the project.
Net Income = Revenues – Expenses -Taxes
Cash Flows = Revenues – Total Expenses –Taxes + Noncash Expenses = Net Income + Noncash Expenses
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NPV Rule Revisited
The decision criterion/rule is that invest if the proposed project’s NPV is positive.
– Forecasting the cash inflows and outflows. – The discount rate is the opportunity cost (or the cost of capital) which measures the rate of return on comparable investment opportunities.
– – – – factories, machinery, warehouses research laboratories showrooms, and training the personnel.
The process of analyzing such decisions is called capital budgeting.
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250 200 150 100 NPV 50 0 0% -50 -100 -150 -200 Discount Rate 5% 10% 15% 20%
NPV as a Function of Discount Rate
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Chapter 5 Contents
The Nature of Project Analysis Where Do Investment Ideas Come From? The NPV Rule Estimating a Project’s Cash Flow Cost of Capital Sensitivity Analysis Using Spreadsheets Analyzing CostReduction Projects Projects with Different Lives Ranking Mutually Exclusive Projects Inflation and Capital Budgeting
NPV is the project’s fair market value in a competitive and efficient market.
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The discount rate 10% Year 0 1 2 3 4 5 Flow -1000 450 350 250 150 50 PV -1000 409 289 188 102 31 NPV = 20 DCF Payback Do the Project
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Objectives
To show how to use discounted cash flow analysis to make decisions such as:
– Whether to enter a new line of business or launch a new product – Whether to invest in equipment to reduce costs
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Where Do Investment Ideas Come from?
Customers R&D department Competition Production division Incentive systems
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Chapter 5: The Analysis of Investment Projects
Objective
•Explain
Capital Budgeting •Develop Criteria for Project Evaluation
– proposals for investment projects – evaluating them – deciding which ones to accept and which to reject
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The Nature of Project Analysis
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The Capital Budgeting Process
Once a company has decided what business it intends to be in, it must considers