中国地质大学(北京)2018年考博英语翻译
2018年考博英语翻译练习及参考【三篇】
2018年考博英语翻译练习及参考【三篇】导读：本文2018年考博英语翻译练习及参考【三篇】，仅供参考，如果觉得很不错，欢迎点评和分享。
【第一篇：健康的乐观主义】大多数人愿意把乐观定义为无尽的欢乐，就像一只总是装着半杯水的杯子。
但那是一种绝不会为积极心理学家所推荐的虚假快乐。
哈佛大学的Tal Ben-Shahar教授说，“健康的乐观主义，意味着要处于现实之中。
”在Ben-Shahar看来，现实的乐观主义者，会尽努力做好一件事，而不是相信每件事都会有的结果。
Ben-Shahar 会进行三种乐观方面的练习。
比如说，当他进行了一次糟糕的演讲，感到心情郁闷的时候，他会告诉自己这是人之常情。
他会提醒自己：并不是每一次演讲都可以获得诺贝尔获，总会有一些演讲比其它演讲效果差。
接着是重塑，他分析了这个效果不好的演讲，并且从那些起作用和不起作用的演讲中吸取教训为将来做准备。
最后，需要有这样一种观点，那就是承认，在广阔的生命当中，一次演讲根本算不上什么。
参考译文Most people would define optimism as endlessly happy, with a glass that’s perpetually half fall. But that’s exactly the kind of false deerfulness that positive psychologists wouldn’t recommend. “Healthy optimists means being in touch with reality.” says Tal Ben-Shahar, a Harvard professor, According to Ben- Shalar,realistic optimists are these who make the best of thingsthat happen, but not those who believe everything happens for the best. Ben-Shalar uses three optimistic exercisers. When he feels down-sag, after giving a bad lecture-he grants himself permission to be human. He reminds himself that mot every lecture can be a Nobel winner; some will be less effective than others. Next is reconstruction, He analyzes the weak lecture, leaning lessons, for the future about what works and what doesn’t. Finally, there is perspective, which involves acknowledging that in the ground scheme of life, one lecture really doesn’t matter.【第二篇：希望工程】Project Hope is a public good project launched in1989, the goal of which is to help young dropouts inpoverty-stricken areas. The two major tasks ofProject Hope are to help build Hope Primary Schoolsand fund the poor students. China is still adeveloping country, thus shortage of education fundin poverty-stricken areas is still a severe problem. Because of poverty, more than 30 millionchildren between the ages of 6-14 are unable to attend school or are forced to drop out. Theimplement of Project Hope changes the fate of a large number of dropouts and improves theschool faculties in poverty-stricken areas. The development of basic education is thus greatlyenhanced and the fine tradition of taking pleasure in helping others isalso promoted. 参考翻译: 希望工程(Project Hope)是于1989年发起的一项公益事业，以救助贫困地区失学儿童(young dropouts)为目的。
北京地大考博专业英复习材料
1 Description of Igneous RocksThe classification of igneous rocks is based first on the size of grains and second on the mineralogical composition. A coarsegrained rock is one in which the grain size is large enough for us to recognize individual minerals either with the naked eye or with the aid of a low-power magnifying lens. A fine-grained rock is one in which the grains are too small to be distinguished from each other and in which the "groundmass" appears homogeneous. Rock characteristics such as the sizes and shapes of grains and their arrangement are generally referred to in the broad category of texture.Once we have subdivided the igneous rocks into coarse and fine grained, the next major breakdown is made on the basis of mineralogical composition. To describe coarse-grained rocks①, we shall use the name granite for all rocks containing quartz; diorite for rocks without quartz but having a preponderance of feldspar (generally plagioclase); and gabbro for rocks in which dark minerals such as hornblende and augite predominate over other minerals. Actually the percentages of quartz, orthoclase or microcline, plagioclase, hornblende, augite, and olivine vary gradually from one rock to another, and the boundaries we have placed to delineate the various rock types are arbitrary. Thus, most rocks containing large amounts of quartz are also rich in potassium feldspar and comparatively impoverished in dark minerals such as hornblende and augite. Olivine occurs only in rocks comparatively rich in hornblende and augite, or in the special and rather rare rock peridotite. Olivine and quartz cannot occur together, because the two would react to form a pyroxene.The fine-grained rocks have a range of chemical composition nearly identical to that of the coarse-grained rocks②. The classification, however,is not based on chemical composition but on the presence of visible and readily identifiable minerals. Consequently, the rocks which are completely fine grained are virtually unclassifiable except under very high-power magni-fication. Most fine-grained rocks, however, contain a small percentage of grains which are sufficiently coarse to be identified with the aid of a hand lens. These grains which are larger than their surrounding minerals are called phenocrysts, and a rock containing phenocrysts is said to have a porphyritic texture. The classification of fine-grained rocks, then, is based on the proportion of minerals which form phenocrysts and these phenocrysts reflect the general composition of the remainder of the rook. The fine-grained portion of a porphyritic rock is generally referred to as the groundm ass of the phenocrysts. The terms "porphyritic" and "phenocrysts" are not restricted tofine-grained rocks but may also apply to coarse-grained rocks which contain a few crystals distinctly larger than the remainder.The term obsidian refers to a glassy rock of rhyolitic composition. In general, fine-grained rocks consisting of small crystals cannot readily be distinguished from③glassy rocks in which no crystalline material is present at all. The obsidians, however, are generally easily recognized by their black and highly glossy appearance. Pumice is a white porous glass of the same com-position as obsidian. Apparently the difference between the modes of formation of obsidian and pumice is that in pumice the entrapped water vapors have been able to escape by a frothing process which leaves a network of interconnected pore spaces, thus giving the rock a highly porous and open appearance.④Pegmatite is a rock which is texturally the exact opposite of obsidian.⑤Pegmatites are generally formed as dikes associated with major bodies of granite. They are characterized by extremely large individual crystals; in some pegmatites crystals up to several tens of feet in length have been identified, but the average size is measured in inches. Most mineralogical museums contain a large number of spectacular crystals from pegmatites.Peridotite is a rock consisting primarily of olivine, though some varieties contain pyroxene in addition. It occurs only as coarse-grained intrusives, and no extrusive rocks of equivalent chemical composition have ever been found.Tuff is a rock which is igneous in one sense and sedimentary in another⑥.A tuff is a rock formed from pyroclastic material which has been blown out of a volcano and accumulated on the ground as individual fragments called ash.Two terms are useful to refer solely to the composition of igneous rocks regardless of their textures. The term silicic signifies an abundance of silica-rich and light-colored minerals, such as quartz, potassium feldspar, and sodic plagioclase. The term basic signifies an abundance of dark colored minerals relatively low in silica and high in calcium, iron, and magnesium. Such minerals would include hornblende, augite, and calcic plagioclase. Some geologists refer to olivine-rich rocks as ultrabasic.New wordsaccumulate [☜kju:mjuleit] v. 堆积appearance [☜pi☜r☜ns] n. 外表arbitrary [ a:bitr☜ri] a. 人为的ash [✌☞] n. 火山灰augite [ :d✞ait] n. 辉石basic [ beisik] a. 基性的breakdown [ breikdaun] n. v. 分解calcic [ k✌lsik] a. 钙的calcium [ k✌lsi☜m] n. 钙category [ k✌ti♈☜ri] n. 类型，范畴classification [kl✌sifi kei☞☜n] n. 分类crystal [ kristl] n. 晶体crystalline [ krist☜lain] a. 晶质的dike [daik] n. 岩墙diorite [ dai☜rait] n. 闪长岩distinctly [dis ti☠ktli] ad. 明显地entrap [in tr✌p] v. 圈闭，feldspar [ feldspa:] n. 长石fragment [ fr✌♈m☜nt] n. 碎片frothing fr i☠] n. 沸腾，发泡gabbro [ ♈✌br☜u] n. 辉长岩glassy [ ♈la:si] a. 玻璃质的glossy [ ♈l si] a. 有光泽的granite [ ♈r✌nit] n. 花岗岩groundmass [ ♈raundm✌s] n. 基质homogeneous [ֽh m☜d✞i:ni☜s] 均匀的hornblende [ h :nblend] n. 角闪石igneous [ i♈ni☜s] a. 火成的impoverish [im p v☜ri☞] vt. 使无力，使枯竭intrusive [in tru:siv] n. 侵入体interconnect [ int☜k☜nekt] vt. 使相互连接（连通）iron [ ai☜n] n. 铁magnesium [m✌♈ni:zj☜m] n. 镁magnification [m✌♈nifi kei☞☜n] n. 放大镜microcline [ maikr☜uklain] n. 微斜长石network [ netw☯:k] n. 网状物，网络obsidian [☜b sidi☜n] n. 黑耀岩olivine [ livi:n] n. 橄榄石orthoclase [ : ☜ukleis] n. 正长石pegmatite [ pe♈m☜tait] n. 伟晶岩peridotite [ p☜ri d☜utait] n. 橄榄岩phenocryst [ fi:n☜krist] n. 斑晶plagioclase [ pleid✞i☜ukleis] n. 斜长石porous [ p :r☜s] a. 多孔的porphyritic [ֽp :fi ritik] a. 斑状的potassium [p☜t✌si☜m] n. 钾pumice [ p✈mis] n. 浮岩pyroclastic [ֽpair☜u kl✌stik] a. 火成碎屑的pyroxene [pai r ksi:n] n. 辉石quartz [kw :ts] n. 石英remainder [ri meind☜] n. 剩余，残余silica [ silik☜] n. 二氧化硅silicic [si lisik] a. 硅质的sodic [ s☜udik] a. 钠的surrounding [s☜raundi☠] a. 周围的texture [ tekst☞☜] n. 结构tuff [t✈f] n. 凝灰岩ultrabasic [ֽ✈ltr☜beisik] a. 超基性的unclassifiable [ֽ✈n kl✌sifai☜bl] a. 不可分类的volcano [v l kein☜u] n. 火山2 Description of Sedimentary RocksIn the case of sedimentary rocks we can start with a broad two-fold classification. The first group consists of those rocks in which the component materials have been derived from preexisting rocks, and have been moved-perhaps great distances-to the ultimate site of deposition①. Rocks of this type are commonly referred to as clastic or detrital. A second broad group of sedimentary rocks consists of those rocks whose component materials have been formed either in or very close to the ultimate site of deposition. Such rocks include chemical precipitates and certain types of sediments which consist largely of the broken shells of organisms that lived in or near the depositional environment. This second group of rocks includes the limestones and dolomites and is commonly referred to as chemical.Clastic rocks are generally subdivided largely on the basis of the grain size of the component material. The commonly used terms are: CONGLOMERATES AND BRECCIAS. These are rocks which consist of pebble-and cobble-sized material. In a conglomerate the grains are reasonably smooth and rounded. In a breccia the grains areirregular and angular. Conglomerates and breccias generally develop in areas quite close to their source rocks.SANDSTONES. Sediments consisting primarily of sand-sized materials constitute approximately one-fourth of the sedimentary rocks exposed on the continents. The predominant minerals of sandstones are quartz and feldspars, and in many sandstones quartz constitutes virtually the entire sediment. Minerals such as biotite, hornblende, and augite, which are common in igneous source rocks, are comparatively unstable in contact with the air and water of the earth's surface. Hence the proportion of quartz and feldspar is increased in sedimentary rocks over its percentage in igneous rocks. Geologists commonly subdivide sandstones into three different groups: orthoquartzites, arkoses and graywackes.SILTSTONES. These are rocks that are composed of hardened silt.SHALE. Shale is best defined as consisting of extremely fine--grained minerals in the size range designated as clay. In addition to this size definition for shale particles, many of the minerals that are found in the shale are commonly referred to as clay minerals. In fact, fine-grained muscovite is one of the major clay minerals and is probably the most common component of the ordinary shale. Nearly two-thirds of all sedimentary rocks are shale.The chemical rocks are primarily limestones, consisting of the mineral calcite and dolomite. Carbonate rocks comprise approximately five percent of all of the known sediments. Limestones are classified as chemical largely by a terminological convention, and because it②is felt that the material constituting limestones has generally been deposited by some type of chemical precipitation from water.Apparently almost all limestones were originally deposited in the ocean. One of the best pieces of evidence for a marine origin for the average limestone is the fact that the bulk of the calcite in most limestones consists of small pieces of shells of marine invertebrates③. Many limestones, in fact, consist almost exclusively of pieces ofbrachiopods, mollusks, corals, or other organisms. In addition to shell fragments, limestones contain a large variety of other types of material. Oolites, for example, are small spherical aggregates of calcium carbonate.Dolomites are less common than limestones, although they are extremely abundant in deposits of certain periods. There appear to be two major types of dolomites. The first occurs as broad extensive beds of relatively finegrained homogeneous material. It looks almost identical to fine-grained limestone and can be distinguished only by simple chemical tests. The other type of dolomite consists generally of more coarsely crystalline material. This type of dolomite generally does not form extensive beds but may occur as irregular patches within a sequence of limestones. In many cases these patches cut across the bedding or other original features of the limestones, and the dolomite quite clearly has formed after deposition of limestone.Halite, gypsum, and related materials constitute a very small portion of the geologic record and occur in only a few places on the earth's surface. These minerals are generally grouped together under the term evaporites.Two other sediments of extremely restricted occurrence should also be mentioned. One of these is a rock which consists exclusively of fine-grained SiO2 and is called chert. In most cases, this SiO2 is not in the crystalline form of quartz, and in some rocks the material is completely amorphous. Another minor but highly important, type of sediment is referred to as iron formation. Iron formation generally consists of iron oxides, such as magnetite and hematite, interbedded with chert. The importance of these rocks is that a small amount of chemical alteration converts them into highly concentrated hematite rocks, generally by a partial removal of the chert, and the resulting hematite rock forms the major iron ore deposits of the world.New Wordsaggregate [ ✌grigeit] n. 集合体amorphous [☜m :f☜s] a. 非晶质的arkose [ a:k☜us] n. 长石砂岩augite [ :d✞ait] n. 辉石biotite [ bai☜tait] n. 黑云母breccia [ bret☞☜] n. 角砾岩broad [br :d] a. 概括的chert [t☞☜:t] n. 燧石coarsely [ k :sli] ad. 粗, 粗糙地cobble [k bl] n. 中砾石convention [k☜n ven☞☜n] n. 惯例definitely [ definitli] ad. 确定地description [dis krip☞☜n] n. 描述detrital [di trait☜l] a. 碎屑的evaporite [i v✌p☜rait] n. 蒸发岩extensive [iks tensiv] a. 广阔的group [♈ru:p] n. 群，类，分类hardened [ ha:d☜nd] a. 变硬的，固结的hematite [ hem☜tait] n.赤铁矿hornblende [ h :nblend] n. 角闪石mollusk [ m l☜sk] n. 软体动物muscovite [ m✈sk☜vait] n. 白云母oolite [ ☜u☜lait] n. 鲕石partial [ pa:☞☜l] a. 部分的patch [p✌t☞] n. 碎片,团块pebble [pebl] n. 卵石predominant [pri d min☜nt] a. 主要的，占优势的sand-sized 砂粒级的terminological [ֽt☜:min☜l d✞ik☜l] a. 术语学的two-fold 二倍的，二重的3 Origin of Metamorphic RocksThe composition, texture, and structure of metamorphic rocks are affected by a number of factors. One of the primary factors is, of course, the composition of the parent or original material before metamorphism. Thus a limestone cannot be converted into a quartzite, and a quartzite cannot be converted into an eclogite. Rocks of identical chemical composition, however, may be quite different after metamorphism depending upon the conditions of the metamorphic process itself. Metamorphictemperatures range over several hundreds of degrees; pressures range over several thousands of atmospheres, and directed stress may or may not be present. A fourth factor which may have considerable effect on the nature of the minerals formed is the presence or absence of large amounts of water vapor in pores between the minerals during metamorphism. This vapor, being highly mobile, may be present during metamorphism and then lost subsequently, possibly upon exposure of the rock to the earth's surface.Most geologists feel that the major factor affecting the composition and mineralogy of a metamorphic rock is temperature. As a sediment such as shale is exposed to gradually increasing temperature, a whole series of reactions take place. Clay minerals tend to form such minerals as muscovite and biotite; and upon increasing temperature the muscovite and biotite may react further with other materials to yield minerals such as feldspar, garnet, and perhaps amphibole or pyroxene. Rocks of similar chemical composition but different mineralogy are said to be metamorphose d to a different degree or to have a different metamorphic rank. Another effect of the increase of temperature is the formation of larger mineral grains. In metamorphic reactions the sizes of minerals may also be controlled in part by the direction of major stress.The typical metamorphic sequence starts with an ordinary sediment and finishes with a rock of vastly different mineralogy, density, and texture. With increase in temperature and pressure, the ordinary shaly sediment is converted into a slate, further into a schist, and finally into a gneiss.Let us, for example, assume that in some metamorphic area we find a trend from slates on the east to gneisses and other more highly metamorphosed rocks on the west; we would then say that metamorphic rank has increased from east to west. As indicated above, many geologists would correlate this increase in rank with an increase in temperature, though other factors may complicate the decision. The metamorphic process we have just described has led to the development of a series of foliated rocks in which the foliation surfaces are generally considered to be perpendicular to the major compressional stress. Metamorphism under these conditions is ordinarily termed regional, for such sequences of metamorphic rock are deve1oped over very wide areas, in many cases measured in terms of thousands of square miles.Another type of metamorphism may be called contact metamorphism. This represents a series of changes that take place in wall rocks surrounding intrusions. Where a magma is injected into much colder wall rocks, the rocks tend to change mineralogically in adjustment to the higher temperatures and develop a suite minerals rather similar in most aspects to those developed during regional metamorphism. The major difference between contact and regionally metamorphosed rocks is the virtual absence of foliation or other directional features in contact rocks. The absence of directional features implies an absence of major directional stress, and at first sight, the absence of such stress seems to contradict the concept of a melt being thrust into a sequence of preexisting rocks. Apparently, however, most intrusions are formed in areas where the wall rocks may be shoved aside by the magma with sufficient ease so that directional stresses are soon lost, and the metamorphism attendant upon increased temperature in the slowly heated wall rock takes place in a situation of almost uniform pressure.New Wordsthrust [ r✈st] n. v. 逆掩amphibole [ ✌mfib☜ul] n. 角闪石aside [☜said] ad. 旁边,开atmosphere [ ✌tm☜sfi☜] n. 大气圈attendant [☜tend☜nt] a. 伴随的complicate [ k mplikeit] vt. 使复杂化compressional [k☜m pre☞☜nl] a. 压性的compressional stress 压应力contact metamorphism 接触变质作用contradict [k ntr☜dikt] n. 矛盾directed [di rektid] a. 定向的directed stress 定向应力eclogite [ ekl☜d✞ait] n. 榴辉岩feature [ fi:t☞☜] n. 特征，要素，构造feldspar [ feldspa:] n. 长石foliated [ f☜ulieitid] a. 叶片状的garnet [ ♈a:nit] n. 石榴石gneiss [nais] n. 片麻岩in terms of 以……方式inject [in d✞ekt] v. 贯入intrusion [in tru:✞☜n] n. 侵入，侵入体melt [melt] 熔体metamorphic [met☜m :fik] a. 变质的pyroxene [ pai☜r ksi:n] n. 辉石metemorphic rank 变质级别regionally [ ri:d✞☜n☜li] ad. 区域上schist [☞ist] n. 片岩shove [☞✈v] v. 推，挤浆，强使slate sleit] n. 板岩soda [ s☜ud☜] n. 氧化钠suite [swi:t] n. 一套, 一组4 FaultsA fault is a planar discontinuity between blocks of rock that have been displaced past one another, in a direction parallel to the discontinuity. A fault zone is a tabular region containing many parallel or anastomosing faults (Fig. 7.9.b). A shear zone, in the sense preferred here, is a zone across which blocks of rock have been displaced in a faultlike manner, but without prominent development of visible faults. Shear zones are thus regions of localized ductile deformation, in contrast to fault zones that are regions of localized brittle deformation. Another distinction is the normal component of displacement, which is negligible for faults and fault zones, may be appreciable for shear zones. The displacement across a shear zone can be inclined at any angle, other than 90°, to the boundaries of the zone. In another common usage [Dennis (1967, p. 133)] the term shear zone refers to a tabular region of pervasively faulted rock, that is, a fault zone containing a very large number of closely spaced and anastomosing fault surfaces.The rock immediately above and below any nonvertical fault is referred to, respectively, as the hanging wall and the footwall of the fault. The displacement vector connecting originally contiguous points in the hanging wall and footwall is called the net slip. The components of the net slip parallel to the strike and dip of the fault are the strike slip and the dip slip.The offset shown by a planar feature in a vertical cross section perpendicular to the fault is called the dip separation. The vertical and horizontal components of the dip separation are the throw and the heave. Notice, by comparing Figure 7.11 with Figure 7.10，that the dip separation is not equivalent to the dip slip, the former depending on the orientation of the offset surface as well as on the nature of the fault displacement.A fault with dominant strike slip displacement is called a strike slip fault. A fault with dominant dip slip displacement is a dip slip fault. Strike slip faults usually have very steep or vertical dips and are then referred to as transcurrent faults or wrench faults. A large transcurrent fault that terminates in another large structure, such as an oceanic ridge or trench or triplejunction, is called a transform fault.Transform faults are discussed in detail in Section 10.2.3.The sense of the strike slip part of displacement on a fault is described by the terms sinistral and dextral, or alternatively, left lateral and right lateral. A fault is sinistral or left lateral if, to an observer standing on one block and facing the other, the opposite block appears to have been displaced to his left. The strike slip component of the displacement in Figure 7.10 is sinistral.Faults dipping more or less than 45°are called, respectively, high angle faults and low angle faults.A normal fault is a high angle, dip slip fault on which the hanging wall has moved down relative to the footwall. A fault of similar type but with a dip less than 45°is sometimes called a lag [Rickard (1972)].A reverse fault is a dip slip fault, either high or low angle [Gill (1971)], on which the hanging wall has moved up relative to the footwall. The terms normal fault and reverse fault, while strictly defined for faults with zero strike slip displacement, can also be used for faults with small strike slip displacements accompanying much larger dip slip displacements [Rickard (1972)). Where the strike slip and dip slip displacements are similar in magnitude, as in Figure 7.10, the fault can be called an oblique slip fault.A (relatively) downfaulted topographic trough between high angle faults is a graben. An upfaulted block between high angle faults is a horst. The faults bordering horsts and grabens are usually normal faults.A thrust fault is a low-angle reverse fault, according to one common usage [see Dennis (1967)]. The term is also used by many geologists for low angle faults that are presumed to have involved reverse dip slip displacement but where this has not been demonstrated. A window (or fenster) is an exposure of the rock below a thrust fault that is completely surrounded by rock above the thrust. A klippe is an exposure of the rock above a thrust completely surrounded by rock below it.Fault planes are commonly filled with fragmental material known as fault breccia, or microbreccia if the fragments are microscopic. Some microbreccias are soft and are designated by terms such as pug or gouge. Others, particularly in metamorphic rocks, are hard and characterized by a platy or streaky "flow" structure in thin section. Such microbreccias, which occur as fault fillings and in wider zones of intense deformation (Section 9. 14), are called mylonites [Lapworth (1885); Waters and Campbell (1935); Christie, (1960)]. Some rocks that look like mylonites in the field are seen in thin section to be highly recrystallized, so that it is not clear whether or not they were ever microbreccias. The original meaning of the term mylonite can be broadened to include any fine-grained metamorphic rock with well-developed "flow" structure [Theodore and Christie, (1969)] or the special term blastomylonite can be used for such rocks. Blastomylonites have not necessarily suffered any of the brittle fragmentation or "milling" envisioned for ordinary microbreccias. Their fine-grain size and distinctive microstructure may be due entirely to ductile deformation accompanied by recrystallization [Bell and Etheridge (1973)]. This subject is discussed more fully in Section 9.14. Yet another kind of fault filling, present in thin films on some large faults, is a glassy material called pseudotachylyte, formed by melting as a consequence of frictional heating [Francis (1972); McKenzie and Brune (1972)].New Wordsaccompanying [☜k mp☜ni☠] a. n. 伴随的anastomose [☜n✌st☜m☜uz] n. 汇合, v. 使吻合blastomylonite[ֽbl✌st☜u mail☜nait] n. 变晶糜棱岩brittle [britl] a. 脆性的contiguous [k☯n tikju☯s] a. 接触的，相邻的deformation [di:f : mei☞☜n] n. 变形dextral[ dekstr☜l] a. 右旋的dip separation 倾向分离，倾向断距dip slip 倾向滑动discontinuity [ disk nti nju:iti] n. 不连续displace [dis pleis] v. 位移down fault ed 断落的upfaulted 断隆的envision [in vi✞☯n] v. n. 想象ductile [ d✈ktail] a. 韧性的fault breccia [ f :lt bret☞☜] 断层角砾岩fault like [ f :ltlaik] a. 断层状的fenster [ fenst☜] n. 构造窗，蚀窗filling [ fili☠] n. 充填（物）footwall[ futw :l] n. 下盘fragmental [ fr✌♈ment☜l] a. 破碎的frictional [ frik☞☜n☯l] a. 摩擦的, 由摩擦产生的gouge [♈aud✞] n. 断层泥graben [ ♈ra:b☜n] n. 地堑hanging wall [ h✌☠i☠ w :l] 上盘heave [hi:v] n. v. 平错（错距的水平分量）horst [h :st] n. 地垒incline [in klain] v. 使倾斜，倾向于klippe [ klip☜] n. 飞来峰lag [l✌♈] n. v. 滞后（断层）lateral [ l✌t☜r☜l] a. 侧向的melting[ melti☠] n. 熔融microbreccia [ maikr☜u bret☞☜] n. 显微角砾岩milling [ mili☠] n. 磨碎mylonite [ mail☜nait] n. 糜棱岩negligible [ ne♈lid✞☯bl] a. 可忽略的，不重要的normal fault正断层oblique slip fault 斜滑断层offset [ fset] v. n. 位移orientation [ :ri☜n tei☞☜n] n. 定向pervasively [ p☯:v☯sivli] ad, 扩大，蔓延，盛行platy [ pleiti] a. 板状的pseudo tachylyte [ sju:d☜u t✌kilait] n. 假玄武玻璃pug [p✈♈] n. 断层泥re crystallize [ ri: krist☜laiz] v. 重结晶reverse fault逆断层shear zone 剪切带sinistral [si nistr☜l] a. 左旋的slip [slip] v. 滑动streaky [ stri:ki] a. 有条纹的，条状的strike [straik] n. 走向strike slip 走向滑动tabular [ t✌bjul☜] a. 板状的throw [ r☜u] n. 垂直断距thrust fault逆掩断层transcurrent fault [tr✌ns k✈r☜nt f :lt]] n. 横推断层transform fault [tr✌ns f :m] n. 转换断层vector [ vekt☜] n. 向量，失量，导航，引导wrench fault [rent☞ f :lt] 平挫断层，扭断层5 Crustal Structure and Crustal MovementThe problem of crustal movement is that of the struggle between the different aspects of both internal and external contradictions of the earth. The earth's crust constitutes but a thin veneer of the whole earth's structure. Its formation is resulted from the following factors: first, those from outside the earth’s crust, e.g., the atmosphere that envelops the solid cru st, the sun and the moon, as well as various radiations from the stars may all have exerted some effect on it. Besides, the interstellar dust and meteoritic materials, and the kind falling upon the earth may also have some slight effect. Secondly, the change and movement of materials within the earth’s interior underneath the crust, e.g., the physical and chemical changes of earth materials at high temperatures and high pressures; the movement of materials under the actions of gravity and the solar and lunar tides, predominantly body tide (sometimes called solid tide, but what state of matter now exsists in the deep interior is still unknown) and the influence of the earth's rotation, all these will inevitably be found reflected in the earth's crust.From the point of view of geomechanics, elastic and inelastic deformations can be distinguished, although both are produced by the action of forces. Generally speaking, rocks are elastic when subjected to stress of short duration not exceeding their strength, but behave plastically under long-continued stress, even if their elastic limit is not exceeded; the longer the time of action of stress, the larger the plasticity they exhibit. The elastic response of rocks to stress will largely recover with the release of stress, leaving little or no records in the rocks. Inelastic deformation on the other hand will be inevitably permanently preserved. Different magnitude of stress and different manner of its action will give correspondingly permanent deformations of different nature and dimensions. There are many kinds of permanent rock deformation, including warpings, flexures, folds and fractures of different nature and extent, namely compressive, tensile, shearing, compresso-shearing and tensoshearing fractures, and cleavages, schistosities, etc.From these structural features, we can trace the action of stresses and from how forces are applied we can trace the manner of the movement of the crust. In the study of crustal movement, it seems a correct road for its solution.Summarizing the characteristics of the crustal structure in the peri-Pacific region of China and of eastern Asia, we have recognized the following prominent structural types:(1)Gigantic latitudinal structural system. In this type are included a number of gigantic, complex E-W structural zones, each forming a structural system of itself. Their main part is composed of composite strongly compressed zones of E-W trend comprising fold belts and compressive fractures of the same trend, together with oblique shear fractures and transverse tensile fractures. These are the important structural features of this kind of structural system.(2)Meridional structural system. Their main part consists of N-S compressed zones, i.e., simple or composite intense folds, with shear and tensile fractures running oblique and perpendicular to them respectively. Phenomena of strong compression are manifested especially concentratedly in some parti-cular regions such as the mountainous land of Sikang and Tibet.(3)NNE-SSW trending parallel structural zones, collectively known as the Neocathaysian structural system. The main part of this system is composed of NNE extending upwarps or fold belts and subsidence zones containing uplifts therein, with shear and tensile fractures oblique and perpendicular to them respectively. It is a kind of special structural phenomena in the peri-Pacific region of China and of eastern Asia.(4)An assemblage of parallel fold belts trending NE-SW, generally called the Cathaysian or Cathaysoid structural system. It consists mainly of NE-SW folds, compressive and compressoshear fractures or cleavages and schistosities, etc. There also frequently occur oblique shear fractures and transverse tensile fractures where folding is well developed. These structural systems are mostly present in older formations and are generally older than the Neocathaysian system. But in formations in which the latter develops, the former is also occasionally found. This comparatively new quasi-Cathaysian structure is called cathaysoid structure.(5) Shear structural system. The patterns of this kind of structural system are varied. Nevertheless, they have one characteristic in common: they all reflect that the areas in which they occur have been。
中国地质大学(北京)考博英语真题词汇
中国地质大学（北京）考博英语真题词汇in season 旺季in secret 秘密地; in private 私下senior to 比…年长; junior to 比…轻; superior to 比…更好; inferior to 比…差in a sense 在某种意义上sensitive to 对…敏感; sensible (of)觉察到的; sensational耸人听闻的in sequence 按顺序, 按先后次序share in (=have a share in) 分摊, 分担share sth. with 与…分享,分担,分摊,共用be shocked at / by 对…感到震惊fall short of 达不到go short of (=be without enough of) 缺乏for short (in a short form) 为简便,简称in short (=in a few words, in brief)简称in short supply 供应不足be short of (=lacking enough)缺乏,不够be shy of 难为情, 不好意思at the side of 与…相比take the side of 站在…一边catch the sight of (=see for a moment)瞥见at the sight of 一看见…(be)in sight (=in view, visible) 看得见; out of sight 看不见 know sb. by sight 与…只面熟on the sly (=secretly) 偷偷地smell of 有…的气味（PS:The way to contact yumingkaobo TEL:si ling ling-liu liu ba-liu jiu qi ba QQ: 772678537) be sorry about/for 懊悔的,后悔的,难过的speak ill of 说…的坏话;speak well of 说…的好话specialize in 专门研究, 专攻in spite of (=despite) 尽管on the pot(=at the place of the action)在现场, 在出事地点; 或(=at once) 立即take a stand against 采取某种立场反对; take a stand for 采取某种立场支持…stare at 目不转睛地看, 凝视, 盯着in step 步伐一致; out of step 步伐不齐stick sth. on 把…贴在…上stick to 粘着, 坚持stick at (=continue to work hard at)继续勤奋地致力于…;stick one’s work坚持工作; stick at one’s books 勤奋读书stick to (=refuse to leave or change)坚持; stick to one’s promise 比喻食言 stick to one's friend 忠于朋友in stock 有….货be strict with 对…严格要求be/go on strike 罢工subject…to(=cause…to experience)使受..到 subject (adj.) to 易受到…的submit…to 提交substitute…for 以…代替…suffer from 患…病; 受…苦痛be suitable for (=fit) 合适…的in sum 大体上, 总之supply sb. with sth 向某人提供某物superior to 优于…, 比…好in support of 以便支持be sure of (=have no doubt; certain)确信的for sure / certain (certainly, definitely) 肯定地.有把握地说 make sure about 弄清, 弄确实be surprised at对..惊奇;take…by surprise使…惊奇; to one’s surprise使某人惊奇suspect sb. of 疑心某犯有…be suspicious of (=not trusting)对…有疑心by sympathetic to/towards对…同情,赞同sympathize with sb. or sth. 对…表示同情be in sympathy with 赞同,同情taste of 有…味道in good taste大方,得体;(反意)in bad tasteto(one’s) taste 合…的口味, 中意tell…from (=recognize) 辨别.认出in terms of (=with regard to; respectively) 按照, 根据, 在…方面 be on good/bad terms with 关系好(不好)thank sb. for sth. 因…感谢某人think of(=have the idea of)想到;(=consider)考虑; (=remember)想起 on second thoughts 经再三考虑之后本文由“育明考博”整理编辑。
2018年中国地质大学(北京)翻译硕士英语初试真题
2018中国地质大学（北京）翻译硕士英语初试真题第一部分：211翻译硕士英语一、基础部分30分A.选词填空：10个B.20个单句改错，10分C.完形填空，10分，四选一模式二、阅读部分：40分，三篇四选一模式的阅读，然后还有5个主观题。
三、作文：建筑师是否该注重艺术感凯程葛老师提醒2019备考中国地质大学翻译硕士英语的考生：北京地质大学基础部分考察的知识点是非常基础的，连单句改错都出来了，一个句子改不对，0.5分就没了。
同学们要非常重视对基础知识的积累和记忆。
作文题目考察的内容是与建筑相关，也算是考查和理工类大学特点相关的内容。
不过同学们不要把问题想得太过复杂，也不要把立意写得太死板，要把思维打开。
第二部分：357英语翻译基础一、词条部分（回忆版未收集全面）A英译汉：teleconference;CNN;FTA;IOC;ICBC;IELTS;marilate rate; life expectancy;cultural analysis;quantity analysis;euphemism B汉译英：基因工程；战略关系；说唱；民族歧视；一带一路；古典音乐；春秋时代二、篇章部分：A英译汉：有关威尼斯的城市介绍+有的人看见别人受伤也感同身受B汉译英：中国地毯交易会+中国古代园林凯程葛老师提醒2019翻译硕士备考生：中国地质大学翻硕英语，357英语基础翻译考察缩写的知识点比较多，ICBC和IOC已经被无数学校考查无数遍，中国地质大学依旧出现题目，还有IELTS。
文学的euphemism也应当熟悉。
一带一路是2017年最关键的关键词。
对于357基础翻译篇章部分的话，介绍类文章考查得比较多，同学们翻译时要注意语气和文本表达。
第三部分、448汉语写作与百科知识一、单选共40个（此部分不全）1.家齐而后国治，国治而后天下平是谁提出的2.黑夜给了我黑色的眼睛，是顾城的那一首诗歌3谁是纯净物。
氨气，漂白粉，水醋酸，空气4.农历第一天称为什么5.赤道形成的雨主要是。
中国地质大学硕士、博士学科专业中、英文对照表
0302
政治学
Political Science
030203
科学社会主义与国际共产主义运动
Scientific Socialism and International Communist Movement
硕士
0305
马克思主义理论
Education of Marxist Theory
030501
硕士
0403
体育学
Science of Physical Culture and Sports
040303
体育教育训练学
Theory of Sports Pedagogy and Training
硕士文学Biblioteka Literature0502
外国语言文学
Foreign Languages and Literatures
Theoretical Economics
020101
政治经济学
Political Economy
硕士
020102
经济思想史
History of Economic Thought
硕士
020103
经济史
History of Economic
硕士
020104
西方经济学
Western Economics
硕士
硕士
0707
海洋科学
Marine Sciences
070702
海洋化学
Marine Chemistry
硕士
070704
海洋地质
Marine Geology
博士
0708
地球物理学
Geophysics
070801
2018年考博英语翻译练习【三篇】
2018年考博英语翻译练习【三篇】导读：本文2018年考博英语翻译练习【三篇】，仅供参考，如果觉得很不错，欢迎点评和分享。
【第一篇：文学艺术】he ideal of country life reflected by the art and literature is the important feature of Chineseculture, which is, to a large degree, attributed to the feelings to the nature from T aoist. Thereare two most popular topics in the traditional Chinese painting. One is the various scenes ofhappiness about family life, in which the old man often plays chess and drinks tea, with the manin the harvest, woman in weaving, children playing out of doors. The other scene is all kinds ofpleasures about country life, in which the fisherman is fishing on the lake, with the farmercutting wood and gathering herbs in the mountains and the scholar chanting poetry andpainting pictures sitting under the pine trees. The two themes can represent the life ideal ofConfucianism and Taoism. 参考翻译：反应在艺术和文学中的乡村生活理想是中国文明的重要特征。
中国地质大学(北京)考博英语阅读解析
中国地质大学（北京）考博英语阅读解析Passage Nine（Holmes' Knowledge）His ignorance was as remarkable as his knowledge. Of contemporary literature, philosophy and politics he appeared to know next to nothing. Upon my quoting Thomas Carlyle, he inquired in the naivest way who he might be and what he had done. My surprise reached a climax, however, when I found incidentally that he was ignorant of the Copernican Theory and of the composition of the Solar system."You appear to be astonished, " Holmes said, smiling at my expression. "Now that I do know it I shall do my best to forget it. You see, I consider that a man's brain originally is like a little empty attic, and you have to stock it with such furniture as you choose： A fool takes in all the lumber of every sort that he comes across, so that the knowledge which might be useful to him gets crowded out, or at best jumbled up with a lot of other things, so that he has difficulty in laying his hand upon it. It is a mistake to think that the little room has elastic walls and can distend to any extent. Depend upon it, there comes a time when for every addition of knowledge you forget something that you know before. It is of the highest importance, therefore, not to have useless facts elbowing out the useful ones.""But the Solar System！ " I protested.（PS:The way to contact yumingkaobo TEL:si ling ling-liu liu ba-liu jiu qi ba QQ: 772678537) "What the deuce is it to me？" he interrupted impatiently.One morning, I picked up a magazine from the table and attempted to while away the time with it, while my companion munched silently at his toast. One of the articles had a pencil mark at the heading, and I naturally began to run my eye through it.Its somewhat ambitious title was "The Book of Life, " and it attempted to show how much an observant man might learn by an accurate and systematic examination of all that came in his way. It struck me as being a remarkable mixture of shrewdness and of absurdity. The reasoning was close and intense, but the deduction appeared to me to be far-fetched and exaggerated. The writer claimed by a momentary expression, a twitch of a muscle or a glance of an eye, to fathom a man's inmost thought. Deceit, according to him, was impossibility in the case of one trained to observation and analysis. His conclusionswere as infallible as so many propositions of Euclid. So startling would his results appear to the uninitiated that until they learned the processes by which he had arrived at them they might well consider him as a necromancer."From a drop of water, "said the writer, "a logician could infer the possibility of an Atlantic. So all life is a great chain, the nature of which is known whenever we are shown a single link of it. Like all other arts, the science of Deduction and Analysis is one which can be acquired by long and patient study, nor is life long enough to allow any mortal to attain the highest possible perfection in it. "This smartly written piece of theory I could not accept until a succession of evidences justified it.1. What is the author's attitude toward Holmes？[A]Praising.[B]Critical.[C]Ironical.[D]Distaste.2. What way did the author take to stick out Holmes' uniqueness？[A]By deduction.[B]By explanation.[C]By contrast.[D]By analysis.3. What was the Holmes' idea about knowledge-learning？[A]Learning what every body learned.[B]Learning what was useful to you.[C]Learning whatever you came across.[D]Learning what was different to you.4. What did the article mentioned in the passage talk about？[A]One may master the way of reasoning through observation.[B]One may become rather critical through observation and analysis.[C]One may become rather sharp through observation and analysis.[D]One may become practical through observation and analysis.本文由“育明考博”整理编辑。
2018考博英语翻译练习题及答案十篇.docx
2018考博英语翻译练习题及答案【十篇】仰望天空时，什么都比你高，你会自卑 ;俯视大地时，什么都比你低，你会自负 ;只有放宽视野，把天空和大地尽收眼底，才能在苍穹泛土之间找到你真正的位置。
无须自卑，不要自负，坚持自信。
以下我无忧考网为考生整理的《 2018 考博英语翻译练习题及答案第二部分【十篇】》供您查阅。
2018 考博英语翻译练习：泡腊八蒜考博英语翻译题型多为汉译英，各博士招生院校大多都有此题型，考博英语复习初期阶段新东方在线考博频道为考博生们整理了一些考博英语翻译练习，供大家平日复习。
泡腊八蒜是中国北方，尤其是华北地区的一个习俗。
顾名思义，就是在阴历腊月初八的这天来泡制大蒜。
其实材料非常简单，就是醋和大蒜瓣儿。
做法也是极其简单，将剥了皮的蒜瓣儿放到一个可以密封的罐子、瓶子之类的容器里面，然后倒入醋，封上口放到一个冷的地方。
慢慢地，泡在醋中的蒜就会变绿，最后会变得通体碧绿的，如同翡翠碧玉。
老北京人家，一到腊月初八，过年的气氛一天赛过一天，华北大部分地区在腊月初八这天有用醋泡蒜的习俗。
译文参考：Laba garlic bulbs in the north,particularly in North China,a custom. As the name suggests,at the eighth daytimeof the twelfth lunar day the Chinese people are apt to cook garlic.In fact,the materials is very easy, that is,vinegar and garlic petal.Approach is extremely simple too,the rinded garliccloves can be sealed into a jar,flasks and the favor inside the container,then pour vinegar,sealed port into a cold location. Slowly, the garlic drenched in vinegar ambition turn green,andfinally transform entire body green as emerald jade.Old Beijing human,1to the eighth daytime of the twelfth lunar month,one day outdo the air of Chinese New Year day in mostparts of north China this day be serviceable in the eighth day ofthe twelfth lunar month vinegar and garlic bulbs custom.解析：大蒜： garlic蒜头： garlic bulb顾名思义： as the name suggests/ as the name implies泡制： cook/ brew/infuse剥去外皮的： rinded蒜瓣儿： garlic gloves/garlic flakes/garlic petal醋： vinegar2018 考博英语翻译练习：三峡考博英语翻译题型多为汉译英，各博士招生院校大多都有此题型，考博英语复习初期阶段新东方在线考博频道为考博生们整理了一些考博英语翻译练习，供大家平日复习。
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2018年地大（北京）英语考博翻译试题
Social impacts of technology
Although affordances and constraints of technological products are not objective features of them, they can be correlated with objective material features in them. For example, the physical constitution of speed bumps physically prevents cars from speeding without damage to the car or major inconvenience. The physical procedure of fertilization in IVF affords pregnancies without prior physical intercourse. In a particular context of use, these physical features translate into new social realities (new behaviors, new social arrangements, new perceptions and beliefs) that can be identified as impacts of a technological product.
Social impacts of technology can be identified at different levels of social analysis, including the micro-level of individuals and their interactions, the meso-level of groups and organizations and their interactions, and the macro-level of social structures, cultural systems and social institutions and their dynamics. For the study of the role of technology in a good society, which is an issue that plays out at the macro-level, macro-level impacts of technology are obviously the most important to consider. However, micro- and meso-level impacts may also need to be considered in order to properly identify and understand macro-level impacts.
At the micro-level, technological products may influence their immediate context of use in at least three ways. First, they may affect the behavior of users and the social roles and relations that users build in relation to others. For example, the possession of an automobile may influence where people live and what places they visit, and may also signal social status and identity. Second, technological products will not fit every user profile equally well, meaning that some users will not be able to use them well, or not at all, because they lack the required physical characteristics, knowledge, skills, interests, or access to resources. As a consequence, the introduction of a new technological product will affect potential users in different ways, benefiting some while excluding or marginalizing others.
Third, technological products often require the presence of material and social contextual background conditions for them to function well. For example, for automobiles to function well as vehicles for transportation, there must be material and social infrastructure present, such as roads, traffic lights, police, ambulance services, and so forth. The introduction of new technological products will therefore often stimulate the creation of appropriate background conditions for them to function well. This is also a way in which technological products have social impacts. These three types of affordances and constraints, concerning influence on behavior and social roles, selection of user profiles, and selection of material and social background conditions, also play out at the meso-level of groups and organizations.。