第六章2_changed讲解
商务英语阅读Chapter2-A-Changed-Global-Reality-世界经济格局新变化
Chapter2 A Changed Global Reality 世界经济格局新变化Say this for the young century: we live in interesting times. Not quite 2 1⁄2 years ago, the world economy tipped into the most severe downturn since the Great Depression in the 1930s. World trade slowed sharply. Unemployment lines grew longer, especially in the old industrial economies. Financial institutions that had seemed as solid as granite disappeared as if they were no more substantial than a bunch of flowers in the hands of an old-style magician. 对于新世纪，我们得这样说：我们生活在一个有趣的时代。
差不多两年半之前，世界经济陷入了20世纪30年代经济大萧条时期以来最惨重的低迷状态。
世界贸易进程大幅放缓。
失业队伍也越来越快，这在旧工业经济体系表现尤为突出。
原来坚如磐石的金融机构也消失了，似乎还不如老套的魔术师变的花束看起来真实。
Given that the scale of the downturn was so epochal, it should not be surprising that the nature of the recovery would likewise be the stuff of history. And it has been. As they make their way to Davos for the annual meeting of the World Economic Forum (WEF) by helicopter, bus, car or train (which is the right way to do it), the members of the global economic and political elite will find themselves coming to terms with something they have never known before. 考虑到经济衰退幅度如此的跨时代，经济复苏进程会很慢也是理所当然的，对此我们不应该感到吃惊。
第六章 Bingding(一)
1）控件作为Binding源与Binding标记扩展
Binding的使用，并不一定是逻辑层的数据对象为 源，UI层的元素为目标。为了让UI层的元素之间产生 连动效果，也会使用Binding在控件间建立关联。如下 面代码：
<StackPanel> <TextBox x:Name="txt1" Text="{Binding Path=Value, ElementName=slider1 }" BorderBrush="Black" Margin="5" /> <Slider x:Name="slider1" Maximum="100" Minimum="0" Margin="20" /> </StackPanel>
一般情况下，应用程序可以分成三层，即数据存储
层、数据处理层和数据展示层。程序的本质是数据
和算法。数据会在存储、逻辑和展示三个层流通， 但是算法在程序中的分布就不一样了。对于一个三 层结构的程序来说，算法一般分布在这几处：
A:数据库内部； B:读取和写回数据； C:业务逻辑； D:数据展示； E:界面与逻辑的交互。
1、Data Binding定位
A、B两个部分的算法一般都非常稳定，不会轻易去
改动，复用性也很高；C处与客户需求关系最紧密、
最复杂，变动也最大，大多数算法都集中在这里；
D、E两层负责UI与逻辑的交互，也占有一定量的算 法。 显然，C部分是程序的核心、重点。D、E两个部分 经常成为麻烦来源。首先，这两个部分都与逻辑层 紧密相关；其次，这两个部分以消息或事件的方式 与逻辑层沟通；最后，D和E本应该是互逆，却分 开来写。
Unit 6 Lesson 2 听力材料及练习讲解课件-高中英语选择性必修第二册
what was news and covered it, but now anyone
can.
have an impact on对......有影响
嗯，是的，
互联网对新闻的制作方式产生
了巨大的影响。在过去，决定什么是新闻并报道它
的是报纸编辑，但现在任何人都可以。
With the camera in our smartphones,we can make a recording of a high-definition video of an event, it the Internet, and then people all over the world can see it.
adj.互动的，交互的 嗯，很明显，互联网为我们的语言引入了很多新词。在互 联网出现之前，有谁听说过“微博”?但更重要的是，我认为 互联网使媒体更具
Media used to be a one-way process —they spoke and we listened. Now it's much more like a dialogue. Every article has reader's comments below it and anyone can express what they think.
Q2 c. The Internet has introduced a lot of new words to our language.
Q2 d. The word “microblogging” did not exist before the Internet.
Q2 e. Every article has reader’s comments below it and everyone can express what they think.
审计学(英) 课件 第六章
sample of a population.
Auditor’s Responsibilities
• Reasonable Assurance Reasons: 2.Accounting presentations contain complex
estimates, which inherently involve uncertainty
• The purpose of an audit is to provide financial
statement users with an opinion by the auditor on whether the financial statements are presented fairly, in all material respects, in accordance with the applicable financial accounting framework.
impossible) for auditors to have responsibility for
finding all immaterial errors and fraud.
Auditor’s Responsibilities
• Reasonable Assurance Assurance is a measure of the level of certainty
and performing audits to detect unintentional
mistakes made by management and employees.
Auditor’s Responsibilities
• Auditor’s responsibilities for detecting material errors Mistakes in calculations, omissions, misunderstanding
心理学概论第六章记忆
Chapter 6 Memory第6章记忆This chapter includes three modules: first, module 18 tells us how the memory works; second, module 19 introduces recalling in long-term memories; last, we will learn why we forgetting when our memory fails.MODULE 18 ENCODING, STORAGE AND RETRIEV AL OF MEMORYMemory is any system—human, animal, or machine—that encodes, stores, and retrieves information. The process of memory is encoding, storage and retrieval. Encoding is involving the modification of information to fit the preferred format for the memory system. Storage is involving the retention of encoded material over time. Retrieval is involving the location and recovery of information from memory.THE SENSORY REGISTERSScientific research on memory began with Ebbinghaus's experiments in the nineteenth century. Today the information-processing model of memory describes how information is encoded, organized, and stored in memory, and how it is retrieved from memory.THE SENSORY REGISTERSSensory registers are the entry points for raw information from all the senses. If we do not process this information further, it disappears.Visual and Auditory RegistersAs new visual information enters the registers, old information (the icon, or visual image) is "masked" almost immediately and disappears. Otherwise, the registers would overload as visual information piled up and became scrambled. Auditory information fades more slowly; the echo may last for several seconds.Initial ProcessingFrom the mass of incoming information, we select elements and hold them for further processing. In this process, called attention, we also give meaning to the information.SHORT-TERM MEMORYInformation that we attend to enters short-term memory (STM), also called primary memory and working memory. STM contains everything that we are consciously aware of at any instant. STM not only briefly stores information but also processes that information further.Capacity of STMSTM has its limits. Researches have found that STM can hold only as much information as can be repeated or rehearsed in 1.5 to 2 seconds, which is usually 5 to 10 separate bits of information. We can process more information by grouping it into larger meaningful units, a process called chunking.Encoding in STMInformation can be encoded for temporary storage in STM phonologically (according to the way it sounds), in visual form, or in terms of its meaning. Researchers conclude that STM has a greater capacity for material encoded visually than for information encoded phonologically.Retention and Retrieval in STMMaterial in STM disappears in 15 to 20 seconds unless it is rehearsed or practiced. According to decay theory, material is lost from STM simply because of the passage of time. Interference theory contends that interference from other information leads to forgetting from STM. Memory loss from STM is permanent. This prevents us from becoming overwhelmed with a mass of irrelevant, trivial, or unrelated data.Rote RehearsalThrough rote rehearsal, or maintenance rehearsal, we retain information in STM for a minute or two by repeating it over and over again. However, rote memorization does not promote long-term memory.Elaborative RehearsalElaborative rehearsal, or "the linking of new information in STM to familiar material stored in long-term memory," enables us to retain information for a longer time in STM. Through elaborative rehearsal, we process new data in a deeper and more meaningful way than through simple rote repetition.An accident or severe interference can make unrehearsed information disappear. Retrograde amnesia (the inability to recall events immediately preceding an accident or injury) is caused by an interruption in elaborative rehearsal.LONG-TERM MEMORYLong-term memory (LTM)is more or less permanent and stores everything we "know." Semantic memory is the portion of LTM that stores general facts and information in dictionary or encyclopedia form. Another facet of LTM, episodic memory, stores information rich with personal meaning.Encoding in LTMMost of the information in LTM seems to be encoded in terms of meaning. Through rehearsal, we extract the meaning of information and link it to as muchmaterial that is already in LTM as possible. The way in which we encode material for storage in LTM affects the ease with which we can retrieve it later on.Implicit MemoryImplicit memory refers to memories for information that either was not intentionally committed to LTM or is retrieved unintentionally from LTM. By contrast, explicit memory allows us to recall information that is intentionally committed to LTM and retrieved from LTM.Storage and Retrieval in LTMMost, if not all, of the information in LTM remains there more or less permanently, but we can''t always retrieve it when we need to, as the tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon shows.Especially disturbing events may cause us to repress memories or even to forget personal memories altogether (hysterical amnesia). Sometimes we "reconstruct" our memories for social or personal self-defense.Recognizing that past reactions and experiences affect our present memory, researchers developed the schema theory. A schema(plural: schemata) is a set of beliefs or expectations about something based on past experience, and it serves as a basis or standard for comparison with a new experience. Using schemata, we not only comprehend and interpret present circumstances but also streamline our retrieval processes. Retrieval is also aided by extensive cues and links with other material in LTM.BIOLOGICAL BASES OF MEMORYResearch has shown that some memories may be localized in certain portions of the brain; however, most memories are stored in various parts of the brain. One reason may be that several senses can contribute to one memory and might be stored in the brain''s centers for vision, speech, smell, and touch. Also, a recent finding shows that the basal forebrain may be involved in binding together information stored separately throughout the brain. The hippocampus is involved in transferring information from short-term to long-term memory.MODULE 19 RECALL LONG-TERM MEMORIESRetrieval cues are the “search terms” used to active a memory. It maybe a word, an emotion, or a sound.Flashbulb memoriesFlashbulb memories are a clear and vivid long-term memory of an especially meaningful and emotional event.Years after a dramatic or significant event occurs, people often have vivid memories of that event as well as the incidents surrounding it.These memories are known as flashbulb memories. According to the "now print" theory, the event triggers a mechanism in the brain that captures the memory, prints it, and stores it for a long time essentially unchanged. Recent research has challenged the assumptions that flashbulb memories are accurate and stable.Autobiographical MemoryAutobiographical memory refers to your recollection of events that happened in your life and when those events took place. People generally cannot remember events that occurred prior to age 2, and our earliest memories frequently concern events that significantly changed our lives or were particularly frightening.MODULE 20 FORGETTING: WHEN MEMORY FAILSSeveral reasons for ForgettingInformation in sensory and short-term memory appears to decay if it does not receive further processing. New information may "erase" old information in long-term memory. Proactive and retroactive interference may take place. Cue-dependent forgetting may occur when retrieval cues are inadequate. Some lapses in memory may be due to psychogenic amnesia, which is the forgetting of disturbing or shocking events and psychologists are divided about why this occurs.To the extent that information is apparently lost from LTM, researchers attribute the cause to interference from competing information. Interference may come from two directions: in retroactive interference, new information interferes with old information already in LTM; proactive interference refers to the process by which old information already in LTM interferes with new information. Interference affects both storage and retrieval of information.。
第六章 句子的翻译
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七大主要英语的主语
施动主语(agentive subject)： Susan is growing flowers． Her books translate well．
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受动主语(affected subject)：
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A 工具主语(instrumental subject)： stone broke the glass． 地点主语(locative subject):
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3） 增加there be…
7: 还将有一些生活极端贫困的人们，他们还需要政府 的资助。（武汉大学04年考博英语翻译试题） There will still be some people living in extreme poverty, who are still in need of the government's financial support. 8: 举例来说，在早先的法国洞穴绘画里，早于公元前 10，000年的绘画中没有人与人打仗的画面。（复旦大 学02年考博英语翻译试题） For example, among ancient French cave drawings earlier than 10，000 B.C., there were no pictures describing people fighting with each other.
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1.3 主语选择的原则 1. 3. 1 增加主语
1）增加泛指的主语“we, you, one”等。
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1:充分发挥个体、私营等非公有制经济在促进经济增长、 扩大就业和活跃市场等方面的重要作用。（上海理工 大学04年考博英语翻译试题） We should take advantage of non public-owned economy, including individual, privately owned etc., to fulfill it's significant effect on accelerating economic improvement, enlarging employment, and flourishing the market. 2: 然而，要想了解一个人的禀赋资质和实际能力如何， 考试是考不出名堂来的。（中国人民大学02年考博英 语翻译试题） But they are of vain if you want to know about the gift, intelligence or practical abilities of a person. 3: 凡事应该适度，适度是最安全的。（天津大学01年 考博英语翻译试题） One should be moderate in all things, and moderation is always the safest way.
非谓语动词二稿
第六章非谓语动词非谓语动词指分词、不定式和动名词。
它们在句中不能单独作谓语，不受主语人称和数的限制，可充当除谓语外的各种句子成分。
在各类考试中，非谓语动词为语法测试的重中之重。
第一节分词英语中分词包括现在分词和过去分词，其基本形态为v-ing和v-ed。
现在分词与过去分词的区别主要表现在语态和时间概念上。
在语态上，现在分词（除被动式外）表示主动含义，过去分词表示被动含义。
在时间上，现在分词表示动作正在进行。
过去分词表示动作已完成。
例如：developing countries (发展中国家)/developed countries (发达国家)，the touching tale(动人的传说) the touched audience(受感动的观众)。
1现在分词现在分词可在句中作定语及状语。
讲解要点（1）作定语1．现在分词作定语时多置于它所修饰的名词前。
例如：a pressing question （一个紧迫的问题），an embarrassing question （一个令人难堪的问题）②现在分词作定语时也可置于它所修饰的名词之后。
例如：There were no soldiers drilling.（没有士兵在训练。
）③现在分词短语一般都置于它所修饰的名词之后。
例如：a little child learning to walk （学走路的小孩子）（2）作状语讲解要点现在分词及其短语也可作状语，表示时间、原因、结果、条件、让步、方式或伴随情况等。
其动作可能发生在谓语动词之前或之后，也可能与谓语动词的动作同时发生。
1．表示时间。
例如：Walking on the street, I met an old classmate of mine.强调与谓语动词的动作同时发生时，现在分词之前可用连词when或while。
例如：When seeing those pictures, he couldn’t help thinking of his childhood.②表示原因。
chapter6 Drag and Drop
第六章应用程序拖放的支持拖放是Eclipse提供的一种在一个或多个SWT应用之间重置部件或数据传输上提供的简单快捷的机制。
可以使用在普通SWT应用中，也是学习GEF的基础部分。
下面我将介绍运行拖放所需的几个部分。
这里首先声明一下，要运行附件中的例子，需要把FileListTree类里的FILE_ROOT 常量改为一个在你本地机器上存在的目录路径。
拖放源和放置地DragSource and DropTarget要实现拖放，就必须有拖动源和放置地。
源是数据传输过程中的数据提供者,目标是数据接收者。
他们分别绑定SWT的widget，需要注意的是同一widget只能帮定在一个源或目的上。
在鼠标拖动的过程中，我们可以 通过鼠标图形的变化来得知当前经过的是否是一个有效的放置地，这个过程叫做“drag over effect”。
鼠标图形同时也可以告诉我们在数据被放下之后，什么样的操作会被执 行，是拷贝还是移动还是别的什么。
如果我们拖动经过一个带有item的部件，比方说tree或者table，那么这个item会变成高亮，表明我们可以将数据放在这个item上，这个过程我们叫“drag under effect”。
Transfer（转换器）有了拖动源和放置目的之后，我们就需要一个载体来承载不同类型的数据，让这个载体用来在源和目的之间传递数据。
Transfer实际上是一个提供数据在Java representation（java表现）与platform specific representation（平台特有表现）之间进行交互的抽象类。
在Java对象与特定的平台之间进行format，下面是几个format：1。
文本转换器 TextTransfer String "hello world"2。
RTF转换器 RTFTransfer String "{\\rtf1\\b\\i hello world}"3。
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R2为副绕组电阻
X 2 L 2 为漏磁感抗
u2为副绕组输出电压
16
i1
+ e1 u1 +
e1 + N1
F
Φ1
Φ2
i2
++ e2 + u2 Z e2
N2
前已述及，在电源频率和原线圈匝数一定的情况下， 当电源电压不变时， 变压器铁心中的 Φm 基本上是 个常数
动变势压基器本有相载等时的U总1 磁通E1势应4与.4变4压fN器空1F载m时的磁
在 用 电 方 面 ， 多 数 用 电 器 所 需 电 压 是 380V 、 220V或36 V，少数电机也采用3kV、6kV等。
变压器的作用：
升压，降压，阻抗变换，电流变换
2
二、变压器基本结构
原线圈
接电源 闭合铁心
副线圈 接负载
3
三、变压器电路符号 i1
+
u1 N1
i2 +
N2
u2
匝比：n N1 N2
E1 N1 E2 N2
i2＝0 ++ e u2
2
N2
9
②电压平衡方程、 电压比
原边KVL方程
(u1 e1 e 1 i0R1 )
i0
+ e1 u1 +
e+1 N1
F Φ1
i2＝0 ++ e u2
2
N2
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U1 I0 R1 （ E 1）（ E1) I0 R1 jX1 I0 （ E1)
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2. 有载运行
变压器副边接上负载阻抗Z后， 副线圈中通过电 流i2， 如图 所示。
i1
Fi2Biblioteka + e1u1 +
Φ1
e1
+
N1
++
e2
Φ2
+ u2 Z
e2
N2
电动势e2将在副绕组上一边的电路中产生电流i2，
此时，原绕组的电流将从空载电流i0相应地增大到i1
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①电磁关系
u1 i1 i1N1 F
N1i1+N2i2=N1 i0
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N1 I1 N2 I 2 N1 I 0 N1i1 N2i2 N1i0
由于空载电流很小， i0 10%i1 可忽略。
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N1 I1 N2 I 2 0
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则 N1 I1 N2 I 2
原边电流和副边电流在相位上几乎相差180°
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变压器的电流变换
N2
u1 i1R1 ( e 1 ) ( e1 )
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U 1 I 1 R1 jX1 I 2 ( E1 )
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i1
+ e1 u1 +
e+1 N1
F
Φ1
Φ2
i2
+ e2
+
e+2 u2 Z
N2
e2 e 2 i2 R2 u2
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E 2 I 2 R2 ( E 2 ) U 2 R2 I 2 jX2 I 2 U 2
X1 L1为原边绕组的漏磁感抗
R1为线圈绕组的电阻
在工程计算中常忽略原绕组中的阻抗不计。因此：
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U1 E1
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U1 E1
这说明，在变压器原线圈中，自感电动势和电源电压 几乎相等，但相位相反。
U1 E1 4.44 fN1Fm
上式表明： 在电源频率和原线圈匝数一定的情况下， 当电源电压不变时， 变压器铁心中的 Φm 基本上是个 常数
由于空载时i2=0，副线圈的端电压为：
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U 20 E 2 即 E2 4.44 fN 2Fm U20 11
③电压变比 U1 E1 N1 k（变压器的变比） U20 E2 N 2
式中k称为变压器的变压比，简称变比，表明 变压器空载时，原、副边端电压之比等于原、副线 圈的匝数之比
k＞1，是降压变压器； k＜1，是升压变压器。
i1
+ e1
u1 + e+1
Φ1
N1
e1
N1
dF dt
e2
N2
dF dt
F Φ2
i2
+ e2
+
e+2 u2 Z
N2
i2 i2 N2
F 2
e 2
L 2
di2 dt
F 1
e 1
L 1
di0 dt
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②原、副绕组的KVL方程
i1
+ e1 u1 +
e+1 N1
F
Φ1
Φ2
i2
+ e2
+
e+2 u2 Z
4
四、工作原理 1. 空载运行
变压器原线圈接上额定的交变电压， 副线圈开路不接负载， 称为空载运行
i0
+ e1 u1 +
e1 + N1
F Φ1
i2 ＝0 ++ e2 u2
N2
在外加正弦电压u1的作用下，线圈内有交变电流i0流过。 这时原线圈内的电流，称作变压器的空载电流，又称
激磁电流。 5
i0
+ e1 u1 +
•
I1 N2 1
•
I2
N1
k
I1 N2 1 I2 N1 k
变压器带载后，原边电流由副边电流决定
19
变压器带载后：
U1 N1 k U2 N2 I1 N2 1 I2 N1 k
U1I1 U2I2
表明：在不考虑变压器本身损耗的情况下，变压器原绕 组输入的功率等于副绕组输出的功率。
20
+ e1 u1 +
e1 + N1
F Φ1
i2 ＝0 ++ e2 u2
N2
①电磁关系
u1
i0
i0 N1
F
e1
e2
N1 N2
dF dt dF dt
F 1
e 1
L 1
di0 dt
7
i0
+ e1 u1 +
e1 + N1
F Φ1
i2 ＝0 ++ e2 u2
N2
设主磁通按正弦规律变化，即 F Fm sint
则原线圈中的感应电动势为
e1
N1
dF dt
N1Fm
cost
N1Fm
sin(t
2
)
感应电动势最大值 E1m N1Fm 2fN 1Fm 8
感应电动势有效值
i0
E1
E1m 2
4.44 fN1Fm
同理， 副线圈中感应电动势
+ e1 u1 +
e+1 N1
F Φ1
E2 4.44 fN 2Fm
式中, N2为副线圈匝数。由式可得：
e1 + N1
F Φ1
i2 ＝0 ++ e2 u2
N2
由于铁心的磁导率远大于空气的磁导率， 所以 i0 产生 的磁通大部分集中在铁心里，沿铁心而闭合，该磁通 称作主磁通（或工作磁通），用Φ表示。
i0 还将产生漏磁通，用Φδ1表示
空载电流（激磁电流）的有效值I0一般都很小，约
为额定电流的3%～8%
6
i0
§6-5 变压器
一、变压器的用途及分类
把某种数值的交变电压变换为同频率的另一数值的 交变电压
发电厂欲将P=UIcosφ的电功率输送到用电的区域，在P、 cosφ为一定值时，若采用的电压愈高，则输电线路中的 电流愈小，因而可以减少输电线路上的损耗。
目前，我国交流输电的电压最高已达750kV
1
发 电 机 的 输 出 电 压 一 般 有 3.15kV 、 6.3kV 、 10.5 kV、 15.75 kV等几种，因此必须用升压变压器 将电压升高才能远距离输送。
（3）阻抗变换
i1
+
等效条件：输入电路的电压、电 流和功率不变
i2
i1
+
+
u1 N1