被动语态的译法(12)
12.被动语态的译法
被动语态的译法
----英汉翻译技巧之七
the change of the voices（语态变换法）
Among the translation techniques, there exist one called “the change of the voices”. Actually, the passive voice is more commonly used in English than in Chinese, especially in the writing of science and technology. In the sentences in which the doers are not necessarily told or known, the passive voice is used. And sometimes for the sake of connection of the context, there occurs the passive voice. Since the passive structure seldom appears in Chinese, many passive sentences in English have to be turned into active sentences in Chinese. In fact, a translator tries to render the passive sentences into Chinese active sentences as many as possible. But the version must be made idiomatic and smooth, not ambiguous or abstruse. This is a problem which is worth our attention.
英语中被动句的翻译方法
英语中被动句的翻译⽅法（1) 汉语中有被/由/叫/挨/让/给/受/遭等词时,可译成英语被动句.他常被派做这项⼯作. He is often sent to do this work.你叫⾬淋湿了. Have been wetted in the rain.这孩⼦昨天挨来了⼀顿批评. The boy was criticized yesterday.我们的⾐服给汗⽔湿透了. Our clothes were soaked with sweat.东西受潮了. The things have been affected with damp.他们去年遭了灾. They were hit by a natural calamity last year.(2) 不带标记的汉语被动句有些句⼦的主语不是动词的执⾏者,⽽是动作的承受者,结构上是主动的,但含义上确是被动的,英译时⽤被动句处理.历史是⼈民创造的. History is made by the people.这⾸歌是我⼀个朋友谱写的. The song was composed by a friend of mine.这个问题必须予以处理. This matter must be dealt with.这座桥将在今年年底建成.The construction of the bridge will be completed by the end of this year.(3) 汉语某些习语的译法:有些汉语习语,语态上是主动的,但英译时要⽤被动语态,特别是英语中以IT作形式主语的句式.应该说,基本情况是健康的. It should be said that the situation is basically sound.据报,敌⼈当时离那⾥只有⼗⾥.It is reported that the enemy were ten li away.很明显,这计划应当取消. It is obvious that the plan should be scrapped.据谣传,那场事故是由于玩忽职守⽽造成的. It is rumored that the accident was due to negligence.据了解这地⽅有丰富的⾃然资源. It is known that the area is rich in natural resources.有⼈认为 It is considered that-- 普遍认为 It is generally accepted that--据信 It is believed that-- 众所周知 It is well known that据悉 It is learned that 据推测 It is supposed that--据估计 It is estimated that 必须指出 It must be pointed out that可见 It will be seen that 不⽤说 It is understood that⽆可否认 It cannot be denied that 已经证明 It has been proved that可以肯定 It may be confirmed that 可以有把握地说 It may be safely said that⼈们有时会问 It is sometimes asked that ⼈们希望 It is expected that据说 It is said that据报道 It is reported that。
被动语态的翻译
为了强调被动者，使其位置鲜明、突出时；
Three machines can be controlled by a single operator.
为更好地联接上下文。
Vulcanized rubber was a perfect insulating material; on the rail way it was used for shock-absorbers and cushions.
1.这种圆柱形容器是我们自行设计和制造的。 2.必须充分利用我国所有的自然资源。 3.激光技术可以看作是近年来科学家取得的最 重要成就之一。 4.我们的研究中心创造了一种强度与那种金属 相同的合成材料。 5.电为人类所知晓已有好几千年了。
三、译成汉语的判断句
凡是着重描述事物的过程、性质和状态的英语被 动句，与系表结构相近，往往可译成“是…的结构。
The volume is not measured in square millimeters. It is measured in cubic millimeters. 体积不是以平方毫米计量的。它是以立方毫米 计量的。 The first explosive in the world was made in China. 世界上最早的炸药是在中国制造的。
3.增译逻辑主语：原句中未包含动作的发出者，译
成主动句时可从逻辑主语出发，适当增添不确定主语， 如“人们”、“大家”、“我们”等。
Salt is known to have a very strong corroding effect on metals. 大家知道，盐对金属有很强的腐蚀作用。 Magnesium is found to be the best material for making flash light. 人们发现，镁是制造闪光灯的最好材料。
英语被动语态的译法
英语被动语态的译法英语中被动语态的使用范围极为广泛, 尤其是在科技英语中, 被动语态几乎随处可见, 凡是在不必、不愿说出或不知道主动者的情况下均可使用被动语态,因此, 掌握被动语态的翻译方法, 对于硕士研究生入学考试的复习与应考是极为重要, 因为在硕士研究生入学考试中，英译汉文章的内容多以科普文章为主。
在汉语中, 也有被动语态, 通常通过“把”或“被”等词体现出来, 但它的使用范围远远小于英语中被动语态的使用范围, 因此英语中的被动语态在很多情况下都翻译成主动结构。
对于英语原文的被动结构, 我们一般采取下列的方法:1. 翻译成汉语的主动句。
英语原文的被动结构翻译成汉语的主动结构又可以进一步分为几种不同的情况。
(1) 英语原文中的主语在译文中仍做主语。
在采用此方法时, 我们往往在译文中使用了“加以”,“经过”,“用……来”等词来体现原文中的被动含义。
例如:例1.Other questions will be discussed briefly.其他问题将简单地加以讨论。
例2.In other words mineral substances which are found on earth must be extracted by diggi ng, boring holes, artificial explosions, or similar operations which make them available to us.换言之, 矿物就是存在于地球上, 但须经过挖掘、钻孔、人工爆破或类似作业才能获得的物质。
例3.Nuclear power"s danger to health, safety, and even life itself can be summed up in one word: radiation.核能对健康、安全, 甚至对生命本身构成的危险可以用一个词—辐射来概括。
翻译的基本技巧--被动语态的翻译.
翻译的基本技巧--被动语态的翻译.翻译的基本技巧——语态转换译法语态转换译法1 顺译法1.1 顺译成被动句1.2 顺译成主动句2 倒译法2.1 把by后的宾语倒译成汉语的主语2.2 把其他介词后的宾语倒译成汉语的主语2.3 倒译成汉语的⽆主句3 分译法⼀、顺译法既保留原⽂的主语，⼜要使译⽂主要成分的顺序和原⽂⼤体⼀致的翻译⽅法就叫顺译法。
1 顺译法(Translation in Original Order)1. 1 顺译成被动句A.译成“被”字所谓“被”字句，就是在汉语的动词前⾯加上⼀个“被”字来表⽰被动的句⼦。
主要表⽰这个动作不利于受事者或这个情况有点特殊，或者出乎意料。
加上“被”字以引起读者的注意并表⽰“被”这⼀动作动作接受者（受事者）是不乐意或不情愿接受的。
例1：Vitamin C is destroyed when it is overheated.【译⽂】维⽣素C受热过度就会被破坏。
例2：Once the flower has been pollinated and fertilized, the plant provides the newly formed seeds with a reserve of food materials, which will be needed when they themselves germinate. 【译⽂】花⼀旦被授了粉并受了精，植株就会对新⽣种⼦提供养料贮藏，以备种⼦未来发芽之需。
例3：She thought all was fair and legal, and never dreamt she was going to be entrapped into a feigned union with a defrauded wretched, already bound to a bad, mad, and imbruted partner! (Charlotte Bront?: Jane Eyre)【译⽂】她以为⼀切都是公正合法的，做梦也没想到过⾃⼰竟会被诱⼊欺诈婚姻的圈套，跟⼀个骗⼦、疯⼦、⼗⾜的坏蛋缔结姻缘。
英语被动语态的翻译
4) Pure oxygen must be given patients in certain circumstances.
在某些情况下必须给病人吸纯氧。
4.使用“是……的”、“为……所”句型 “是……的”、“为……所”这些句子着
重说明一件事情是怎样做或什么时候、什 么地点做的等等。例如：
1. 被动语态有强调受事者，使其位置鲜明、 突出。例如：
1)The happy man cannot be harried. 吉人自有天相。（注意汉语用主动）
2)In an adversary spots are soon seen. 对手的缺点最易发现。（注意汉语主动） 2. 当不必要说出主动者或无法说出主动者
1) Poets are born, but orators are made. 诗人是天生的，而演说家则是后天造就的。
2) Footprints on the sands of time are not made by sitting down.
沙滩上的足迹是走出来的。（喻“不身体力行不足以 成事”）
汉英对比，英语的被动句显然多于汉 语，其原因比较简单：英语有表示主 语和谓语动词之间处于“被动关系” （即受事者 + 行为）而不是“主动关 系”（即施事者 + 行为）的形式程序， 那就是：主语+be (.各式形态变化) + 动词的过去分词式。在英语中，这种 形态表示程序非常稳定，非常明确， 可以使被动语态形成一个界定十分清 楚的语法范畴：
有催化剂时，反应速度的加快叫做催化 作用。
当被动句中有地点状语，由介词“by”引导 的方式状语及“from”等表示的其它状语时， 有时可把这种状语译成主语，将介词省略， 而把原主语译成宾语，这样，就更符合汉 语的习惯。如：
被动句的翻译
2．3 逻辑意义上的汉语被动句译为 相应的逻辑意义上的英语被动句
汉语有数不胜数的逻辑意义上的被动句，这是 汉语的一大特点。英语也有一些形式上为主动语态 但逻辑意义上实为被动语态的句子。许许多多逻辑 意义上的汉语被动句最好翻译为相对应的逻辑意义 上的英语被动句。请看下面的例句。 （36）他的戏剧不宜上演。His plays won’t act.
（42）这箱子关不拢。This box doesn’t close properly. （43）这些苹果适于烹煮。These apples cook well. （44）这种金属容易切削。This metal cuts easily. （45）这烟斗不大畅通。The pipe does not draw well. （46）尼龙织物干得快。Nylon dries quickly. （47）这料子染不好。This material does not dye well. （48）这东西好吃。It eats well. （49）潮湿的木头不着火。Damp wood will not fire. （50）这种麦子很好磨。This wheat grinds well.
school records were not seen by his parents. （19）那个国家有许多人被恐怖分子的炸弹炸死了。 Many people in that country were killed by the bombs buried and set off by the terrorists.
（37）会议于五点钟休会。The meeting adjourned at five o’clock. （38）西红柿容易碰伤。Tomatoes bruise easily. （39）这根腰带扣不上。This belt won’t buckle. （40）我的声音传不远。My voice does not carry well. （41）搪瓷器皿容易弄干净。Enamel wares clean easily.
英译汉——被动语态的译法
英译汉——被动语态的译法.txt考研英语每日一课（英译汉——被动语态的译法）英译汉——被动语态的译法英语中被动语态的使用范围极为广泛, 尤其是在科技英语中,被动语态几乎随处可见, 凡是在不必、不愿说出或不知道主动者的情况下均可使用被动语态, 因此, 掌握被动语态的翻译方法,对于硕士研究生入学考试的复习与应考是极为重要的,因为在硕士研究生入学考试中，英译汉文章的内容多以科普文章为主。
在汉语中, 也有被动语态,通常通过“把”或“被”等词体现出来, 但它的使用范围远远小于英语中被动语态的使用范围, 因此英语中的被动语态在很多情况下都翻译成主动结构。
对于英语原文的被动结构, 我们一般采取下列的方法:1.翻译成汉语的主动句。
英语原文的被动结构翻译成汉语的主动结构又可以进一步分为几种不同的情况。
(1) 英语原文中的主语在译文中仍做主语。
在采用此方法时, 我们往往在译文中使用了“加以”, “经过”, “用……来”等词来体现原文中的被动含义。
例如:例1.Oth er qu estio ns wi ll be disc ussed brie fly.其他问题将简单地加以讨论。
例2.In o therwords mine ral s ubsta nceswhich arefound on e arthmustbe ex tract ed bydigg ing,borin g hol es, a rtifi cialexplo sions, orsimil ar op erati ons w hichmakethemavail ableto us.换言之, 矿物就是存在于地球上,但须经过挖掘、钻孔、人工爆破或类似作业才能获得的物质。
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
第五章被动语态的译法（教学安排：2课时）第一节英语被动句的译法英语中被动语态使用范围很广，尤其是在科技英语中, 被动语态几乎随处可见,凡是在不必或不愿说出或无从说出施动者以及为了便于连贯上下文或者为了强调动作的承受者等场合，往往都用被动语态。
汉语中虽然也有被动语态，但使用范围狭窄得多。
这是一种十分有趣的比较。
有人统计，《水浒传》全书仅仅用了120格被动句，而例1计14个谓语动词，竟用了13个被动语态。
例1原文：As oil is found deep in the ground, its presence cannot be determined by a study of the surface. Consequently, a geological survey of the ground rock structure must be carried out. If it is thought that the rocks in a certain area contain oil, a “drilling rig”is assembled. The most obvious part of a drilling rig is called“a derrick”. It is used to lift sections of pipe, which are lowered into the hole made by the drill. As the hole is being drilled, a steel pipe is pushed down to prevent the sides from falling in. If oil is struck, a cover is firmly fixed to the top of the pipe and the oil is allowed to escape through a series of valves.译文：英语被动句多数情况下译成汉语的主动句，只有在特别强调被动动作或特别突出被动句才译成汉语被动句。
我们要选一种既符合汉语习惯，又保持上下文连贯的译法。
英语被动句的翻译主要有以下几种情况：一、译成汉语主动句1．原句中的主语、谓语不变，译文中没有表示被动的标志，如“被、把”字等，形式上是主动句，表达被动意义。
例2原文：On Practice has been translated into many foreign languages.译文：例3原文：The whole country was armed in a few days.译文：例4原文：The sense of inferiority that he acquired in his youth has never been totally eradicated.译文：2．原句中的主语移到谓语之后，译作宾语。
例5原文：Another middle school has been set up in our district．译文：例6原文：1，200 people had been saved by soldiers in the earthquake.译文：例7原文：The Times is read by the people who run the country; The Guardian is read by the people who would like to run the country; The Financial Times is read by the people who own the country; and The Daily is read by the people who remember the country as it used to be.译文：3．译成带表语的主动句，即译成判断句。
例8原文：The decision to attack was not taken lightly.译文：例9原文：In the old society，women were looked down upon.译文：4．含主语从句的被动句型译为主动句。
以it作形式主语的英语句子，翻译时常要转为主动形式，有时可加上“有人”、“大家”、“我们” 等不确定主语。
例10原文：It is reported that the enemy has been breeding new strains of killer viruses．译文：例11原文：It is suggested that meeting be put off till next Monday．译文：例12原文：It is well known that natural light is actually made up of many colours．译文：这类句型还有：不加主语：It is hoped that … 希望……It is reported that … 据报道……It is said that … 据说……It is supposed that … 据推测……It may be said without fea r of exaggeration that … 可以毫不夸张地说……It must be admitted that … 必须承认……It must be pointed out that … 必须指出……It will be seen from this that … 由此可见……可加主语：It is asserted that … 有人主张……It is believed that … 有人认为……It is generally considered t hat … 大家(一般人)认为It will be said … 有人会说……It was told that … 有人曾经说……二、译成汉语被动句为了强调被动动作或突出施动者时，可以将英语被动句译为汉语被动句。
1．汉语句中有“被”、“给”、“遭受”、“挨”、“受到”等词。
例13原文：North China was hit by an unexpected heavy rain，which caused severe flooding．译文：例14原文：The window pane was broken by the child.译文；例15原文：I started to explain that I could not do my best since my spectacles had been taken away from me, but she wouldn’t let me finish.译文：例16原文：The behavior of a fluid flowing through a pipe is affected by a number of factors, including the viscosity of the fluid and the speed at which it is pumped.译文：2．译成“为……所”的结构。
例17原文：Granny Wang was forced by family circumstances to enter a knitting mill in Shanghai as a child laborer at the age of twelve.译文：例18原文：I was so impressed by these words that I used them later for a Christmas card.译文：三、译成“把”、“使”和“由”字句例19原文：The famous hotel had been practically destroyed by the big fire.译文：例20原文：The plan is going to be examined first by the research group.译文：例21原文：By evening the occupation was complete, and the people were chased off the streets by an eight o'clock curfew.译文：四、译成无主语句例22原文：Some measures must be taken to control the water pollution.译文：例23原文：Methods are found to take these materials out of the rubbish and use them again.译文：第二节汉译英中语态的变换汉语中使用被动语态的情况很少，我们叙述一种行为时，常用主动式。
英语中大量的及物动词可以用在被动语态中，不少相当于及物动词的短语也可以用在被动语态中。
（一）汉语被动句的英译1．带有被动标记的汉语被动句这类句子一般表示强烈的被动意义，着重被动的动作。
1）出现被动标记词（有“被”、“受”、“遭”、“给”、“挨”、“叫”、“让”等）。
例1原文：窗上的玻璃叫那个孩子打破了，他一定要挨骂的。
译文：2）使用“为……所”、“被……所”结构例2原文：他的一位朋友被歹徒所杀害。
译文：3）“加以”、“予以”等词后＋谓语动词表示被动例3原文：这个问题必须在适当的时候以适当的方式予以处理。
译文：4）例外情况并不是所有带被动标记得句子都要译成英语的被动式。
必须首先考虑所选英语动词的特点、习惯用法以及上下文之间的关系等，然后决定用何种语态。
例4原文：老太太被风吹病了。
译文1：译文2：2．不带被动标记的汉语被动句有些汉语句子结构上是主动句，而含义上是被动句。
该类型的句子在汉语中大量存在，英译时一般也要用被动语态来翻译。
例5原文：物质既不能创造又不能消灭。
译文：例6原文：狡兔死，走狗烹；飞鸟尽，良弓藏；敌国破，谋臣亡。
译文：（二）汉语主动句的英译汉译英时主动句转译成被动句的原因如下：1．为了强调接受动作的人或事物的重要性英语里常用被动结构把动作的承受者作为句子的主语，来突出它的地位，强调其重要性。
因此，汉译英时，往往将汉语的主动句变换为被动句。
例7原文：一群人立即把他围住了，向他提出一个又一个问题。
译文：2．为了加强上下文的连贯性例8原文：50年代初期，美国企图征服朝鲜，从而进犯中国；但最后中朝军民打败了他们。