风神PCR轮胎介绍
前进牌和风神牌轮胎性价比对比分析意见
轮胎性价比对比分析意见项目部领导指示，由我队配合机电物资部对购进的前进牌12.00-20和风神牌12.00-20两种品牌的轮胎进行性价比对比实验，通过实验分析为成本控制提供参考依据。
我们拟定了轮胎性价比对比实验方案，并报机电物资部批准后，自3月30日开始对两种品牌轮胎进行性价比对比实验。
现在已一月有余，现将两种品牌的12.00-20轮胎对比做一阶段性分析（3月30日－5月7日）。
一．实验原则：1三同型号轮胎在同种车型间比较；2三选择操作水平相当的驾驶员，车况相近的车辆；3三对比实验期间安排同类型实验车辆在同一部位施工，以保证轮胎的作业环境尽量相同。
二．实验开展：1三根据上述实验原则，我们挑选了PQ03#和PQ08#奔驰自卸车，全新安装12.00-20轮胎，自3月30日两车开始同时投入生产：2三针对单机车辆，制做了《单机轮胎记录本》，由驾驶员负责填写，详细记录单个轮胎的唯一编号、换胎作业的时间，以及单个轮1/5胎在机的运行里程或工作小时。
3三轮胎修补费依据司机签单的《轮胎修补单》结算，作为轮胎消耗支出；4三对比分析时间段3月30日－5月7日，单机完成的产值和轮胎消耗为计算依据；5三因轮胎数量不足，实验期间PQ03#奔驰在机轮胎和其他车辆有交叉使用情况，故对原实验方案的对比指标进行了修改，性价比指标采用：万元产值轮胎消耗(元)。
三三实验数据收集与分析：1．实验期间PQ03#奔驰共计投入轮胎16条（全新12条，非全新胎4条），期间发生修补外胎16条次，修补内胎20条次，报废1条。
2．实验期间PQ08#奔驰共计前进12.00-20轮胎10条，期间发生修补内胎3次；3.5月8日中午对实测两台奔驰车的在机轮胎花纹深度，实测数据如下：4.a)PQ03#奔驰车轮胎已消耗价值计算：投入全新风神轮胎12条（单价1380元/条），其中1条已2/5经于5月4日报废，考虑到该车和其他轮胎有交叉使用现象，而且轮胎的磨损非常不均匀，所以考虑剩余的11条剩余花纹深度以在机成色最好的轮胎计算，花纹深度采取12mm，让轮胎消耗最小化。
ECE R13H 第1版
}Rev.2/Add.12H/Rev.1E/ECE/324E/ECE/TRANS/50517 January 2008AGREEMENTCONCERNING THE ADOPTION OF UNIFORM TECHNICAL PRESCRIPTIONSFOR WHEELED VEHICLES, EQUIPMENT AND PARTS WHICH CAN BE FITTED AND/OR BE USED ON WHEELED VEHICLES AND THE CONDITIONS FOR RECIPROCAL RECOGNITION OF APPROVALS GRANTED ON THE BASIS OF THESE PRESCRIPTIONS / (Revision 2, including the amendments which entered into force on 16 October 1995)_________Addendum 12H: Regulation No. 13-HRevision 1Incorporating all valid text up to:Corrigendum 1 to the original version of the Regulation, subject of Depositary NotificationC.N.708.1999.TREATIES-1 dated 6 August 1999Corrigendum 2 to the original version of the Regulation, subject of Depositary NotificationC.N.897.2000.TREATIES-1 dated 27 September 2000Corrigendum 3 to the original version of the Regulation, subject of Depositary NotificationC.N.784.2002.TREATIES-1 dated 1 August 2002Corrigendum 4 to the original version of the Regulation, subject of Depositary NotificationC.N.364.2003.TREATIES-1 dated 8 May 2003Supplement 1 to the original version of the Regulation - Date of entry into force: 27 December 2000 Supplement 2 to the original version of the Regulation - Date of entry into force: 20 February 2002 Corrigendum 1 to Supplement 2 to the original version of the Regulation, subject of Depositary NotificationC.N.440.2004.TREATIES-1 dated 13 May 2004Supplement 3 to the original version of the Regulation - Date of entry into force: 4 April 2005Supplement 4 to the original version of the Regulation - Date of entry into force: 11 June 2007Supplement 5 to the original version of the Regulation - Date of entry into force: 10 November 2007 UNIFORM PROVISIONS CONCERNING THE APPROVAL OF PASSENGER CARSWITH REGARD TO BRAKING_________UNITED NATIONS∗/ Former title of the Agreement:Agreement Concerning the Adoption of Uniform Conditions of Approval and Reciprocal Recognition of Approval for Motor Vehicle Equipment and Parts, done at Geneva on 20 March 1958.GE.08-}Rev.2/Add.12H/Rev.1E/ECE/324E/ECE/TRANS/505Regulation No. 13-Hpage 3Regulation No. 13-HUNIFORM PROVISIONS CONCERNING THE APPROVAL OF PASSENGER CARSWITH REGARD TO BRAKINGCONTENTSREGULATION Page1. Scope (5)2. Definitions (5)3. Application for approval (9)4. Approval (9)5. Specifications (11)6. Tests (26)7. Modification of vehicle type or braking systemand extension of approval (26)8. Conformity of production (26)9. Penalties for non-conformity of production (27)10. Production definitely discontinued (27)11. Names and addresses of Technical Servicesresponsible for conducting approval tests,and of Administrative Departments (27)12. Transitional provisions (27)ANNEXESAnnex 1 - Communication concerning the approval or extension or refusal or withdrawal of approval or production definitely discontinued of a vehicle type with regard tobraking pursuant to Regulation No. 13-HAnnex 2 - Arrangements of approval marksE/ECE/324}Rev.2/Add.12H/Rev.1E/ECE/TRANS/505Regulation No. 13-Hpage 4CONTENTS (continued)Annex 3 - Braking tests and performance of braking systemsAppendix - Procedure for monitoring the state of battery changeAnnex 4 - Provisions relating to energy sources and energy storage devices (energy accumulators)Annex 5 - Distribution of braking among the axles of vehiclesAppendix 1 - Wheel-lock sequence test procedureAppendix 2 - Torque wheel test procedureAnnex 6 - Test requirements for vehicles fitted with anti-lock systemsAppendix 1 - Symbols and definitionsAppendix 2 - Utilisation of adhesionAppendix 3 - Performance on differing adhesion surfacesAppendix 4 - Method of selection of the low adhesion surfaceAnnex 7 - Inertia dynamometer test method for brake liningsAnnex 8 - Special requirements to be applied to the safety aspects of complex electronic vehicle control systems}Rev.2/Add.12H/Rev.1E/ECE/324E/ECE/TRANS/505Regulation No. 13-Hpage 51. SCOPE1.1. This Regulation applies to the braking of vehicles of categories M1 and N1 1/.1.2 This Regulation does not cover:1.2.1. vehicles with a design speed not exceeding 25 km/h;1.2.2. vehicles fitted for invalid drivers.2. DEFINITIONSFor the purposes of this Regulation,2.1. "Approval of a vehicle" means the approval of a vehicle type with regard tobraking.2.2. "Vehicle type" means a category of vehicles which do not differ in such essentialrespects as:2.2.1. the maximum mass, as defined in paragraph 2.11. below;2.2.2. the distribution of mass among the axles;2.2.3. the maximum design speed;2.2.4. a different type of braking equipment, with more particular reference to thepresence or otherwise of equipment for braking a trailer or any presence ofelectric braking system;2.2.5. the engine type;2.2.6. the number and ratios of gears;2.2.7. the final drive ratios;2.2.8. the tyre dimensions.1/ This Regulation offers an alternative set of requirements for category N1 vehicles to those contained in Regulation No. 13. Contracting Parties that apply both Regulation No. 13 and this Regulation recognize approvals to either Regulation as equally valid. M1 and N1 categories of vehicles are defined in Annex 7 to the Consolidated Resolution on the Construction of Vehicles (R.E.3) (TRANS/WP.29/78/Rev.1/Amend.2, as last amended by Amend.4).E/ECE/324}Rev.2/Add.12H/Rev.1E/ECE/TRANS/505Regulation No. 13-Hpage 62.3. "Braking equipment" means the combination of parts whose function isprogressively to reduce the speed of a moving vehicle or bring it to a halt, or tokeep it stationary if it is already halted; these functions are specified inparagraph 5.1.2. below. The equipment consists of the control, the transmission,and the brake proper.2.4. "Control" means the part actuated directly by the driver to furnish to thetransmission the energy required for braking or controlling it. This energy may bethe muscular energy of the driver, or energy from another source controlled by thedriver, or a combination of these various kinds of energy.2.5. "Transmission" means the combination of components comprised between thecontrol and the brake and linking them functionally. The transmission may bemechanical, hydraulic, pneumatic, electric or mixed. Where the braking power isderived from or assisted by a source of energy independent of the driver, thereserve of energy in the system is likewise part of the transmission.The transmission is divided into two independent functions: the controltransmission and the energy transmission. Whenever the term "transmission" isused alone in this Regulation, it means both the "control transmission" and the"energy transmission":2.5.1. "Control transmission" means the combination of the components of thetransmission which control the operation of the brakes, including the controlfunction and the necessary reserve(s) of energy;2.5.2. "Energy transmission" means the combination of the components which supply tothe brakes the necessary energy for their function, including the reserve(s) ofenergy necessary for the operation of the brakes.2.6. "Brake" means the part in which the forces opposing the movement of the vehicledevelop. It may be a friction brake (when the forces are generated by frictionbetween two parts of the vehicle moving relatively to one another); an electricalbrake (when the forces are generated by electro-magnetic action between twoparts of the vehicle moving relatively to but not in contact with one another); afluid brake (when the forces are generated by the action of a fluid situatedbetween two parts of the vehicle moving relatively to one another); or an enginebrake (when the forces are derived from an artificial increase in the brakingaction, transmitted to the wheels, of the engine).2.7. "Different types of braking equipment" means equipment which differ in suchessential respects as:2.7.1. components having different characteristics;}Rev.2/Add.12H/Rev.1E/ECE/324E/ECE/TRANS/505Regulation No. 13-Hpage 72.7.2. a component made of materials having different characteristics, or a componentdiffering in shape or size;2.7.3. a different assembly of the components.2.8. "Component of the braking equipment" means one of the individual parts which,when assembled, constitutes the braking equipment.2.9. "Progressive and graduated braking" means braking during which, within thenormal operating range of the device, and during actuation of the brakes (seeparagraph 2.16. below):2.9.1. the driver can at any moment increase or decrease the braking force by acting onthe control;2.9.2. the braking force varies proportionally as the action on the control (monotonicfunction);2.9.3. the braking force can be easily regulated with sufficient precision.2.10. "Laden vehicle" means, except where otherwise stated, a vehicle so laden as toattain its "maximum mass".2.11. "Maximum mass" means the maximum mass stated by the vehicle manufacturerto be technically permissible (this mass may be higher than the "permissiblemaximum mass" laid down by the national administration).2.12. "The distribution of mass among the axles" means the distribution of the effect ofthe gravity on the mass of the vehicle and/or its contents among the axles.2.13. "Wheel/axle load" means the vertical static reaction (force) of the road surface inthe contact area on the wheel/wheels of the axle.2.14. "Maximum stationary wheel/axle load" means the stationary wheel/axle loadachieved under the condition of the laden vehicle.2.15. "Hydraulic braking equipment with stored energy" means a braking equipmentwhere energy is supplied by a hydraulic fluid under pressure, stored in one ormore accumulator(s) fed from one or more pressure pump(s), each fitted with ameans of limiting the pressure to a maximum value. This value shall be specifiedby the manufacturer.2.16. "Actuation" means both application and release of the control.E/ECE/324}Rev.2/Add.12H/Rev.1E/ECE/TRANS/505Regulation No. 13-Hpage 82.17. "Electric regenerative braking" means a braking system which, duringdeceleration, provides for the conversion of vehicle kinetic energy into electricalenergy.2.17.1. "Electric regenerative braking control" means a device which modulates theaction of the electric regenerative braking system;2.17.2. "Electric regenerative braking system of category A" means an electricregenerative braking system which is not part of the service braking system;2.17.3. "Electric regenerative braking system of category B" means an electricregenerative braking system which is part of the service braking system;2.17.4. "Electric state of charge" means the instantaneous ratio of electric quantity ofenergy stored in the traction battery relative to the maximum quantity of electricenergy which could be stored in this battery;2.17.5. "Traction battery" means an assembly of accumulators constituting the storage ofenergy used for powering the traction motor(s) of the vehicle.2.18. "Phased braking" is a means which may be used where two or more sources ofbraking are operated from a common control, whereby one source may be givenpriority by phasing back the other source(s) so as to make increased controlmovement necessary before they begin to be brought into operation.2.19. "Nominal value" definitions for braking reference performance are required to puta value on the transfer function of the braking system, relating output to input forvehicles individually.2.19.1. "Nominal value" is defined as the characteristic which can be demonstrated attype approval and which relates the braking rate of the vehicle on its own to thelevel of the braking input variable.2.20. "Automatically commanded braking" means a function within a complexelectronic control system where actuation of the braking system(s) or brakes ofcertain axles is made for the purpose of generating vehicle retardation with orwithout a direct action of the driver, resulting from the automatic evaluation ofon-board initiated information.2.21. "Selective braking" means a function within a complex electronic control systemwhere actuation of individual brakes is made by automatic means in whichvehicle retardation is secondary to vehicle behaviour modification.2.22. "Braking signal": logic signal indicating brake activation as specified inparagraph 5.2.22.}Rev.2/Add.12H/Rev.1E/ECE/324E/ECE/TRANS/505Regulation No. 13-Hpage 92.23. "Emergency braking signal": logic signal indicating emergency braking asspecified in paragraph 5.2.23.3. APPLICATION FOR APPROVAL3.1. The application for approval of a vehicle type with regard to braking shall besubmitted by the vehicle manufacturer or by his duly accredited representative.3.2. It shall be accompanied by the under-mentioned documents in triplicate and bythe following particulars:3.2.1. a description of the vehicle type with regard to the items specified inparagraph 2.2. above. The numbers and/or symbols identifying the vehicle typeand the engine type shall be specified;3.2.2. a list of the components, duly identified, constituting the braking equipment;3.2.3. a diagram of assembled braking equipment and an indication of the position of itscomponents on the vehicle;3.2.4. detailed drawings of each component to enable it to be easily located andidentified.3.3. A vehicle, representative of the vehicle type to be approved, shall be submitted tothe Technical Service conducting the approval tests.4. APPROVAL4.1. If the vehicle type submitted for approval pursuant to this Regulation meets therequirements of paragraphs 5. and 6. below, approval of that vehicle type shall begranted.4.2. An approval number shall be assigned to each type approved, its first two digitsshall indicate the series of amendments incorporating the most recent majortechnical amendments made to the Regulation at the time of issue of the approval.The same Contracting Party shall not assign the same number to the same vehicletype equipped with another type of braking equipment, or to another vehicle type.4.3. Notice of approval or of refusal of approval of a vehicle type pursuant to thisRegulation shall be communicated to the Parties to the Agreement which applythis Regulation by means of a form conforming to the model in Annex 1 to thisRegulation and of a summary of the information contained in the documentsreferred to in paragraphs 3.2.1. to 3.2.4. above, the drawings supplied by theE/ECE/324}Rev.2/Add.12H/Rev.1E/ECE/TRANS/505Regulation No. 13-Hpage 10applicant for approval being in a format not exceeding A4 (210 x 297 mm), orfolded to that format, and on an appropriate scale.4.4. There shall be affixed, conspicuously and in a readily accessible place specifiedon the approval form, to every vehicle conforming to a vehicle type approvedunder this Regulation, an international approval mark consisting of:4.4.1. a circle surrounding the letter "E" followed by the distinguishing number of thecountry which has granted approval 2/, and of4.4.2. the number of this Regulation, followed by the letter "R", a dash and the approvalnumber to the right of the circle prescribed in paragraph 4.4.1. above.4.5. If the vehicle conforms to a vehicle type approved under one or more otherRegulations, annexed to the Agreement, in the country which has grantedapproval under this Regulation, the symbol prescribed in paragraph 4.4.1. above,need not be repeated; in such a case, the Regulation and approval numbers and theadditional symbols of all the regulations under which approval has been grantedin the country which has granted approval under this Regulation shall be placed invertical columns to the right of the symbol prescribed in paragraph 4.4.1. above.4.6. The approval mark shall be clearly legible and be indelible.4.7. The approval mark shall be placed close to or on the vehicle data plate.4.8. Annex 2 to this Regulation gives examples of arrangements of approval marks.2/ 1 for Germany, 2 for France, 3 for Italy, 4 for the Netherlands, 5 for Sweden, 6 for Belgium, 7 for Hungary, 8 for the Czech Republic, 9 for Spain, 10 for Serbia, 11 for the United Kingdom, 12 for Austria, 13 for Luxembourg, 14 for Switzerland, 15 (vacant), 16 for Norway, 17 for Finland, 18 for Denmark, 19 for Romania, 20 for Poland, 21 for Portugal, 22 for the Russian Federation, 23 for Greece, 24 for Ireland, 25 for Croatia, 26 for Slovenia, 27 for Slovakia, 28 for Belarus, 29 for Estonia, 30 (vacant), 31 for Bosnia and Herzegovina, 32 for Latvia, 33 (vacant), 34 for Bulgaria, 35 (vacant), 36 for Lithuania, 37 for Turkey, 38 (vacant), 39 for Azerbaijan, 40 for The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, 41 (vacant), 42 for the European Community (Approvals are granted by its Member States using their respective ECE symbol), 43 for Japan, 44 (vacant), 45 for Australia, 46 for Ukraine, 47 for South Africa, 48 for New Zealand, 49 for Cyprus, 50 for Malta, 51 for the Republic of Korea, 52 for Malaysia, 53 for Thailand, 54 and 55 (vacant) and 56 for Montenegro. Subsequent numbers shall be assigned to other countries in the chronological order in which they ratify or accede to the Agreement Concerning the Adoption of Uniform Technical Prescriptions for Wheeled Vehicles, Equipment and Parts which can be Fitted and/or be Used on Wheeled Vehicles and the Conditions for Reciprocal Recognition of Approvals Granted on the Basis of these Prescriptions, and the numbers thus assigned shall be communicated by the Secretary-General of the United Nations to the Contracting Parties to the Agreement.page 115. SPECIFICATIONS5.1. General5.1.1. Braking equipment5.1.1.1. The braking equipment shall be so designed, constructed and fitted as to enablethe vehicle in normal use, despite the vibration to which it may be subjected, tocomply with the provisions of this Regulation.5.1.1.2. In particular, the braking equipment shall be so designed, constructed and fitted asto be able to resist the corroding and ageing phenomena to which it is exposed. 5.1.1.3. Brake linings shall not contain asbestos.5.1.1.4. The effectiveness of the braking equipment shall not be adversely affected bymagnetic or electrical fields. (This shall be demonstrated by compliance withRegulation No. 10, 02 series of amendments.)5.1.1.5. A failure detection signal may interrupt momentarily (< 10 ms) the demand signalin the control transmission, provided that the braking performance is thereby notreduced.5.1.2. Functions of the braking equipmentThe braking equipment defined in paragraph 2.3. must fulfil the followingfunctions:5.1.2.1. Service braking systemThe service braking system must make it possible to control the movement of thevehicle and to halt it safely, speedily and effectively, whatever its speed and load,on any up or down gradient. It must be possible to graduate this braking action.The driver must be able to achieve this braking action from his driving seatwithout removing his hands from the steering control.5.1.2.2. Secondary braking systemThe secondary braking system must make it possible by application of the servicebrake control to halt the vehicle within a reasonable distance in the event offailure of the service braking system. It must be possible to graduate this brakingaction. The driver must be able to obtain this braking action from his driving seatwithout removing his hands from the steering control. For the purposes of thesepage 12provisions it is assumed that not more than one failure of the service brakingsystem can occur at one time.5.1.2.3. Parking braking systemThe parking braking system must make it possible to hold the vehicle stationaryon an up or down gradient even in the absence of the driver, the working partsbeing then held in the locked position by a purely mechanical device. The drivermust be able to achieve this braking action from his driving seat.5.1.3. The requirements of Annex 8 shall be applied to the safety aspects of all complexelectronic vehicle control systems which provide or form part of the controltransmission of the braking function included those which utilize the brakingsystem(s) for automatically commanded braking or selective braking.However, systems or functions, which use the braking system as the means ofachieving a higher level objective, are subject to Annex 8 only insofar as theyhave a direct effect on the braking system. If such systems are provided, theymust not be deactivated during type approval testing of the braking system.5.1.4. Provisions for the periodic technical inspection of braking systems5.1.4.1. It shall be possible to assess the wear condition of the components of the servicebrake that are subject to wear e.g. friction linings and drums/discs (in the case ofdrums or discs, wear assessment may not necessarily be carried out at the time ofperiodic technical inspection). The method by which this may be realized isdefined in paragraphs 5.2.11.2. of this Regulation.5.1.4.2. It shall be possible to verify, in a simple way, the correct operational status ofthose complex electronic systems which have control over braking. If specialinformation is needed, this shall be made freely available.5.1.4.2.1. At the time of type approval, the means implemented to protect against simpleunauthorized modification of the operation to the verification means chosen bythe manufacturer (e.g. warning signal) shall be confidentially outlined.Alternatively, this protection requirement is fulfilled when a secondary means ofchecking the correct operational status is available.5.1.4.3. It shall be possible to generate maximum braking forces under static conditions ona rolling road or roller brake tester.5.2. Characteristics of braking systems5.2.1. The set of braking systems with which a vehicle is equipped must satisfy therequirements laid down for service, secondary and parking braking systems.page 135.2.2. The systems providing service, secondary and parking braking may have commoncomponents so long as they fulfil the following conditions:5.2.2.1. there must be at least two controls, independent of each other and readilyaccessible to the driver from his normal driving position. Every brake controlshall be designed such that it returns to the fully off position when released. Thisrequirement shall not apply to a parking brake control when it is mechanicallylocked in an applied position;5.2.2.2. the control of the service braking system must be independent of the control of theparking braking system;5.2.2.3. the effectiveness of the linkage between the control of the service braking systemand the different components of the transmission systems must not be liable todiminish after a certain period of use;5.2.2.4. the parking braking system must be so designed that it can be actuated when thevehicle is in motion. This requirement may be met by the actuation of thevehicle's service braking system, even partially, by means of an auxiliary control;5.2.2.5. without prejudice to the requirements of paragraph 5.1.2.3. of this Regulation, theservice braking system and the parking braking system may use commoncomponents in their transmission(s), provided that in the event of a failure in anypart of the transmission(s) the requirements for secondary braking are stillensured;5.2.2.6. in the event of breakage of any component other than the brakes (as defined inparagraph 2.6. above) and the components referred to in paragraph 5.2.2.10.below, or of any other failure of the service braking system (malfunction, partialor total exhaustion of an energy reserve), that part of the service braking systemwhich is not affected by the failure, must be able to bring the vehicle to a halt inthe conditions prescribed for secondary braking;5.2.2.7. if service braking is ensured by the action of the driver's muscular energy assistedby one or more energy reserves, secondary braking must, in the event of failure ofthat assistance, be capable of being ensured by the driver's muscular energyassisted by the energy reserves, if any, which are unaffected by the failure, theforce applied to the service brake control not exceeding the prescribed maximum;5.2.2.8. if the service braking force and transmission depend exclusively on the use,controlled by the driver, of an energy reserve, there must be at least twocompletely independent energy reserves, each provided with its own transmission,likewise independent; each of them may act on the brakes of only two or morewheels so selected as to be capable of ensuring by themselves the prescribedpage 14degree of secondary braking without endangering the stability of the vehicleduring braking; in addition, each of the aforesaid energy reserves must beequipped with a warning device as defined in paragraph 5.2.14. below;5.2.2.9. if the service braking force and transmission depend exclusively on the use of anenergy reserve, one energy reserve for the transmission is deemed to be sufficient,provided that the prescribed secondary braking is ensured by the action of thedriver's muscular energy acting on the service brake control and the requirementsof paragraph 5.2.5. are met;5.2.2.10. certain parts, such as the pedal and its bearing, the master cylinder and its pistonor pistons, the control valve, the linkage between the pedal and the mastercylinder or the control valve, the brake cylinders and their pistons, and the lever-and-cam assemblies of brakes, shall not be regarded as liable to breakage if theyare amply dimensioned, are readily accessible for maintenance, and exhibit safetyfeatures at least equal to those prescribed for other essential components (such asthe steering linkage) of the vehicle. Any such part as aforesaid whose failurewould make it impossible to brake the vehicle with a degree of effectiveness atleast equal to that prescribed for secondary braking must be made of metal or of amaterial with equivalent characteristics and must not undergo notable distortion innormal operation of the braking systems.5.2.3. The failure of a part of a hydraulic transmission system shall be signalled to thedriver by a device comprising a red tell-tale signal lighting up before or uponapplication of a differential pressure of not more than 15.5 bar between the activeand failed brake equipment, measured at the master cylinder outlet and remaininglit as long as the failure persists and the ignition (start) switch is in the "on" (run)position. However, a device comprising a red tell-tale signal lighting up when thefluid in the reservoir is below a certain level specified by the manufacturer ispermitted. The tell-tale signal must be visible even by daylight; the satisfactorycondition of the signal must be easily verifiable by the driver from the driver'sseat. The failure of a component of the device must not entail total loss of thebraking equipment's effectiveness. Application of the parking brake must also beindicated to the driver. The same tell-tale signal may be used.5.2.4. Where use is made of energy other than the muscular energy of the driver, thereneed not be more than one source of such energy (hydraulic pump, aircompressor, etc.), but the means by which the device constituting that source isdriven must be as safe as practicable.5.2.4.1. In the event of failure in any part of the transmission of a braking system, the feedto the part not affected by the failure must continue to be ensured if required forthe purpose of halting the vehicle with the degree of effectiveness prescribed forsecondary braking. This condition must be met by means of devices which caneasily be actuated when the vehicle is stationary, or by automatic means.。
PCR 基础知识
165/70R13
175/70R13 185/70R13 155/80R13 165/80R13
常见车型： 五菱之光-165/70r13 捷达-185/60R14 大众高尔夫-195/65R15 帕萨特-215/60R16 奥迪A4—225/55R16
BEA Confidential. | 10
超高性能轮UHP TIRE
BEA Confidential. | 17
4*4越野轮胎
越野花纹的共同特点是花纹沟槽宽而深，花纹 块接地面积比较小(约40%~60%)。在泥泞路上， 同一车型的车辆使用越野花纹的牵引力可达普 通花纹的1.5倍。 应用：越野花纹是专门为适应干、湿、崎岖山 路和泥泞、沙路而设计的花纹。越野车使用的 最佳轮胎。 【缺点】: 由于花纹的接触压力大，滚动阻力 大，所以不适合在良好硬路面上长时间行驶， 否则，将加重轮胎磨损，增加燃油消耗，汽车 行驶振动也比较厉害
BEA Confidential. | 4
轮胎型号表示方法
1.断面宽-section width（mm） 2.轮辋直径—rim diameter （inch） 3.轮胎外直径—overall diameter（mm） 4.扁平比—aspect ratio =断面高/断面宽*100% 扁平率越低，代表轮胎着地面 积越大，操控性越好，比如高 性能轮胎 275/40r20跑车专用 5.载重指数—load index 6.最高时速-max speed
SUV车型轮胎尺寸大多在16寸到20寸之间，相比UHP轮胎来说 ，扁平率较高一般大于55. 大众途锐-255/60R17 帕杰罗-265/70R16
奔驰G500-265/60R18
另外，最近这两年4*4轮胎比较畅销，型号表示前面常带LT，花 纹比较夸张，例如LT31*10.5R15，LT235/75R15， LT235/85R16，LT245/75R16，属于纯粹越野型轮胎，速度级别 相对较低，载重高。
全国首批家通过两化融合管理体系评定的企业进入公示阶段
全国首批家通过两化融合管理体系评定的企业
进入公示阶段
Standardization of sany group #QS8QHH-HHGX8Q8-GNHHJ8-HHMHGN#
全国首批200家通过两化融合管理体系评定的企业进入公示阶段
发布时间：2015/04/07 来源：中国两化融合咨询服务联盟作者：秘书处
按照《信息化和工业化融合管理体系评定管理办法》，中国两化融合咨询服务联盟组织开展了全国首批两化融合管理体系评定工作的合规性审查和专家复核工作。
两化融合管理体系评定工作委员会和专家委员会讨论确定了专家复核标准，评定专家委员会对评定机构推荐的各企业评定范围、两化融合管理体系符合性和运行有效性等进行了复核。
截至2015年4月2日，共200家企业通过了专家复核，相关信息将在评定管理平台（）进行为期15个工作日的公示。
公示企业名单如下（排名不分先后）：。
轮胎基本知识LEO
RODEO INTERNATIONAL TRADING CO., LTD.21D,RENHENG PLAZA BUILDING,86 MAOXING ROAD,PUDONG,SHANGHAI,CHINA?TEL: 0086-21-, FAX:轮胎基本知识培训一．轮胎结构：1. 斜交：NYLON/BIAS2. 子午线：RADIAL轮胎断面图图图1..1-1轮胎构成的基本部件及其基本作用胎面（Tyre Tread）：轮胎与路面接触的厚厚的橡胶层，要求有良好的耐磨性能和耐冲击性能。
胎肩 (Tyre Shoulder)：胎面端部与胎侧上端之间的部分，具有保护胎体和发散行驶时产生热量的作用胎侧(Tyre sidewall)：胎肩下端和胎圈之间的橡胶层，有保护胎体的作用缓冲层(Breaker)：胎面和胎体之间的单层或多层覆胶帘线部分，起粘合胎面和胎体、缓冲外胎所受应力的作用。
胎体(Carcass)：构成轮胎骨架的单层或多层覆胶帘线部分，要求有良好的耐冲击性能和耐屈挠性能胎圈(Bead)：胎体帘线缠绕其上，与轮辋结合的部位，由胎圈钢丝及橡胶等构成气密层（Inner Liner）：轮胎的内衬层，要求有良好的气密性能二．轮胎型号：( 1 ) 16PR， 16PR为轮胎断面宽，表示轮胎断面宽为9英寸（INCH）20 为轮辋直径，表示轮辋直径为20英寸（INCH）16 PR 为轮胎层级，表示轮胎强度为16层棉线所能达到的强度。
R 为轮胎结构标志，表示子午线（RADIAL）轮胎。
（斜交轮胎用D表示，一般用“-”代替）( 2 ) 175/70R13, 175/70SR13, 175/70TR13S/T/Ｈ表示轮胎速度级别Ｓ表示轮胎最高时速为１８０公里Ｔ表示轮胎最高时速为１９０公里Ｈ表示轮胎最高时速为２１０公里（ 3 ）P215/65R15 89HP表示乘用车轮胎（PASSENGER）215为轮胎断面宽，表示轮胎断面宽为215毫米（MM）65 为轮胎断面名义高宽比（65%），又叫轮胎扁平率，衡量轮胎的扁平化程度。
pcr轮胎调研报告
pcr轮胎调研报告PCR轮胎调研报告1. 引言PCR（Passenger Car Radial Tire）轮胎是一种广泛应用于乘用车的轮胎，具有重要的经济和安全性能。
本报告将对PCR轮胎的市场现状、发展趋势以及相关技术进行调研和分析。
2. 市场现状PCR轮胎市场需求量稳定增长，主要受到乘用车销量增长的推动。
当前，乘用车市场呈现出不断扩大的趋势，尤其是新兴市场的增长更为迅猛。
此外，轮胎磨损、老化等因素也促进了市场对PCR轮胎的需求。
根据市场调研数据，PCR轮胎占据了轮胎市场销售额的大部分份额。
3. 发展趋势（1）绿色环保：在当前环保意识的推动下，PCR轮胎制造商正越来越重视绿色环保的发展。
他们致力于降低轮胎材料的使用，改良轮胎的制造工艺，提高轮胎的可再制造性和可回收性。
（2）高性能：PCR轮胎的性能也在逐步提升。
制造商正在寻求新的材料和工艺来提高轮胎的抓地力、操控性能、燃油经济性和安全性能。
其中，低滚动阻力和低噪音成为了制造商竞相追求的目标。
（3）智能化：随着汽车智能化的发展，PCR轮胎也逐渐融入了智能技术。
例如，一些高端轮胎产品已经配备了传感器，能够实时监测轮胎的状况，及时进行故障诊断和预警。
4. 相关技术（1）材料技术：PCR轮胎的材料包括橡胶、纤维、钢丝等。
制造商不断研发新的合成橡胶材料和增强纤维，以提高轮胎的耐磨性和抗冲击性。
（2）制造工艺：PCR轮胎采用无内胎结构，使得轮胎的制造工艺更为复杂。
制造商不断改进工艺，提高轮胎的一致性和稳定性。
（3）智能技术：智能化是PCR轮胎的一个重要趋势。
根据需求，制造商研发出了具备自主修补功能、自动监测轮胎状况的智能轮胎产品。
5. 结论通过对PCR轮胎市场的调研和分析，我们可以得出以下结论:（1）PCR轮胎市场需求稳定增长，受到乘用车销量增长的推动。
（2）PCR轮胎的发展趋势包括绿色环保、高性能和智能化。
（3）PCR轮胎的相关技术包括材料技术、制造工艺和智能技术。
风神轮胎PCR系列
风神轮胎PCR系列AEOLUS _ AG02产品特征专为经济型轿车设计的具备灵活、安全品质的节油经济型产品，很好的满足了大众化小轿车的经济、安全和易操控的需求，是经济型轿车的最佳选择。
1、省油全新的配方和结构的优化设计减少车辆行驶中轮胎的滚动阻力。
2、灵活操控弧形多样化沟槽和多节距设计结合及高强度的胎圈三角胶展现灵活精准的驾控体验。
3、排水采用3条纵向花纹沟发挥出色的湿地排水性能。
4、胎圈钢丝无接缝趾口技术(单根缠绕)胎圈钢丝无接缝趾口技术的使用提高轮胎高速行驶稳定性和高速安全性能。
技术参数AEOLUS _ AG01产品特征为出租车及经济型轿车设计的超长里程和舒适性集于一身的产品，既具有超长里程的品质又具有舒适和静音的品质，是经济又超值的理想选择。
1、超长里程耐磨的胎面配方和花纹结构设计使行驶里程比一般原配轮胎高出20%2、舒适全新的胎面设计、优化的胎侧配方及结构设计提升了经济型轮胎的舒适度。
3、胎圈钢丝无接缝趾口技术(单根缠绕)胎圈钢丝无接缝趾口技术的使用提高轮胎高速行驶稳定性和高速安全性能。
4、排水优化布局的主排水沟槽及多样性小沟槽确保高效排水和湿路行驶安全。
技术参数AEOLUS _ AH01产品特征专为中高级轿车专门设计的舒适性和操控性完美结合的优秀产品。
1、低噪音胎侧沟槽轮胎转动时胎侧会产生振动，从而导致汽车产生很大的噪音，低噪音的设计能降低汽车的振动和噪音。
2、优化角度的花纹沟槽和横向沟槽的设计平衡轮胎刚性能提供卓越的安静性和舒适性能，降低震动减小噪音。
3、中央加强筋的设计为轿车提供卓越的操控性，优化高速行驶性和高速行驶安全性能，同时提供优美的外观和视觉效果，以及能更简易直接的看清楚具体规格。
4、四条宽直的排水沟槽设计有效降低轮胎的噪音的同时，提供优秀的排水性能，使轿车在湿滑路面高速行驶保持操控稳定。
5、大尺寸规格轮辋保护设计6、胎圈钢丝无接缝趾口技术(单根缠绕)胎圈钢丝无接缝趾口技术的使用提高轮胎高速行驶稳定性和高速安全性能。
家用轿车轮胎常见使用问题说明 韩泰轮胎
PCR常见使用问题说明韩泰轮胎技术服务部2011年10月24日PCR 轮胎结构轮胎断面立体图胎侧钢圈胎面钢丝带束层气密层胎体帘布线判定依据判定依据：国家橡胶轮胎质量监督检验中心颁发的《汽车轮胎使用及理赔案例》病象：胎面爆破特征：胎体带束层完全折断，胎面橡胶撕裂，撞击痕迹明显。
发生原因：在铺装路面与未铺装路面连接处或遇障碍物，因速度过快等引起的过度冲击，导致带束层钢丝完全折断，胎面爆破。
病象：带束层折断特征：胎体带束层折断，胎面没有开裂，撞击痕迹明显。
发生原因：因路面（未铺装路面）或其他障碍物冲击等原因导致带束层钢丝局部折断。
病象：胎面碎片状磨损特征：胎面外力切伤痕迹明显。
发生原因：在非铺装路面或其他恶劣路面使用，造成胎面部位切伤。
病象：胎面划伤特征：胎面部位外伤痕迹明显，开裂部位呈撕裂状。
发生原因：车辆行驶过程中，轮胎被路面障碍物划伤，导致胎面部位开裂。
病象：胎面掉快（啃伤）发生原因：1、刹车频繁。
2、恶劣路面使用普通的产品。
3、气压过高，速度过快。
胎面外伤案例对照病象：胎面异常磨损气压过高气压过低特征：轮胎胎面肩部两侧偏磨或胎面中间部位偏磨。
发生原因：—不恰当的气压。
—超负荷。
—轮胎位置互换时机不确切病象：胎面异常磨损内侧磨损外侧磨损特征：轮胎内侧或外侧单侧偏磨发生原因：—四轮定位不当（TOE、CAMBER ）—未进行定期轮胎换位—前轮轴承松动可能—车轴负荷过大可能胎面异常磨损案例对照病象：撞击鼓包撞击鼓包原因分析发生原因：轿车轮胎中该事故多发，属车辆行驶中遇路面凹陷或障碍物后，未予减速或避让不及时，产生瞬间极强冲击力，使胎体极度变形，被轮辋凸缘切伤断纱，充气后表现为鼓包。
2、轮辋相应凸缘上有和胎侧挤压过后的橡胶痕迹1、轮胎胎里会留下与轮辋撞击挤压而产生的“一”型切伤或褶皱痕迹撞击鼓包判定方法撞击鼓包案例对照胎侧不平—内凹正常重叠偏大发生原因：胎体帘布层，帘线接头搭接偏大，造成局部刚性太强，充气后因受力不均，造成轮胎表面产生轻微凹陷现象。
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
速度60km/h
85.5 84.5
87米其林
风神AH01 86
240
240 280 240 240 280 240 240 180 180 210 180 180 210 180 180 210
615
615 615 492 492 492 369 369 615 615 615 492 492 492 369 369 369
溶聚丁苯胶支链少， 滚阻小
安全
经济
舒适
环保
优秀的缓冲性能：采用优化的轮廓及胎侧设计，改善轮胎的缓冲 能力，提高车辆的驾驶舒适性 低噪音轮胎：通过电脑模拟设计胎面花纹，降低胎噪
轮胎厂家 试验序号
风神AH01 风神AU01 米其林 风神AH01 风神AU01 1 1 1 2 2 2 3
充气压力 (kPa) 300 300 350 300 300 350 300
截止到今年6月份，风神卉钢子午线轮胎已实际 开发规格34个（可在国内销售规格）
花纹类型
出租车花纹 经济型花纹 舒适型花纹 UHPT花纹 轻卡花纹 城市SUV花纹 越野SUV花纹 四季胎花纹 雪地胎花纹
开发完成
AG01（11） AG02 （12） AH01 （36） AU01 （32） AL01 （20） AS02 （33） AS01 （16） AA01 （15） AW01 （10） 规格总数：273个 AW02 （20） AU02 （16）
272.69 218.9249 87.3658 333.62 235.3980 102.6760 278.76 217.0017 83.2132 350.75 209.6432 99.4145
使用 低滚阻材料
炭黑与橡胶物理结合， 滚动阻力高 白炭黑与橡胶化学结合， 滚动阻力低
乳聚丁苯胶支链较多， 滚阻大
实现客户满意、股东满意、员工满意！
风神轮胎投入巨资，从德国、意大利、美国、日本、韩国等国引进了
一系列世界领先的PCR轮胎制造、检查设备。
重点设备清单
工序区分
压延 压出
设备型号
FΦ610×1800 挤出机Φ200/Φ250/Φ200 SCM-G 4000-5H 钢丝圈缠绕机 1324 三角胶贴合机 SA1424 HF-PLT2 ASTEC Plus FDB-6142
89.3
86.3
87.5 93.8 93.2 83.9 83.9 84.4 94.7 92.4 93.6 85.6 87.5 87.4 82.2 82.9 82.7
84.9
85.8 89.7 89.6 82.2 81.5 82.2 92.7 90.3 91.7 84.7 84.4 84.5 79.6 79.3 79.7
83.5 86.5
83.5 94.8 95.4 97.2 90.1 94.1 98.8 97.7 98.6 87.7
81.4
80.6 90.8 91.5 93.1
78.7
77.5 88.4 85.5 87.1
83
83.1 93.5 92.1 92.3
84.7
85.5 94.9 95 95.5
82.26
Green Manufacturing
绿色制造
2011年7月9日，风神绿卡行动暨风神绿色轮胎全 球上市发布会的召开，标志着风神轮胎打响了中国 轮胎行业绿色制造的第一枪。
在卉钢子午胎（PCR）项目筹备之初，风神就毅然 决定延续绿色制造的生产理念，为地球的明天、人 类的未来贡献力量！
环保 舒适 经济 安全
禁用 材料
Paraffines，石蜡油
多环芳烃
Aromates芳烃油 橡胶软化剂
自动配料系统代替人工配料
易升半的单体化学品被改性为树脂状物质，
减少烟气。
02
Quality Control
品质控制
依托于AWCM（Aeolus World Class Manufacture，风神世界级制
造）的理念和实践活动，风神轮胎全力提升产品质量；幵通过持续改进，
80
80 80 120 120 120 80 80 80 120 120 120 80 80 80 60 60 60
20
21 21 20 21 21 20 21 21 米其林 20 21 21 20 21 21 20 21 21
35
37 37 35 37 37 35 37 37 35 37 37 35 37 37 35 37 37
万KM
测试规格：185/60R14H
安全
经济
舒适
环保
滚动阻力更小、更省油
(N)
测试规格：205/55R16
汽车20%的油耗用于克服 轮胎自身滚动阻力； 滚动阻力每降10%，就可 节油2-3%！
2011年12月份，送胎至江苏大学进行轮 胎滚动阻力等方面的测试。
滚动阻力 测试机
测试结果表明，在相同气压、载荷及速度 的情况下，风神轮胎的滚动阻力要小于同 类多数产品，油耗更低、更节能。
S
CH2 CH2 C S N CH2 CH2 O
硫化促进剂NOBS ：
N-氧联二亚乙基-2-苯幵噻唑基次磺酰胺或2(4-吗啉基硫代)苯幵噻唑次磺酰胺
禁用 材料
硫化剂DTDM：
N，N'-二硫代二吗啡琳
CH2 CH2 O CH2 CH2 N S S N
CH2 CH2 O CH2 CH2
Naphthenes，环烷油
面积：430亩（相当于40个标准足球场大小） 投资：9.7亿RMB 设计产能：1期 500万套 2期 800万套（合计1300万套） 操作人员：1期 600名 2期 900名（合计1500名）
Part.01 Part.02 Part.03 Part.04
绿色制造 品质控制
开发进度
技术实力
01
万KM
20%↑ 30%↑
测试规格：205/55R16
2011年11月—12月份，由专业测试公 司在浙江对风神半钢轮胎进行了累计3万 公里的实车道路测试。 测试结果表明，风神轮胎在各种复杂路 面行驶中未发现任何质量问题，且磨耗 性能优于米其林等国际巨头的同类产品。 里程更长，更耐磨。
2012年2月开始，由专业测试公司安排5辆车在河南焦作对风神半钢出租车轮胎进行实车道路测试。
风神01 83.9 87
风神02 89
89.7 94.8 94 95.3 87 85.5 86.7 95.6 95.9 95.8 88.8 90.1 88.9 85.9 85.9 84.2
91.1米其林 88.22
噪音更小，更舒适。
94 90.3 615kg-80km/h
米其林 风神01 7
280 风神02 369
负荷 (kg) 615 615 615 492 492 492 492
速度 环境温度 表面温度 (km/h) (℃) (℃) 80 80 80 80 80 80 60 20 21 21 20 21 21 20 35 37 37 35 37 37 35
A计权声压级dB（A）
0° 88.9 88.9 92 45° 85.6 90° 83.9 135° 89.2 180° 91 平均值 87.72
滚动阻力 （N） 气压240kpa 载荷3500N
风神 AH01 风神 AU01
载荷4000N
米其林
风神 AH01 风神2胎 AU01 91.0464
速度（km/h） 米其林
80 90 100 110 120
261
197.0956 96.0173 319.47 201.3354
287.63 188.3731 96.3347 339.13 206.2801 101.3884 282.39 217.0304 87.8414 335.92 230.9600 96.6172
86.1 83.1 300kpa-80km/h 88.3 86.6 83.3 87.7 84.5 85.1 85.8 81 83.5 81.9 83.7 79 88.1 86.2 86.9 84.4
90.4 87.36 载荷615kg 91.5 88.22 载荷492kg 90.2 88.6 89.9 86.6 86.94 85.84 87.4 82.96
数量（台）
1 1 2 1 2 5 4 2
带束层裁断
裸胎圈缠绕 完成胎圈 一次法成型 均一性检查 动平衡检查
意大利压延机
韩国裸胎圈缠绕机
美国带束层裁断机（斜裁）
美国三角胶贴合机
德国一次法成型机
日本动平衡检查机
品质控制
原材料
入库检查 Excellent AEOLUS TIRE 制造过程检查
成品 定期法规检查
开发中
AU03 （30）
导向性花纹 2013.1月上市
风神01
风神02
米其林
安全
经济
舒适
环保
禁用非环保材料：禁用促进剂NOBS、硫化剂DTDM、 多环芳烃油，等等； 低能耗：低温一次法连续混炼；氮气硫化；余热利用等
低排放：减少废水、废气、废物排放等
密闭式炼胶及自动控制系统、自动称量系统； 炭黑湿法造粒、化学药品胶母粒； 低温硫化、低挥发/升半材料的应用；
88.5 88.4
87.488 90.7 87.5 83.887
2011年11月份，风神送胎进行轮胎 室内噪音测试。
米其林 风神AH01
风神AU01
米其林
3
3 4 4
300
350 300 350
492
492 369 369 369
60
60 120 120 120
21
20 21 21
37
35 37 37
制造商
RODOLFO COMERIO S.n.c. (意大利) Troester GmbH & Co., KG (德国) Karl Eugen Fischer GmbH, Maschinenfabrik (德国) SAEHWA IMC CO.,LTD. (韩国) The Steelastic Company LLC (美国) Harburg-Freudenberger Maschinenbau GmbH (德国) Micro- Poise Measurement Systems, LLC (美国) Kokusai Co., Ltd. (日本)