论文中西方餐桌礼仪英文版
西方吃饭礼仪作文英语
西方吃饭礼仪作文英语English:In Western dining etiquette, there are several important rules to follow when sitting down for a meal. Firstly, it is considered polite to wait for everyone to be seated before starting to eat. Once seated, the napkin should be placed on the lap and never tucked into the collar. When using utensils, they should be held properly - the fork in the left hand and the knife in the right. Food should be cut with the knife in the right hand and then transferred to the fork to be eaten. It is also important to chew with your mouth closed and to not speak with food in your mouth. Additionally, it is customary to wait until everyone has been served before beginning to eat. Throughout the meal, it is polite to engage in conversation and to avoid using electronic devices. When finished, the fork and knife should be placed together on the plate, with the fork facing up to signal that you are done. Overall, Western dining etiquette emphasizes respect for others, proper table manners, and enjoying good food in good company.中文翻译:在西方的就餐礼仪中，坐下来吃饭时有几个重要的规则需要遵循。
西方吃饭礼仪作文英语
西方吃饭礼仪作文英语英文回答：Table Manners in Western Cultures.Table manners are a set of social conventions that dictate how to behave at the table while dining. They vary from culture to culture, but there are some general rules that apply to most Western cultures.Before the Meal.Arrive on time. Punctuality is important in Western cultures, so it is considered rude to be late for a meal.Greet your host and other guests. It is customary to shake hands or kiss each person on the cheek (if you are familiar with them).Wait to be seated. Do not sit down until you areinvited to do so by your host.Place your napkin on your lap. This is a sign of respect and hygiene.During the Meal.Hold your fork in your left hand and your knife in your right hand. Europeans switch hands when eating, but Americans generally keep the fork in their left hand throughout the meal.Cut your food into small pieces. It is considered rude to take large bites.Chew with your mouth closed. This is a sign of good manners and prevents food from flying around the table.Do not talk with your mouth full. Wait until you have finished chewing before you speak.Use your silverware correctly. Forks are used foreating solids, knives are used for cutting, and spoons are used for eating soup or desserts.Do not reach across the table. If you need something, politely ask someone to pass it to you.Be mindful of your table manners. Avoid slurping, burping, or making other noises that are considered impolite.After the Meal.Place your napkin on the table next to your plate. This is a sign that you have finished eating.Thank your host for the meal. It is customary to say something like, "Thank you for having me."Excuse yourself from the table. It is polite to ask your host if you may be excused before leaving the table.Additional Tips.Dress appropriately. It is important to dress in clean and appropriate attire when dining in a formal setting.Be respectful of your fellow diners. Avoid talking loudly or making disruptive noises.Be aware of cultural differences. Table manners vary from culture to culture, so it is important to berespectful of the customs of the people you are dining with.中文回答：西方就餐礼仪。
西方餐桌礼仪英语作文3篇.docx
西方餐桌礼仪英语作文3篇（2113 字）peoplewhogotoaformalwesterndinnerpartyforthefirstti memaybesurprisedbytablemannersinwesternthemwillhelp youmakeagoodgoodtablemannersmeansknowing,forexample ,howtouseknivesandforks, whentodr inkatoastandhowtobehav breadrollan fortheredwi dforksonthe erightofthe suopandthes losesttoyou esbesideyou apkin,unfol megetahot, d hands, whine countries.eattheyourndthreeglassne,andonefotable, forksyouseetwospamllonefortrplatearealsitdownatthditandputitampclothtoch, however, iapkinyouwiles 一oneforwhraretwopairontheleftanoons,thebigheknifeandfittebitbiggetable, youconyourchineleanyourfacsnatthecustIfindasmallitewine, onesofknivesandknivesinthoneidfortheorkthatarecerthantheonantakeyournseyousometieandfaceandominwesterndinnerstar twithasmall dish, whichi softencalle dapeoplepra ybeforethey starteating , andotherpeoupandnever askforaseco nfserving.thenextdis histhemainw esternersth inkthechickgonyourplat e, sodon' tta kemorefoodt hanyouneed.attable,y oushouldtry tospeakquie tlyandsmile alot, butdon otlaughallt hetime ・op1emaykeep joyyourmeal tarter, whic theknifeiny arteryouwilsilentforam "toeachothe hyoueatwith ourrighthon lgetabowlofoment. theny randeverybo thesmallerp dandthefork soup ——butonloucansay en dystartthes air,youkeep inyourthest yoneboelofsenbreastwitofthebird ・ s eyeatingchi forothermeahitstenderwomepeopleca ckenorother tinispolitehitefleshis nusetheirfi birds,butne tofinisheatthebestpart ngerswhenth vertouchbee ingeverthinmo stwesternerlldriveofth ingtosomeon theglassess insomeparts emdrinkwhite，shealth, yhouldnottouofchinaistoslikesoftdreorredwinewouraiseyourch.thecustoinkiftheywiiththedrinkglasses, butmoftoastinginkatonce, butwesterner susuallytak eonlyadrink ingduringadinner, thebe stadvicisne vertodrinkt oomuch ・ hilehavingd innerwithyo urfriendsor family西方餐桌礼仪英语作文二：西方餐桌礼仪（英文）（77 0字）ditandguide it. don'tsho veitagainst thebackofhe rlegs.1 •为女士拉椅子的时候，要把椅子抓住了，留个角ta blemannerscionoftheday antatformal nalwaysfollkgood,youdo .beside, tab dinneryou ，r owyourgoodmnotneedtowo hangeoverfo lema rm ersar enotsurewha annersalwayrryaboutall llowthefasheonlyimport ttodo, youca. smakeyoulootheserulesw度，让女士好走过去。
关于西方餐桌礼仪的英语作文英汉互译
关于西方餐桌礼仪的英语作文英汉互译全文共3篇示例，供读者参考篇1The Western dining table etiquette is an important aspect of social interaction and formal dining occasions. Understanding and practicing proper table manners can make a significant difference in how one is perceived during such events. In this essay, we will explore the key elements of Western dining table etiquette and their significance.Western dining table etiquette begins with the way a guest is seated at the table. It is customary for guests to wait for the host to indicate where they should sit. In formal settings, the host may have assigned seating arrangements, which should be respected. Once seated, guests should sit up straight, with their hands resting in their laps or on the edge of the table. Elbows should be off the table while eating, and it is polite to keep one's cellphone out of sight during the meal.When it comes to utensils, Western dining table etiquette dictates that the fork is held in the left hand and the knife in the right hand. The fork is used to hold and cut food, while the knifeis used to cut and push food onto the fork. When finished eating, the knife and fork should be placed together on the plate in the "finished" position, with the handles pointing to the right and the tips pointing to ten o'clock.Another important aspect of Western dining table etiquette is the way in which one eats and interacts with others at the table. It is considered rude to begin eating before everyone at the table has been served. One should also avoid talking with food in their mouth, chewing loudly, or slurping soup. When engaging in conversation, it is polite to maintain eye contact with the person speaking and to listen attentively.In addition to proper dining etiquette, there are also rules regarding the use of napkins and glasses at the table. The napkin should be unfolded and placed on the lap before eating, and used to dab the mouth or wipe the hands as needed. If one needs to leave the table during the meal, the napkin should be placed on the seat of the chair. Glasses should be held by the stem or base, rather than the bowl, and should be placed to the right of the plate.Overall, Western dining table etiquette is a reflection of one's upbringing, education, and respect for others. By following these guidelines, one can navigate formal dining occasions withgrace and ease. As the saying goes, "manners maketh man," and practicing proper table etiquette is a key component of being a well-mannered individual in Western society.篇2Western dining etiquetteDining etiquette is an important part of Western culture, reflecting social norms and values. Here are some common rules and practices that one should be aware of when dining in a Western setting.1. Table setting: In Western dining, the table is usually set with a fork on the left, a knife on the right, and a napkin either on the plate or to the left of the fork. The fork is used for eating food, while the knife is used for cutting food. Bread is typically placed on the left side of the plate.2. Utensil use: In a formal Western dining setting, there are different utensils for different courses. Start with the outermost utensil and work your way in towards the plate as each course is served. The dessert fork and spoon are placed above the plate.3. Eating posture: In Western dining, it is important to sit up straight and keep your elbows off the table. When not eating,your hands should rest in your lap. Cut one piece of food at a time and eat with your mouth closed.4. Napkin use: When sitting down to eat, unfold your napkin and place it on your lap. Use it to gently blot your mouth if necessary. When finished eating, place the napkin neatly to the left of your plate.5. Conversation: In Western dining etiquette, it is considered polite to engage in conversation with your fellow diners. Avoid discussing controversial or sensitive topics and be sure to listen as much as you speak.6. Ordering: In Western dining, it is common to order appetizers, main courses, and dessert separately. Allow your dining companions to order first and try to choose items that are similar in price to what they have selected.7. Drinking: When dining in a Western setting, it is common to toast with a glass of wine or other beverage. Hold your glass by the stem, raise it slightly, and make eye contact with the person you are toasting.8. Tipping: In Western countries, it is customary to tip around 15-20% of the total bill for good service. Tipping is seen as a way to show appreciation for the service provided.By following these basic rules of Western dining etiquette, you can ensure that you are well-prepared for dining in a Western setting and can enjoy a pleasant and respectful dining experience. Remember to always be courteous and considerate of others at the table.西方餐桌礼仪餐桌礼仪是西方文化的重要组成部分，反映了社会规范和价值观。
中西方餐桌礼仪作文英语
中西方餐桌礼仪作文英语When it comes to dining etiquette, there are quite a few differences between Chinese and Western cultures. In China, it's common to sit in a round table, symbolizing unity and harmony. Everyone shares the dishes placed in the center, and it's polite to offer food to others with your chopsticks. It's also customary to let the eldest or most important person at the table take the first bite.On the other hand, in Western culture, rectangular tables are often used, with everyone sitting in their designated spot. Personal plates and utensils are set before each guest, and it's considered impolite to reach across the table for food. Westerners tend to start eating once everyone has been served, and they'll often say "bon appétit" or "enjoy your meal" to each other.In China, loud conversation and laughter are seen as a sign of good company and enjoyment. It's not uncommon for people to talk with their mouths full or gesture widelywhile eating. However, in Western settings, a more subdued atmosphere is preferred. Conversations are typically kept at a moderate volume, and eating with your mouth open or making loud noises is considered impolite.One more difference worth mentioning is the use of napkins. In China, napkins are often placed on the table for wiping hands or face, while in the West, they're primarily used to cover the lap and protect clothing from spills. It's considered proper etiquette in the West to unfold the napkin and place it on your lap before eating.Lastly, the way food is served also differs. In China, dishes are brought to the table all at once, allowing guests to sample a variety of flavors. In Western dining, courses are served sequentially, starting with appetizers and ending with dessert. This allows for a more structured and paced dining experience.In summary, while both Chinese and Western dining cultures have their own unique.。
西方餐桌礼仪的英文作文
西方餐桌礼仪的英文作文英文：Table manners are an important part of Western culture. As someone who has grown up in the West, I have learned the proper way to behave at the dinner table. Here are some of the key rules:1. Wait to be seated: When entering a formal dining room, wait to be seated by the host or hostess.2. Use utensils correctly: The fork is held in the left hand and the knife in the right. When cutting meat, hold the fork in place with the tines facing down and cut with the knife using a sawing motion.3. Napkin placement: Place the napkin on your lap as soon as you sit down.4. Don't talk with your mouth full: This is a basicrule of etiquette that applies to all cultures. It's important to chew your food with your mouth closed and wait until you've swallowed before speaking.5. Use polite language: Saying "please" and "thank you" is always appreciated, even at the dinner table. It's also important to avoid discussing controversial topics like politics or religion.中文：餐桌礼仪是西方文化的重要组成部分。
西方餐桌礼仪的英语作文
西方餐桌礼仪的英语作文西方餐桌礼仪的英语作文（通用14篇）在日常学习、工作和生活中，大家一定都接触过作文吧，借助作文可以提高我们的语言组织能力。
怎么写作文才能避免踩雷呢？以下是小编整理的西方餐桌礼仪的英语作文，希望能够帮助到大家。
西方餐桌礼仪的英语作文篇1People who go to a formal Western dinner party for the first time may be surprised by table manners in Western culture.Knowing them will help you make a good impression.Having good table manners means knowing,for example,how to use knives and forks,when to drink a toast and how to behave at the table.Beside your napkin you will find a small bread roll and three glasses—one for white wine,one for the red wine,and one for water.There are two pairs of knives and forks on the table,forks on the left and knives in the right of the plate.When you see two spoons,the big one id for the suop and the samll one for the dessert.The knife and fork that are closest to your plate are a litte bit bigger than the ones beside them.When you sit down at the table, you can take your napkin, unfold it and put it on your lap.In Chinese you sometime get a hot,damp cloth to clean your face and face and hands,whinch,however,is nat the custom in Western countries.Dinner start with a small dish, which is often called a starter.Sime people pray before they start eating , and other people may keep silent for a moment. Then you can say"Enjoy your meal"to each other and everybody start eating.For the starter,which you eat with the smaller pair,you keep the knife in your right hand and the fork in your left.After the starter you will get a bowl of soup—but only one boel of soup and never ask fora seconf serving.The next dish is the main course.Many Westerners think the chicken breast with its tender white flesh is the best part of the bird. Some people can use their fingers when they eating chicken or other birds,but never touch beef or other meat in bones.It is polite to finish eating everthing on your plate,so dont take more food than you need.At table ,you should try to speak quietly and smile a lot,but do not laugh all the time.Most Westerners like soft drink if they will drive home.Many of them drink white or red wine with the food.When drinking to someones health,you raise your glasses,but the glasses should not touch. The custom of toasting in some parts of China is to finish the drink at once,but Westerners usually take only a sip.For drinking during a dinner,the best advic is never to drink too much.Table manners change over time.They follow the fashion of the day .Beside,table manners are only important at formal dinner parties.If youre not sure what to do ,you can always follow your hosts.Although good manners always make you look good,you do not need to worry about all these rules while having dinner with your friends or family西方餐桌礼仪的英语作文篇2Table manners in China Different country have different table manners.The western country is different from eastern country,such as China and France.In China,old people eat first.We aren’t supposed to talk aloud while we are eating.If you don’t want to eat next,you are supposed to say I’m full. And you aren’t supposed to eat fruit at once.Chinese eat food with chopsticks.It is rude if you point at someone with your chopsticks.All of them will be helpful to you.It can make you a politeperson.So we must know more about the manners around the world.西方餐桌礼仪的英语作文篇3Western refers to Western European countries diet cuisine.Western etiquette.T oday, I introduce to you to eat Westernstyle food etiquette.When seated, the body upright, elbow not placed on, may e your fork and knife, fork, the right hand holds the knife; when the cutting things, keep the fork in the left hand hold the food, right hand with a knife cut into small pieces, fork in the entrance.Do not sip the soup to eat, chew when to shut up.Don't lick the lips or smacking sound.Overheating, can be cooled before eating, not mouth blown.A cup of coffee when ready to add milk or sugar, add the following to use tsp stirring, TSP will be placed on the coffee saucers.Drink cups should put his right, left hand end saucer, direct mouth to drink, do not use a spoon to scoop a spoonful spoonful of drink.西方餐桌礼仪的'英语作文篇4China Dining Custom Table Manners The main difference between Chinese and western eating habits is that unlike the West, where everyone has their own plate of food, in China the dishes are placed on the table and everybody shares. If you are being treated by a Chinese host, be prepared for a ton of food.Chinese are very proud of their culture of cuisine and will do their best to show their hospitality. And sometimes the Chinese host use their chopsticks to put food in your bowl or plate. This is a sign of politeness. The appropriate thing to do would be to eat the whatever-it-is and say how yummy it is. If you feel uncomfortable with this, you can just say a polite thank you and leave the food there.西方餐桌礼仪的英语作文篇5Table manners in China Different country have different table manners.The western country is different from eastern country,such as China and France.In China,old people eat first.We aren’t supposed to talk aloud while we are eating.If you don’t want to eat next,you are supposed to say I’m full. And you aren’t supposed to eat fruit at once.Chinese eat food with chopsticks.It is rude if you point at someone with your chopsticks.All of them will be helpful to you.It can make you a polite person.So we must know more about the manners around the world.Dear Marc, How are you? I am very happy that you want to learn about Chinese eating manners. Chopsticks should be used when eating, but you are not allowed to stick in the food and point at any others, because it is very rude. Please try to keep silence when eating, especially when your mouth is filled. You cal hold the bowl to eat, it is very convenient. When eating with friends and relatives, you must toast to those people who are older than you. In China, we also share the food in one meal. Welcome to China oneday, I would take you to feel it instantly. Your sincerely, Kai LiuThe round table is popular. Because they can sit more people, and we can sit face to face, the head of the family identity and not long shaped the West on the table very clearly through his seat and identification. Guests should be invited to sit down and wait for the owner. The owner must be careful not to call the guests sitting in a seat near the table. This is a taboo.Will have to wait until all the people here can only be the beginning of any form of dining activities -- even if they have to wait for being late. Once you master home place, can do the prologue. During themeal, the owner must assume a proactive role -- urging guests enjoy eating and drinking is entirely reasonable.西方餐桌礼仪的英语作文篇6China has a long history and an excellent culture which is one of the most extensive and profound cultures in the world. Table manner is an important part of the Chinese culture. There is an old saying goes, “Bread is the stall of life”. In fact, dining is not only to meet thebasicphysiological needs, but also key stepof social contact to close the relationship between people. Under different period and different social backgrounds, table manners are different. There are many reasons behind the difference.According to literature records,eating etiquette has formed a set of quite perfect system in Zhou dynasty. In the Qin and Han Dynasties,people in the dining, receiving guests and other daily activities, all sat on ground. It is not sit cross-legged but knees to the ground and soles offeet face up. You should keep the upper body upright, sit on your heels. In formal situation, the order of sat should be followed.西方餐桌礼仪的英语作文篇7There are a lot of the same place between table manners in modern China and ancient times. But in some small places it has changedbecause of western influence. The seating order is the same as western dinner etiquette, the first chief guest sit right to the host, the other guest sit in the host’s left or right of the first chief guest. Depends on the specific situation it is flexible.The host should servemealstart from the guests on the right,the first is chief guestserve, than the host,first female guest,after the gentlemen.T ea is not the same important as before.People sometimes use other drinks like wine instead of tea. Wine glass can’t be poured too full. I t still maintaining the traditional order of food, serve cold food than the hot food, at last, there are desert and fruit. If there are whole chicken, duck, fish and other plastic dishes, the head of them should nottail toward the chief guest. These programs can not only make the whole process of a harmonious and orderly, but also make the identity of host and guest clearly and easy for emotional expression andcommunication. Therefore, the table manners can make feasts activities successfully.西方餐桌礼仪的英语作文篇8Today, I learned from teacher's composition class that British parents started education children from the table, which inspired me a lot.I read it carefully and found that British parents were very careful to encourage their children to eat. This is nothing, but British children have been trying to eat since their first birthday. Want to know, when I was a child, want to eat a meal, but "sprung, ssi thousand coax coax the, I can only eat so a two, it was in the primary schools, or parents to feed me occasionally. I also know that the British parents let children around the age of five children to help do some chores, you can reach in the kitchen, they argue, such not only can reduce the burden of parents, but also the ability to exercise him child labor. Looking back at me, at the age of seven, I have not yet helped my parents do anything in the kitchen. Sometimes, I think of it. Originally wanted to put the tableware, mom and dad again afraid I fell, in a meal, another three four, please please please don't move, ssi called severaltimes, should be several voice, only heart unwilling situation than to go out. Naturally, work before a meal is not done. After dinner, "clap your ass" and go!The more I look at it, the more I'm surprised, the little kids are so small that they can help my parents do something, but I'm so big that I haven't done anything for my parents. And, the British children, grew up learning dining etiquette, for example, have a guest to home for dinner, British children let guests to dinner, and then himself, but as for me, at ordinary times, have guests to dinner, I don't care "one", was a Wolf. They don't usually eat that way, and the guests seem to have to be more than the guests. It's a little guilty to think of itOriginally, he also let us accept some education. When I woke up, I suddenly realized that I must help my parents do something I can do, whether it be the table or the life. I can't be better than my younger child.西方餐桌礼仪的英语作文篇9As we all know,different countries have different table manners. T oday, I’d like to introduce something about Chinese table manners. It’s very necessary to learn table manners in China. In China, table manners are too much. For instance,you are not supposed to eat with knives and forks.Chinese usually use chopsticks instead. But we are not supposed to stick our chopsticks into our food. But we are supposed to pick up our bowl to eat. And we are supposed to let the old start eating first. And we are allowed to talk at the table. However, you can’t tal k too loud and laugh too crazily. In fact, in China, table manners are not so serious . so , you don’t need to worry about them so much.西方餐桌礼仪的英语作文篇10Table manners in China Different country have different table manners.The western country is different from eastern country,such as China and France.In China,old people eat first.We aren’t supposed to talk aloud while we are eating.If you don’t want to eat next,you are supposed to say I’m full. And you aren’t supposed to eat fruit at once.Chinese eat food with chopsticks.It is rude if you point at someone with your chopsticks.All of them will be helpful to you.It can make you a polite person.So we must know more about the manners around the world.西方餐桌礼仪的英语作文篇11The main difference between Chinese and western eating habits is that unlike the West, where everyone has their own plate of food, in China the dishes are placed on the table and everybody shares. If you are being treated by a Chinese host, be prepared for a ton of food. Chinese are very proud of their culture of cuisine and will do their best to show their hospitality.And sometimes the Chinese host use their chopsticks to put food in your bowl or plate. This is a sign of politeness. The appropriate thing to do would be to eat the whatever-it-is and say how yummy it is. If you feel uncomfortable with this, you can just say a polite thank you and leave the food there西方餐桌礼仪的英语作文篇12Chinese table manners of families have no intrinsic quality even there are different region and position. No matter three meals a day or guest’s arrival, always bowls with chopsticks, food with soup.There is no rule for how to put the tableware. What people care about more are not the gorgeous tableware but the sumptuous food. People’s dining position reflects the mostobvious etiquette of Chinese table manners. In ancient society, men are supreme, and women are not allowed to sit with men on the same table. Although this is modern society, this kind of ancient etiquette still remains.Today in China, the phenomenon that men sit on the table before women can be found everywhere. The master of a family usually sits on the first-class seat. The first-class seat is usually near the interior of a room facing to the door. Once there is a guest, the master will offer the first-class seat to the guest politely. If it is an ordinary meal of family, families should start after the elder. If there is a guest, the master offer the food to the guest is essential from the beginning to the end. And the tradition of urging others to drink is also a special phenomenon.西方餐桌礼仪的英语作文篇13Last Saturday evening, all my family had dinner in a resturant.We enjoyed ourselves while we were at table. However, some teenagers sitting beside our table began to talk and laugh loudly. What’s worse, they be gan to smoke in the restaurant, which made us angry. After a while, I stood up and advised them to stop smoking and behave themselves. To my surprise, they didn’t follow my suggestions. Instead, they laughed at me, saying that I was too young and too naive.In my opinion, it’s wrong to do that in public. The future of our courtry lies in teenagers, who should not only obey the rules in public but also make contributions to the society.西方餐桌礼仪的英语作文篇14The round table is popular. Because they can sit more people, and we can sit face to face, the head of the family identity and not long shaped the West on the table very clearly through his seat and identification. Guests should be invited to sit down andwait for the owner.The owner must be careful not to call the guests sitting in a seat near the table. This is a taboo.Will have to wait until all the people here can only be the beginning of any form of dining activities -- even if they have to wait for being late. Once you master home place, can do the prologue. During the meal, the owner must assume a proactive role -- urging guests enjoy eating and drinking is entirely reasonable.。
论文-中西方餐桌礼仪对比(英文版)
AbstractThis paper mainly focuses on the differences of table manners of China and Western countries. In our modern society, the cross-culture communication between China and Western countries becomes a hot issue and the influences of Chinese and Western etiquette are increasingly profound, which causes the differences in table manners. In this paper, we attach more importance to the different table manners of China and Western countries, such as, the different ways people sit for a meal, different dining concepts and different table wares and so on. Meanwhile, it helps us understand the situation. In this way, we can know well the western countries’ cultural background, and can set up a harmonious relationship with the westerns.Key Words: table manners, cultural background, table culture摘要本文主要讲中西方餐桌礼仪的不同点和相同点.在当今社会,随着中西方跨文化交流的平凡以及中西方礼仪的影响加深,导致双方餐桌礼仪方面的差异产生.本文着重于比较中西方在餐桌礼仪.例如,就餐是人们不同的入座方式,不同的饮食概念以及不同的餐具等等.此外还会指出不同国家中的一些用餐禁忌来帮助人们更好的理解餐桌礼仪。
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Different Table Manners between China and the West不同的国家和民族由于地区差异形成了不同的文化。
而不同国家的社会生活方式那么形成了不同的饮食文化及餐桌礼仪。
饮食文化及餐桌礼仪是非语言文化的重要组成局部。
作为一名外语学习者，了解中西方饮食文化及餐桌礼仪方面的差异及其渊源是必要且必须的。
因为这不仅仅可以增加对所学语言文化的认识，更加有助于提高跨文化交际的成功率，以此防止由不适宜的行为或方式所形成的误解。
本文第一局部分别对中西方餐桌礼仪做简要概括。
第二局部为本文核心，从餐具，座次，点餐及用餐气氛四个方面具体介绍中西方餐桌礼仪的差异。
第三局部从地理因素，价值观，及传统习俗入手，讲述形成中西方餐桌礼仪差异的缘由。
以此三个局部展现餐桌礼仪文化在中西方文化交流中占据重要地位。
Different countries and nations have different cultures as a result of regional differences. The social lifestyle of different countries form different diet culture and table manners, which are an important part of non language culture. As a foreign language learner, it is necessary to learn the differences between Chinese and Western food culture and table manners. Because it can not only increase the prehension of the language culture, but also help to improve the success rate of intercultural munication, so as to avoid the misunderstanding caused by inproper behavior or manner.The first part of this paper gives a brief summary of Chinese and western table manners.The second part is the core of this paper, descriping specificly the difference between chinese and western table manner from four aspects that are tableware, seat arrangement, serving order and dining atmosphere. The third part from the geographical factors, values, and traditional customs introduces the reasons that the differences between Chinese and western table manners from the geographical factors, values, and traditional customs. The purpose of this paper shows that table manner plays an important role in the process of munication and colliding between Chinese and western culture.Etiquette is the process that show respect for others and constrain ourselves with a certain and conventional way in interpersonal munication, involving dress, munication, emotional intelligence and so on. Etiquette is a language, a tool, and a set of municational rules between people.Table manner refers to the mon eating polite standard in human society. On the contrary, some behaviors when eating are regarded as rude or destroying other’s appitite. In accordence with different culture of different countries, there are different table manner. According to the literature, chinese table manner has formed a quite plete system sinceZhou Dynasty. This traditional banquent are still remaining in most parts of China. As the saying goes, food is the paramount necesssity of the people. In this way we can see that eating diet plays a significant role in Chinese daily life. Wheareas, table manner has high statue. While eating with traditional chinese family, we have to respect their manner, culture and custom. In addition, not to offend the taboo for Chinese believe that diet is closely related with fate. if you offend the taboo, it will lead to bad luck. For example, after dinner ,you can’t say I finish the meal, which it means you are dead and no chance to eat. Instead you should say I am full. Table manner occupies a important place in the modern chinese life order. They think that eating is not just to meet the basic phycial need, but also esencial social experience. Therefore it is particularly important to master some ceremorial knowledge about Chinese table manner, whether you are a host or a guest.dinnerwareWestern dinnerware are mainly the knife and fork which were widely used by France in the European continent in the 18th century. Westerners using knife and fork is consisted with their culture about nomadism and maritime, which shows vividly that they are petitive and adventurous . before eating, knife and fork are placed in accordance with the rule : left fork and right knifon both sides of the plate respectivly, with the blade took inward. At eating, right hand take the knife to cut food without blade outward, while left hand use the fork to eat food. If not to eat temporarily, one should place knife and fork in "eight" shape with the blade toward oneself. When themeal is finished, the fork is raised on the back and the blade is folded inward with the fork.Except knives and forks, spoon, napkin, glass are also essential for Western dishes. Spoons divide two types: soup spoon and sweet spoon. A large spoon is next to the knife, while small dessert spoon are placed on the top of the dessert dish. When drinking soup, one should take the spoon with the right hand. After drinking, one should place it in the opposite side of the plate. The napkin is usually prepared on the plate before the meal.The wine glasses are placed with the order :liqueur glass, red wine glasses, champagne glasses, beer mugs, and the type of wine is the same as the type of wine. The wine glass is usually on the top of the right side of the knife.Chopsticks, which has a long history of 3000 years, is the typical Chinese tableware, consistent with the traditional "harmony" thought. Pay attention to 2 notes about the use of chopsticks: first, place chopsticks neatly on the right side of the bowl before eating. Second, do not use chopsticks to make a sound, lick chopsticks, or not to point at anyone with chopsticks.Taking particular notice, do not insert the chopsticks in rice or pasta, because it is very similar to the ancient ritual candles and symbolizes infelicity. In addition to chopsticks, spoons, plates, cups, napkins, toothpicks are necessary. The spoon is used for soup or other small morsels. Attentiuon, do not put soup too full to smear the table cloth or clothing. After using, put the food into the plate immediately. In general, the big plate is for a variety of dishes, small dishes for the food dish, to hold the ining food from the public plate.Remember not to put too many things in the diskcover so as not to avoid oil to spill , and put thorns on the front end of the plate. Napkins are often used in some large hotels. Before dinner, the waiters will prepare a hot wet towel for the guests. The cup is usually on the left of the dish, not to pour fully. Serving orderAppetizers, the first dish, are sometime made of four kinds of cold platet representative appetizers are the cold jellyfish skin, preserved eggs and so on.After the cold plate, it is followed by four hot plate that monly is fried shrimp, fried chicken and so on. However, hot plates are mostly omitted. While placing the hot plate, one ought to serve from the left of the opposite seats of guests of honor. The heads of the whole fish and duck should not be pointed at the chief seat.The following are the main course, also known as large dishes,will be taken on table. If the menu is marked "eight pieces", it says that there are a total of eight main course. The number of courses in the main course is usually four, six, eight and so even, since the Chinese people think that even is the number of Kyrgyzstan. In the luxurious banquet, the main course even can be up to ten kinds of species. These dishes are made of different materials, added acid, sweet, bitter, spicy, salty flavors, with fried, steamed, boiled, fried, roasted, fried and other cooking methods .Most of the order of the dishes are matched interactively, for example, bining light taste with oily and greaty taste. Soup is the end. Dessert, such as pies, cakes, buns, almonds and so on, is provided after the main course. Last is the fruit, which is good for digesting.In western banquent, the appetizer is also the first dish which is specialty. As for the first dish , it usually match with aperitif. It is with acid and crisp taste and westerners’favorite snack. The following dish, extremly different from China, is soup which is classified genelly into five categories: vegetable soup, cold soup, cream soup, pureed soup,and clear soup. Next is side dish, also called fish dish, including a viatery of seafood such as shellfish and molluscs for the seafood is full of nutrition and good for lung and eye. The fourth dish is main course, which also known as poultry or meat dish. Delicious steak or lamb is the most mon main course. It is more tasty when drizzling fresh foie gras. After greasy meat dish, it is right time for salad, refreshing vegetable dish, such as tomato, broccoli, onion and so on. The following dish is dessert which have many different kinds. It can be chocolate cookie, croissant, mousse cake,macarons. Coffee is the final drinking, which can be added milk and sugar according to own taste. It also has different kinds such as blue mountain coffee, latte, macchino, mocha and so on.Table settingIn the Chinese table manner, at the begining, let guests attend the seats, then please the elderly seat next to the guests. One should seat from the left side of the chair. When sitting on the chair, one should not move the chopsticks, or make noise, let alone walk casually unless having urgency. Host should invites guest to have a seat and notice that do not let guest sit close to the place that is seryed dishes. If you are the master, you should point to a chair and say to the guests with a gentle tone: "please sit here." Thereare four fountamental way for sitting arrangement: first, taking the table of the host sitting as a sign, the guest on its right is honor and the left is low. Second, first host should sit facing the main door, then guest of honor sit on the right of the host and deputy chief gust on the left. Third, if the position of the host is inferior to the guest of honor, the host is able to ask guest to sit where the host should have seated, then the host sit on the right, host should have a seat that is faced the main door, and the guest of honor sit on the right of master. As for deputy chief guest, he should sit on the left. Western people believe that the right is honor and the left is low. when hostess announces that the dinner is ready, the host will lead the guests to sit in turn, with the hostess walking last.Some careful master willplace name card on the table in order to show seats. while, if there is no such arrangement, then the seat arrangement is generally:men and women sit separatedlly, male host first, gewhose seat is in the hostess On the right of hostess. the other couples are diagonally seated. Couple sitting dividually shows the opening and lively nature of the American banquet. They hope that the banquet can be used to enhance the relationship of each other and relaxing atmosphere. In the informal party, seat arrangment follows that women is first. If a gentlman shares a supper with a woman, the man should not let the woman sit near the passageway and should let the woman sit on his right; the man should let the woman sit inside. If two men with a woman, men ought to lead the woman sit in the middle．What is more, men should remove the chairs and let women sit first．When two man have a dinner，the junior sit outside．AtmosphereWhen chinese people enjoy yummy food they usually talk a lot, which shows the sincere and hospitality of hostess. Besides, lively table can reflect the guests’joy. The active atmosphere reflects the warmth of family, and harmony of the nation in a sence. However, in the western tradition, people think that excessive noise is rude, and only the quiet and orderly looks noble. There not exist these phenomenon such as pesuading to drink alcohol and carrying dish for others. This reflects the respect for the individual in the western culture. people hardly talk with each other but cut and eat their food with fork quietly. They avoid making noise while eating and drinking. Even if they have something important to talk, they keep the sound that both of them can heard.When chinese invited guests to have dinner, they usually prepare a wild variety of dishes, which is no less than seven or eight dishes. The more delicious and expensive the dishes are, the more important guests are. Although the hostness elaborate perpectly, she would say: I am so sorry that the dish does not cook well, eat more. Hope you bear with me. Please forgive me, there are not so much food for you all. Or some modest words similar like this. In addition, the host will ask the guest: Would you like some more? And maybe the host will ask this later. The guest answer with a little shame: just a little more. While in western dinner, there are four or five dishes. If it is at home, the guest had better eat all of the food, so the hostness will be very happy because of her good cook. Usually, host simply say to guest: heip yourself. When the host ask: would you like more fried chicken? The guest just answer according to himself. If he is full enough, he say: no ,thanks. If not, he should answer: yes, I would like some more chickens. After dinner, guest could say it was out of the world！So delicious！I licked the plate clean. or I made a pig of myself. In this way can make hostness happy. By paring this, we can know that Chinese obey the principle that is to belittle themselves and to respect others. Western people pay more attention to keeping their prestige and saving face. For example, western people never talk adout the disguesting things on table. They will try their best to use implicit and elegent words to replace toilet. such as: "Where can I wash my hand", "I wonder if I could go somewhere.", "Can I add some powder? "GeographyChina is located in the east Asia-Europe continental monsoon climate zone, rain and heat over the same period, very suitable for growing plant, which forms Chinese people's plant character. Most western countries are located in temperate maritime climate zone, which is the perfect place for natural pasture. So western people are fond of meat. For Europeans, pasture means food, and food means survival, which in turn leads to their expansion and the formation of aggressive character. There are big animals such as cattle and sheep in the vast ranch, so their diets are mainly steak and lamb, and thus have the argument that is "from Berlin to Los Angeles, steak is a taste" . This is why milk from Europe and the United States is spreaded into China. as we all know, chopsticks, fork and knife are the most foundemental difference between Chinese and western table manner. Chopsticks originate from the place where there is bamboo. More wood in thenorth , more bamboo in the south, ancestors use local materials, cuting bamboo and wood for making chopsticks. anyway, chopsticks play an indispensable role in Chinese daily life. knife and fork later than the chopsticks is the representative of Western tableware, which originated in the ancient European living nomadic habits. Before and after the 15th century, there appeared two- teeth fork, the emergence of four- teeth fork in the 18th century. They cut down and eat meat as soon as it cooked. From then on, western people use knife and fork as their tableware.The view of valueIn China, a state of ceremony, table manner reflects Chinese "solidarity" collectivist values. During the dinner, seat arrangement can give expression to it obviously. Chinese people emphasis that to respect the old and cherish the young, to be filial first. Relativly speaking, in western countries, the value of individualism occupies a position of importance, which shows individual valve and strength. Because they emphasis personality development, self-expression in their philosophical thought. They believe that it is not fate but your own laziness to contribute to your faiure. During Chinese dinner, seniority would give dish to the junior so that displays their kindness to children. This is lively and harmonious atmosphere conforming to chinese traditional value. On the contrary, western people eat their own food and pick up food they want to have. They refuse others to force themselve eating food they do not like. Different from chinese traditional food culture, western diet is more rational, more emphasis on science and health. Regarding nutrition as the highest standard, they eating food is just like adding afuel to a biological machine, with particular emphasis on the nutrition of the food. Whether the amount of Protein, carbohydrates, fats, vitamins and all kinds of inorganic elements is reasonable, whether the supply of calories is proper, whether nutrients can be fully absorbed by the body, which are the westerners’focus. Western diet that demonstrate strong pragmatism and utilitarianism will not bine the diet with spiritual enjoyment together. Chinese diet has always been pursuing the taste as the primary purpose of eating. A folk saying goes: "hunger breeds discontentment, and whether the food i9os delicious or not depends on taste. Chinese cook create a lot of cooking methods in ordre to make dish tasteful. Even if the dish name is poetic. Making food and eating food having special cultural connotation, to a certain extent, is the embodiment of the art. Although we attach importance to eating for keeping in good health, our cooking methods result in a lack of many nutrients in the processing process that is one disadvantage.cultureThe different national ethnic and historical development can lead to different history. Confucianism and Taoism are the origion of Chinese traditional culture, which have a long and profound influence on Chinese society. Faith, propriety, righteousness, wisdom, benevolence are the core of Chinese traditional culture. Mr. Yi Zhongtian, in the book Culture on Dinner Table said that the core thought of Chinese culture is group consciousness while the western corn thought is individual consciousness.Edward Hall, a famous American anthropologist, propose that time concept ofhuman has two cultural patterns, Monochronic-time and Polychronic-time. Western people insisting on M-time follow close to the line of scheduling program, deal with things with time correspondently. By contrast, eastern people holding P-time are more flexible on time. In the Chinese banquet, the M- time model makes the guests more inclined to be late and the host seems to have prepared for the guests who arrive on time some intresting activities to kill time such as chating, watching TV so thatthe guests who e earlier would not feel boring.In China, especially in ancient times, women are not allowed to participate in formal banquets which is identical to the Chinese traditional feudal thought Males are supposed to be worth more than the other sex. In the book of the Chinese, Lin Yutang even said: "since the primitive times,women has not occupied the deserved status in the Chinese people's blood ." in the chinese traditional culture, woman has been in a subordinate position, Although Chinese women's status been significantly improved, but when there exist collision between the "old" principle and the "lady first" principle , Chinese choose the former instead of later. On the contrary, "ladies first" is a traditional culture in the west, and an absolutely necessary etiquette in social activities. Women can enjoy many traditional customs of the knigh: When a woman enters a restaurant, all the men have to stand up; and in front of the table, the man take the chair for the lady.ConclusionIn recent years, with the rapid development of China, the trade and cultural exchanges between China and Western countries have bee more and more frequent. paring thedifference of table manner between China and west, we can see that it is important to improve the international image of our country, strengthen the cultivation of personal qualities, and promote the further cooperation between China and the west.。