论文-中西方餐桌礼仪对比(英文版)
中西方餐桌礼仪的差异英语作文
中西方餐桌礼仪的差异英语作文英文回答：Table manners, the set of rules governing the properway to behave at the dining table, vary widely between Western and Eastern cultures. While some basic principles, such as using utensils to eat and avoiding talking withyour mouth full, are shared across both traditions, there are also numerous subtle differences that can be confusingto navigate for those unfamiliar with a particularculture's dining etiquette.One of the most noticeable differences between Western and Eastern table manners is the way that utensils are used. In Western cultures, it is considered proper to hold thefork in the left hand and the knife in the right hand, andto cut food with the knife before spearing it with the fork. In Eastern cultures, on the other hand, chopsticks are typically used for both eating and cutting food. Chopsticks should be held between the thumb and index finger, andshould not be crossed over each other.Another difference between Western and Eastern table manners is the way that rice is eaten. In Western cultures, it is considered acceptable to use a fork to eat rice, while in Eastern cultures, rice is typically eaten with chopsticks. When eating rice with chopsticks, it is important to hold the bowl close to your mouth and to scoop the rice into your mouth with the chopsticks.There are also differences between Western and Eastern table manners with regard to the way that food is shared. In Western cultures, it is considered acceptable to share food by passing dishes around the table. In Eastern cultures, on the other hand, it is considered more polite to serve individual portions of food to each guest.Finally, there are differences between Western and Eastern table manners with regard to the way that the table is set. In Western cultures, it is customary to set the table with a plate, a fork, a knife, a spoon, and a glass. In Eastern cultures, on the other hand, the table istypically set with a bowl, a pair of chopsticks, a spoon, and a teacup.These are just a few of the many differences between Western and Eastern table manners. By understanding these differences, you can avoid making any embarrassing faux pas the next time you dine with someone from a different culture.中文回答：餐桌礼仪的差异。
中西方餐桌礼仪的不同英文作文
知识图谱的构建及应用一、概述知识图谱是一种将语义信息结构化表示的方法。
通过将事实、概念、实体等信息整理成一张图，构建出了一种更加智能化、直观化的知识体系。
本文将从构建和应用两个方面来阐述知识图谱的优势和发展前景。
二、构建知识图谱的各个环节1.知识抽取知识抽取是构建知识图谱的第一步。
从多个源中获取大量的语义信息，将其抽取为闫技术化的形式。
通过深度挖掘文本、图片、视频等资源，获得各种实体、属性、关系等信息。
2.实体链接实体链接是指将文本中涉及到的实体与知识图谱中的实体相连，为实体的语义描述进行深度扩展和补充。
通常需要使用 NER（命名实体识别）算法对文本进行分析，将其中的实体进行识别和标注。
之后将实体通过特定的算法与知识图谱中现有的实体相进行相关联。
3.关系抽取关系抽取是指从多种数据资源中抽取出各种实体之间的关联关系，将关系的语义转换为计算机可识别的格式，并与知识图谱中现有的实体相链接。
关系抽取技术通常采用基于规则的技术，和基于机器学习的技术。
三、应用场景1.智能问答随着知识图谱的发展，其信息量逐渐丰富，可以通过智能问答系统实现用户信息的精准查询。
用户可以通过输入询问，从而得到想要的结果。
智能问答的设计过程中，需要构建一套简单易用、高效精准的查询方式。
同时还需要建立参数化语言模型，并通过数据挖掘与机器学习的技术优化线上的搜索系统。
2.商业应用知识图谱为企业提供了更精准的数据服务。
通过对用户提供满意度、行为数据等信息的分析，企业可以对用户的需求进行深度分析，为未来提供更好的服务方向和策略。
3.智能客服对于大型企业而言，通常需要为用户提供在线的客服服务。
但普通的客服系统往往无法给出恰当而统一的答案，而知识图谱很好地解决了这一问题。
企业可以利用这一技术来整合客户服务的信息资源，构建智能客服系统。
在客户咨询的过程中，客服系统可以提供标准的答案，从而提高服务质量并提升企业形象。
四、发展趋势1.跨行业发展在人工智能和大数据这两个行业的飞速发展下，知识图谱技术的应用范围和影响力也会不断扩大。
中西方吃饭礼仪差异英语作文
中西方吃饭礼仪差异英语作文When it comes to dining etiquette, there are quite a few differences between Chinese and Western cultures. In China, it's common to share dishes, so everyone's chopsticks or spoons are dipping into the same bowls. This creates a sense of closeness and unity, but it also requires a certain level of trust and respect. On the other hand, in Western dining, each person has their own plate with individual portions, reflecting a more independent and personal dining experience.In Chinese culture, seating arrangements are often very important. The host will typically sit at the head of the table, and the most important guests are seated close by. This hierarchy is reflected in the way food is served and passed around the table. In contrast, Western dining tends to be more egalitarian, with everyone seated more randomly and no strict order of serving.When eating, Chinese people tend to be more vocal andanimated, enjoying the conversation and the camaraderie of sharing a meal. Loud laughter and animated discussions are common, adding to the lively atmosphere. In contrast, Western dining is often more subdued and focused on the food and conversation. People tend to speak more quietly and engage in more thoughtful discussions.Another difference.。
中西方的餐桌礼仪英文作文
中西方的餐桌礼仪英文作文英文：When it comes to table manners, there are definitely some differences between the East and the West. In the West, for example, it is considered polite to keep your hands on the table during a meal, while in China it is more commonto keep your hands in your lap. In the West, it is also customary to use a knife and fork to eat most dishes, while in China chopsticks are the preferred utensil for most meals.In the West, it is generally considered impolite toslurp your soup or make loud chewing noises, whereas in some Asian cultures, such as Japan, it is actually a signof enjoyment and appreciation to slurp your noodles. Additionally, in the West, it is common to place yournapkin on your lap as soon as you sit down at the table, while in China it is more common to use the napkin to dab your mouth as needed throughout the meal.Another difference is the way in which people interact during a meal. In the West, it is common for everyone to engage in conversation throughout the meal, while in China it is often considered polite to eat quietly and focus on the food. In the West, it is also customary to wait until everyone has been served before beginning to eat, while in China it is acceptable to start eating as soon as your own dish is served.Overall, while there are certainly differences in table manners between the East and the West, the underlying principle of showing respect and consideration for othersis universal.中文：当谈到餐桌礼仪时，东西方之间肯定存在一些差异。
中西餐桌上的礼仪英文作文
中西餐桌上的礼仪英文作文英文：Table manners are an important aspect of dining etiquette in both Western and Chinese cultures. In Western culture, it is customary to use utensils such as knives, forks, and spoons to eat. The fork is held in the left hand and the knife in the right hand. When cutting meat, thefork is held in place with the left hand while the knife is used to cut the meat with the right hand. After cutting, the knife is placed on the edge of the plate with the blade facing inwards, and the fork is switched to the right hand to eat.In Chinese culture, chopsticks are the primary utensil used for eating. When using chopsticks, it is important to hold them correctly with the index finger and thumb, and use the middle finger to control the movement. It is also considered impolite to point the chopsticks at others or to use them to play with food. Additionally, it is customaryto share dishes with others at the table, rather than ordering individual dishes.Both cultures place importance on proper table manners and etiquette. For example, it is considered rude to talk with your mouth full, to reach across the table for food,or to make loud noises while eating. It is also importantto wait for others to begin eating before starting yourself and to use polite language when making requests or thanking others.中文：餐桌礼仪是中西方文化中重要的一部分。
东西方餐桌礼仪差异英文作文60词左右
东西方餐桌礼仪差异英文作文60词左右全文共6篇示例，供读者参考篇1Eating Food: East vs WestHi, I'm Johnny and I love food! My family is from China but we live in the United States now. I've noticed that there are some big differences between how people eat food in the East and the West. Let me tell you about them!In China and other Eastern countries, we use chopsticks to eat. Chopsticks are two skinny sticks that you hold in one hand to pick up food. Using chopsticks is kind of hard at first but once you get the hang of it, they are lots of fun! You can even play games like chopstick catches where you try to grab little snacks with your chopsticks.In America and Western countries, most people use forks, knives, and spoons to eat instead of chopsticks. The fork is a little trident that you hold in one hand to stab and pick up food. The knife is for cutting up bigger foods into smaller pieces. And the spoon is a little scoop for eating soups and other liquidy foods.When I first moved to America, using a fork was really tricky! The food would always fall off. My friends thought it was funny when I tried to stab a piece of chicken with my fork and it went flying across the cafeteria. But I got better at it over time. Now I'm a pro with forks and chopsticks!Another difference is the way we eat rice. In China, we eat white rice from a small bowl by using chopsticks to scoop it into our mouths. But here in America, people don't really eat plain white rice that much. They prefer kinds of rice like brown rice or yellow rice that has stuff mixed into it. And they eat it off the same plate as the rest of their food instead of a separate rice bowl.Table manners are a little different too. In China, it's polite to burp or slurp your food to show you're enjoying it. But in America, those things are considered rude. You're supposed to eat quietly without making noises. My dad burped really loud at a restaurant once and the people around us gave him mean looks!One funny difference is how we eat pizza. In America, people use their hands to pick it up and take bites out of the whole slice. But in China, we cut pizza into small pieces with a knife and forkfirst before eating it. My friend's mom got mad at me for "being a caveman" when I just grabbed a slice at their house!There are also differences in what people eat. In America, people love things like hamburgers, hot dogs, tacos, and other foods you eat with your hands. But in China, we eat more foods with chopsticks like dumplings, noodles, and stir-fries. My favorite Chinese food is dumplings - I can eat like 20 of them! For dessert in America, people love things like cookies, cakes, pies, and ice cream. But in China we have cool desserts like baked sweet potatoes, mango pudding, and sweet soups made with beans and fruits.Eating meals is fun no matter what country you're in. As long as there's good food, that's all that matters! I feel lucky that I get to learn dining customs from both the East and West. It makes mealtimes way more interesting. Gotta run, my mom's calling me for dumplings - yum!篇2Table Manners: East vs WestHi there! Today I want to tell you about the differences between dining etiquette in the East and the West. It's reallyinteresting how cultures have different customs when it comes to eating.In the West, like in America or England, there are a lot of rules about table manners. You're supposed to use a fork and knife to eat most foods. It's considered rude to burp or make loud noises while eating. You should keep your elbows off the table and chew with your mouth closed. Oh, and don't talk with your mouth full either!In contrast, in many Eastern cultures like China or Japan, it's perfectly okay to make slurping sounds when eating noodles or soup. That's actually considered a compliment to the chef because it means you're enjoying the food! Using chopsticks is the norm rather than Western utensils. Burping is generally not seen as impolite.Another big difference is how you treat people when passing food around the table. In Western etiquette, you're supposed to pass dishes counterclockwise from person to person. But in China and other Asian countries, it's customary to hold the dish with both hands and place it directly in front of each person as you go around the table.Speaking of holding dishes, in the West you balance your plate on your lap if you need to cut up food. But many Easterncultures think that's disgusting! The plate should always stay on the table.Here's a weird one - in some Middle Eastern countries like Saudi Arabia, it's perfectly acceptable to eat with your hands, even at a fancy restaurant. Can you imagine getting spaghetti sauce all over your fingers at Olive Garden? Haha my mom would have a fit!Then there are cultural differences around things like belching or toasting. In Russia, burping after a meal shows you enjoyed it. In Germany, making a toast by clinking glasses is very important. But in Japan, they don't really do that.I think my favorite difference has to do with complimenting the food. In the U.S., you might say "this is delicious!" or "great cooking!" But in Turkey, it's traditional to stay silent if you like the meal, because compliments are seen as doubting the chef's abilities.All these different rules can seem silly, but I guess every culture has its own way of showing appreciation or respect around the dinner table. Just imagine how confused an American would be at a traditional Chinese banquet! They'd probably think everyone was being rude with all the slurping and burping noises.I think as long as you're being grateful and not making a huge mess, a little sauce on the fingers here or a burp there isn't too bad. The most important thing is enjoying the food and company. That's what dining is all about, right?Whether you use forks, chopsticks or your hands, just remember to have good manners and be polite! It's fascinating to learn about all the different customs. Who knew eating could be so complicated? I sure have a new appreciation for tableside etiquette after learning all this!篇3Eating Manners Around the WorldHey friends! Today I want to tell you about the different ways people eat food in different parts of the world. It's pretty cool how many unique customs and traditions there are surrounding mealtimes.In Western countries like the United States, Canada, and those in Europe, there are a lot of rules about table manners. My parents are always reminding me to chew with my mouth closed, not to talk with food in my mouth, and to use a fork and knife properly. We're supposed to keep our elbows off the table too.One big difference is how we use utensils. In the West, we usually use a fork in the left hand to secure the food, and a knife in the right hand to cut it. But in many Asian cuisines, chopsticks are used instead of forks and knives. Using chopsticks looks tricky, but I've been practicing and am getting better!Another cool difference is how certain foods are eaten with the hands instead of utensils. In places like India, Ethiopia, and parts of the Middle East, it's common to use the right hand to scoop up rice, curry, injera bread, and other foods. My friend Priya showed me how to make a little cup with my fingers to pick up bites. Just don't use your left hand as that one is considered unclean.Speaking of hands, in the West it's considered rude to gesture with utensils or use them for anything other than eating. But in some Eastern cultures, it's okay to Use chopsticks to push food onto someone else's plate if you want to share. People may even use chopsticks to retrieve dropped food and put it back on their plate!Probably the biggest difference is the noise level at mealtimes. In Western culture, meals are supposed to be relatively quiet affairs, with just soft conversation. You're not supposed to slurp, burp, or make loud chewing noises. But inmany Asian cultures, those same noises show that you're really enjoying your food! Slurping up noodles and broth can actually be seen as a compliment to the chef.There are also unique customs for starting and ending meals. In Thailand and other Buddhist nations, it's polite to put your hands together in a prayer motion before eating. Some cultures insist that you leave a little food on your plate when you're done to show you've had enough. Other traditions say you should clean your plate to avoid insulting the cook.Crazy, right? Just those few examples show how meals can look completely different depending on where you grow up. I think it's awesome that people have so many fascinating traditions around something we all have in common - getting nourishment! Food brings people together in such special ways.Well, that's all I have to share on dining customs for now. Writing this has definitely made me want to travel the world and experience all sorts of unique food cultures for myself. There's a big world of flavors out there to explore! Maybe I'll take cooking classes when I'm older to learn global cuisines. For now, I just need to brush up on using those chopsticks properly...篇4Table Manners: East vs WestHi there! My name is Emily and I'm going to tell you all about the different ways people eat food at the table in Eastern and Western countries. It's really interesting how many little rules and customs there are around mealtimes. Some might seem weird at first, but they all make sense when you learn about the cultures behind them.Let's start with Western table manners since that's what I'm most familiar with. In countries like the United States, Canada, and the United Kingdom, we use a fork, knife, and spoon. The fork is for stabbing food and bringing it to your mouth. The knife cuts things like meat into smaller pieces. And the spoon is for eating soups, cereals, and other liquidy foods.We're supposed to keep our elbows off the table and chew with our mouths closed. Talking with your mouth full is considered very rude. Oh, and we're not allowed to burp or make other gross noises at the table either! My parents are always reminding me about that one.In Western cultures, it's polite to say "please" and "thank you" a lot when someone passes you something or serves you food. We try not to reach across the table for things. Instead,you're supposed to ask the person closest to the dish to pass it to you.Another big difference is that we don't slurp our soups, drinks or noodles loudly. That's seen as impolite table behavior. We're taught to eat and drink quietly without making a lot of noises.Now let's talk about some Eastern dining customs, specifically the ones in countries like China, Japan, and Korea. One thing that might seem strange is that it's perfectly okay and even expected to make slurping noises when eating soups, noodles, or drinks like tea. The slurping sound shows you're enjoying your food!In many Eastern cultures, food is often served family-style on spinning lazy susan dishes in the center of the table. Everyone takes food from the shared plates using their own chopsticks or utensils. This is very different from the individual plates we use in the West.Speaking of chopsticks, those are the main utensils used for eating in many Asian cuisines instead of forks and knives. Using chopsticks takes a lot of practice but once you get the hang of it, they're really neat! You hold one stick still while using the other stick to grab food. It's kind of like mini tongs.Some other things I've learned about Eastern table manners: In China, it's considered poor etiquette to stick your chopsticks straight up in your rice bowl since that reminds people of incense sticks used at funerals. In Japan, it's impolite to point your chopsticks at someone or pass food from chopstick to chopstick. And in Korea, you're supposed to hold rice bowls with both hands close to your mouth while eating.Interesting stuff, right? There are so many little details like that which show respect in different cultures. For example, in Thailand you're not allowed to touch others with your feet because feet are considered unclean. So you'd never put your feet on the table or point them at people.I think my favorite difference has to be the eating noises though. In Western countries, kids get scolded for burping, slurping, or chewing loudly. But in many Asian nations, those same noises are no big deal and even seen as a compliment to the chef! How cool is that?Well, those are some of the major differences I've learned about between Eastern and Western dining etiquette and customs. From the types of utensils used to whether it's okay to slurp your food, there's a lot of variety across cultures. But at the end of the day, good table manners are all about beingconsiderate, appreciating your food, and making others feel comfortable. As long as you keep those ideas in mind, you'll fit right in no matter where your next meal takes you!篇5Eating at the Table: East Meets WestHave you ever noticed how people eat differently in different parts of the world? It's really interesting to see the various customs and manners around mealtime. My family is from China, but I was born here in the United States. So I get to experience both the Eastern and Western styles of dining!At home, we follow the traditional Chinese table manners. When the food is served, we never start eating right away. We wait patiently until the elders at the table start eating first as a sign of respect. It's considered rude to dig in before they do. We also don't make loud noises like burping or slurping our food. That's seen as impolite in Chinese culture.Another big difference is how we use chopsticks instead of forks, knives, and spoons. Using chopsticks takes a lot of practice! It's kind of like learning to write with your fingers. You have to position them just right and develop the hand coordination. I remember struggling a lot when I was little. My parents wouldhave to pick up the dropped food for me from the table or floor. But now I'm a chopstick pro!The way we eat rice and soups is also unique. We pick up the bowl and bring it close to our mouths. Then we use the chopsticks to push the food into our mouths. It's more efficient and prevents spills compared to leaning over the table.Speaking of spills, making a mess at the table is a big no-no in Chinese dining etiquette. We're taught from a young age to keep the table clean and not leave crumbs or stains behind. Part of being a good child is cleaning your area when you're done eating.At the end of the meal, it's customary to make a noise like "tze-tze" to thank the people who prepared the food for their hard work. My grandma says it shows you appreciated every bite.Now when I eat with my American friends or at school, the whole experience feels quite different. For starters, we just pick up our forks and start chowing down as soon as the food arrives. No waiting for the elders or thanking the cooks.Using forks and knives takes some getting used to as well. You can't just pick up the whole bowl or plate like withchopsticks. There are separate utensils for different foods too - spoons for soups and cereals, knives for cutting meats.Another thing that surprised me is how loud you're allowed to be! My friends will burp freely or make yummy noises while they eat. At first I thought it was rude based on my upbringing. But I realized it's just a cultural difference in what's considered acceptable table behavior.Sometimes my friends will even get up from the table before finishing their plate or reach across others to grab something. These would be seen as inconsiderate actions in traditional Chinese dining.I do enjoy how relaxed and casual the Western way of eating can be though. There's not as much emphasis on perfect manners and strict rules. You can eat at your own pace and in your own style without worrying too much about etiquette.Overall, experiencing both the Eastern and Western approaches to meals has been super fascinating! It just goes to show how different cultures can have totally opposite perspectives on something as simple as eating. No one way is necessarily better or worse, just different customs shaped by history and values.I feel lucky to have a multicultural experience where I can switch between the two styles with ease. Maybe one day the whole world's table manners will blend together into one big delicious fusion! For now, I'll keep slurping my noodles at home and trying not to burp at school. The best of both worlds!篇6Eating Manners Around the WorldHi there! My name is Emily and I'm going to tell you all about the different ways people eat food in different parts of the world. It's really interesting how many different rules and customs there are around mealtimes. Let me share what I've learned!In Western countries like the United States, Canada, and many European nations, there are a lot of rules about how to behave properly at the dinner table. We're taught from a young age to use a fork and knife, keep our elbows off the table, chew with our mouths closed, and say "please" and "thank you." It's considered very rude to burp, slurp our food, or make loud noises while eating.The way we hold our utensils is kind of funny - we're supposed to hold the fork in the left hand and the knife in the right hand. And get this - we're only allowed to use the fork toput food in our mouths, not the knife! We have to cut our food by holding the fork in one hand and the knife in the other. There are all these specific rules for where to place your utensils when you're resting or finished eating too. It seems overly complicated to me!Now let's talk about mealtimes in many Asian cultures like China, Japan, and Korea. Their table manners are quite different! For one thing, burping or slurping noodles is generally okay and not seen as rude at all. In fact, in some places it's considered a compliment to the chef because it means you're really enjoying your food.Instead of forks and knives, many Asians eat with chopsticks or their hands. Using chopsticks takes a lot of practice - you have to learn how to properly hold them and pick up different foods. I remember having such a hard time when I first tried! It's common to pick food up with your hands too, like eating rice balls or bread with your fingers.Another big difference is the way food is shared. In the West, we often get individual plates with our own portions. But in many Asian meals, there are large shared dishes in the center of the table that everyone takes from with their own utensils. You'reexpected to make noise while chewing and even while breathing - it shows you're really tasting and savoring the meal.I think one of the most fascinating differences is how some cultures eat while sitting on the floor! Meals in Japan, Korea, and parts of the Middle East are often eaten while kneeling on the ground or sitting cross-legged. There's a whole other set of etiquette rules for how to properly sit, serve, and receive food from a low table. Just imagine having to learn that on top of all the other manners!There are really too many interesting food customs around the globe to cover in this short essay. Whether it's not wasting a single grain of rice, using bread as a utensil, or avoiding certain foods for religious reasons, every culture has its own very special ways of eating and sharing meals.To me, learning about different mealtime traditions is fun because it shows how creative and vibrant human societies are. Even just the simple act of eating can involve such deep cultural meaning and ritual. It makes me excited to keep exploring the fascinating diversity of our world through food! Let me know if you'd like to hear more about the crazy eating customs I've discovered.。
中国和外国餐桌礼仪的不同英语作文
中国和外国餐桌礼仪的不同英语作文Differences in Chinese and Foreign Dining EtiquetteDining etiquette varies greatly from country to country, reflecting the diverse cultural norms and traditions of each region. In this essay, we will examine the differences between Chinese and foreign dining etiquette, highlighting the unique customs and practices that define each culinary experience.Chinese Dining EtiquetteIn Chinese culture, dining is a social event that is highly valued and celebrated. Here are some key points to keep in mind when dining in China:1. Seating arrangement: In China, the most important guest is usually seated facing the entrance of the room, while the host is seated opposite them. It is also common for the most important guest to sit at the head of the table, with the second-most important guest seated to their right.2. Chopsticks: Chopsticks are used for eating in China, and it is important to use them correctly. When not in use, chopsticks should be placed on the chopstick rest, never stuck upright in a bowl of rice as this is considered bad luck.3. Toasting: Toasting, or ganbei, is a common practice in Chinese dining, especially during formal occasions. It is important to clink glasses with every person at the table and to make eye contact while doing so.4. Serving dishes: Unlike in Western culture where each person has their own plate, Chinese dining is typically served family-style, with all dishes placed in the center of the table for everyone to share. It is polite to offer food to others before serving yourself.Foreign Dining EtiquetteForeign dining etiquette can vary greatly from country to country, as each culture has its unique customs and traditions. Here are some general guidelines to keep in mind when dining in a foreign country:1. Use of utensils: In Western culture, utensils such as forks, knives, and spoons are commonly used for eating. It is important to hold utensils correctly and to use them in the appropriate manner for each dish. In some cultures, such as India, it is common to eat with your hands, but be sure to wash your hands before and after eating.2. Seating arrangement: Seating arrangements can vary among different countries, but it is generally important to wait to be seated by the host or hostess. In some cultures, such as in the Middle East, it is customary for guests to be seated according to their social status.3. Tipping: Tipping practices vary widely across different countries. In some countries, such as the United States, it is customary to tip servers at restaurants, while in other countries, such as Japan, tipping is considered rude.4. Toasting: Toasting customs can also vary from country to country. In some cultures, such as in Russia, it is customary to make a toast before every drink, while in other countries, such as in France, toasting is less formal.In conclusion, dining etiquette is an important aspect of culture that reflects the values and traditions of each society. By understanding and respecting the dining customs of different cultures, we can enhance our dining experiences and foster greater intercultural understanding and appreciation.。
中西方餐桌礼仪文化差异英语作文
中西方餐桌礼仪文化差异英语作文English:In Western dining etiquette, it is common for diners to use utensils such as knives, forks, and spoons to eat their meals. The hands are typically not used directly to handle food, and it is considered politeto keep one's elbows off the table. Additionally, there are certain rules regarding the placement of utensils on the plate to indicate whether one has finished eating or is simply taking a break. In contrast, Chinese dining etiquette often involves using chopsticks as the primary eating utensil, with the hands being more actively involved in the dining process. It is also common for diners to use a small bowl to hold rice or soup, rather than a large plate. In terms of table manners, it is not necessary to keep one's elbows off the tablein Chinese culture, and it is acceptable to make slurping noises while eating noodles as a sign of enjoyment.Translated content:在西方餐桌礼仪中，用餐者通常使用刀、叉和勺等餐具进餐。
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AbstractThis paper mainly focuses on the differences of table manners of China and Western countries. In our modern society, the cross-culture communication between China and Western countries becomes a hot issue and the influences of Chinese and Western etiquette are increasingly profound, which causes the differences in table manners. In this paper, we attach more importance to the different table manners of China and Western countries, such as, the different ways people sit for a meal, different dining concepts and different table wares and so on. Meanwhile, it helps us understand the situation. In this way, we can know well the western countries’ cultural background, and can set up a harmonious relationship with the westerns.Key Words: table manners, cultural background, table culture摘要本文主要讲中西方餐桌礼仪的不同点和相同点.在当今社会,随着中西方跨文化交流的平凡以及中西方礼仪的影响加深,导致双方餐桌礼仪方面的差异产生.本文着重于比较中西方在餐桌礼仪.例如,就餐是人们不同的入座方式,不同的饮食概念以及不同的餐具等等.此外还会指出不同国家中的一些用餐禁忌来帮助人们更好的理解餐桌礼仪。
通过此法,我们可以更加了解西方国家的文化背景,并且建立起良好的关系。
关键词：餐桌礼仪，文化背景，餐桌文化CONTENTS Acknowledgements (i)Abstract (ii)摘要 (iii)1 Introduction (1)2 Defence of table manners (2)2.1 Arrangement of seat (2)2.1.1 Arrangement of seat in Chinese way2.1.2 Arrangement of seat in western way2.1.3 The reason of seat arrangement2.2 Tablewares (4)2.2.1 How to use and where to put Chinese tablewares2.2.2 How to use and where to put western table ware2.2.3 Reasons that cause the differences of tablewares2.3 The right order of dish up (8)2.3.1 Chinese order2.3.2 Western order2.3.3 Different value that reflected by those order2.4 Different atmospheres at table (10)2.5 The way to finish eating (11)3 Conclusion (12)Bibliography (13)1. IntroductionWith the development of global economy, cross-culture communication has become more and more frequent, and the differences between Chinese and western culture have become more obvious, especially the differences of table manners.Having dinner is more than the basic necessity of life. Instead, having dinner is an important part of social formulae. “John Loke, a famous British philosopher once said, the purpose of playing a ceremonial role is to change the original stubborn to gentle, so that people’s temper can become more moderate and let people learn to respect for others and get along with each others.”(Duan, Chen, 2008) There is no doubt that sometimes some strangers become acquaintances, those acquaintances get a better understanding of the other even to the germination of love. Because table manner is so fantastic that it does us a favor on acquiring more information, opening up eyesight and expanding the circle of communication. It is obvious that table manners are quite important in people’s everyday life. There are numberless differences between Chinese and western food cultures, and those differences cause the differences of table manners.China is one of the four earliest civilizations in the world. Chinese nation is the only inheritance millennium civilization. Western society went through the darkness of Middle Ages and then came to Renaissance, gave birth to capitalism and modern civilization. Today, with the economic globalization, international commercial activities have become more and more frequently and cross-culture communication has come into every nation’s daily life. In international commercial negotiations, Chinese representatives might have dinners with foreign representatives, while in daily life we might be invited to dinners by foreign friends. This paper mainly talks about the differences of table manners between two cultures, to analyze the causes, aim to achieve cross-culture communication more successfully.2. Differences of table manners“Social customs differ greatly from one country to another. It is therefore impossible to give guidelines that are universally applicable. Generally speaking, you should act naturally, always remaining friendly, courteous, and dignified.”(Qian, 2006)The core ideology of Chinese culture is collective consciousness while the western thought core is individualism. So when western people are invited to dinner or party, they order their own food and drink their own wine, to avoid working their wills to other people. While Chinese people would consider it as unreasonable behavior because in Chinese culture, individual must obey collective consciousness. Chinese people value harmonization, and there is an old saying that “Harmony is most precious.”So Chinese people like to dine together and eat together.2.1 Arrangement of seat2.1.1 Arrangement of seat in Chinese wayChinese people always choose round tables when entertaining friends. There are lots of rules in China about where to put the round table and which seat takes precedence on the same table.In China, people used to use the number of the tables to define the size of banquet. In small banquets which have two tables, the table on the left or farther to the portal is the top table. At bigger banquets that have three or more tables, the rules are much more complicated. The top table is always on the right hand and farthest to the portal. Besides, the distance to the top table is also taken into consideration. Generally, seats that closer to the top table take precedence. For example, on the wedding party, family members of the bride or the leaderships are arranged to the table that closest to the top table. Hosts show their reverences to the guests by arranging seats by this way.Seats at one table also have different meanings. In Chinese table manner, the seat opposite to the door is the honor seat, which is for chief guests or elders; the seats beside are the second honor seat which are for other guests; the seats that opposite to the honor seat are the inferiorseat. Inferior seats are for the host and hostess. So before the banquet, hosts should first invite the chief guest or elders to the honor seat, and then invite other guests to the second honor seat. Hosts sit down on the inferior seats after all the guests sit down.2.1.2 Arrangement of seat in western wayWestern people perfer long table to round table when entertaining friends. The host and the hostess seat at both end of the table, while guests seat at other seats. Men and women are arranged to seat alternately. The chief guest sits at the upper right side of the hostess, and the wife of the chief guest seats at the upper right side of the host. Western gentlemen are very particular about “Lady first”, they are always hospitable to ladies. In China, left is honor and right is secondary; middle is honor and slant is secondary. While in western, right is honor and left is secondary.The proper way to take the seat in western is to sit by the left hand. Elbows can never put onto the table and hands are forbidden to touch feet. It is better not to walk out before the banquet is finished (unless you really need to). During the dinner, it is better to sit straightly.2.1.3 The reason of seat arrangementThe main ideology in Chinese culture is group consciousness, and Chinese people believe that individual consciousness should obey group consciousness. So Chinese people choose round tables for banquets. When sitting around round tables, people can talk to each other freely and the atmosphere can be very pulsating. As the nation of etiquette, Chinese people lay emphasis on piety and honesty, and revering elders while caring the young is one of the traditional virtues. So come out the rules for seat arrangement. While in western culture, the main ideoloy is individual consciousness. They believe that everybody’s behavior has their own meaning and value, and personal abilities are reflected by those behaviors. Western philosophy places extra emphasis on individual consciousness, development and self expression. They believe that everybody equals, so they like to use long tables and do not have so many complicated rules for seat arrangement as Chinese people do.2.2 Tablewares2.2.1 How to use and where to put Chinese tablewaresChinese tablewares involve chopsticks, small dish, bowl and glass. At formal banquets, glass is put on the upper left of the plate, while wineglass on the upper right. Chopsticks and spoon are always put together on the right hand of the plate. Toothpick and ashtray are also necessary.2.2.1.1 ChopsticksChopsticks are the main tablewares in Chinese food culture, they always appear in couple. It’s better not to lick chopsticks( whether there are dregs of food or not) before you pick food from the plates. Using chopsticks that licked to pick up food is very impolite and will make other guests feel sick. It is also bad manner to talk with chopsticks in hand, or even brandish chopsticks. The third bad manner of using chopsticks is to insert chopsticks straightly into the food, because only when sacrificing the death do Chinese people doing so. Just remember that chopsticks are tablewares that only used to pick food. It is impolite to use chopsticks to clean tooth or scratch, or pick other things that aren’t food.2.2.1.2 SpoonThe main function for spoon is scooping food. Sometimes spoon is also used to assist chopsticks picking food in big size. It is better not to pick food only by spoon or scoop too much food at one time. Never scoop a full spoon of food at one time or the food might splash out and stain tablecloth or clothes. The right way to use spoon is: scoop the food, and wait for seconds to make sure that the soup will not splash out, and then move the spoon back, enjoying the food. If the spoon is not needed, put it on your own plate; do not put it on the table directly. Once you scoop the food, you should never put them back. It’s better to eat at once or put into your plate. If the food is too scalding to eat, never stir the food or blow by mouth. You can put them into the bowl and wait for a while. It is impolite to put the spoon in to mouth, or lick the spoon over and over again.2.2.1.3 PlateThe plate in smaller size is small dish, which is used to put food, just like bowl. Plates on the table should not move or pile up. The main function of small dish is to store food that picked from the public plates temporarily. When using small dishes, you should not put too much food together at one time. It is very impolite and might affect the tastes of food. The dreg of food or bones should put at the edge of the plate. You can not spit them from mouth directly to the plate or table or to the ground. You should use chopsticks to bring them to the plate. If the small dish is full, you can ask the waiter or waitress to shift one.2.2.1.4 GlassGlasses are used to store soft drink like water, coke, soda water or fruit juice. Do not use glass to drink wine or put the glass up side down. Besides, you can not spit out the drink back to the glass. It is impolite and might make guests fell sick.2.2.1.5 NapkinIn middle-size or big-size restaurants in China, waiters will first offer a wet warm towel to every guest. This kind of towel is used to clean hands. After cleaning, you should put it back to the plate and the waiter will take it away. Sometime at big banquets, waiter would offer another towel. Different from the first towel, the second one can only use to clean mouth; it can not clean face or perspiration.2.2.2 How to use and where to put western table wareIn western culture, tablewares for food contain knife, fork, spoon, plate and glass. Western tablewares have a more complicated rule in how to put than Chinese tablewares. At formal western banquets, the tablewares are always put in the same way. The common principles are: the place plate is in the middle; knife on the right; fork on the left; spoon sidelong ahead the place plate; staple food on the left; tablewares on the right; other tablewares act according to the circumstances.The number of the wineglass is equal to the number of wine’s kind. The proper order to put glasses from left to right is: strong drink glass, wine glass, champagne glass and beer glass.The napkin is put on the place plate. If there is something to put in the plate before the guests sit down, the napkin would be put behind the place plate.2.2.2.1 Knife and forkThe right way to use knife and fork is: knife is used to cut food and fork is used to carry food into mouth. If you need to put down the knife and fork during the dinner, you should put them on both sides of the plate, and knife and fork should be put in the way that looks like the Chinese word “八”. After dinner (or you do not want to eat any more), you should put the fork and knife parallel on the plate with the fork’s reverse side up. That means you have finished the dinner. You can use knife and fork in a French way that handle fork in your left hand and knife in the right hand; you can also use them in an English way that handle knife in your left hand and fork in the right hand. It depends on your own.2.2.2.2 SpoonUsually there are two kinds of spoons: the big one is soup spoon and the small one is dessert spoon. Soup spoon is always put on the outermost right side, together with the knife. Dessert spoon is put together with desert knife and fork.2.2.2.3 The right order to use tablewareAlthough there are so many tablewares at western dinner, the rule for using tablewares is simple. The right order to use tablewares is to pick from outside to inside. There is an exception that when salad is sent together with entrée, the knife and fork that closest to the plate are salad knife and fork. The salad plate is on the left of the dinner knife and fork. If there is no salad plate, salad knife and fork will send together with salad. The other exception is that oyster fork is on the right hand of dinner plate, which is on the outmost side of tablewares. Spoons are on the right hand of forks. The outmost one is soup spoon; the one between knives and soup spoon is dessert spoon; the leftmost one is dessert fork. Usually, in order to distinguish dessert tablewares from other tablewares, people used to put the dessert tablewares above the dinner plate.Napkins are also important in western dinner. After sitting down, you can drink appetizer andon your knees. By this way you can protect your clothes from been stained by food. Besides, you can only put the napkin on your knees. Putting napkin under your ties or put one corner into your collar would make you look embarrassed and will also make bad impression to other guests.2.2.3 Reasons that cause the differences of tablewaresThe difference of chopsticks, knife and fork is the main difference of table manners between Chinese and western culture. The reasons that cause this difference is environment: nature environment and social environment.Chopsticks are invented thousands years ago at the place where bamboo grew luxuriantly. In China, the north area yield wood while the south area yield bamboo. The Chinese ancestors used local materials to produce chopsticks and bamboo became the original material of chopsticks. Knives and forks are invented much later than chopsticks. To the study of Pro.You Xiuling, knives and forks can relate to ancient European nomads’habits and customs.As the nation of equestrian, the nomads carried knives wherever they went. They always use knives to cut the cooked meat off, and then use the knives to send the meat into mouth. In order to improve eating gesture, Europeans began to use forks after about the 15th century. At that time, the forks had only two tips. Forks used today in modern style have four tips were invented in the 18th century. Chopsticks and forks not only cause the differences of food culture, but also cause the differences of life perceptions between Chinese and western cultures. The knife and the fork arose the shared-food system. On the contrary, the chopsticks always coordinate with the all families. Western people eat separately since their childhood, and this creates out their ideas of independence. While chopsticks arose the together-food system, which gives prominence to the happiness that old and young eating together. And it also makes Chinese people have a strong sense of family.2.3 The right order of dish up2.3.1 Chinese orderChinese order for dish up is: cold dishes, drink and wine, hot dishes, staple food, desserts and fruits. At big banquets, the same dish should be sent to each table at the same time. The order should keep traditional that first cold dishes and then hot dishes.Hot dishes should send from left of the inferior seat that opposite to the honor seat. Small dishes should first send to guests and then to the host. There are some main methods for dish up: first one is serving a big dish and guests get food by themselves; the second one is that the waiter hold the plate and serve the guests one by one; the third one is to divide the food into small dishes and every guest has a share. At formal western banquets, having dishes is just like enjoying a PPT. But an appropriate Chinese dinner contains more. Cold dishes help stimulating the appetite; warm soup helps keeping warm, especially in winter; after appetite stimulated and body warmed, there come the entrees. Hosts would try their best to make the entrees ingratiate every guest’s taste. Staple food come after entrees. The staple food can be noodles or rice. Desserts can be a perfect end of the dinner. Desserts are always sweet soup like red bean paste or gingili paste. There are also many other kinds of desserts like pudding or ice cream. Today, Chinese prefer to have fruits instead of tranditional desserts. The fruits can be apples or watermelon or other fruits that taste fresh and clean. This is much healthier.All these procedures can not only make the whole dinner harmonious and ordered, but also help promoting communication between hosts and guests.2.3.2 Western orderWestern order for dish up is: butter and bread, cold dishes, soup, entree, desserts and then coffee or fruits. Cold dishes and soup can eat together with bread. The cold dishes are also called appetizing dish, which is the first dish of the dinner. The main kind of cold dishes are caviar, foie gras, smoked salmon or other things. As cold dishes are used to stimulate appetite, so the dishes always have flavor characteristics and the tastes are mainly salty and sour.Besides, cold dishes have small quantity and high quality. Appetizing wine is always servedtogether with cold dishes.The second dish in western dinner is soup, which is quite different from Chinese dinner.There are four kinds of soup: clear soup, cream soup, vegetable soup and cold soup. Fish dishes are the third dish of western dinner, which is also called side dish. Usually, seafood together with eggs and bread are called side dish, as those food have soft taste and are easy to digest. Entree is the forth dish, which have pork or beef as main food. Beef or steak is the most representative food for entree. Vegetables can serve after entree, sometimes they are served together with entree. So vegetable can also be a side dish. The vegetable dish is also called salad in western. Dessert is the sixth dish which serves after entree. Actually, desserts always contain staple food, like pudding, pancake, ice cream, cheese, fruit and so on. The last dish is drink, coffee or tea. Usually, coffee and tea are served together with sugar and clean cream.2.3.3 Different value that reflected by those orderValue is the deepest stage of culture. Social members use value to evaluate behavior and things, to choose the most proper standard for themselves from every possible goal. Values are the nucleus of culture. Values are also human’s reaction to social existence. People in the same nature and social environment hold the same value. So every social and country has their own values. People’s actions in table manner are epitomes of their values.China is a state of ceremonies and value loyal and piety. Value of such country is collectivism, so Chinese people pay attention on respecting the old and loving the young. The arrangement for dinner can obviously prove it.In western countries, individualism occupies the leading position of values. Everyone has their own value and these values reflect their personal abilities. This is because western philosophic thinking pays attention on individualism, personal development and self expression. Western people believe that that if someone can not achieve his goal,it is idleness that causes his failure, not fatality. They also believe that losing fight means losing success.So western people prefer to be served individually. They have their own food in their own plates and everyone chooses their favorite food. They would not eat the food they dislike, like Chinese people always do. they only eat what they like.2.4 Different atmospheres at tableNoisy and quiet is the main different of table atmosphere between Chinese culture and western culture. Chinese table atmosphere always noisy and always the noisier the better. While western table atmosphere is always quiet.“But in the West, it emphasizes individual rights and privacy. They will prepare course according to the number of guests, and they will not do more than necessary, in order to avoid wasting a lot of food. They also do not urge others drinking and picking up food to others. Western meal is dull but pays more attention to the nutrition and balanced diet.”(Luo, 2007)Chinese people consider eating as the happiest thing in their lives, and the great pomp and circumstance of dinner always surprise foreign people. People begin to talk at the time they sit down, and they would keep talking during the whole dinner. They also like to help the other guests with the food and wine during the dinner. By this way they show respect and wormth to the guests. Everybody at the table talking, drinking, eating, and enjoying the pulsating atmosphere. Noisy atmosphere can reflect the guests’happiness from their hearts. In a way, this kind of “noisy”can reflect Chinese people’s collectivism.Western people always begin to eat food from their own plates. They also talk at table, but they talk quietly and keep the voice at the stage that can only be heard. You can not make noises when drinking soup. If the soup is too hot to drink, you can wait for a while and do not blow the soup. Chewing with your mouth closed and do not making noises when eating. It is very impolite to talk with food in mouth. Swallow the food in mouth before you talk.China has a long history of wine culture. Wine can make people closer, so Chinese people like to raise their glasses to toast. So it is normal to see the guests urging others to drink at dinner. Some people like to treat drinking as fighting and try their best to urge other people to drink more. The definition of “cheers”in China is to drink up all the wine in the glass, which is quite different from the west.While Chinese people consider drinking as a way for social intercourse, western people consider drinking as a way to enjoy. They pay particular attention to the posture of holding the glass. Usually, people use fingers to hold the foot of the goblets. You can jiggle the goblets to make the wine more delectable, but you can not shake violently because this behavior is very rude. Besides, you can not watch people or even peep through the glass when drinking, those are all impolite behaviors. The definition of “cheers”in western culture is just taking a sip of the wine. The way that Chinese people drink seems very rude and indecorum in western culture.2.5 The way to finish eatingAt Chinese dinner table, after eating, the chopsticks should put orderly at the right side of the bowl, and leave after the host signals to leave. Hosts should signal after all the guests put down their chopsticks.At western dinner table, there are two ways to finish eating. The first one is to put the knife and fork together on the plate parallel, with the fork’s back side up and the knife’s edge inside. Try to put the handles into the plate, too. By this way, guests can avoid the tablewares from falling and will make it easier for the waiters to tidy up. When attending a wedding dinner party, no matter how the tablewares put, once the chief guest finishes eating, all the tablewares should be taken away. So at banquets, just remember that the chief guests are the center of everything. At dinner party, every dish has it’s own corresponding knife and fork. The right order to use the knives and forks is from outside to inside, because the tablewares are put in the same order of dish up. When having antipasto or desserts, if the food can be picked by fork, there is no need to use knife. Just leave the knives that have not used on the table when you finish eating. Although putting the knife and fork together on the plate parallel is the sign of finished eating, there is no need to put the knives that have not used onto the dirty plate.3. ConclusionIn sum, Chinese table culture pays particular attention to the order among people. This kind of culture is based on Chinese ethical rule and gives prominence to interpersonal idea; western table culture pays particular attention more on harmoniously use of tools and fuse “man”and “tools”together.Every culture in the world is equal, with no one being dominant or recessive to another. We should avoid using our own culture, morality and value to judge foreign culture. We should treat foreign culture objectively and comprehendly. At the same time, we should insist on our own culture and avoid to follow foreign culture blindly.In cross culture communication, the misunderstandings caused by culture barrier appear frequently. Sometimes well-meaning talking might make people embarrassed. So, studying the differences between different cultures and studying the right actions of cross-culture communication are necessary. 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