中级微观管理学与利润管理知识分析(ppt 76页)
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浙江大学中级微观经济学中文PPT课件19利润最大化.ppt
(ys,x1s)
(yt,x1t)
πt=pty-w1tx1
O
2020/9/25
中级微观经济学
x1
11
19 利润最大化
本章研究一家竞争性要素市场和产品市场 上的厂商的利润最大化问题。
主要内容：
➢ 厂商组织 ➢ 利润和股票市场价值 ➢ 短期利润最大化 ➢ 长期利润最大化 ➢ 利润最大化行为弱公理
2020/9/25
中级微观经济学
1
厂商组织
法人企业（公司）：具有民事权利能力和民事行为
能力，依法独立享有民事权力和承担民事义务的组织。 ▪ 有限责任公司、股份有限公司
O
2020/9/25
x1*
中级微观经济学
x1
6
长期利润最大化
假商定的长 利期 润中 为， ：厂商的生产函数为y=f(x1,x2)，则厂 π= py-w1x1-w2x2
利润最大化问题可以表示为： maxx1[py-w1x1-w2x2]
那么，使利润最大化的x1*和x2*满足： pMP1(x1*,x2*)=w1 pMP2(x1*,x2*)=w2
2020/9/25
中级微观经济学
8
利润最大化行为弱公理(WAPM)
t时期，厂商面临的价格为(pt,w1t,w2t)，选择为 ((意yyts味,,xx11着ts,,xx：22ts))；；在生s产时函期数，保价持格不为变(ps，,w企1s,业w2利s)，润选最择大为化
ptyt-w1tx1t-w2tx2t≥ ptys-w1tx1s-w2tx2s
非法人企业：
▪ 业主独资企业：由个人出资和个人所有的企业。 ▪ 合伙经营企业：由两个或两个以上自然人或法人共同出资
和共同经营的企业。
利润管理及经营管理知识分析106页PPT
Solving
p 3
(x*1
)
2/
3
x~12/
3
w1
for
x1
gives
(x*1) 2/3
3w1 px~12/ 3
.
That is,
( x*1 ) 2/ 3
px~12/ 3 3w1
so
x*1
px~12/ 3 3w1
3/ 2
p 3w1
3/ 2
x~12/ 2 .
Short-Run Profit-Maximization; A Cobb-Douglas Example
Economic Profit
A firm uses inputs j = 1…,m to make products i = 1,…n. Output levels are y1,…,yn. Input levels are x1,…,xm. Product prices are p1,…,pn. Input prices are w1,…,wm.
level of $ .
The equation of a $ iso-profit line is
py w1x1 w2x~2.
I.e.
y
w1 p
x1
w 2x~ 2 p
.
Short-Run Iso-Profit Lines短期等利润线
y
w1 p
x1
w 2x~ 2 p
has a slope of
(x*1)1/3 x~12/3
p 3w1
1/
2
x~12/
2
.
Comparative Statics of Short-Run Profit-Maximization
中级微观经济管理学与财务知识分析(PPT 76页)
• 如果厂商面临向下倾斜的需求曲线, 边际 收益曲线在需求曲线之下
22
边际收益曲线
随着产出从 0 增加到 q1, 总收益增加，
价格
因此 MR > 0
随着产出超过 q1, 总产出下降， 因此 MR < 0
p1 D (平均收益)
产出
q1
MR
23
边际收益曲线
• 如果需求曲线移动, 与之伴随的边际收益 曲线也会移动
益为正
• 如果需求具有完全弹性, eq,p = - ，此时边际收 益等于价格
17
边际收益和弹性
eq,p < -1 eq,p = -1 eq,p > -1
MR > 0 MR = 0 MR < 0
18
逆弹性法则
• 因为当厂商利润最大化时 MR = MC，所 以
• 价格和边际成本的差距随着厂商面临的 需求曲线更加富有弹性而下降
厂商短期供给曲线 是 SAVC之上的 SMC 曲线
output
33
短期供给
• 假定厂商的短期总成本曲线是
p* = MR
SAC SAVC
由于 p > SAC, 因此 利润> 0
产出
q*
28
价格接受厂商的短期供给曲线
价格
p** p* = MR
SMC
SAC SAVC
如果价格上升到 p**, 厂商将会 生产 q**，同时 >0
产出
q* q**
29
价格接受厂商的短期供给曲线
价格
p* = MR p***
如果价格下降到 SMC p***, 厂商将会生
• 如果随着厂商增加销售量价格下降, 边际 收益小于价格
22
边际收益曲线
随着产出从 0 增加到 q1, 总收益增加，
价格
因此 MR > 0
随着产出超过 q1, 总产出下降， 因此 MR < 0
p1 D (平均收益)
产出
q1
MR
23
边际收益曲线
• 如果需求曲线移动, 与之伴随的边际收益 曲线也会移动
益为正
• 如果需求具有完全弹性, eq,p = - ，此时边际收 益等于价格
17
边际收益和弹性
eq,p < -1 eq,p = -1 eq,p > -1
MR > 0 MR = 0 MR < 0
18
逆弹性法则
• 因为当厂商利润最大化时 MR = MC，所 以
• 价格和边际成本的差距随着厂商面临的 需求曲线更加富有弹性而下降
厂商短期供给曲线 是 SAVC之上的 SMC 曲线
output
33
短期供给
• 假定厂商的短期总成本曲线是
p* = MR
SAC SAVC
由于 p > SAC, 因此 利润> 0
产出
q*
28
价格接受厂商的短期供给曲线
价格
p** p* = MR
SMC
SAC SAVC
如果价格上升到 p**, 厂商将会 生产 q**，同时 >0
产出
q* q**
29
价格接受厂商的短期供给曲线
价格
p* = MR p***
如果价格下降到 SMC p***, 厂商将会生
• 如果随着厂商增加销售量价格下降, 边际 收益小于价格
中级微观经济学 _利润最大化 ppt课件
y f(x1, x~2 )
y*
Slopes w1 p
x*1
x1
产出水平y下降，生P产PT课要件 素投入量减少 28
y
y* x*1
要素1的价格W1 上升，
y f(x1,x~2)
–产出水平下 降，厂商供 给量减少；
Slopes w1 p
20
x*1
p 3w1
3/ 2
x~12/ 2
最优产量：
y*
(x*1)1/3 x~12/3
p 3w1
1/
2
x~12/
2
.
PPT课件
21
产品价格P变化对要素最优投入的影响
y
w1 p
x1
w 2x~ 2 p
如果产品价格上升，等利润线的斜率减少
PPT课件
22
y
利润最大化点
违背上述不等式，就意味着厂商行为不是追求 利润最大化。
PPT课件
45
由 ptyt - wtxt ≥ ptys – wtxs psys - wsxs ≥ psyt – wsxt
得 ptyt - wtxt ≥ ptys - wtxs -psyt + wsxt ≥ -psys + wsxs
二项不等式相加: (pt - ps)yt - (wt - ws)xt ≥ (pt - ps)ys - (wt - ws)xs (pt - ps)(yt - ys) - (wt - ws)(xt - xs) ≥ 0
-- 等利润线斜率不变，截距增加
要素1的价格W1上升，引起
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3
Contractual Relationships
• Some contracts between providers of inputs may be explicit
– may specify hours, work details, or compensation
• Other arrangements will be more implicit in nature
C R
The second-order condition prevents us from mistaking q0 as a maximum
q0Байду номын сангаас
q*
output
12
Marginal Revenue
• If a firm can sell all it wishes without having any effect on market price, marginal revenue will be equal to price
• If a firm faces a downward-sloping demand curve, more output can only be sold if the firm reduces the good’s price
Chapter 9
PROFIT MAXIMIZATION
Copyright ©2005 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved.
2
The Nature of Firms
• A firm is an association of individuals who have organized themselves for the purpose of turning inputs into outputs
R(q) = p(q)q
• In the production of q, certain economic costs are incurred [C(q)]
• Economic profits () are the difference between total revenue and total costs
• Different individuals will provide different types of inputs
– the nature of the contractual relationship between the providers of inputs to a firm may be quite complicated
qq*
d'(q)
dq qq*
0
• “marginal” profit must be decreasing at the optimal level of q
11
Profit Maximization
revenues & costs
Profits are maximized when the slope of the revenue function is equal to the slope of the cost function
• usually profit-maximization
5
Profit Maximization
• A profit-maximizing firm chooses both its inputs and its outputs with the sole goal of achieving maximum economic profits
– decision-making authority or sharing of tasks
4
Modeling Firms’ Behavior
• Most economists treat the firm as a single decision-making unit
– the decisions are made by a single dictatorial manager who rationally pursues some goal
– seeks to maximize the difference between total revenue and total economic costs
6
Profit Maximization
• If firms are strictly profit maximizers, they will make decisions in a “marginal” way
MRdRdCMC dq dq
10
Second-Order Conditions
• MR = MC is only a necessary condition for profit maximization
• For sufficiency, it is also required that
d2 dq2
d'(q)dR dC 0
dq
dqdq
dR dC dq dq
9
Output Choice
• To maximize economic profits, the firm should choose the output for which marginal revenue is equal to marginal cost
(q) = R(q) – C(q) = p(q)q –C(q)
8
Output Choice
• The necessary condition for choosing the level of q that maximizes profits can be found by setting the derivative of the function with respect to q equal to zero
– examine the marginal profit obtainable from producing one more unit of hiring one additional laborer
7
Output Choice
• Total revenue for a firm is given by
Contractual Relationships
• Some contracts between providers of inputs may be explicit
– may specify hours, work details, or compensation
• Other arrangements will be more implicit in nature
C R
The second-order condition prevents us from mistaking q0 as a maximum
q0Байду номын сангаас
q*
output
12
Marginal Revenue
• If a firm can sell all it wishes without having any effect on market price, marginal revenue will be equal to price
• If a firm faces a downward-sloping demand curve, more output can only be sold if the firm reduces the good’s price
Chapter 9
PROFIT MAXIMIZATION
Copyright ©2005 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved.
2
The Nature of Firms
• A firm is an association of individuals who have organized themselves for the purpose of turning inputs into outputs
R(q) = p(q)q
• In the production of q, certain economic costs are incurred [C(q)]
• Economic profits () are the difference between total revenue and total costs
• Different individuals will provide different types of inputs
– the nature of the contractual relationship between the providers of inputs to a firm may be quite complicated
qq*
d'(q)
dq qq*
0
• “marginal” profit must be decreasing at the optimal level of q
11
Profit Maximization
revenues & costs
Profits are maximized when the slope of the revenue function is equal to the slope of the cost function
• usually profit-maximization
5
Profit Maximization
• A profit-maximizing firm chooses both its inputs and its outputs with the sole goal of achieving maximum economic profits
– decision-making authority or sharing of tasks
4
Modeling Firms’ Behavior
• Most economists treat the firm as a single decision-making unit
– the decisions are made by a single dictatorial manager who rationally pursues some goal
– seeks to maximize the difference between total revenue and total economic costs
6
Profit Maximization
• If firms are strictly profit maximizers, they will make decisions in a “marginal” way
MRdRdCMC dq dq
10
Second-Order Conditions
• MR = MC is only a necessary condition for profit maximization
• For sufficiency, it is also required that
d2 dq2
d'(q)dR dC 0
dq
dqdq
dR dC dq dq
9
Output Choice
• To maximize economic profits, the firm should choose the output for which marginal revenue is equal to marginal cost
(q) = R(q) – C(q) = p(q)q –C(q)
8
Output Choice
• The necessary condition for choosing the level of q that maximizes profits can be found by setting the derivative of the function with respect to q equal to zero
– examine the marginal profit obtainable from producing one more unit of hiring one additional laborer
7
Output Choice
• Total revenue for a firm is given by