The Chaotic Monopoly Price Growth Model
垄断与霸权英语作文
垄断与霸权英语作文Title: Monopoly and Hegemony in the Modern Context。
In today's interconnected world, the concepts of monopoly and hegemony hold significant relevance,especially in the realms of economics, politics, and international relations. Both phenomena represent forms of dominance, albeit in different spheres, and understanding their implications is crucial for assessing power dynamics and their impact on societies globally.Firstly, let's delve into the notion of monopoly. A monopoly occurs when a single entity or a group controls a particular market, giving them exclusive power over the production, distribution, and pricing of goods or services within that market. This concentration of power often leads to reduced competition, higher prices for consumers, and stifled innovation. In the business world, monopolies can emerge through various means, including mergers and acquisitions, technological advancements, or regulatorybarriers that prevent new entrants.One prime example of a modern-day monopoly is the dominance of tech giants like Google, Facebook, Amazon, and Apple. These companies have established near-unchallenged control over their respective sectors, whether it be search engines, social media, e-commerce, or consumer electronics. Their vast resources, user bases, and technological infrastructure make it exceedingly difficult for competitors to enter the market on equal footing. Consequently, consumers may face limited choices, potential privacy concerns, and a lack of alternative platforms.On the other hand, hegemony refers to the predominant influence or leadership exercised by one state or entity over others, often in the context of international relations. Unlike a monopoly, which is confined to a specific market, hegemony extends its reach across multiple domains, including political, economic, and cultural spheres. Hegemonic powers wield significant soft and hard power capabilities, shaping global norms, institutions, and policies to align with their interests.The United States has long been regarded as a hegemonic power, particularly in the post-World War II era. Through its economic prowess, military strength, and cultural exports, the U.S. has exerted unparalleled influence on the international stage. Institutions like the World Bank, the International Monetary Fund, and NATO reflect American hegemony, reinforcing its role as a global leader. However, the rise of emerging powers such as China poses a challenge to traditional Western hegemony, leading to shifting dynamics in the geopolitical landscape.While monopoly and hegemony operate in distinct contexts, there are instances where they intersect, amplifying their impact. For example, a tech company that achieves monopoly status may also wield considerable influence over global communications and information flow, thereby contributing to its home country's hegemonic aspirations. Similarly, a hegemonic power may use its influence to favor certain corporations, further entrenching their monopolistic control over markets.Addressing the issues associated with monopoly and hegemony requires a multifaceted approach involving regulation, competition policy, diplomatic engagement, and global governance reforms. Governments must enact antitrust measures to prevent excessive market concentration and promote fair competition. International cooperation is essential to curb the excesses of hegemonic powers and ensure a more equitable distribution of resources and opportunities on the global stage.In conclusion, monopoly and hegemony represent forms of dominance that shape our interconnected world in profound ways. Whether in the economic realm of market control or the geopolitical arena of international relations, understanding the dynamics of power is essential for fostering a more inclusive and sustainable future. By addressing the challenges posed by monopoly and hegemony, we can strive towards a world where competition is fair, power is balanced, and prosperity is shared by all.。
国际大宗商品价格上涨及其对人类的影响外文翻译
中文3324字1073单词原文Increase in Commodity Prices and It’s Impacting on Gender Material Source: Gender and trade Author: Parthapratim Pal International commodity prices are on a major upswing since the last few years. IMF index of crude oil prices (base 2005=100) increased from a value of around 36 in January 2002 to more than 230 in May 2008. Non-fuel price index (which include food and industrial input price indices) and the …Food and Beverages‟ price index have also increased quite significantly over the same period (Figure 1). What isnotable from the figure is that the current increase has come after a period of low and sometimes declining international commodity prices.Closer inspection of international commodity prices data reveal that the current commodity price boom has been broad based as prices of three major commodity groups—metals, foods, and agricultural raw materials—have been jointly booming since early 2005. A recent IMF study indicates that the current boom is likely to be sustained. It says: “In sum, the comparison of the current commodity price boom with earlier ones suggests that the current boom has been more broad-based and longer lasting and that prices have risen by more than usual.” (IMF 2008, pp 9)2.A number of factors have contributed to this increase in commodity prices. The increase in fuel prices has been triggered by large increases in demand for fuel from both developed and developing countries. Apart from that, there are usual suspicions that issues like OPEC not increasing oil production, speculation with oil prices and some countries hoarding oil, may be having an upward pressure on oil prices. Increase in fuel prices has led to an increased demand for alternative fuels and as a result, over the past few years, there has been a significant increase in bio-fuel production in the world. According to figures quoted by the World Bank, global Ethanol production has increased from about 4,500 million Gallons in 2000 toaround 13,500 million gallons in 2007. Increase in bio-fuel production has eaten into food-grains production in some countries. Coupled with this, poor weather in a number of major food exporters like Australia and Ukraine has led to a production shortfall of food3. As there has been increased demand for food from high growth in a number of developing countries, a major supply demand mismatch has happened in the international market.To make matters more complicated, commodities have emerged as a new form of speculative asset. Over the past few years, the US financial markets are not performing well. Weakening US dollar, a falling rate of interest and a declining real estate market have made commodities attractive speculative assets. Confluence of these real and speculative factors has led to the unprecedented increased in commodity prices that we are observing nowadays.This increase in food and commodity prices can have significant implications for the international economy. There will be certain beneficiaries from this increase in commodity prices. For example, World Bank projections indicate that at a regional level, the Middle East and North Africa and, to a somewhat lesser extent, sub-Saharan Africa and Latin America may emerge as the main beneficiaries of the current commodity price boom. However, due to increase in food and fuel prices, inflation is up in many countries and the external balances of most net commodity importers have deteriorated. These developments are affecting the net food importing developing countries very badly. Even within the countries which are expected to benefit, the poorer segment of the society or the net food buyers are likely to suffer from such rising food prices. On balance, poverty is expected to rise in the poorer countries. A recent paper, which attempted to find out the impact of food price rise on poverty, show that the short-run impacts of higher staple food prices on poverty may differ considerably by commodity and by country, but, poverty increases are much more frequent, and larger, than poverty reductions. Theauthors conclude that the recent large increases in food prices appear likely to raise overall poverty in low income countries substantially5.World Bank estimate suggests that a doubling of food prices over the last three years could potentially push 100 million people in low-income countries deeper into poverty. Here it is notable that the 2006 edition of the Annual publication of FAO called …State of Food Insecurity in the World‟ shows that for the years 2001-2003, there were more than 854 million undernourished people in developing countries. This figure is approximately about 17 percent of the total population of the developing countries. The geographical distribution of undernourished people across the world is shown in Figure 2. The World Bank estimates probably indicate that 100 million more people will be added to this 850 million undernourished people. The World Food Program estimates are even more serious. It projects that 130 million people will be pushed to poverty because of the increase in food prices6. It is also suggested that the increase in food prices will be catastrophic for food and nutrition level of the poor. According to estimates by International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI), poor people spend around 75 percent of their income on food products and a 50 percent increases in all food prices across the board (holding income constant) will result in a 30 percent decline in iron intake; this, in turn, will result in a significant increase in the prevalence rate of iron deficiency among women and children7. The real impact is likely to be more severe, as there has been a near doubling of food prices over the past one year.One worrying fact is that the increase in food prices is likely to hit hard the women and children among the poor. In developing countries across the world, the price rise means that less real income to be spent on food. As a result, families are cutting meals and substituting less nutritious foods. For example, they are substituting more expensive foods such as meat, fruit and vegetables by basic staples such as rice or maize A nutritionist for WFP, Thorne-Lyman says that his has serious implications for child development as without sufficient vitamins and minerals, children are at greater risk of disease and stunted growth8. The move towards inferior food is also expected to negatively affect the nutrition level available to young mothers and pregnant women in these countries. Also, the price crunch means that less purchasing power will be available to fulfill health, education and other non-food requirements of these people. It is only likely that the rise in food prices.译文国际大宗商品价格上涨及其对人类的影响资料来源: 贸易与人类作者：Parthapratim Pal 在过去几年国际大宗商品价格出现了大幅度的攀升。
2018消费者价格涨幅趋势英语作文
2018消费者价格涨幅趋势英语作文Title: Trend of Consumer Price Increase in 2018Introduction:In 2018, the global economy witnessed various fluctuations, and one of the most significant aspects was the trend of consumer price increase. This essay aims to analyze and explore the reasons behind the rise in consumer prices, as well as its impact on individuals and the economy.Reasons for Consumer Price Increase:There are several factors contributing to the rise in consumer prices in 2018. One of the main reasons is the increase in production costs, including raw materials, labor, and transportation. This leads to higher prices for goods and services. Additionally, changes in government policies, such as tax reforms and trade tariffs, have also impacted consumer prices. Furthermore, the demand for certain products and services has exceeded supply, leading to price inflation.Impact on Individuals:The increase in consumer prices has a direct impact on individuals' purchasing power. With higher prices for basicnecessities, such as food and fuel, individuals have less disposable income to spend on other goods and services. This can lead to a decrease in overall consumer spending, which can have a ripple effect on the economy. Furthermore, inflation can erode the value of savings and investments, impacting individuals' financial stability.Impact on the Economy:The rise in consumer prices can have a significant impact on the economy as a whole. Inflation can lead to a decrease in consumer confidence, as individuals are less optimistic about their financial future. This can result in reduced consumer spending and overall economic growth. Additionally, inflation can also lead to an increase in interest rates, as central banks try to curb inflationary pressures. Higher interest rates can impact borrowing costs for businesses and individuals, further dampening economic activity.Conclusion:In conclusion, the trend of consumer price increase in 2018 has been influenced by various factors, including production costs, government policies, and supply-demand dynamics. This rise in consumer prices has implications for individuals and the economy, impacting purchasing power, consumer spending, andeconomic growth. It is essential for policymakers to monitor inflationary pressures and implement measures to ensure price stability and sustainable economic growth in the future.。
英语作文-医学护肤品制造行业的价格策略与市场定价
英语作文-医学护肤品制造行业的价格策略与市场定价The Pricing Strategy and Market Pricing in the Medical Skincare Manufacturing Industry。
In the highly competitive medical skincare manufacturing industry, pricing strategy plays a crucial role in determining the success of a product. With the increasing demand for skincare products and the growing awareness of the importance of maintaining healthy skin, manufacturers are faced with the challenge of setting prices that are both profitable and attractive to consumers. This article will explore the various pricing strategies employed by companies in the medical skincare manufacturing industry and the factors that influence market pricing.One of the most common pricing strategies used in the medical skincare manufacturing industry is the cost-based pricing approach. This strategy involves calculating the total cost of manufacturing a product and adding a markup to determine the selling price. The markup is typically based on factors such as desired profit margin, production costs, and market demand. By using this approach, companies ensure that their prices cover all expenses and generate a profit.Another pricing strategy frequently used in the industry is value-based pricing. This approach focuses on the perceived value of a product to the customer rather than the cost of production. Companies utilizing this strategy conduct market research to understand the needs and preferences of their target customers. They then set prices based on the value that customers attach to their products. By emphasizing the benefits and results that their skincare products provide, companies can justify higher prices and differentiate themselves from competitors.In addition to cost-based and value-based pricing, companies in the medical skincare manufacturing industry also employ competitive pricing strategies. This involves settingprices based on the prices charged by competitors. By closely monitoring the pricing strategies of their rivals, companies can adjust their own prices to stay competitive in the market. However, it is important to note that simply matching the prices of competitors may not always be the most effective strategy. Companies should consider factors such as product quality, brand reputation, and unique selling propositions when determining their pricing strategy.Market pricing in the medical skincare manufacturing industry is influenced by several factors. Firstly, the cost of raw materials and manufacturing processes directly impacts the pricing of skincare products. Companies must carefully manage their supply chain and production costs to ensure that prices remain competitive. Additionally, market demand and consumer purchasing power play a significant role in determining pricing. Companies must conduct market research to identify the price range that their target customers are willing to pay for skincare products. Economic factors such as inflation and exchange rates also affect market pricing, as they can impact the cost of production and distribution.In conclusion, the pricing strategy and market pricing in the medical skincare manufacturing industry are critical factors in determining the success of a product. Companies employ various strategies such as cost-based pricing, value-based pricing, and competitive pricing to set prices that are both profitable and attractive to consumers. Market pricing is influenced by factors such as raw material costs, market demand, consumer purchasing power, and economic conditions. By carefully considering these factors and implementing effective pricing strategies, companies can position themselves competitively in the market and achieve success in the medical skincare manufacturing industry.。
3 Competition and Monopoly
A less elastic demand curve results in a relatively larger gap between price and marginal cost.
2 Welfare Comparison (p65)
Under perfect
competition, output is QPC and price is PPC ; consumer surplus is area ABC and producer surplus is area CBD. The monopolist produces QM priced at PM; consumer surplus is AEF and producer surplus is EFGD. The deadweight loss resulting from monopoly is area FB revenue equals marginal cost at the optimum price–quantity combination and rearranging terms yields a measure of the degree of market power called the Lerner Index勒纳指数 , or the monopoly markup垄断加成:
The Lerner Index indicates that even a monopolist has only limited control over price. The ability of a firm to profitably raise price above marginal cost depends on the extent to which consumers can substitute to other suppliers. If the price elasticity of demand is high, then a
关于以前玩具的作文英语
关于以前玩具的作文英语Title: Nostalgia Unboxed: Memories of Childhood Toys。
In the attic of my mind lie treasures from a bygone era, each wrapped in the warm embrace of nostalgia. Among these treasures, none shine as brightly as the toys of my childhood. They were more than mere objects; they were portals to realms of imagination, companions in adventures, and custodians of unforgettable memories.One of the most cherished toys from my early years wasa humble wooden train set. Its tracks sprawled across the floor of my room, weaving intricate paths through imaginary landscapes. With each clickety-clack of the wheels, I was transported to distant lands where I was the engineer of my destiny. The train set taught me patience as I meticulously laid down tracks, creativity as I constructed bridges and tunnels, and the joy of exploration as I journeyed to unknown destinations.Another beloved toy was a tattered teddy bear, its fur worn from years of cuddles and whispers. This faithful companion stood by me through laughter and tears, offering silent solace in moments of solitude. With its gentle presence, the teddy bear taught me the importance of empathy and the power of unconditional love.Then there were the action figures, gallant knights and valiant superheroes ready to save the day. They ignited epic battles between good and evil, where the boundaries between imagination and reality blurred into a tapestry of heroic deeds. Through these miniature warriors, I learned about courage, resilience, and the triumph of the human spirit against all odds.Board games adorned with colorful illustrations were portals to family gatherings filled with laughter and friendly competition. From the strategic maneuvers of chess to the chaotic frenzy of Monopoly, each game offered valuable lessons in sportsmanship, strategy, and the joy of shared experiences. These games were not just about winning or losing; they were about building bonds that wouldwithstand the test of time.As I reminisce about these childhood treasures, I am reminded of the innocence and wonder that defined those early years. In a world filled with uncertainties, toys were anchors of stability, constants in a sea of change. They were more than playthings; they were vessels of imagination, catalysts of growth, and guardians of innocence.Though time may have dulled their colors and frayed their edges, the memories they hold remain vibrant and enduring. They are snapshots of a simpler time, a time when the world was filled with infinite possibilities and the only limit was the boundless expanse of the imagination.In the hustle and bustle of adulthood, it's easy to forget the magic that once filled our days. Yet, amidst the chaos of life, a part of me will always remain a wide-eyed child, marveling at the wonders of the world and finding solace in the embrace of cherished memories.So here's to the toys of yesteryear, silent witnesses to the passage of time and guardians of a precious treasure trove of memories. Though they may gather dust in forgotten corners, their legacy lives on in the hearts of those who were lucky enough to call them their own.。
微观经济学原理(第七版)-曼昆-名词解释(带英文)
微观经济学原理曼昆名词解释稀缺性（scarcity)：社会资源的有限性。
经济学(economics)：研究社会如何管理自己的稀缺资源。
效率（efficiency）：社会能从其稀缺资源中得到最多东西的特性.平等（equality)：经济成果在社会成员中公平分配的特性。
机会成本(opportunity cost):为了得到某种东西所必须放弃的东西。
理性人(rational people）：系统而有目的地尽最大努力实现起目标的人。
边际变动(marginal change)：对行动计划微小的增量调整。
激励(incentive）:引起一个人做出某种行为的某种东西。
市场经济（market economy):当许多企业和家庭在物品与劳务市场上相互交易时，通过他们的分散决策配置资源的经济.产权（property rights）:个人拥有并控制稀缺资源的能力。
市场失灵(market failure）：市场本身不能有效配置资源的情况。
外部性(externality)：一个人的行为对旁观者福利的影响.市场势力（market power）：一个经济活动者（或经济活动者的一个小集团）对市场价格有显著影响的能力.生产率(productivity）:一个工人一小时所生产的物品与劳务量。
通货膨胀(inflation)：经济中物价总水平的上升.经济周期(business cycle）：就业和生产等经济活动的波动(就是生产这类经济活动的波动.）循环流向图(circular-flow diagram)：一个说明货币如何通过市场在家庭与企业之间流动的直观经济模型.生产可能性边界（production possibilities frontier)：表示一个经济在可得到的生产要素与生产技术既定时所能生产的产量的各种组合的图形.微观经济学（microeconomics）：研究家庭和企业如何做出决策，以及它们在市场上的相互交易。
宏观经济学(macroeconomics）：研究整体经济现象，包括通货膨胀、失业和经济增长。
公共经济学专业英语词汇整理
公共经济学专业英语词汇整理本文档旨在整理公共经济学专业相关的英语词汇，帮助研究者扩大词汇量并提高专业英语能力。
1. 宏观经济学（Macroeconomics）- Aggregate demand: 总需求- Aggregate supply: 总供给- Business cycle: 商业周期- Economic growth: 经济增长- Fiscal policy: 财政政策- Inflation: 通货膨胀- Monetary policy: 货币政策- Unemployment rate: 失业率2. 微观经济学（Microeconomics）- Demand: 需求- Supply: 供给- Market equilibrium: 市场均衡- Price elasticity: 价格弹性- Consumer surplus: 消费者剩余- Producer surplus: 生产者剩余- Monopoly: 垄断3. 经济学方法与理论（Economic Methods and Theories）- Cost-benefit analysis: 成本效益分析- Game theory: 博弈论- Rational choice theory: 理性选择理论- Supply and demand model: 供需模型- Economies of scale: 规模经济- Externalities: 外部性- Opportunity cost: 机会成本- Production possibility frontier: 生产可能性边界4. 公共财政（Public Finance）- Government budget: 政府预算- Taxation: 税收- Public debt: 公共债务- Tax incidence: 税负分担- Public goods: 公共产品- External debt: 外债- Tax evasion: 逃税- Revenue: 收入5. 发展经济学（Development Economics）- Poverty alleviation: 扶贫- Sustainable development: 可持续发展- Foreign direct investment: 外商直接投资- Human capital: 人力资本- Microfinance: 小额信贷- Economic inequality: 经济不平等- Millennium Development Goals: 千年发展目标以上仅为公共经济学专业部分相关英语词汇的简要整理。