Electromagnetic Diffraction in Optical Systems. I. An Integral Representation of the Image Field
GB-T12604.2-1990-术语-射线检测
1 主题内容与适用范围本标准规定了在射线检测的一般概念，射线检测设备、器件和材料，射线检测GB/T 12604.2-19902.13 硬射线 —X hard X rays穿透能力较强射线的定性描述。
X 2.14 核素 nuclide核内具有特定数目的中子和质子并具有同一能态的一类原子。
核素一般分为具有放射性的放射性核素，和不具有放射性的稳态核素。
前者可在一时间周期内衰变并放射出，α，或射线，或它们的组合。
βγ2.15 同位素 isotope原子核内具有相同的质子数和不同的中子数，但在元素周期表中处于同—位置的一些核素。
例如氢的同位素包括，及 H H 三种核素 H , 为放射性核素。
H 2.16 粒子 αalpha particle为某些放射性核素所射出的带正电荷粒子，它由两个质子和两个中子所组成，等同于—氦原子的核。
2.17 射线 γgamma rays放射性核素衰变所产生的有穿透力的电磁辐射。
2.18 低能辐射 γlow energy gamma radiation能量低于的射线。
200keV γ2.19 活度 activity放射源中每单位时间所产生的核蜕变数。
2.20 贝克勒尔 (Bq)becquerel每秒发生一次核蜕变的任何放射性核素的量。
2.21 居里 (Ci)curie放射性核素量单位。
一居里表示每秒产生×3.7001010个核蜕变。
注：此单位现已为贝克勒尔所取代＝×(1Ci 3.701010。
Bq)2.22 放射性比度 specific activity 放射性核素每单位质量的活度。
2.25 衰变曲线 decay curve自发蜕变放射源的活度对时间的关系曲线。
2.24 半衰期 half life放射性原子衰变到给定数一半所需的时间。
2.25 康普顿散射 Compton scatter由或射线的光子与电子相互作用所引起的一种散射。
光子的能量会受到损失，散X γ射线与入射束成一角度。
XRD简介（英文）
Optical related technologyX-ray DiffractionAbstract:X-ray diffraction (XRD) technology is widely used in materials characterization. Identify chemistry constituents of the product, analyze the space group, lattice parameter and etc. In this article, I will introduce the principle of XRDincluding the diffractometer and simple application with the XRD pattern.Introduction1.X-ray is a kind of electromagnetic radiation generated by the inner electron transition. Its wavelength ranging from 0.01 to 10nm. X-ray photons with a short wavelength (below 0.2nm) have the energies above 5keV. Therefore comes the penetrating ability [1]. Moreover, X-ray interact with matter and project the matter’s information in X-ray diffraction pattern.As result, X-ray are widely used to image the inside of the object and is thought highly in the field medical radiography and material characterization.2.X-ray diffraction is an interaction between X-ray and matter.Consider the materialas lattice as show at figure 1. Consider thesituation as what we had learned-the Rayleigh scattering. Insome direction, we can detect the interference of two narrowX-ray beams, and constructive interference meet the opticalpath difference:2dsinθ=nλ (n=0,1,2…).Kwon as the Bragg’s law. d is the distance between two particles, θis the angle between incident X-ray and lattice plane,λis the wavelength of X-ray.We can learn from the equation that the constructive interonly happen in some particular angle since the wavelength and the distance(consider as the grating constant) are fixed for one material, and for the three dimensional world we have three constant marked as (h k l) to describe the space group. Nevertheless, is hard to directly detect the 3D pattern, instead, we introduce the spherical projection pattern and develop some mathematical translation to restructurethe 3D condition shows at figure 2. We canlearn the direction and distance from thespherical coordinate. Let’s go over theprocedure of XRD. First we shot a X-ray to thesample and get its diffraction pattern and readthe information from the 2D pattern[2].3.X-ray Diffractometer is high integration optical apparatus shows at figure 3. The X-ray source usuallychooses Cu as target material applying hot electrons whichaccelerated by high voltage and generate X-ray [3]. Sampleplatform and detector link together and rotate along thehorizontal spherical center axis. We can also have thesample platform and detector fixed and rotate the X-ray gun.We introduce the concept of resolution to evaluate thequality of the X-ray Diffractometer. A strong and stable X-raygenerator is necessary. The other condition is the minimumangle which the machine can stable rotate. The resolutionusually plays an important role in quantifying analysis suchas determine the doping ratio by measure the XRD peak offset.Simple analysis with XRD patternAssume we have got our XRD pattern file, we can import them into XRD analysis software “jade” shows at figure 4. As we already talk about that XRD can identify the space group of the crystal material. If we get the standard XRD pattern (verified by other method). We can compare our XRD pattern to the standard pattern (PDF) and see whether the diffraction peak match. In figure 4, I take the Lead sulfur (PbS) as an example. The mountain like curve is the XRD pattern we detect from the X-ray Diffractometer, x axis is 2θ/degree and the y axis represent the intensity; Vertical line is PDF, it marks the position and intensity of the standard diffraction pattern of PbS. So we can read the crystal parameter from the PDF information: space group Fm-3m (No.225), the size of the cell is 5.9362*5.95362*5.9362<90*90*90>we can know the shape of PbS cell is almost cube. But we still need SEM and TEM technology to precise determine, recall the XRD characterization procedure, we only learn the information from PDF. If you have a deeper look on the XRD pattern in figure 4, the XRD pattern peak unitary slightly offset to the left against thePDF’s. It suggest s the PbS sample has a smaller size than the PDF’s standard si ze. We can calculate the exact size by applying mathematics butI won’t go that further.Conclusion and expectationIn this article, we discussed the principle of X-ray, X-ray Diffraction, X-ray Diffractometer and X-ray diffraction pattern. It turns out the XRD technology is so convenient to image the inside of the matter. But we also see the shortcoming of this technique: 3D to 2D projection lose some information and fail to detect the absorption information. I suggest having more detector in different position to improve the accuracy and tunable X-ray source to determine the absorption of the material.Reference[1]https:///wiki/X-ray[2] <晶体学基础>秦善[3]X衍射以及其应用简介—陶琨（清华大学）。
物理英文术语及常用词汇
物理英文术语及常用词汇物理英文术语及常用词汇为了方便广大考生更好的'复习,店铺整理了物理英语术语及常用词汇,以供各位考生考试复习参考。
希望对考生复习有所帮助。
物理英文术语及常用词汇篇1力 force重力 gravity摩擦力 friction拉力 traction质量 mass惯量 Interia加速度 acceleration力矩 torque静止 at rest相对 relative能量 energy动能 kenetic energy势能 potential energy功 work动量 momentum角动量 angular momentum能量守恒 energy conservation保守力 conserved force振动 vibration振幅 amplitude波 wave驻波 standing wave震荡 oscillation相干波 coherent wave干涉 interference衍射 diffraction轨道 obital速度 velocity速率 speed大小 magnatitude方向 direction水平 horizental竖直 vertical相互垂直 perpendicular坐标 coordinate直角坐标系 cersian coordinate system 极坐标系 polar coordinate system弹簧 spring球体 sphere环 loop盘型 disc圆柱形 cylinder电学磁学：电子 electron电荷charge电流 current电场 electric field电通量 electric flux电势electirc potential导体 conductor电介质 dieletric绝缘体 insultalor电阻 resistor电阻率 resistivity电容capacitor无穷 infinite横截面 cross ection匀强电场 uniform electric field分布 ditribution磁场 magnetic field磁通量 magnetic flux电感 inductance变压器 transformer频率 frequency周期 period电磁波 electomagnetic wave平面 plane热学：热平衡 thermal equilibrium理想气体 ideal gas热能 thermal energy热量 heat热容 heat capacity外界 surrounding准静态过程 quasi-static process等体过程 isochoric process等压过程 isobaric process等温过程 isothermal process绝热过程 adiabatic process循环 cycle光学光 light光程 optical path光强度 light intensity偏振 polarization 波长 wave length 传播 propagation量子力学（高中好像讲了一点点）原子 atomic 光子 photon光电效应 photo-electric effect物质波 matter wave光谱 spectrum激光 laser衰减 decay辐射 radiation械振动 mechanical vibration简谐振动 simple harmonic oscillation振幅 amplitude周期 period频率 ferquency赫兹 hertz单摆 simple pendulum受迫振动 forced vibration共振 resonnance机械波 mechanical wave介质 medium横波 transverse wave纵波 longitudinal wave波长 wavelength超声波 supersonic wave阿伏加德罗常数 Avogadro constant布朗运动 Brown mation热运动 thermal motion热力学能 thermal energy内能 internal energy热力学第一定律 first law of thermodynamics 能量守恒定律 law of conservation of energy热力学第二定律 second law of thermodynamics 各向同性 isotropy各向异性 anisotropy单晶体 single crystal(monocrystal)多晶体 ploycrystal表面张力 surface tension毛细现象 capillarity液晶 liquid crystal电荷 electric charge电荷量 queantity df electricity正电荷 positive charg负电荷 negative charg库仑定律 Coulomb law静电感应 electrostatic induction感应电荷 inducde charge元电荷 elementary charge电荷守恒定律 law of conservation of charge库仑（电荷单位） coulomb电场 electric fileld电场强度 electric field strength电场线 electric potential电势 electric potential电势差/电压 electric potential difference伏特 volt电容 capacitance电容器 capacitor法拉（电容单位） farad电流 electric current安培（电流单位） ampere电阻 resistance欧姆（电阻单位） ohm电动势 electormotive force(e.m.f.)半导体 semiconductor超导体 superconductor磁性 magnetism磁场 magnetic field磁感线 magnetic induction line安培定则 Ampere rule安培力 Ampere force磁感应强度 magnetic induction左手定则 left-hand rule洛伦兹力 Lorentz force磁通量 magnetic flux电磁感应 elctromagnetic induction感应电流 induction current感应电动势 induction electromotive force电磁感应定律 law of electromagnetic induction 右手定则 right-hand rule自感 self-induction交流 alternating current瞬时值 instantaneous value峰值 peak value有效值 effective value电感 inductance变压器 transformer电能 electric energy电磁场 electromagnetic field电磁波 electromagnetic wave雷达 radar光线 light ray平行光 parallel light实象 real image虚象 virtual image折射 refaction入射角 incident angle反射角 reflection angle折射角 diffraction angle折射率 diffraction index全反射 total reflection临界角 critical angle光导纤维 optical fiber棱镜 prism色散 dispersion光谱 spectrum波的衍射 diffraction of wave波的干涉 interference of waves 红外线 infrared ray紫外线 ultraviolet rayX射线 X-ray电磁波谱 electromagnetic effect 光电效应 photoelectric effect光子 photon普朗克常数 Planck constant波粒二象性 wave-particle duality 概率波 probability wave物质波 matter wave电子 electron质子 proton中子 neutron核子 nucleon同位数 isotope原子核 nucleus能级 energy level基态 ground state激发态 excited state跃迁 transition放射性 radioactivityα射线α rayβ射线β rayγ射线γ ray衰变 decay核反应 nuclear reaction核能 nuclear energy质能方程 mass-energy equation裂变 fission链式反应 chain reaction聚变 fusion热核反应 thermonuclear reaction介子 meson轻子 lepton强子 hadron物理英文术语及常用词汇篇2AAbsolute acceleration 绝对加速度Absolute error 绝对误差Absolute motion 绝对运动Absolute temperature 绝对温度Absolute velocity 绝对速度Absolute zero 绝对零度Absorption 吸收Absorptivity 吸收率Accelerated motion 加速运动Acceleration of gravity重力加速度Acceleration 加速度Accidental error 偶然误差Acoustics 声学Acting force 作用力Adjustment 调节Aether 以太Air pump 抽气机Air table 气垫桌Air track 气垫导轨Alternating current circuit 交流电路Alternating current generator交流发电机Alternating 交流电Altimeter 测高仪Ammeter 安培计Amperemeter 电流计Ampere 安培Ampere’s experiment 安培试验Ampere’s force 安培力Ampere’s law 安培定律Amperemeter 安培计Amplitude 振幅Angle of rotation 自转角转动角Angular acceleration 角加速度Angular displacement 角位移Angular velocity 角速度Anion 负离子Anisotropy 各向异性AnnihilationAnode 阳极Antenna 天线Applied physics 应用物理学Archimedes principle阿基米德原理Area 面积Argumentation 论证Argument 辐角Astigmatoscope 散光镜Atomic nucleus 原子核Atomic physics 原子物理学Atomic spectrum 原子光谱Atomic structure 原子结构Atom 原子Atwood’s machine阿特伍德机Average power 平均功率Average velocity 平均速度Avogadroconstant 阿伏加德罗常数Avogadro law 阿伏加德罗定律Bbalance 天平ballistic galvanometer 冲击电流计band spectrum 带状谱barometer 气压机basic quantity 基本量basic units 基本单位battery charger 电池充电器battery accumulator 蓄电池battery 电池组beam 光束betatron 电子感应加速器Bohr atom model 波尔原子模型Boiling point 沸点Boiling 沸腾Bounce 反弹Bound charge 束缚电荷Bound electron 束缚电子Branch circuit 支路Breakdown 击穿Brightness 亮度Buoyancy force 浮力CCalorifics 热学camera 照相机capacitance 电容capacitor 电容器capillarity 毛细现象cathode ray 阴极射线cathode－ray tude 阴极射线管cathode 阴极cation 正离子cell 电池Celsius scale 摄氏温标Centre of gravity 重心Centre of mass 质心Centrifugal force 离心力Centripetal acceleration 向心加速度Centripetal force 向心力Chain reaction 链式反应Chaos 混沌Characteristic spectrum 特征光谱Charged body 带电体Charged particle 带电粒子Charge 充电Circular hole diffraction 圆孔衍射Circular motion 圆周运动Classical mechanics 经典力学Classical physics 经典物理学Cloud chamber 云室Coefficient of maximum static friction 最大静摩擦系数Coefficient of restitution 恢复系数Coefficient of sliding friction 滑动摩擦系数Coefficient 系数Coil 线圈Collision 碰撞Component force 分力Coherent light 相干光源Component velocity 分速度Composition of forces 力的合成Composition of velocities 速度的合成Compression 压缩Concave lens 凹透镜Concave mirror 凹面镜Concurrent force 共点力Condensation 凝结Condenser 电容器Conducting medium 导电介质Conductor 导体Conservative force field 保守立场Conservative force 保守力Constant force 恒力Constant 常量Continuous spectrum 连续谱Convergent lens 会聚透镜Convex lens 凸透镜Convex mirror 凸面镜Coordinate system 坐标系Coplanar force 共面力Corolis force 科里奥利力Corpuscular property 例子性Corpuscular theory 微粒说Coulomb force 库仑力Coulomb 库仑Coulomb’s law库仑定律counter 计数器creation 产生creepage 漏电crest 波峰critical angle 临界角critical resistance 临界电阻critical temperature 临界温度crystal 晶体current density 电流密度current element 电流元current source电流源current strength 电流强度curvilinear motion 曲线运动cyclotron 回旋加速器DDamped vibration 阻尼震动Damping 阻尼Daniell cell 丹尼尔电池Data processing 数据处理Data 数据Decay衰变Definition of ampere 安培的定义Defocusing 散集Density 密度Derived quantity 导出量Derived unit 导出单位Dielectric 电介质Diffraction pattern衍射图样Diffraction 衍射Diffuse reflection 漫反射Digital timer 数字计时器Dimensional exponent量纲指数Dimension 量纲Diode 二极管Diopter 屈光度Direct current 直流（dc）Direct impact 正碰Direct measurement 直接测量Discharge 放电Disorder 无序物理英文术语及常用词汇篇3physics 物理physics 物理mechanics 力学thermodynamics 热力学electromagnetism 电磁学optics 光学dynamics 动力学force 力velocity 速度acceleration 加速度equilibrium 平衡statics 静力学motion 运动inertia 惯性gravitation 引力relativity 相对gravity 地心引力vibration 震动medium (media) 媒质frequency 频率wavelength 波长pitch 音高intensity 强度echo 回声resonance 回声，洪亮sonar 声纳ultrasonics 超声学electricity 电static electricity 静电magnetism 磁性，磁力magnet 磁体electromagnet 电磁magnetic field 磁场electric current 电流direct current (DC) 直流电alternating current (AC) 交流电electric circuit 电路electric charge 电荷electric voltage 电压electric shock 触电electric appliance 电器conductor 导体insulator 绝缘体semiconductor 半导体battery (cell) 电池dry battery 干电池storage battery 蓄电池electronics 电子学electronic 电子的electronic component (part) 电子零件integrated circuit 集成电路chip 集成电器片，集成块electron tube 电子管vacuum tube 真空管transistor 晶体管amplification (名词)放大amplify (动词)放大amplifier 放大器，扬声器oscillation 震荡optical 光(学)的optical fiber 光学纤维lens 透镜，镜片microscope 显微镜telescope 望远镜magnifier 放大镜microwaves 微波dispersion 色散transparent 透明translucent 半透明opaque 不透明的【物理英文术语及常用词汇】。
物理光学 英语
物理光学英语The Fascinating World of Physical OpticsLight is a fundamental aspect of our universe, and the study of its behavior and interactions with matter is known as physical optics. This field of study encompasses a wide range of phenomena, from the simple reflection and refraction of light to the complex interactions of light with various materials and structures. In this essay, we will delve into the captivating world of physical optics and explore some of its key concepts and applications.At the heart of physical optics is the understanding of the nature of light itself. Light is a form of electromagnetic radiation, characterized by its wavelength and frequency. The wave-particle duality of light is a fundamental principle in quantum mechanics, which states that light exhibits both wave-like and particle-like properties. This dual nature of light is the foundation for many of the phenomena observed in physical optics.One of the most fundamental concepts in physical optics is the behavior of light as it interacts with different materials. When light encounters a surface, it can undergo reflection, refraction, orabsorption, depending on the properties of the material. Reflection occurs when light bounces off a surface, and the angle of reflection is equal to the angle of incidence. Refraction, on the other hand, occurs when light bends as it passes from one medium to another with a different refractive index. This phenomenon is responsible for the apparent bending of objects when viewed through water or a prism.Another important aspect of physical optics is the interference of light. When two or more light waves interact, they can either constructively or destructively interfere, resulting in a pattern of bright and dark regions. This phenomenon is the basis for many optical devices, such as lasers and holographic displays. Interference can also be used to measure small distances and detect the presence of thin films or coatings on surfaces.Diffraction is another fascinating concept in physical optics. When light encounters an obstacle or an aperture, it can bend and spread out, creating a diffraction pattern. This effect is particularly noticeable when light passes through a small slit or a grating, and it is the underlying principle behind many optical instruments, such as telescopes and microscopes.In addition to these fundamental concepts, physical optics also encompasses the study of polarization, which describes the orientation of the electric field in a light wave. Polarization can beused to study the structure and properties of materials, as well as to create specialized optical devices, such as liquid crystal displays (LCDs) and optical filters.The applications of physical optics are vast and varied, spanning a wide range of industries and fields of study. In telecommunications, for example, optical fibers are used to transmit data over long distances, taking advantage of the low-loss and high-bandwidth properties of light. In medicine, lasers are used for a variety of diagnostic and therapeutic procedures, such as eye surgery and cancer treatment. In the field of astronomy, telescopes and other optical instruments are essential for observing and studying the universe.Furthermore, the principles of physical optics are also applied in the development of new materials and technologies. For instance, the study of photonic crystals, which are materials with a periodic structure that can control the flow of light, has led to the creation of novel optical devices and sensors.In conclusion, physical optics is a fascinating and dynamic field of study that encompasses a wide range of phenomena and applications. From the fundamental principles of light behavior to the cutting-edge developments in optical technologies, the study of physical optics continues to push the boundaries of ourunderstanding of the physical world and the universe around us. As we continue to explore and unravel the mysteries of light, the possibilities for new discoveries and innovations in this field are truly limitless.。
微纳尺度制造工程-华中科技大学光学与电子信息学院
光学与电子信息学院集成电路工程领域、软件工程领域学位硕士研究生课程简介1）微纳图形技术：主要有微纳图形的掩膜制备，微纳图形的形成教材：《微纳尺度制造工程》（第三版），斯蒂芬A.坎贝尔著，北京市：电子工业出版社主要参考书：1. 《微纳加工导论》，Sami Franssila著，北京市：电子工业出版社2•《微纳传感器与应用》，朱勇，张海霞编，北京市：北京大学出版社3. 《微纳加工科学原理》，唐天同编，北京市：电子工业出版社课程名称：Fabrication Engineering at the Micro- and 课程代码：182.573Nano scale课程组教师姓名职称专业年龄学术方向Fan Guifen AssociateProf. Microelectr onicsand solid stateelectr onics39 Information of functionalmaterials and devicesEducation Experience:Sep,1993-July,1997 Hubei Un iversity, Departme nt of chemistry,Bachelor DegreeSep,2002-July,2007 Huazho ng Uni versity of Scie nee and Tech no logy,Departme nt of Electr onic Science and tech no logy, PhD DegreeSep,2007-Mar,2009 Huazho ng Un iversity of Scie nee and Tech no logy, School of materials scie nee and Engin eeri ng ,postdoctorMar,2009 to now Huazho ng Uni versity of Scie nee and Tech no logy, Collegeof optical and electr onic in formati on ,teacherAcademic QualificationThe main research field is Information of functional materials and devices. She rece ntly has completed a study on the n atural scie nee foun dati on of Hubei province (2008CDB283), Chi na Postdoctoral Scie nee Foun dation (20080440138), the Doctora Fund of Ministry of education (20100142120091) et al. At present, she has successively published over 20 importa nt papers in domestic and foreig n publicati onsCourse ObjectiveMicro and nano fabrication is a multidisciplinary discipline which has been usedwidely and developed rapidly .It has bee n applied for in tegrated circuit, in tegrated Optics, MOEMS, Micro-se nsing, mesoscopic and qua ntum effect devices, etc. During the class, the students will learn micro and nano fabrication techniques, an alysis and characterizati on tech niq ues for fine structure and applicati on of micro and nano tech no logies. The purpose of teach ing for stude nts is to:1. Know the history and trend of micro and nano process ing tech no logies.2. Know the various processing techniques and principles of fine structure.3. Know nano fabricati on tech no logy applicati ons and related measureme nt tech niq ues.NO8. Course content and class hour planContent of coursesChapl. Introduction (4 class hours) Describe the sig nifica nee, applicati ons and trends of micro and nano fabricati on tech no logies,Chap2. Basics for micro and nano fabrication (4 class hours) Main con te nts1. Light wave and Photonic: the electromagnetic spectrum, diffraction, optical coherenee, theory of wave optics con focal imag ing, method for gen erati ng an ultraviolet and X-ray phot ons to con trol short wavele ngth2. Electro nics and Electro n Beam: electro n emissi on, electro n gun, Electro n beamfocus in g, imag ing, and deflecti on3. Gas discharge and plasma: gas discharge, plasma, plasma chemical properties; Chap3. Main substrate material for micro and nano fabrication(4 class hours)The mai n materials are semic on ductor materials, dielectric material, glass, polymeric material, and other special fine structure materials.Chap4. Micro and nano fabrication technologies (10 class hours)1. Micro and nano graphic tech no logies: mask preparatio n, exposure lithography, micro and nano graph ' s lithography, development, and stripping.2. Thick film depositi on3. Etch ing tech niq ue: remove material layer selectively4. Epitaxial growth -growth the same (or close to) the crystal structure on the substrateRefere nee Books1. Fabricati on Engin eeri ng at the Micro- and Nano scale (Third Editi on). Stephe n A. Campbell, Beiji ng, Electro nic In dustry Press2. Nanofabrication scientific principles, Tang tiantong. Beijing, Electronic Industry Press3. Micro-nano sen sor and its applicati on, Zhu yong, Beiji ng, Peking Un iversity Press4. I ntroductio n to Microfabricati on. Sami Fran ssila., Beij ng, Electro nic In dustry Press。
光学专业词汇大全
光学专业词汇大全Accelaration 加速度 Myopia-near-sighted 近视Sensitivity to Light 感光灵敏度boost 推进lag behind 落后于Hyperopic-far-sighted远视visual sensation视觉ar Pattern 条状图形approximate近似adjacent 邻近的normal 法线Color Difference色差V Signal Processing 电视信号处理back and forth 前后vibrant 震动quantum leap 量子越迁derive from 起源自inhibit 抑制 ,约束stride 大幅前进obstruction障碍物substance物质实质主旨residue 杂质criteria标准parameter参数parallax视差凸面镜convex mirror凹面镜concave mirror分光镜 spectroscope入射角angle of incidence出射角emergent angle平面镜plane mirror放大率： magnification 放大率角度放大率 angular magnification折射refraction反射reflect干涉 interfere衍射diffraction干涉条纹 interference fringe衍射图像 diffraction fringe 衍射条纹偏振polarize polarization透射 transmission透射光transmission light光强度 ] light intensity电磁波electromagnetic wave振动杨氏干涉夫琅和费衍射焦距brewster Angle 布鲁斯特角quarter Waveplates四分之一波片ripple 波纹capacitor 电容器vertical 垂直的horizontal水平的airy disk 艾里斑exit pupil出[射光]瞳Entrance pupil入瞳optical path difference光称差radius of curvature曲率半径spherical mirror 球面镜reflected beam 反射束YI= or your information供参考phase difference相差interferometer干涉仪ye lens 物镜 /目镜spherical球的field information场信息standard Lens 标准透镜refracting Surface 折射面principal plane 主平面vertex 顶点 ,最高点fuzzy 失真 ,模糊light source光源wavelength波长angle 角度spectrum 光谱diffraction grating 衍射光栅sphere 半球的DE= ens data editor Surface radius of curvature表面曲率半径surface thickness表面厚度semi-diameter半径focal length 焦距field of view 视场stop光阑trefractive 折射reflective反射。
物理竞赛英文词汇
物理竞赛英文词汇本篇文章主要介绍了物理竞赛中常用的英文词汇，涵盖了力学、热学、光学、电学等方面的词汇。
1. Mechanics （力学）- Force：力量，作用力- Velocity：速度- Acceleration：加速度- Mass：质量- Momentum：动量- Friction：摩擦力- Tension：张力- Work：功- Energy：能量- Power：功率- Torque：扭矩2. Thermodynamics （热学）- Temperature：温度- Heat：热量- Heat capacity：热容- Specific heat：比热- Entropy：熵- Heat engine：热机- Internal energy：内能- Enthalpy：焓- Heat transfer：热传递- Thermal expansion：热膨胀3. Optics （光学）- Light：光- Reflection：反射- Refraction：折射- Diffraction：衍射- Interference：干涉- Polarization：偏振- Prism：棱镜- Lens：透镜- Mirrors：镜子- Optics fiber：光纤4. Electricity and Magnetism （电学和磁学） - Electric field：电场- Magnetic field：磁场- Electric potential：电势- Capacitance：电容- Resistance：电阻- Inductance：电感- Current：电流- Voltage：电压- Electromagnetic waves：电磁波- Circuit：电路以上是物理竞赛中常用的英文词汇，希望对大家学习物理竞赛有所帮助。
光电子单词表 中英对照
1. semiconductor: 半导体，常温下导电性能介于导体(conductor)与绝缘体(insulator)之间的材料。
2. light-emitting diode (LED): 发光二极管3. laser diode (LD): 半导体激光器4. photodiode: 光电二极管5. electrons: 电子6. holes: 空穴7. energy gap: 能隙8. photon: 光子9. insulator: 绝缘体10. transistor: 晶体管11. solar cell: 太阳能电池12. quantum dot: 量子点13. doping: 掺杂。
14. Pauli exclusion principle: 泡利不相容原理。
15. Fermi level: 费米能级16. valence band: 价带17. conduction band: 导带18. optical fiber: 光纤19. energy level: 能级。
20. electron–hole pair: 电子-空穴对。
21. impurity: 杂质。
22. dopant: 掺杂剂。
23. intrinsic (pure) semiconductor: 纯半导体。
24. p-type semiconductor: P 型半导体25. n-type semiconductor: N 型半导体。
26. p–n junction: PN 结27. space charge region(depletion layer): 空间电荷区(耗尽层)。
28. forward-bias voltage: 正向偏置电压29. ground state: 基态30. upper level: 上能级31. lower level: 下能级33. electromagnetic radiation:电磁辐射。
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Electromagnetic Diffraction in Optical Systems.I.An Integral Representation of
the Image Field
E.Wolf
Proceedings of the Royal Society of London.Series A,Mathematical and Physical Sciences,Vol.
253,No.1274.(Dec.15,1959),pp.349-357.
Stable URL:
/sici?sici=0080-4630%2819591215%29253%3A1274%3C349%3AEDIOSI%3E2.0.CO%3B2-H Proceedings of the Royal Society of London.Series A,Mathematical and Physical Sciences is currently published by The Royal Society.
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