轮式军用车辆转向半径对车辙形成的影响(车辆工程专业英语翻译)

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车辆工程毕设英文翻译

车辆工程毕设英文翻译

With the rapid development of automobile industry, there is comfort and vehicle vibration and noise control of more and more stringent requirements. According to relevant data shows that 70 percent of the city noise from the traffic noise, and traffic noise is mainly car noise. It is seriously polluting the urban environment, affecting people's life, work and health. So noise control is not only related to comfort, but also related to environmental protection. However, all also from the vibration noise, vibration can cause certain parts of the early fatigue damage, thereby reducing the service life of motor vehicles; excessive noise can damage hearing the driver will enable the rapid driver fatigue, thus driving security constitutes a grave threat. So noise control, is also related to motor vehicle durability and safety. Thus vibration, noise and comfort are the three closely related, it is necessary to reduce vibration, reduce noise, but also improve ride comfort, and ensure the product economy, vehicle noise control in the standard range.One type of noise arising from car noise are the main factors of air power, mechanical drive, the electromagnetic three parts. From the structure can be divided into the engine (ie, combustion noise), the chassis noise (ie, power train noise, all components connected with the noise), electrical equipment, noise (cooling fan noise, car noise generator), body noise (such as body structure, shape and attachment installation unreasonable noise). One of the engine noise accounted for more than half of motorvehicle noise, including noise and body intake noise (such as engine vibration, the rotational axis Valve, Jin, door switches, such as exhaust noise). Therefore the engine vibration, noise reduction has become a key automotive noise control.In addition, automobile tires at high speed, it will also cause more noise. This is because of the tire at the ground flows, the pattern is located in the air by ground tank and re-extrusion process caused by inhaling gas pump sound, as well as tread patterns with percussive sound of the road.2 noise requirements of regulations in Europe, from October 1996 onwards, the external bus 77dBA noise must be reduced to 74dBA, noise was reduced by half energy, the end of the century further reduced to 71dBA. Japan's laws and regulations, small car in the next decade to control noise standards at the following 76dBA. A number of domestic cities are also planning to traffic trunk lines in 2010 to control noise at the average of less than 70dBA. According to the domestic current data indicate that the domestic value of bus noise permit shall not exceed 82dBA, light trucks for 83.5dBA. This shows that our country in the vehicle noise control will have to make do.3 noise assessment noise evaluation mainly refers to the car, outside noise and vibration adaptive value. Evaluation methods can be divided intosubjective evaluation and objective evaluation. Subjective assessment of the impact of vehicle noise is a major factor in comfort, loudness and uncertainties, such as semantic differential method can be used for subjective evaluation. At an objective evaluation, can be used PCNM noise measuring device for measuring test analysis; addition simulation technology in the finite element method (FEM) and boundary element method (BEM) has been widely applied.4 noise control noise generation and dissemination in accordance with the mechanism of noise control technology can be put into the following three categories: First, the control of noise sources, are two routes of transmission of noise control, noise three recipients are protected. One of the control of noise sources are the most fundamental, the most direct measures, including noise reduction to reduce the exciting force and the engine parts of the exciting force response, which means transformation of acoustic source local oscillator. However, it is difficult to control noise sources when necessary in the route of transmission of noise to take measures, such as sound absorption, sound insulation, noise reduction, vibration and vibration isolation measures. Motor vehicles and vehicle vibration and noise reduction level of power, economy, reliability and strength, stiffness, quality, manufacturing costs and use are closely related.4.1 engine to reduce vibration and noise of the engine noise is the focus of automotive noise control. Engine vibration and noise are generated at source. Engine noise is from fuel combustion, valve bodies, gears and piston timing noise percussion synthesis.(1) ontology engine noiseLower engine noise will be ontological transformation of local oscillator sound sources, including methods such as finite element method analysis and design engines, selection of soft combustion process, improve the structure of the body stiffness, with the use of tight space, reduce noise cylinder cover. For example in the oil pan on an additional stiffener and diaphragm to improve the stiffness of oil pan to reduce vibration and noise. In addition, give the engine Tu damping material is an effective approach. Damping materials can kinetic energy into thermal energy. To deal with the principle of damping is a damping materials and components into its vibrational energy to consume. It has the following structure: Freedom damping layer structure, and spacing of freely damping layer structure, and constrained damping layer structure and spacing of constrained damping layer. It is clear that the adoption of a decrease of resonance amplitude and accelerated the decay of free vibration, reducing the various parts of the Chuan-Zhen capacity, an increase of parts at or above the critical frequency of vibration isolationcapacity.At present, some countries have designed an engine experts active vibration isolation system to reduce engine vibration, in order to achieve the purpose of noise reduction.(2) intake noiseEngine intake noise is one of the main noise source, the Department of the engine noise of air power, with the engine speed increases to strengthen. Non-supercharged engine intake noise major components, including the cyclical pressure fluctuation noise, vortex noise, the cylinder of the Helmholtz resonance noise. Diesel engine supercharger intake noise mainly from the turbocharger compressor. Two stroke engine noise from the Roots pump. In this regard, the most effective method is the use of intake muffler. There is a resistive type muffler (absorption type), resistant muffler (expansion type, resonance type, interference-type and porous decentralized) and the composite muffler. To combine with the air filter (that is in the air filter on an additional resonance chamber and sound-absorbing material, for example, type R3238) has become the most effective intake muffler, muffler volume of more than 20dBA.4.2 Chassis Noise(1) Department of exhaust noiseDepartment of the chassis exhaust noise is the main noise sources, mainly from the exhaust pressure pulsation noise, air flow through the valve seat when issued by eddy current noise, because of boundary layer airflow disturbance caused by noise and exhaust Office jet noise composition. Designed to optimize the performance of a good muffler, to reduce car noise are one of the important means. Optimize design method has acoustic finite element method and acoustic boundary element method, but is still in its infancy. Muffler to avoid the transmission characteristics and vibration characteristics of coupled mufflers are designed to be focused on solving a problem. Secondly, to reduce exhaust noise and improve power is also a pair of contradictions, because to reduce exhaust noise and lower exhaust back pressure on the design of the exhaust pipe has a diameter of conflicting demands, the former requires a smaller diameter, which is opposite . In this regard, the use of parallel flow path of the dual function muffler, at reduced air pressure and reduce noise to be effective. In addition, the engine exhaust manifold to the muffler inlet pipe section, the use of flexible pipe vibration, noise reduction effect can be reduced to about 7dBA.(2) power train noisePowertrain noise from the vibration caused by变速齿轮meshing and rotating shaft vibration. General measures taken are: First, choose low-noise transmission, engine and gearbox are two and the main reducer,such as rear axle and chassis components for flexible rubber pad connections, so as to achieve the purpose of isolation; are three-axis rotational control balance degrees, to reduce torsional vibration.4.3 Electric equipment noise(1) cooling fan noiseCooling fan noise happened devices are subject to wind retaining ring, water pump, radiator and transmission, but the noise generated depends primarily on the chassis.(2) automobile generator noiseAutomotive generator noise depends on the effects of a variety of sources, these sources have magnet source, mechanical and air power source. Noise level depends on the generator magnetic structure and ventilation systems, as well as generators precision manufacturing and assembly.4.4 Body NoiseAs the speed increased, the body will be more and more noise, and air power are the main causes of noise. Therefore, the following programs to improve the body noise: First, to streamline the design of the body, achieve a smooth transition; two are in between the body and framecomponents to adopt a flexible connection; three interior is softened, such as Inner Mongolia at the roof and body skin the use of sound-absorbing material.In addition, the car at high speed when the tire is also a source of noise. Real vehicle Inerting line method has been measured: Tire Tread greater, then the greater the noise. In addition, the tire tread with the noise generated also have a great relationship, there is a reasonable choice of the pattern of steel cord for radial tires to reduce tire noise are an effective way. Materials for the tire, the use of more flexible and soft rubber with high, you can create a low-noise tires.4.5 Other measuresAutomobile noise control, except in the design on the use of optimization methods and optimization of selected components, it can also carry out active control of noise. This is based on sound muffler technology, the principle is: the use of electronic muffler system with the opposite phase of the acoustic noise, vibration so that the two cancel each other out in order to reduce the noise. This muffler device used extremely advanced electronic components, has excellent noise reduction effect can be used to reduce vehicle noise, engine noise, the engine could also be used to proactively support systems, to offset the engine vibration and noise中文翻译:与汽车工业的迅速发展,有舒适和车辆振动和噪声控制的越来越苛刻的要求。

《汽车专业英语》Chapter 9 steering system

《汽车专业英语》Chapter 9 steering system
Recirculation ball
In the recirculating ball steering gear, the wormshaft is the input shaft. The wormshaft connects to the steering column in such a way that a mechanic can remove the steering gear or steering column independently of one another. The sector shaft (also called the pitman shaft) is like the output shaft of the steering gear. The main parts of the steering gear are the balls, ball nut, and the gear teeth on the ball nut.
转向横拉杆的长度同主销间的距离不相等,就可保证各前 轮以期望的角度旋转。转向横拉杆长度的设置要保证转向 横拉杆与转向节臂的连接点位于主销到后桥前端汽车中心 线上的点所形成的假想连线上。
Qu.4: List the main types of Steering Box. Qu.4: List the main types of Steering Box.
在循环球式转向器中,转向螺杆是输入轴。转向螺杆连接 着转向柱,这样修理工就可独立拆卸转向器或转向柱。齿 扇轴(也叫摇臂轴)相当于转向器的输出轴.转向器的主 要部件是钢球,球螺母和球螺母上的齿.
As the wormshaft turns, the balls move the ball nut up and down along the wormshaft. This turns the sector shaft, since the sector teeth mesh with the ball nut teeth. The sector shaft is connected through steering linkage to the front wheels.

车辆工程专业英语李俊玲版.部分翻译

车辆工程专业英语李俊玲版.部分翻译

现在的车辆一般都由15000多个分散、独立且相互配合的零部件组成。

这些零部件主要分为四类:车身、发动机、底盘和电气系统。

汽车车身是一个包含窗子、车门、一个发动机罩、一个行李箱盖的金属薄壳。

汽车车身为发动机、乘员和货物提供了保护。

汽车车身的设计还应该保证乘员的安全舒适。

车身的造型(款式)使得汽车看起来漂亮迷人、色彩斑斓、时尚前卫。

轿车车身为封闭式,轿车最多有4个车门,乘员通过车门进出。

另外车身的设计还应考虑行李和货物的存放。

传统的轿车都是硬顶车身。

活顶乘用车(敞篷车)的车顶是软顶,车身设计与普通轿车类似,但只有两个车门。

皮卡一般用来运载货物。

为能承载更大的总质量,皮卡的底盘部件和悬架比轿车更结实。

轻型货车一般是基于普通轿车设计的,或是重新设计使可用载货空间最大化。

用于运输货物的商用车车身必须满足具体要求,例如运输液体的油罐车、运输泥土或散装谷物的自卸车、运输一般货物的平板车或货车。

发动机作为动力设备,常见的类型是内燃机,其原理是通过发动机缸内的液体燃料燃烧而产生能量。

发动机可分为两类:汽油机(点燃式)和柴油机(压燃式),都属于热力发动机。

燃料燃烧产生热量使缸内气体气压上升,从而产生能量,驱动与动力传动系相连接的轴旋转。

发动机的布置即发动机气缸的排列方式。

发动机缸体按直线排列的即直列式,这种布置使得发动机缸体结构简单。

汽车发动机一般为2~6缸,通常气缸是垂直放置的,但气缸数量的增加会导致缸体和曲轴的长度过大,解决问题的措施之一就是采用V型布置,这种布置方式可以使发动机缸体和曲轴长度尺寸更短,从而大大增加刚度。

前置发动机可以纵向布置,能够驱动前轮或后轮。

后置发动机布置在后轮后侧,发动机即可纵向布置又可横向布置,一般只能驱动后轮。

底盘总成是由作为汽车主要运行部分的各系统组成,包括动力传动系、转向系统、悬架和制动系统。

传动系把发动机输出的扭矩传递给驱动轮。

传动系包括离合器(对应机械变速器)或液力变矩器(对应液力自动变速器)、变速器、驱动轴、主减速器、差速器和驱动桥。

车辆工程专业资料翻译详解

车辆工程专业资料翻译详解

现代的风洞不仅用来确定空气阻力及其系数,也用做声学探测。

对于乘用车日渐上升的噪声舒适性需求,这就要求优化和测试。

在一个所谓的气动-声学风洞中,挑战从而在于降低环境噪声水平到一个这样的水平,这个水平是对于车辆实际的噪声测量不能被风洞自己的服务噪声影响到一个很大的程度。

操作的声音已经被降低到60dB。

图2-40展现了慕尼黑宝马的风洞。

图2-40 宝马汽车公司的空气动力学风洞1-鼓风机2-热交换器3-偏转角落4-整流器5-屏幕6-管口7-转盘和组件规模8-滚筒试验台9-捕获喇叭口10-通路11-控制室12- 污染处理设备2.2.2空气阻力的组成除了已经提到过的理论上的阻力Ⅰ.压力阻力Ⅱ.摩擦阻力在车辆,这里还有Ⅲ.诱导阻力Ⅳ.内循环阻力上述构成了全部的阻力。

2.2.2.1压力和诱导阻力除了小的流动分离区域,车辆后端的分离区域的大小主要决定了压力阻力,如图2-41所示,对于相同的迎风面积,车身形状的不同导致空气流动方向的不同。

这主要由于在后端分离截面Aa的较大的差别。

图2-41 不同车身的空气分离截面车辆上小的分离区域所导致的小的真空区域需要被处理。

通过特别的影响车辆后端分离区域的方法,可获得小的真空度,从而得到较低的压力阻力。

车身尾端区域边界层的“提取”也会带来有效的阻力下降。

诱导阻力是车辆压力阻力的一部分。

空气压力在车辆高一点和低一点的面会有区别,这引起了交叉气流的发展(图2-42),而交叉气流是会形成两个大的纵向的漩涡并伴随有车顶的气流(图2-43)。

真空度过压图2-42 车身上的诱导气流图2-43 诱导气流所引起的纵向漩涡在它们的最接近处,这种漩涡导致了低压。

后部的“死水区”被扩大了,这因此导致了压力阻力的增加。

2.2.2.2摩擦阻力车辆表面阻力,在理论上叫做摩擦阻力,对于车身较长的车来说是有重要影响的,如公共汽车。

图2-44展现了一辆有高效的空气动力学车身形状的公共汽车的累积起来的阻力,其阻力可以由微不足道的车头部分的阻力,相对较高的车尾部分的阻力和基本由摩擦阻力构成的随着车长稳定增长的车身部分的阻力构成。

车辆工程专业英语复习资料

车辆工程专业英语复习资料

车辆工程专业英语复习资料专业英语单词1.3-way catalyst 三元催化转化剂2.alternator 交流发电机3.Anti-lock brake system防抱死系统4.artic HGV=articulated HGV铰接式重型载货汽车5.articulated vehicle 铰接式车辆6.assembly 总成7.at right angle 成直角8.automatic transmission9.bearing 轴承10.bevel gear 锥齿轮11.bonnet 发动机盖12.bottom dead centre 下止点13.brake shoe 制动蹄14.bruise 撞伤,擦伤15.bulge 凸出,隆起16.bumper 保险杠17.caliper 制动钳18.camber 弯度,车轮外倾19.camshaft 凸轮轴20.canister 碳罐21.capacitor 电容器22.carbon monoxide 一氧化碳23.cargo 货物24.carriageway 车行道25.caster 主销后倾26.centrifugal 离心力27.charge 充电28.chassis 底盘29.clutch 离合器/doc/fd1965123.html,mercial vehicle 商用车辆31.conductor 导体32.console 托架33.coolant 冷却剂34.countershaft 中间轴35.crankshaft 曲轴36.crossply tyre 斜交轮胎37.cross-sectional 截面的,断面的38.curvature 弯曲,弧度39.cylinder 气缸,柱体40.dial 刻度盘41.diaphragm 膜片42.differential 差速器43.dioxide 二氧化物44.disc brake 盘式制动器45.disc 圆盘46.discharge 放电47.DoT=D ep ar tmen t o f Transportation运输部门48.drawbar 牵引杆49.driven member 从动件50.driving member 主动件51.driving wheel 驱动车轮52.drum brake 鼓式制动器53.drum 鼓,圆筒54.dummy 模型,假人55.dump truck 自卸载货汽车56.dynamometer 测功机57.electron 电子58.engine 发动机59.executive 经理60.exhaust valve 排气阀61.final drive 主传动,主减速器62.flexible joint 万向节63.fracture 折断,骨折64.gear sector 齿扇65.Hall effect 霍尔效应66.handbrake 手制动67.helmet 头盔,安全帽68.HGV=Heavy Goods Vehicle重型载货汽车69.horn 喇叭70.hydraulic system 液压系统71.hydrocarbon 碳氢化合物72.hydrocarbon 碳氢化合物73.ignition coil 点火线圈74.inflate 膨胀,加压75.injector 喷油器76.inlet valve 进气阀77.input shaft 输入轴78.instrument panel 仪表盘79.intersection 交叉口80.inversely proportional to与……成反比81.king pin 主销/doc/fd1965123.html,cerationn 划破,撕裂83.LCV=Light Commercial Vehicle轻型商用车辆84.LGV=Light Goods Vehicle轻型载货汽车85.logistics 后勤学,物流86.lubricant 润滑剂87.manifold 歧管,支管88.master cylinder 主缸89.metro 地下铁道90.monoxide 一氧化物91.moped 机动自行车92.mpg=miles per gallon 英里/加仑93.mph=miles per hour 英里/小时94.neutral steer 中性转向95.nose-to-tail collision 头尾相撞96.occupant 占有者,乘员97.off-centre 偏心的,不平衡的98.oil filter 机油滤清器99.oil pump 机油泵100.output shaft 输出轴101.oversteer 过度转向102.overtake 超车103.overturn 翻车104.oxide 氧化物105.oxides of nitrogen 氮氧化物106.pattern tread 花纹胎面107.pessess 具有,拥有108.piston 活塞109.planet gear 行星齿轮110.pneumatic 气动的111.pollision 碰撞,冲突112.power steering 动力转向--113.pressure plate 压盘114.propellor shaft 传动轴115.PSV=Passenger Single Vehicle单体式客运车辆116.radial tyre 子午线轮胎117.rake pad 制动片118.recharge 再充电119.refrigerate 制冷120.resurgence 苏醒,复活121.ring gear 齿圈122.rocker 摇臂123.roller brake testes 滚筒制动试验台124.rotor转子125.shock absorber 减震器126.shoulder 路肩127.sill 底梁128.slave cylinder 辅助缸129.smooth tread 无纹胎面130.spark plug 火花塞131.speedometer 速度计,里程计132.sprain 扭伤133.starter 起动机134.stator 定子135.steering arm 转向臂,梯形臂136.steering assembly 转向总成137.steering axis inclination 主销内倾138.steering column 转向柱139.steering knuckle 转向节140.steering pump转向泵141.steering wheel 转向盘142.sulphide 硫化物143.sun gear 太阳轮144.suspension 悬架145.tachograph 转速表146.tanker 油罐汽车147.the moment of inertia 转动惯量148.the three way catalytic converter 三元催化转化器149.thermostat 恒温器,节温器150.throttle 节流阀151.tie rod 横拉杆152.toe-in 前束153.tolerance 公差154.top dead centre 上止点155.torque converter 变矩器156.torque convertor 变矩器157.torque 转矩,扭矩158.tractor 拖拉机,牵引车159.trailer 挂车,拖车160.transmission 传动系161.truck deck 行李舱盖162.turbine 涡轮(机)163.twin wheel 双轮胎164.understeer 不足转向165.universal joint 万向节166.vechicle dismantling 车辆分解167.vehicle tracking system车辆跟踪系统168.washer 洗涤器169.windscreen 风窗玻璃170.wiper 刮水器171.wormwheel蜗轮自动变速器--专业英语句子翻译1.Each wheel has a brake assembly, of either thedrum type or the disc type, hydraulically operated when the driver applies the foot brake pedal.每个车轮具有一个鼓式或盘式制动总成,当驾驶员踩脚制动踏板时,靠液力产生制动。

汽车专业英语教程多媒体教学课件Unit 10 section 1

汽车专业英语教程多媒体教学课件Unit 10 section 1
⑴ 转向过度 前轮偏硬和后
轮偏软或者重心 离后桥较远都会 导致转向过度, 所以这样在转弯 时后轮也会旋转, 会带来转向和控 制的不稳定性。 随着转速的上升, 转向过度的效果 会增强。
An oversteering car,although stable at low speed,becomes
increasingly respo转角需 越来越大以转过给 定的弯道,直到最 后,如果不足转向 非常明显,则车辆 根本不能转弯,此 时若仍过多转动转 向盘,前轮会打滑 而使车辆直行。
2.Friction Cause ⑴ Tyre/road Adhesion
Adhesion has been confined
ring wheel movement as speed increases,until,at a critical speed , the vehicle becomes uncontrollable.
⑵ Understeer Soft tyres at the front,com-
bined with stiff ones at the rear.Produce “understeer”,
1.Steering Behavior of Vehicle
The most important factors which inf-
luence steering action and therefore stability are:
① The stiffness of the tyres in the sideways direction,and therefore the
to circumstances in which the
vehicle has not begun to skid out of control,although this

车辆工程专业英语译文

车辆工程专业英语译文

1.2 发动机发动机作为动力装置。

最常见的内燃机通过燃烧发动机气缸里的液体燃料而获得能量。

内燃机有两种类型:汽油机(又称为点燃式发动机)和柴油机(又称为压燃式发动机)。

两种类型均称为热力发动机。

燃烧燃料产生的热量使汽缸里气体的气压增加并提供能量通过传动轴连接到传动系统。

发动机气缸的排列方式称为发动机配置。

直列式发动机的汽缸呈一列布置。

这个设计创造了一个简单的发动机缸体铸造。

在车辆应用中,汽缸数一般是2-6缸,汽缸中心线与水平面垂直。

当汽缸数增多时,发动机尺寸和曲轴就成为一个问题。

解决这个问题的办法就是采用V形(汽缸呈两列布置,且两列气缸之间夹角为V形)发动机。

这个设计使发动机尺寸和曲轴都变得更短且更坚硬。

前置发动机纵向安装,既可前轮驱动也可后轮驱动。

后置发动机是将发动机安装在后轮后面。

发动机可横置或纵置,一般情况下为后轮驱动1.3.3 悬架系统的功能是隔离、缓减路面冲击和振动,避免传递到车身,影响乘客和货物的舒适性和安全性另外不论路面如何悬架系统都应保持轮胎和路面的接触1.3.4鼓式制动器有鼓附在轮毂、制动时的制动蹄通过扩大里面的鼓来制动。

在盘式制动器上连着轮毂的制动器被紧紧夹在两个制动块之间,所有汽车都必须配备两套独立的制动系统,即行车制动和紧急制动。

2.2.2 气缸套气缸套用于发动机缸体提供活塞和活塞环的耐磨材料。

那块可由一种铁,易于铸造而作出的套筒使用另一种就是能够更好地起到磨损作用,还有两种主要类型的套筒:干,湿(图2 - 5 )。

干套可以被抛弃,或压成一个新的块或用于严重磨损或损坏而无法轻易被钢瓶翻新得的套筒。

这是一个在其在缸体孔压适合。

它的墙壁是两毫米厚。

它的外表面,是符合其全长块接触。

它与顶块冲洗和面漆难以看到。

一旦到位,干袖子成为缸体的永久部分。

用湿的套筒。

外表面是周围的汽缸水套的一部分。

这就是所谓湿缸,因为它有对其外表面的冷却液。

这有助于加快热套和冷却水之间的转移。

套筒顶部密封,以防止冷却液泄漏2.3.2活塞总成活塞是四个运动周期中一个重要部分,很多活塞都是从铝中提炼出来研制而成的.活塞,通过连杆传递能量来压缩点燃混合气体. 这些能力转化为曲柄的动能.这样,圆形的钢圈装入汽缸,用活塞环来密封整个燃烧室.这个称为活塞环。

铁道车辆专业英语课文翻译

铁道车辆专业英语课文翻译

枕木sleeper轨枕crossing平交道口multiple unti动车组high-speed railways高速铁路maglev磁力悬浮火车centrifugal force 离心力emergency brake handle 紧急制动手柄metro地铁light rail轻轨铁路commuter train通勤车tanker罐车operation 运转操作infrastructure下部构造platform站台EMU电力牵引动车组DMU内燃牵引动车组cushioning减震缓冲electricity-air control 电空控制antiskid防滑装置bolster枕rotational resistance回转阻hunting蛇行narrow-gauge窄轨bolster springs摇枕弹簧damper减震器阻尼器longitudinalanti-yawing dampers纵向抗蛇行减震器disc brakes 盘形制动traction transfer device 牵引装置wheel tread brakes踏面制动tread gradient踏面斜self-steering自导向Vehicle Suspension车辆悬挂cushion system缓冲装置vertical movement垂向振动primary suspension一系悬挂装secondary suspension 二系悬挂装置车钩coupler摇枕bolster乘务员crew轴箱axlebox棚车boxcar封闭车housing car保温refrigerator car牲畜车stock car漏斗车hopper罐车tank car集装箱container车体carboy复合车combine car邮政车railway post office圆顶车dome转向架bogie瞭望车observation car缓冲器draft gear行李车baggage car卧铺车sleeping car旁承side bearer制动缸brake cylinder侧梁side beams横梁cross beamscrosstie敞车gondola 英译汉1.The basic design of apassenger car hasn”t changed muchsince the middle of the 19thcentury,but there are severaldifferent passenger car types inservice around the world.2.自19世纪中期以来,客车的基本设计没有发生多大改变,但仍有不同形式的客车在全世界范围内使用。

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车辆工程专业英语翻译 (胡凯俊M060113103)轮式军用车辆转向半径对车辙形成的影响Kun Liu a, Paul Ayers a, Heidi Howard b, Alan Anderson ba美国田纳西州大学土壤科学与生物工程系2506 E.J. Chapman Drive, Knoxville, TN 37996, USAb美国军事工程研究与发展中心.结构工程实验室2902 Newmark Drive,Champaign, IL 61822, USA摘要:车辙是由于轮胎在地面上行走而形成的洼地或凹槽,车辙会对地面和植被产生严重的影响,并且降低车辆的机动性能,在本文中,车辙深度和宽度是衡量车辙的重要指标,有一种新的指标,车辙指数,它是结合了车辙深度和宽度而提出的。

一种轻型装甲车和一种高机动多用途汽车将被用于测试车辆转弯半径对车辙深度、宽度和车辙指数的影响,这两种车辆将以不同速度螺旋前进,车辆在盘旋过程中每秒采集到不同的GPS数据,沿着车辆盘旋轨迹每4-7米手工记录下车辙的尺寸。

地面测试结果显示,车辙深度、宽度和车辙指数随着转弯半径的减小而增大,特别是在转弯半径小于20米的时候,车速会影响轻型装甲车辆车辙的形成,但高机动多用途车辆的车辙并未受到影响。

1 引言越野车辆会形成车辙,它是由轮胎在地面行走而成的洼地或凹槽,是由土壤的压缩或分离形成,其土壤的压缩是由于受到地面的垂直力,土壤的分离是由于垂直力使得地面承受能力达到极限,地面的横向力和纵向力使得土壤分离并形成车辙,纵向力产生轮胎打滑进而分离土壤,车辆转弯过程中会增加地面的横向力,使得土壤脱离轮胎轨迹并沿转弯方向相反的地方移动。

车辙会对地面和植被产生重要的影响[1,2],车辙会影响原生植物的根系从而减缓植被的生长[3,4],车辙会通过集中径流和增加腐蚀产生环境危害[5],车辙会降低车辆的机动性能[6]。

车辙对车辆的影响可以用车辙宽度来衡量,它是地面行车轨迹所测得的一个宽度,车辙深度是行车轨迹地面到邻边平整地面的一个垂直距离,Durham[7]测试驱动轮在松软地面上的转向工况,他发现车辆转角是决定下沉系数的次要因素,在给定机动参数的沙地上(包括经验参数、地面强度、车重、轮胎尺寸、和轮胎变形量),下沉系数会随车轮转角的增大而增大。

Braunack和Williams[8]发现车辙深度会随着路径和转角的增加而增加,他们是在不同的地面强度和湿度条件下M113装甲运兵车和豹式坦克进行转向机动测试得出的。

Ayers[4]用M113装甲运兵车进行了三种转向半径的试验,分别是直行、平稳转向和紧急转向,结果显示转向半径的减小(紧急转向)会增加地面的干扰和车辙的痕迹,且行车轨迹和土壤的堆积宽度及深度随紧急转向而增加(图1)。

Halvorson et al[9]研究M1A2坦克行车轨迹对地面压缩及其越冬后的变化,他们发现冬天过后转向车辙比直行车辙的内在干扰更加强烈,平稳转向车辙对比直行车辙也是如此。

Aflleck et al[10]指出,车辆在转向比直行过程中对地面的干扰更具重要而不同的意义,用一辆斯特莱科汽车测试其影响,包括盘旋和多样通过测试,Ahleck [11]参与了轮式和履带式车辆车辙深度的测量,调查研究车辙深度和土壤强度以及车辆机动性之间的关系,她发现车辆转弯时比直行过程中地面土壤移除的量要高很多,Althfoll 和Thien[3]应用随机化完全区组设计研究了M1A1坦克对地面质量、生物及植被特性的影响,其方法包括选择的四种路径(十字路、内路、直路和弯路)以及两种地面条件(干地和湿地)。

他们发现外侧车轮形成的车辙比内侧车轮所形成的的要更加强烈。

Shoop et al[1]应用北大西洋公约组织的可动型模型预测了车辆在训练场地的影响,在这个模型中,车辙的形成是与车辆在可变形地面上的牵引力和行驶阻力以及可操纵性相联系的,车辆在转向过程中牵引力和行驶阻力与直行时是不同的,Jones et al [12]通过美国军事工程师和发展中心介绍了车辆地形接口的发展,这是一种用于测试车辆在地面的反映情况,车辆转角是地面接口交互作用的一个重要影响因素。

(图1.三种状态模式下的地面干扰比较)目前的研究报告提到了车辆转向过程中车辙的形成对地面植被破坏的一般影响因素,但没有完全注重机动转向这一重要因素。

本文将详细讨论转向因素对车辙的影响(包括转向半径和车速)。

2 研究对象本文将以美国华盛顿路易斯堡的一辆轻型装甲车(如图2)和亚利桑那州的一辆高机动多用途汽车(如图3)来研究车辙深度、车辙宽度、车辙指数和车辆机动性能之间的关系。

3 车辆与地面说明2002年6月11日在美国路易斯堡军事中心进行了轻型装甲车的测试,2003年3月11日在美国尤马试验场对高机动多用途汽车进行了测试。

(图2.轻型装甲车)轻型装甲车是重为13930kg的8轮式车辆,长6.98米,胎面宽度2.3米,采用直径111.8cm宽度27.9cm的X型米其林轮胎,车辆以四轮驱动的方式,地面具有沙质土壤特性的机构,其包含67%的沙地,29%的淤泥河4%的泥土,其平均湿度为37.1%,下锥测试器用于对土壤强度进行分类,当土壤强度高达1000kpa时,用透光计进行测量,其平均下锥量为5cm。

(图3.高机动多用途汽车)高机动多用途汽车重为2608kg,其长度为 4.57m胎面宽度 1.79m,轮胎采用固特异MT型,其宽度31.8cm,直径92.7cm,前轮测得压力为123kpa,后轮测得为146kpa。

地面结构为超过95%的土壤,平均湿度8.9%,地面平均下锥量10.8cm,且为无植被覆盖的裸地。

4 地面测试方法轻型装甲车以两种速度盘旋行进(连续向右转向时不断减少转向半径),并将美国天宝公司12频道的Ag GPS132型差分全球定位系统接收器安装在带有卫星差分校正器的轻型装甲车上,不同的GPS数据被实时接收,测量装置对每4.7米长的螺旋轨迹测量车辙深度和宽度,车辙深度是测量车辙底面距离邻边平整地面的垂直距离(如图4),车辙宽度是测量地面被压过的全程宽度,GPS的安装点是在每个GPS接收器的测量点,从而将车辆速度和转向半径与车辙的相关测量联起来。

高机动多用途汽车是在四种盘旋行进方式下进行,包括两种高速和两种低速,GPS 接收器同样为美国天宝公司的,与轻型装甲车同样的方法将车辙和定位数据联系起来(如图5)。

车辆转向半径以三点转向计算方法测得[13],为控制数据范围,所有车辆半径超过150米的均以150米计算,行驶距离由两个GPS 定位点、时间间隔以及车速所决定。

(图4.轻型装甲车辆测试)(图5.高机动多用途汽车测试)5 成果5.1车辙深度和转向半径轻型装甲车最高的安全操纵速度是以4m/s的低速和8m/s的高速行进(驾驶员可根据地面具体情况而定),图6结果显示车辙深度和转弯半径有明显的联系,车辙深度随转向半径的减小而增加,车辙深度在转向半径小于30m时而极具增加,但内侧转向轮的车辙深度和转向半径无明显关系,内侧转向轮的车辙深度在不同转向半径下几乎都低于4cm,原因是转向过程中外侧转向轮所受侧重增加,内侧重量向外侧转移使内侧转向轮对地面的质量减小,使得较高的载荷条件下产生更深的车辙。

轻型装甲车所有的车辙深度数据均来自高速运动轨迹,低速无法产生车辙,原因是低速条件下无法产生足够的横向力,当横向力大于地面强度时,车辙和积土产生,当然地面的穿透阻力足以支撑车辆的重量。

(图6.行车迹点对轻型装甲车转向半径与车辙深度间的影响关系)高机动多用途汽车低速接近3m/s,高速达8m/s,图7显示了转弯半径与车辙深度之间的关系,对于这种较轻车辆来说其关联性不大,与较重的装甲车相比,高机动多用途车辆较小的横向力可能是产生较浅车辙的重要原因。

当然,随着高机动多用途车辆的转向,两侧轮胎并不都沿着同样的路径行走,车辙的变化也从双道变为单道,尽管它们之间的联系很是微弱,但仍能观察到随着转向半径的减小,车辙深度游轻微的加重,图8和图9显示了车速对车辙的影响,车速越高,车辙会越深。

5.2车辙宽度和转向半径车辙宽度是常用的研究对象,图10显示了轻型装甲车的转向半径越小,车辙宽度越(图7.轮胎位置对高机动多用途汽车转向半径与车辙深度间的影响关系)(图8.车速对高机动多用途汽车内侧车辙深度与转向半径间的影响关系)(图9.车速对高机动多用途汽车外侧车辙深度与转向半径间的影响关系)(图10.迹点对轻型装甲车车辙宽度与转向半径间的影响关系)大,当转向半径小于20米时,车辙宽度增加的越是显著,随着转向半径的增加,转向对地面的干扰影响将减弱。

当转向半径超过150米时,此时车辆大致按直线行走,车辙宽度和轮胎宽度几乎相同,外转向轮和内转向轮所形成的车辙无太大差异。

图11显示了高机动多用途车辆的转向半径和车辙宽度的联系。

图12和图13表明了车速对车辙宽度无较大影响。

5.3车辙指数和转向半径车辙指数是车辙的一个重要指标,是车辙深度和宽度的综合系数,不是单一的量,指定一特定单元会错误的认为这是一个具有代表性的指数,实际上车辙的截面形状不是(图11.轮胎位置对高机动多用途车辆车辙宽度与转向半径的影响关系)(图12.车速对高机动多用途车辆内侧车辙宽度与转向半径间的影响关系)(图13.车速对高机动多用途车辆外侧车辙宽度与转向半径间的影响关系)(图14.迹点对轻型装甲车车辙指数与转向半径间的影响关系)(图15.迹点对高机动多用途车辆车辙指数与转向半径间的影响关系)(图16.车速对高机动多用途车辆内侧车辙指数与转向半径间的影响关系)一个矩形,其面积不能用车辙深度乘上宽度。

图14显示了车辙指数随着转向半径的较少而增加,当内外侧车轮的车辙宽度相同时,外侧转向轮车辙指数比内侧的要高,这主要是因为内外侧车辙深度不同所引起的。

图15显示了高机动多用途汽车与其有着相似的性质,转向半径越小,车辙指数越大,但其内外侧车辙指数无显著差异,图16和图17显示了车速对车辙的微小影响。

6 结论本文用了两种车辆研究汽车动态特性(转向半径和车速)和车辙深度、宽度和车辙指数之间的关系,即13930kg的轻型装甲车和2608kg的高机动多用途汽车。

得到如下结论。

较重的轻型装甲车比较轻的高机动多用途汽车产生的车辙要深,机动转向会产生更深的车辙,车辙深度随转向半径的减小而增大,车辙宽度随两车转向半径的减小都在增加,车辙指数也随转向半径的减小而增加。

车辆转向时外侧转向轮产生的车辙比内侧的要深,然而,外侧转向轮和内侧转向轮所产生的车辙宽度几乎相等,轻型装甲车的外侧车辙指数比内侧偏高,但高机动多用途汽车内外侧车辙指数无较大差异。

当地面强度较高时轻型装甲车的车速会影响车辙的形成,速度越高,车辙越深。

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