浅谈中医术语“六淫”的英译
浅谈中医术语“六淫”的英译
浅谈中医术语“六淫”的英译AbstractTraditional Chinese Medicine is Chinese excellent traditional culture important component, is rich in content, the thought is profound, has an independent theoretical system.Traditional Chinese Medicine should face the world, face future, face modernization. English translation of Traditional Chinese Medicine is the key. The English translation of Traditional Chinese Medicine involves multiple specific discipline and many aspects of other disciplines. The English translation of Chinese Medicine Terminology, especially is the key. TCM term is the most basic concepts of Traditional Chinese Medicine, connotation is rich, the implication is profound. The English translation of scientific or not, relates to the international exchange of Traditional Chinese Medicine, in relation to the future of the Traditional Chinese Medicine. We in the translation of TCM terms, must follow the certain translation principles.The author believes that the translation of TCM terms shall adhere to the principle of "five characters", i.e., the scientific principle, the principle of information, normative principles, to accept the principle, cultural principle. The "six excesses " of the translation, must be based on basic theories of TCM, to understand "six excesses" of the sequence of events, in order to make the translation of scientific norms of acceptable.In the English translation of Traditional Chinese Medicine, to stringent attitude, not only requires the accurate expression of the content of traditional Chinese medicine, but also to meet the English language inherent laws, in line with the English expression, pay attention to English style, style, flexible, not dogma.While paying attention to the characteristics of Traditional Chinese Medicine, concise, practical, custom and convention.Key words: Nomenclature of Traditional Chinese Medicine; International exchange；English translation principles; Excesses of the six factors1前言中医药学是一个伟大的宝库,是世界医学的重要组成部分。
六淫名词解释
六淫名词解释
六淫是中医学中常用的六种外界因素对人体健康产生影响的概念，包括风、寒、暑、湿、燥、火六种气候条件。
1. 风：风是空气流动的状态，也是一种气象现象。
在中医看来，风具有容易传播、变幻无常的特性。
风可以引起感冒、风湿等疾病，常表现为头痛、鼻塞、嗓子痛、关节疼痛等症状。
2. 寒：寒是寒冷的环境条件。
寒气可以导致血液循环不畅、阳气不足，使人体出现寒性疾病，如寒邪侵袭导致的感冒、风湿性关节炎等。
寒性症状常常包括寒战、手脚冰凉、喜欢喝热水等。
3. 暑：暑是高温炎热的环境条件。
暑气容易引起人体阳气上升，血液循环不畅，导致中暑、高温痉挛、中暑等疾病。
暑性症状包括口渴、出汗、头晕、嗜睡等。
4. 湿：湿是指高湿度的环境条件，湿的特点是降低水分的蒸发速度，使空气中含有大量水分。
湿气容易导致中滞、血液循环不畅，引起湿邪疾病，如湿疹、风湿病等。
湿性症状包括浮肿、不想动、皮肤湿滑等。
5. 燥：燥是指干燥的环境条件，燥气容易导致人体液体流失，引起干燥症状，如干咳、干嘴、皮肤干燥等。
燥湿邪犯人体还可导致燥湿病症，如沙眼、热痱、湿疹等。
6. 火：火是指高温、高能量的环境因素，火邪可以导致体内阳
气过盛，气血燥热，出现火热病症，如高热、便秘、口舌生疮等。
火症状常常包括面红、口渴、口唇发红、舌苔黄等。
总之，六淫是中医学中用于描述外界环境对人体健康的六种气候条件，它们可以引起各种疾病和不适症状。
了解六淫，可以帮助人们更好地预防和治疗疾病，保持身体健康。
最全中医术语英文大全
中医①traditional Chinese medicine②traditional Chinese physician①中医学的简称。
②本学科专业职业队伍。
中药Chinese materia medica 在中医理论指导下应用的药物。
包括中药材、中药饮片和中成药等。
中医学traditional Chinese medicine 以中医药理论与实践经验为主体，研究人类生命活动中健康与疾病转化规律及其预防、诊断、治疗、康复和保健的综合性科学。
中药学Chinese materia medica 中药学科的统称。
研究中药基本理论和各种药材饮片、中成药的来源、采制、性能、功效、临床应用等知识的学科。
中医药traditional Chinese medicine and pharmacology 中医与中药的合称。
中医药学traditional Chinese medicine and pharmacology 中医学与中药学的合称，侧重反映中医与中药两者共同发展，密不可分。
中西医结合integration of traditional and western medicine 现代医学等现代科学知识及手段来继承和发展中医药，中西医学相互补充，取长补短，诊治疾病的医学形式。
中医基础理论basic theory of traditional Chinese medicine 研究和阐明中医学的基本概念、基本理论、基本规律、基本原则的学科。
中医诊断学diagnostics of traditional Chinese medicine 根据中医学的理论体系，研究诊察病情、判断病种、辨别证候的基础理论、基本知识和基本技能的学科。
方剂学prescriptions of Chinese materia medica 研究治法与方剂配伍规律及其临床运用的学科。
中医内科学internal medicine of traditional Chinese medicine 研究外感温病、内伤杂病等内科疾病诊治与预防的临床中医学。
中医术语英译
CHAPTER 1肝阳liver yang肝气liver qi肝开窍于眼liver open at the eyes肺开窍于鼻lung open at the nose心开窍于舌heart open at the tongue上亢ascendant hyperactivity肝阳上亢ascendant hyperactivity of liver yang阳盛yang exuberance阴盛yin exuberance阳衰yang debilitation阴衰yin debilitation传统医学traditional medicine中医traditional Chinese medicine中西医结合integration of Traditional Chinese and Western medicine 阴阳学说yin-yang theory五行学说five-phase theory中医基础理论basic theory of TCM中医诊断学traditional Chinese diagnostics方剂学formula study经方classified formula合方combined formula改方modified formula经络学说meridian and collateral (study) 经脉meridian vessel穴位acupuncture points头皮针scalp acupuncture耳针auricular acupuncture中药学traditional Chinese pharmacy中医养生traditional Chinese life nurturing 中医康复traditional Chinese rehabilitation 中医护理traditional Chinese nursing整体观念holism五脏five viscera六腑six bowelsCHAPTER 2精气学说essential qi theory肾精kidney essence清气clear qi清阳clear yang清热clear heat阳虚yang deficiency虚火deficiency fire血逆blood counterflow气逆qi counterflow过虑伤肺excessive anxiety damage the lung 气闭qi block热闭heat block阳脱证yang collapse pattern津脱fluid collapse补阳tonify yang补气tonify qi补血tonify blood苍天之气heaven qi气机qi dynamic陈腐之气stale qi气陷qi fall正气healthy qi气滞qi stagnation阳证yang pattern胃热证stomach heat pattern证型pattern type阴中之阴yin within yin阳中之阴yin within yang阴阳互根mutual rooting of yin and yang治本treat the root阴阳消长waxing and wanting of yin and yang月有阴晴圆缺the waxing and wanting of the moon 阴阳调和harmony of yin and yang气血不调disharmony of qi and blood调和气血harmonize the qi and the blood和胃harmonize stomach和法harmonizing method阳盛阴虚yin deficiency with yang hyperactivity表实exterior excess实寒excess cold虚实夹杂deficiency-excess complex表证exterior pattern表虚exterior deficiency里虚interior deficiency里实interior excess表里关系exterior-interior relation阴阳转化yin-yang conversion由实转虚conversion of excess into deficiency阴阳格拒yin and yang repulsion冷热格拒cold and heat repulsion阳邪yang pathogen阴邪yin pathogen五行five phases木行wood phase土生金earth engenders metal木生火wood engenders fire土克水earth restrains water木克土wood restrains earth木乘土wood overwhelms earth水乘火water overwhelms fire水侮土water rebels earth木侮金wood rebels metal金侮火metal rebels fire母子相及mother and child inter-affectingMother and child affecting each other CHAPTER 3先天之气innate qi先天之精innate essence后天之气acquired qi后天之精acquired essence肝肾同源homogeny of liver and kidney精血同源homogeny of essence and blood命门之火life gate fire气门qi gate君火sovereign fire / heart fire相火ministerial fire正气healthy qi宗气ancestral qi元气source qi原穴source point卫分defence aspect卫气defence qi运化transportation and transformation气化qi transformation气机失调qi dynamic disorder气机瘀滞qi dynamic stagnation寒凝气滞qi stagnation due to cold congealing 寒滞肝脉cold stagnating in the liver vessel 肝气上逆liver qi ascending counterflow胃气上逆stomach qi ascending counterflow 肝气横逆transverse invasion of liver qi真气genuine qi营气nutrient qi下气海lower sea of qi气化作用transformation function心血heart blood血瘀blood stasis气郁qi stagnation活血化瘀activate blood and resolve stasis营卫nutrient and defense营分nutrient aspect水谷精华the essence of water and food水谷代谢water-food metabolism津液fluid and humor津血同源homogeny of fluid and blood液脱证humor collapse pattern气液代谢qi-humor metabolism中气下陷sunken middle qi升举中气upraise middle qi心神heart spirit神昏spirit failing to keep to its abode三焦triple energizers脾气散精the spleen qi disperses essence肺主通调水道the lungs regulate the waterways 肾主水the kidneys dominate water肝主疏泄the liver dominates free coursing三焦主诸气the triple energizers dominate all qi肾主二便the kidneys dominate urination and defecation肺主宣发，主排汗和呼吸the lung govern sweat discharge and respiration魂ethereal soul精神essence-spirit意ideation魄corporeal soul志will气血失调disharmony of qi and blood阴阳失调disharmony of yin and yang气血两虚dual deficiency of qi and blood气阴两虚dual deficiency of qi and yin气病及血qi disease affecting the blood阳损及阴detriment to yang affecting yin气不摄血qi deficiency failing to control blood脾不统血spleen failing to control blood气不化津qi failing to transform fluidCHAPTER 4五脏five viscera中脏viscera stroke藏象viscera manifestation脉象pulse manifestation脏腑viscera and bowel六腑six bowels奇点extra point奇恒之腑extraordinary organs上焦upper energizers中焦middle energizers三焦tripple energizers心包经pericardium channel热入心包heat enters pericardium胆经gallbladder channel胆实热gallbladder excess heat小肠虚寒deficient cold of small intestine心热传入小肠transmission of heart heat to the small intestine 大肠虚寒deficient cold of large intestine热迫大肠heat distressing the large intestine膀胱气化bladder qi transformation膀胱湿热dampness heat of the bladder冷凝胞宫证pattern of cold congealing in the uterus热入血室heat entering the blood chamberBlood chamber is another name of uterus肝气犯胃liver qi invading the stomach风热袭肺wind-heat invading the lung火旺effulgent fire阴虚火旺yin deficiency with effulgent fire肺气失于宣发lung qi failing to diffuse肾精不足kidney essence insufficiency虚火上炎deficient fire flaming upward心火上炎heart fire flaming upward髓海sea of marrow血海sea of blood心胃火燔heart-stomach fire ablaze肝气郁滞liver qi depression化火transform into fire藏血store blood主疏泄govern free coursing少阳之气lesser yang qi心藏神heart houses spirit脾藏意spleen houses ideation热伤神明heat damaging bright spirit直中direct strike风中经络wind striking meridian and collateral 风中血脉wind striking blood vessels清热clear heat燥干清窍dryness affecting the clear orifices升清upbearing the clear泌别清浊separation of the clear and turbid湿浊dampness turbidity降浊downbear turbid降火downbear fire骨蒸潮热bone-steaming tidal fever肾主骨kidney govern the bone淤阻脑络证pattern of (blood) stasis obstructing the brain collateral 髓海sea of marrow髓通于脑marrow connects to the brain经脉collateral vessel血脉blood vessel二七天癸至heavenly tenth arrives at the age of 2 times 7七七天癸竭heavenly tenth fades away at the age of 7 times 7月经menstruation母乳喂养breastfeedingCHAPTER 5外因external cause内因internal cause不内外因cause neither internal nor external外邪external pathogen阴邪yin pathogen外感external contraction新感new contraction外感风寒external contraction of wind-cold外感六淫six-excess external contraction六淫入血分six excesses entering the blood aspect 暑湿summerheat dampness中暑summerheat stroke湿浊dampness turbidity下焦湿热lower energizer dampness-heat凉燥cool-dryness津枯血燥desiccation of liquid and blood dryness 温邪warm pathogen温下法warm purgation温毒pestilential pathogen瘟疫论treatise on pestilence婴儿惊厥（惊风）infantile convulsion刚痉febrile convulsion with chills暑邪summerheat肝风内动internal stirring of liver wind目上斜视upward squint of the eyes疮疡sores and ulcers内伤internal damage伤阳damage to yang伤津damage to fluid七情seven emotions情志不遂emotional upset喜极伤心excessive joy damaging the heart怒极伤肝excessive anger damaging the liver忧极伤肺excessive anxiety damaging the lung思极伤脾excessive thought damaging the spleen悲极伤肺excessive sorrow damaging the lung恐极伤肾excessive fear damaging the kidney惊极伤心excessive fright damaging the heart劳倦overexertion and fatigue寒厥cold syncope脏厥visceral syncope（内脏阳气衰微所致的肢厥，a syncope due to yang debilitation of internal organs）怒则气上anger causes qi to ascend喜则气缓joy causes qi to slacken悲则气消sorrow causes qi to disperse恐则气下fear causes qi to descend惊则气乱fright causes derangement of qi思则气结thought causes qi to bind忧则气郁anxiety causes qi to be depressed目赤bloodshot eyes五味偏嗜flavor predilection饮食偏嗜dietary predilection创伤学traumatology外伤traumatic injury房劳sexual overindulgence劳复taxation relapse女劳sexual taxation风痰wind-phlegm寒痰cold-phlegm痰饮phlegm-retained fluid痰湿phlegm-dampness水湿water-dampness淤血犯头static blood invading head 痿病wilting disease骨痿bone wilting筋痿sinew wilting绞痛colic pain寒疝cold abdominal colic淤痰blood stasis-phlegm浓痰purulent phlegm CHAPTER 6四诊four diagnostic examinations精神状态mental state面部表情facial expression面色complexion望小儿指纹vein of the infant's fingers 舌象tongue manifestation藏象visceral manifestation人体human body舌体tongue body舌形form of the tongue制剂形式preparation form舌态motility of the tongue口眼歪斜deviated of the tongue歪舌deviated tongue落枕stiff neck强硬舌stiff tongue震颤法trembling method颤动舌trembling tongue舌根root of the tongue舌尖tip of the tongue舌边margins of the tongue淡红舌pale red tongue淡白舌pale tongue红舌red tongue绛舌crimson tongue青舌blue tongue紫舌purple tongue青紫舌bluish purple tongue嫩舌tender-soft tongue胖大舌enlarged tongue肿胀舌swollen tongue瘦薄舌thin tongue点刺舌spotted tongue芒刺舌pricky tongue齿痕舌teeth-marked tongue裂纹舌fissured tongue痿软舌limp wilting tongue麻痹舌paralyzed tongue吐弄舌protruded agitated tongue 短缩舌contracted tongue地图舌geographical tongue舌苔tongue fur腻苔slimy fur滑苔slippery fur苔色fur color舌色tongue color中剥苔centre peeling fur根剥苔root peeling fur苔质texture of fur润苔moist fur燥苔dry fur燥裂苔dry and cracked fur前剥苔anterior peeling fur镜面舌mirror tongue类剥苔exfoliated fur淡红色薄白苔red tongue with thin white fur红舌薄黄干苔red tongue with thin, yellow and dry fur 命关life bar舌诊tongue diagnosis望舌inspection of the tongueCHAPTER 7口气mouth odor汗味sweat odor倒经inverted menstruation白带white vaginal discharge黄带yellow vaginal discharge恶露不下retention of the lochia恶露不绝persistent flow of lochia口臭fetid mouth odor halitosis把脉take pulse病脉morbid pulse三部九侯three positions and nine indicators 布指寸口脉wrist pulse寸口诊法wrist pulse-taking method人迎脉carotid pulse趺阳脉anterior tibial pulse寸，关，尺cun/inch, guan/bar and chi/cubit 诊尺肤cubit skin examination指法finger technique叩击法tapping technique举，按，寻lifting, pressing and searching 推寻pulse searching平脉tranquil pulse燥脉agitated pulse按诊body palpation按腧穴acupuncture point palpation病色morbid complexion病脉morbid pulse浮脉floating pulse孤阳上越deficiency yang floating upward 沉脉sunken pulse脾气下陷sunken spleen qi中气下陷sunken middle qi单按pressing with one finger总按simultaneous palpation浮脉floating pulse沉脉sunken pulse迟脉slow pulse数脉rapid pulse虚脉vacuous pulse实脉replete pulse洪脉surging pulse细脉fine pulse滑脉slippery pulse涩脉rough pulse弦脉string-like pulse结脉bound pulse相兼脉combined pulse芤脉hollow pulse散脉dissipated pulse革脉drumskin pulse伏脉hidden pulse牢脉firm pulse阳明腑证yang brightness bowel pattern 缓脉moderate pulse缓脉（不正常）relaxed pulse疾脉racing pulse大脉large pulse长脉long pulse濡脉soggy pulse弱脉weak pulse短脉short pulse微脉faint pulse动脉stirred pulse紧脉tight pulse代脉intermittent pulse促脉skipping pulse驱寒dissipate cold散瘀dissipate stasis风动stirring wing阴虚动风yin deficiency with stirring windCHAPTER 8问寒热inquiry about cold and heat问汗inquiry about sweating问痛inquiry about pain恶寒aversion to cold恶热aversion to heat发热恶寒aversion to cold with fever畏is usually translated as fear, as in "fear of cold" 畏寒但热不寒fever without chills但寒不热chills without fever潮热tidal fever午间潮热afternoon tidal fever日晡潮热late afternoon tidal fever骨蒸潮热bone-steaming tidal fever湿温潮热dampness-warm tidal fever阴虚潮热yin deficiency tidal fever微热mild fever微恶寒mild aversion to cold微寒mild chill微渴mild thirst身热不扬unsurfaced fever五心烦热vexing heat in the chest, palms and soles / five center heat手足烦热vexing heat in the extremities 手足厥冷reversal cold of the extremities 厥阴reverting yin寒热往来alternating chills and fever盗汗night sweating虚热deficiency heat少阳病lesser yang disease疟疾malaria头重脚轻heavy head and light feet身重heavy body重痛heavy pain目眩dizzy vision视力模糊blurred vision复视doubled vision灼痛scorching pain绞痛gripping pain掣痛pulling pain隐痛dull pain窜痛scurrying pain闷痛oppressive pain酸痛aching pain游走性疼痛wandering pain阵发性痛paroxysmal pain阵发性咳嗽paroxysmal cough持续性痛persistent pain汗不止persistent sweating项背拘急contracture of the nape and neck 四肢拘急contracture of the limbs肌肉痉挛muscle spasm淋病strangury disease血淋blood strangury热淋heat strangury胀痛distending pain刺痛stabbing pain冷痛cold pain空痛empty pain固定痛fixed pain胁痛hypochondriac四肢痛limb pain周身痛generalized pain完谷不化undigested food in the stool消化不良腹泻undigested food diarrhea 五更泻fifth-watch diarrhea五更咳fifth-watch cough溏泄sloppy diarrhea便溏sloppy stool大便硬结hard bound stool结脉bound pulse余尿不尽incomplete urination小便涩痛difficult painful urination大便失禁fecal incontinence小便失禁urinary incontinence尿浊turbid urine分泌清浊separation of the clear and turbid 语声重浊deep turbid voice小便淋沥dribbling urination癃闭dribbling urinary block遗精seminal emission梦遗dream emission白带white vaginal discharge黄带yellow vaginal discharge下消lower wasting-thirst里急后重tenesmus尿频frequent urination膀胱失约bladder retention failure遗尿enuresis阳痿impotence勃起erection滑精spermatorrhea早泄pre-mature ejaculation月经先期advanced menstruation月经period月经后期delayed menstruation月经先后无定期menstruation at irregular intervals 经期延长prolonged menstruation月经过多profuse menstruation月经过少scanty menstruation崩漏flooding and spotting闭经amenorrhea初潮menarche痛经dysmenorrhea赤白带下white and yellow vaginal discharge胸闷oppression in the chestCHAPTER 9半表半里证pattern of half-exterior half-interior表里辩证exterior-interior pattern identification表虚证exterior deficiency pattern表寒证exterior cold pattern风湿袭表证pattern of wind-dampness assailing the exterior 风寒袭喉证pattern of wind-cold assailing the throat风寒袭肺证pattern of wind-cold assailing the lung风寒束表wind-cold fettering the exterior风寒束肺证pattern of wind-cold fettering the lung卫表不固证defense-exterior insecurity pattern表里俱寒证pattern of dual exterior and interior cold肝胆俱实证pattern of dual excess of liver and gallbladder 气阴两虚证pattern of dual deficiency of qi and yin八纲辨证eight-principle pattern identification表寒里热证pattern of exterior cold and interior heat寒热错杂证cold-heat complex pattern虚实夹杂证deficiency-excess complex pattern上寒下热证upper cold and lower heat pattern上热下寒证upper heat and lower cold pattern上焦upper energizer上消upper waste-thirst热及生风证pattern of extreme heat engendering wind阴极似阳extreme yin resembling yang阳极似阴extreme yang resembling yin上盛下虚证upper exuberance and lower deficiency pattern 下焦lower energizer真虚假实证true deficiency with false excess pattern真实假虚证true excess with false deficiency pattern真寒假热证true cold with false heat pattern辩症syndrome differentiation阳虚痰凝yang deficiency with congealing phlegm寒凝气滞证pattern of congealing cold with qi stagnation寒凝胞宫证pattern of cold congealing in the uterus伤阳证yang damage pattern伤阴证yin damage pattern阴阳两虚证pattern of dual deficiency of yin and yang心脾两虚证pattern of dual deficiency of heart and spleen阴虚内热证pattern of yin deficiency of yin with internal heat 阴虚火旺证pattern of yin deficiency with effulgent fire阴盛阳衰证pattern of yin exuberance with yang debilitation 阳虚寒凝证pattern of yang deficiency with congealing cold 阴盛格阳证pattern of exuberant yin repelling yang阳盛格阴证pattern of exuberant yang repelling yin清阳不升证pattern of clear yang failing to ascend肾不纳气证pattern of kidney failing to receive qi脾不统血证pattern of spleen failing to manage blood八纲eight principles治疗原则therapeutic principle八纲治法eight principle therapeutic methods合证combined pattern合方combined formulaCHAPTER 10气陷证qi sinking pattern寒湿证cold-dampness pattern气机失调证qi dynamic disorder pattern气机郁滞证stagnant qi dynamic pattern湿热下注证pattern of dampness-heat pouring down寒凝气滞证pattern of congealing cold with qi stagnation寒凝血瘀证pattern of congealing cold with blood stasis寒湿内阻证pattern of internal obstruction of cold-dampness 气虚湿阻证pattern of qi deficiency with dampness obstruction 气机不利证inhibited qi dynamic pattern气虚水停证pattern of qi deficiency with water retention气虚不摄证pattern of qi deficiency with failure to constrain气虚外感证pattern of qi deficiency with external contraction 蓄血证blood amassment pattern气血失调证qi-blood disharmony pattern气不摄血证pattern of qi failing to control the blood血虚挟淤证pattern of blood deficiency complicated by stasis 血虚寒凝证pattern of blood deficiency and congealing cold血虚风燥证pattern of blood deficiency and wind-dryness津气亏虚证fluid-qi deficiency pattern气滞水停证pattern of qi stagnation with water retention饮停胸胁证pattern of fluid retention in the chest and hypochondrium 风水相搏证pattern of mutual contention of wind and water水停证water retention pattern疫毒下注证pattern of pestilential toxin pouring downward火毒内陷证pattern of inward invasion of fire toxin表邪内陷证pattern of inward invasion of external evil表寒证exterior cold pattern表热证exterior heat pattern表虚exterior deficiency里实证interior excess pattern里寒interior cold里热interior heat外湿external dampness外风external wind外燥external dryness内风internal wind内燥internal dryness内湿internal dampness燥干清窍证pattern of dryness affecting the clear orifices气郁证qi depression pattern气郁化火证pattern of depressed qi transforming into fire 中气下陷证sunken middle qi脾气下陷sunken spleen qi直肠下陷prolapse of the rectum子宫下陷prolapse of uterus表气不固insecurity of exterior qi肾气不固insecurity of kidney qi蓄血blood amassment太阳蓄血证greater yang blood amassment pattern热入血室heat entering blood chamber寒入血室证pattern of cold entering blood chamber气虚血瘀证pattern of qi deficiency with blood stasis心血淤阻证heart blood stasis pattern寒凝血瘀证pattern of congealing cold with blood stasis 气病及血qi disease affecting the blood阳损及阴detriment to yang affecting yin生津engender fluid胃津stomach fluid津血同源homogeny of fluid and blood液脱证humor collapse pattern增液润肠increase humor and moisten the intestines风水相搏证pattern of mutual contention of wind and water阴虚水停证pattern of yin deficiency with water retention气滞水停证pattern of qi stagnation with water retention太阳蓄水证greater yang water retention pattern胸胁胀痛fullness in the chest and hypochondrium水停胸胁证pattern of fluid retention in the chest and hypochondrium。
中医英语术语翻译重点
中医英语术语翻译重点Last revision on 21 December 2020中医英语术语翻译重点天人相应Correspondence of human body and natural environment辨证论治treatment based onsyndrome differentiation针灸acupuncture and moxibustion寒凉药物herbs cold and cool in nature滋阴降火nourishing yin and reducing fire整体观念concept of holism开窍(of the five zang-organs) open into生长化收藏sprout, grow, transform, ripen and store同病异治different therapeutic methods used to treat the same disease异病同治same therapeutic method used to treating different diseases从阴引阳drawing yang from yin阴平阳秘balance of yin and yang寒极生热extreme cold generating heat热极生寒 extreme heat gernerating cold病机总纲general rule of pathogenesis祛风散寒eliminating wind and dispersing cold实则泻之treating excess syndromes with reduction虚寒证deficiency cold syndrome实热症 excess heat syndrome潜阳熄风suppressing yang and eliminating wind补其不足 supplement insufficiency泻其有余 reduce excess五行学说the theory of five elements木曰曲直wood characterized by bending and straightening火曰炎上fire characterized by flaring up土爰稼穑earth characterized by sowing and reaping金曰从革metal characterized by clearing and changing水曰润下water characterized by moistening and descending母病及子illness of mother viscera affecting the child one子病及母illness of child viscera affecting the mother one相乘相侮over restriction and counter-restriction心火亢盛exuberant fire in the heart肾阳式 of kidney yang平肝和胃soothing the liver and harmonizing the stomach水火不济between water and fire奇恒之腑extraordinary fu-organs藏象学说the theory of visceral manifestation藏而不泻storage without discharge泻而不藏discharge without storage形体诸窍physical build and various orifices其华在面the luster manifesting upon the face满而不实 full but not to be solid实而不满solid but not to be full心主血脉heart governing blood and vessels肺司呼吸lung controlling breathing脾主运化spleen governing transportation and transformation肝主疏泄liver controlling conveyance and dispersion肾主藏精kidney governing storing essence面色无华lusterless complexion汗血同源sweat and blood sharing the same origin升降出入ascending, descending, going out and going in宣发肃降dispersion, purification and descent后天之本acquired base of life肝气逆上upward adverse flow of liver qi先天之精innate essence奇恒之腑extraordinary fu-organs孤俯isolated fu-organ腐熟水谷digest water and food七冲门the seven important portals胆主决断The gallbladder is responsible for making judgment泌别清浊separating the lucid from the turbid大肠主津The large intestine governs thin body fluid小肠主液The small intestine governs thick body fluid先天禀赋innateness温养腑脏warming and nourishing the viscera津血同源body fluid and blood sharing the same origin气为血帅，血为气母Qi commands the blood and the blood carries qi. 益气固脱nourishing qi to stop collapse奇经八脉eight extraordinary vessels十二经筋tendons of the twelve regular meridians舒经活络soothing meridians and activating collaterals刺络拔罐collateral pricking and cupping therapy腠理闭塞stagnation of interstitial space湿邪困脾pathogenic dampness obstructing the spleen外感六淫six excesses pathogenic factors饮食劳倦mproper diet and overstrain阳常有余，阴常不足Yang is usually excessive while yin is frequently deficient.四大经典Four GreatClassic:Huangdi s Canon of Medicine黄帝内经Classic of Difficulties难经Shennong s Classic of Materia Medica神农本草经Rreatise on Cold Damage and Miscellaneous Diseases伤寒杂病论四气four properties:cold,,hot,warm,cool五味five flavors:sour,bitter,sweet,pungent,salty(中药)七情seven conditions of ingredients in prescriptionsSingle effect,mutual reinforcement,mutual assistance,mutual restraint,mutual inhibition,mutual antagonism,mutual suppression寒凉派Liu Wansu-School of Cold and Cool攻下派Zhang Congzheng-School of Purgation补土派Li Gao-School of Reinforcing the Earth滋阴派Zhu Zhenheng-School of Nourishing Yin辛温中药herbs pungent in taste and warm in nature辛凉中药herbs pungent in taste and cool in narure向日为阳，背日为阴The side facing the sun belongs to yang and the reverse side to yin,血液常行的前提条件：心气充沛，血液充盈，脉道通利Normal circulation of blood:abundance of heart qi,sufficiency ofblood,vessels are prerequisite.四气；元气primordial qi，宗气pectoral qi，营气nutrient qi，卫气defensiveqi内生五邪；内风，内寒，内湿，内燥，内火Five internal excesses;internal cold,internal dampness,inrenaldryness,internal fire内伤七情Internal injury due to sevenemotions;joy,anger,anxiety,thought,sorrow,fear,fright怒则气上，喜则气缓，悲则气消，恐则气下，惊则气乱。
方剂学英译汉的名词术语翻译探析
中医药学 不仅 具 有 医学 属 性 和 自然科 学 属 性 ， 而 且具 有文化 和哲 学 性 质 及 人 文社 会 科 学 属 性 。 因此 ， 其专 有术语 往往 蕴涵 着 十分 丰 富 的 内涵 ， 确 的语 言 准 转 化 对于 中 医药走 向世界 具有 重要 的意 义 。 中医英语 是在 中 医翻译 的基础 上形 成 的一套具 有 中国特色 的英 语术语 表达 系统 ， 中医英 语 翻译 的 质 量 和规 范化 水 平 的高低 直接 影响着 中医英语 的学 科建 设 和水平 考试 的 实施 。对 中医英译 标 准 化 的研 究 是 规 范 中医 译 本 ， 提 高英译质 量 的有效 途 径 ， 为 国外 的 中 医学 者 提 供 方 将
及 多样 性原 则 ， 了个人 的认 识 和体会 。 谈
关键词 ： 方剂学； 英译汉； 中医术语 中图分 类号 ：２ ９９ Ｒ ８ ． 文献标 识码 ： Ａ
文 章编 号 ：０２—２９（ｏ８０ —０６ —０ ｌ０ ３２２０ ）６ ０９ １ 的体会 是很 难将 原 意 准 确地 表 达 出来 的 。如 《 中医 药 常用名词术语英译》 中的消渴 ， 翻译为 ： 舾ｉ —ｔｒ ｗ ｔｇ ｈＳ ｎ ｉｔ 或 ｄ ｂｔ ， ｉ ｅ ｓ笔者 认 为 都 不 尽 准确 ， 一 词 中 的 ｗ ｓｎ ａ ｅ 前 ａｔ ｇ ｉ 未能 完全 表达 出消 渴 中“ ” 消 的含义 ， 为 ｃｎｕｎ ｇ 译 ｏｓｒｎ 更 ｊ 好一些 ； 而后者 是糖 尿病 的意思 ， 知道 中医 的消渴与 要 现代医学的糖尿病是有着重叠部分的两个不同概念。 再如 ： 证 ， 作 者 翻 译 成 ａ ｈａ ｉ（ 节 炎 ）有 些 时 痹 有 Ｉ ｒｇ 关 ｔ Ｊａ ， 候是 对 的 ， 如 果 综 合 考 虑 一 下 “ 痹 ” “ 痹 ” 概 但 胸 、血 等 念 ， 如 ｉｐｄｍ ｎ ｓｎｍ ｅ 为 准 确 ， 避 免 了繁 琐 不 ｍ ｅｉｅｔｙｄ ｍ 更 也 和西 医化 ， 使语意更为简洁。而 “ 六淫” 在该书中翻译 为 ｓ ｘｅ ｅ， 合 其 它 对 “ ” 翻 译 ， 不 如 ｓ ｉ ｅｃｓ ｓ 综 ｘ ｓ 邪 的 倒 ｉ ｘ ｐｔ ｇ璐 来得 更为 简 洁 、 了。再 如 像 “ ａ ｏｅ ｈ 明 配伍 ” 词 在 一 《 中医药常用名词术语英译》 翻译 为 ｃ ｂ ａ０ ， ｏ ｉ ｔｎ有些 ｍ ｎｉ 不尽 准 确 ， 于笼 统 ， 不如 ｃｍ ａ ｂ ｉ 更 为贴切 。 过 倒 ｏ ｐｔ ｉｔ ｉ ｌｙ ２ 直译 性原则 直译 是 翻译 的基本 方法 之一 。 中医学具 有独 特 的 理论体系 ， 其名词术语有其广泛而深刻的内涵。当表 达形 式可 直接 忠于 原 文 内容 时 ， 用 直 译 是最 佳 的 翻 采 译方法 ， 在形 式 和 内容 上 与 原 意 保 持一 致 。如 ：ｖ 能 ｌｅ ｉ ｂｏｄ 肝 血 ） ｂｏｄ ｄ ｉ ｃ （ 虚 ） ａｔ ａ ｎ ｌ ｄｔ ｌ （ ０ 、 ｌ ｅｃｅ ｙ 血 ｏ ｎ 、ｃ ｖｔ ｇｂ０ ０ ｉ ｉ ｏ ｒ ｏ ｅｓ ｓ （ 血 化瘀 ） ｅ ｌ ｔ ｉ 活 ｓ ｖ ａｓ 。而 “ 、 的 翻 译 ，ｏｅ 君 臣” ｓｖｒ ｅ （ ０眦 ｈ 和 ｒｎｓ ｒ 比 ｃ ｉ 和 ａｓｃ ｔ 直 接 、 ｍ ｎ ） Ｉ ｉｅ 要 ｌ ｔ ｉ ｈ ｆ ｓ ｉｅ更 ｅ ｏａ 准 确 ， 合原 意 。 符 中医用语 的突出特点是简明扼要 ， 将其 翻译成英 语应保持这一特点 ， 有助于理解 ， 过于专业有时会显得 晦涩 。 如 ：ｅ ｉｇ１ｐｅ ｒ ｔｎ 驱 虫 剂 ） 尽 管 很 专 ｖ硼 ｆ ａ ｒｓ ｉｉ （ ｕ ｌ ｅ ｐｏ ，
论中医术语的翻译策略
论中医术语的翻译策略谭卫国（上海师范大学外国语学院，上海，200234）摘要：本文首先简要回顾中医术语翻译的研究现状，然后分别论证异化、异化加注、归化、归化加注以及异化、归化并用这五种翻译策略应用于中医术语英译的可行性。
文章强调：中医术语英译策略的选择是灵活变通的，处决于翻译原则、翻译语境和翻译目的之综合考虑。
关键词：中医术语；翻译策略；异化；异化加注；归化；归化加注；异化、归化并用一、引言中医是中华文化的瑰宝，源远流长，自成体系，富有浓厚的民族文化特色，与西医迥然相异。
中医翻译是我国文化传播的重要内容之一，其重大意义毋庸置疑。
自改革开放以来，中医翻译和中医翻译研究不断进展，成果迭出，欣欣向荣。
光就中医术语的翻译而言，已有不少论著问世，而且出版了两个《国际标准》①，可谓成就斐然。
王奎教授（2010）精辟地综述了《中医基本名词术语中英对照国际标准》中的翻译原则和方法，郑重地指出了中医术语多语种翻译的巨大意义。
李照国教授早在1996年就提出了中医术语英译的原则与方法，并论证了其可行性。
2008年，李照国教授在他的重要学术专著中详尽地探讨了中医名词术语英译的原则、标准和方法，并就两个《国际标准》所收录的4000余条中医术语的英译作了系统的比较研究，资料翔实，分析客观，实用性强；同年，他进一步研究中医术语英译国际标准化问题，通过对中医术语进行分类比较，提出和论证了国际标准化的概念、原则和方法。
他的成果具有显著的理论意义和普遍的应用价值。
刘法公（2000）结合丰富的实例创造性地论证了中成药名的翻译规律，强调中成药名的翻译不能望文生义，译者务必确认药名的内涵，遵循翻译规律，选用适当的词语。
王宝勤（2003）从中医术语的特点、语义和逻辑关系以及词类结构等方面，论述了中医专业术语和普通词汇翻译的处理办法。
王雪松、周美启（2005）就中医术语英译中存在的问题加以探究，实例颇多，分析合理，并提出了有效对策。
李静（2012）就中医术语英译标准化研究成果作了简述。
中医英语术语
中医英语术语-CAL-FENGHAI.-(YICAI)-Company One1第一课1.中国中医药traditional Chinese medicine; TCM中医基础理论basic theory of traditional Chinese medicine临床经验clinical experience辨证论治treatment based on syndrome differentiation 杂病miscellaneous diseases中药学Chinese pharmacy 四气五味four properties and five tastes针灸acupuncture and moxibustion; acumox古代中国哲学classical Chinese philosophy汗法sweating therapy; diaphoresis 下法purgation吐法vomiting therapy; emetic therapy补土派the School of Reinforcing the Earth方剂prescription; formula医疗实践medical practice治疗原则therapeutic principles寒凉药herbs cold and cool in nature滋阴降火nourishing yin and reducing fire瘀血致病diseases caused by blood stagnation第二课1 ve zang-organs; five zang-viscera五脏six fu-organs六腑system of meridians and collaterals经络系统holism整体观念organic wholenss有机整体social attribute社会属性(of the five zang-organs) open into开窍sprout, grow, transform, ripen and store生长化收藏diagnostics诊断学relationship between pathogenic factors and healthy qi邪正关系therapeutics治疗学common cold due to wind and cold风寒感冒different therapeutic methods used to treat the same disease同病异治the same therapeutic method used to treat different diseases异病同治balance of water metabolism水液代谢平衡clearing away heart fire清心火nature of disease疾病本质treating the left side for curing diseases located on the right side 以左治右drawing yang from yin从阴引阳treating the lower part for curing diseases located on the upper part病在上者下取之第三课1 philosophical concept哲学概念mutual transformation相互转化balance of yin and yang阴平阳秘transformation between yin and yang阴阳转化extreme cold turning into heat寒极生热pathological changes病理变化absolute predominance 绝对偏盛general rule of pathogenesis病机总纲supplementing what it lacks of补其不足eliminating wind and dispersing cold祛风散寒mutually inhibiting and promoting相互消长mutually inhibiting and restraining相互制约interdependence相互依存excess of yin leading to decline of yang阴胜则阳病contrary and supplementary to each other相反相成organic whole有机整体impairment of yang involving yin阳损及阴deficiency of both yin and yang阴阳两虚deficiency cold syndrome虚寒证suppressing yang and eliminating wind熄风潜阳第四课1.the doctrine of five elements; the theory of five phases五行学说free development 条达舒畅to be generated and togenerate生我我生restraint in generation生中有制Wood is characterized by growing freely and peripherally.木曰曲直Earth is characterized by cultivation and reaping.土元稼穑Water is characterized by moistening and downward flowing.水曰润下over restriction and counter-restriction相乘相侮Wood over restricts earth because it is deficient.土虚木乘promotion, restriction, inhibition and transformation生克制化disorder of a mother-organ involving its child-organ母病及子insufficiency of essence and blood in the liver and kidney肝肾精血不足blood deficiency in the heart and liver心肝血虚exuberant fire in the heart心火亢盛insufficiency of liver yin肝肾不足declination of kidney yang肾阳衰微weakness of the spleen and stomach脾胃虚弱soothing the liver and harmonizing the stomach平肝和胃 insufficiency of kidney yin肾阴不足balance between water and fire水火不济第五课doctrine of visceral manifestations脏象学说five zang-organs and six fu-organs五脏六腑extraordinary fu-organs齐桓之府nutrients of water and food水谷精微ransmitting and transforming water and food传化水谷storing essence贮藏精气internal and external relationship表里关系therapeutic effects治疗效应clinical practice临床实践storage without discharge藏而不写discharge without storage泻而不藏physical build and various orifices形体诸窍(of five zang-organs) open into开窍spirit and emotions精神情志the heart storing spirit心藏神the lung storing corporeal soul肺藏魄the liver storing ethereal soul肝藏魂the spleen storing consciousness 脾藏意the kidney storing will肾藏志the luster manifesting upon the face其华在面第六课the heart governing blood and vessels心主血脉sufficiency of heart qi心气充沛rosy complexion面色红润sufficiency ofblood血液充盈unsmooth vessels脉道不利lusterless complexion面色无华thin and weak pulse脉象细弱the heart storing spirit心藏神sweat and blood sharing the same origin汗血同源ascending, descending, going out and going in升降出入dispersion, purification and descent宣发肃降regulating water passage通调水道the spleen governing transportation and transformation脾主运化nutrients of water and food水谷精微stoppage of water and fluid水液停滞acquired base of life 后天之本regulating qi activity调畅气机upward adverse flow of liver qi肝气上逆innate essence先天之精the kidney receiving qi肾主纳气第七课extraordinary fu-organs齐桓之府isolated fu-organ孤府digest water and food腐熟水谷anus破门remaining part of liver qi肝之余气upper energizer上焦separating the lucid from the turbid泌别清浊residue of foods食物残渣The large intestine governs thin body fluid大肠主津bile精汁The small intestine governs thick body fluid小肠主液primary digestion初步消化essential qi精气the seven important portals七冲门The gallbladder is responsible for making judgment胆主决断discharge waste排泄糟粕occurrence of menstruation月经来潮epiglottis 吸门morphological hollowness形态中空transporting and transforming water and food传化水谷第八课innateness先天禀赋nutrients; refined substance精微物质blood circulation血液循环water metabolism水液代谢way of qi movement气的运动形式ascending, descending, exiting and entering movements of qi的升降出入运动normal function of qi activity气机条畅primary motive force of life生命的原动力warming and nourishing the viscera温养脏腑qi of the viscera and meridians脏腑经络之气qi activity气机qi transformation气化innate qi先天之气acquired qi 后天之气healthy qi正气pathogenic factors邪气primordial qi元气thoracic qi宗气nutritive qi营气defensive qi卫气第九课qi promoting the production of blood气生血qi promoting the flow of blood气行血qi commanding blood气摄血blood carrying qi血载气blood generating qi血生气qi promoting the production of body fluid气生津液qi promoting the flow of body fluid气行津液qi commanding body fluid气摄津液body fluid carrying qi津液载气body fluid generating qi津液生气body fluid and blood sharing the same origin津血同源exhaustion of qi due to loss of body fluid气随液脱exhaustion of qi due to hemorrhage 气随血脱loss of qi due to profuse sweating气随津泄Normal flow of qi ensures normal flow of blood while stagnation of qi causes stagnation of blood.气行则血行气滞则血瘀Qi commands the blood and the blood carries qi.气为血帅血为气母Normal flow of qi ensures normal flow of body fluid while stagnation of qi causes stagnation of body fluid.气行则水行气滞则水滞nourishing qi to stop collapse益气固脱Sweating therapy should be not be used to treat patients suffering from hemorrhage.亡血家不可发汗Sweating therapy should not be used to treat hemorrhage.夺血者无汗第十课theory of meridians and collaterals经络学说system of meridians and collaterals经络系统transporting qi and blood to the whole body运行全身气血being connected with the viscera and limbs联络脏腑肢节running routes循行路线twelve regular meridians十二正经the regions through or along which the meridians run and the order by which the meridians are connected with each other循行部位和交接顺序(of a collateral) pertaining to a certain meridian络属关系eight extraordinary vessels (meridians)奇经八脉branches of the twelve regular meridians十二经别divergent collaterals别络skin divisions of the twelve regular meridians十二皮部tendons of the twelve regular meridians十二经筋qi of meridians经络之气syndrome differentiation of meridians and collaterals经络辨证meridian conduction经络感传meridian manifestations经络现象blockage of meridians经络阻滞soothing meridians and activating collaterals舒筋活络collateral pricking and cupping therapy刺络拔罐第十课theory of meridians and collaterals经络学说system of meridians and collaterals经络系统transporting qi and blood to the whole body运行全身气血being connected with the viscera and limbs联络脏腑肢节running routes循行路线twelve regular meridians十二正经the regions through or along which the meridians run and the order by which the meridians are connected with each other循行部位和交接顺序(of a collateral) pertaining to a certain meridian络属关系eight extraordinary vessels (meridians)奇经八脉branches of the twelve regular meridians十二经别divergent collaterals别络skin divisions of the twelve regular meridians十二皮部tendons of the twelve regular meridians十二经筋qi of meridians经络之气14 syndrome differentiation of meridians and collaterals经络辨证meridian conduction经络感传meridian manifestations经络现象blockage of meridians经络阻滞soothing meridians and activating collaterals舒筋活络collateral pricking and cupping therapy刺络拔罐Lesson 11six exogenous pathogenic factors外感六淫improper diet and overstrain 饮食劳倦common cold due to wind-cold风寒感冒diarrhea due to damp-heat/damp-heat diarrhea 湿热泄泻five endogenous pathogenic factors内生五邪pathogenic wind attacking the exterior 风邪外袭migratory arthralgia/joint pain游走性关节痛wind being the leading pathogenic factor风为百病之长 attacked/invaded by pathogenic cold感受寒邪decline of yang qi阳气衰退 cold tending to stagnate by nature寒性凝滞 stagnation of interstitial space 腠理闭塞spasm and contraction of muscles and tendons经脉拘急收引pathogenic dampness obstructing the spleen湿邪困脾inactivation of spleen-yang脾阳不振production of endogenous heat due to yin deficiency阴虚生内热extreme heat producing wind热极生风internal impairment due to yin deficiency 七情内伤improper diet饮食不节engorgement 暴饮暴食Lesson 12occurrence, development, and changes of disease疾病的发生发展变化(body )constitutional state 体质强弱dysfunction of qi and blood气血功能紊乱various pathological changes多种多样的病理变化exuberance or decline of pathogenic factors and healthy qi/ strength contrast between pathogenic factors and healthy qi邪正盛衰deficiency or excess changes of disease /transformation between deficiency and excess during a disease病症的虚实变化the human body’resistance against diseases 人体的抗病能力feverish sensation over the five centers (palms, soles, and chest)五心烦热deficiency complicated with excess虚实夹杂turnover of disease/prognosis of disease疾病转归 relative predominance of yin or yang 阴阳偏盛extreme changes of five emotions五志过极depletion of essence causing deficiency精气夺则虚mutual consumption of yin and yang阴阳互损true heat and false cold; false cold and true heat真热假寒或假寒真热stagnation of qi activity气机瘀滞不畅disorder of fluid metabolism津液代谢失常endogenous cold/ cold originating from the interior 寒从中生fluid consumption producing dryness津伤化燥stirring of endogenous wind/disturbance of endogenous wind风气内动Lesson 13spirit, complexion, and physical conditions 神色形态mental activities 精神活动sufficient essence and abundant qi精气充足apathetic facial expressions表情淡漠 normal complexion and varied normal complexion 主色与客色convulsion of the limbs四肢抽搐stirring of wind due to damp-heat湿热风动interior sinking of pathogenic toxin邪毒内陷scaly skin/ squamous and dry skin肌肤甲错hunger without appetite饥不欲食combined use of the four diagnostic methods四诊合参facial expressions面部表情favorable prognosis预后良好dispiritedness 精神不振five colors indicating diseases / diagnostic significance of five colors五色主病 facial distortion口角歪斜flaming of deficient fire虚火上炎retention of heat in the large intestine大肠热结mirror-like tongue光剥舌pulse manifestations脉象Lesson 14prevention before occurrence未病先防harmony between qi and blood气血平和regulating mental conditions调摄精神smooth circulation of blood血脉流畅smooth movement of joints关节通利smooth flow of qi/ free activity of qi气机条畅prolonging life and promoting longevity益寿延年preventive and therapeutic principles防治原则treatment should focus on the root of diseases治病求本treating secondary symptoms in acute disease急则治其标treating primary symptoms in chronic disease缓则治其本simultaneous treatment of primary and secondary symptoms 标本兼治deficiency of healthy qi and excess of pathogenic factors正虚邪实removing parasites to eliminate accumulation驱虫消积accumulation of phlegm-dampness in the lung痰湿壅盛blood serving as the mother of qi血为气母treatment in accordance with seasons, locality and individuality.因时因地因人制宜avoiding cold herbs in cold weather用寒远寒exogenous dry disease in autumn 外感秋燥moistening dryness with pungent and cool herbs辛凉润燥Lesson 15ⅰ.treatment with syndrome differentiation/ 辨证论治disease involving both exterior and interior表里同病 simultaneous occurrence of cold and heat/ mixture of cold and heat寒热错杂regression of interior pathogenic factors to the exterior 里邪出表true cold and false heat 真寒假热aversion to cold and aversion to heat恶寒与恶热tasteless sensation in the mouth without thirst 口淡不渴transformation of stagnated pathogenic cold into heat 寒邪郁而化热exterior-deficiency syndrome due to exogenous pathogens外感表虚feverish sensation over five centers五心烦热location and nature of disease病位与病性mixture of deficiency and excess虚实夹杂invasion of exterior pathogenic factors into the interior表邪入里cold syndrome transforming into heat syndrome寒症化热true heat and false cold真热假寒heat syndrome transforming into cold syndrome热证转寒pale tongue with white, moist and slippery fur舌淡苔白而润滑rapid and weak pulse脉数无力tidal fever and night sweating 潮热盗汗coma with delirium神昏谵语 Lesson 16Chinese medicinal herbs 中草药four properties and five flavors 四气五味the part used for medical purpose入药部分collection of herbs药物采集processing of herbs 炮制eliminating impurity清除杂质mild effect作用和缓relieving exterior syndrome by dispersion发散解表astringing and checking收敛固涩lubricant purgation by softening hardness 软坚润下drying dampness to invigorate the spleen燥湿健脾ascending, descending, sinking and floating升降沉浮channel tropism/channel distribution of medicines归经medication contraindication用药禁忌dosage药物剂量pungent and warm herbs with the function of relieving exterior syndrome 辛温解表药herbs for expelling wind and dampness祛风湿药eighteen incompatible herbs and nineteen herbs of mutual antagonism十八反十九畏herbs for clearing away heat and cooling blood清热凉血药herbs foreliminating phlegm and stopping cough祛痰止咳药Lesson 17Science of prescription方剂学compatibility配伍关系prescription-formulating principle组成规律modification of prescriptions方剂的加减drug form and dosage 剂型与剂量monarch, minister, assistant and guide君臣佐使toxicity of medicinal herbs药物毒性 moderating the property of herbs 缓和药性guiding action引经报使mediating all herbs in a prescription调和诸药warming channels to dissipate cold温经散寒dispersing lung to relieve asthma宣肺平喘flexible modification灵活化裁clearing away and dispersing stagnated heat 清散郁热modification according to symptoms随症加减processed herbs药物饮片power for oral taking内服散剂medicinal extract for external application 外用膏剂mixed in boiled water for oral taking开水冲服condensed extract浓缩浸膏 Lesson 18acupuncture and moxibustion therapy针灸疗法reinforcing and reducing techniques for needling针刺补泻needling techniques针刺手法methods for needle-inserting进针手法alleviating pain with acupuncture针刺止痛acupuncture anesthesia针刺麻醉needling sensation 针感intradermal needle皮内针angle and depth of needling针刺的角度和深度insertion of needle with double hands双手进针 manipulation of needle行针ear acupuncture therapy耳针疗法lifting, thrusting, twisting and rotating 提插捻转water-acupuncture therapy水针疗法scalp-acupuncture therapy头针疗法blistering moxibustion 化脓灸scarring moxibustion瘢痕灸moxibustion with moxa cone艾炷灸 lamp moxibustion灯火灸needle-warming moxibustion温针灸Lesson 19tuina manipulations推拿手法alleviating pain减轻疼痛exercise for practicing tuina功法训练relaxing muscles放松肌肉relieving muscular tension解除肌肉紧张restricted activity活动受限dislocation of joint关节脱位protrusion of lumbar vertebral disc腰椎间盘突出rotating reduction旋转复位injury of soft tissue软组织损伤adhesion and stiffness of joint 关节粘连僵硬lubricating joint滑利关节reinforcing and reducing manipulation手法补写horizontal pushing with the thumb拇指平推法pushing manipulation with one finger一指禅推法point-pressing manipulation点按法kneading manipulation with the large thenar大鱼际揉法alternated rubbing and kneading交替搓揉injury of lumbar muscles腰肌劳损vertical exertion of force 垂直用力Lesson 20differentiation of tongue manifestations辨舌象differentiation of pulse manifestations辨脉象balancing expelling pathogenic factors with strengthening healthy qi 正邪兼顾thoracic retention of fluid支饮chills in the back/aversion to cold in the back背部恶寒dark complexion/black complexion面色黧黑slippery tongue coating/ moist and glossy tongue coating舌苔水滑taut pulse/wiry pulse 弦脉dispelling pathogenic cold发散寒邪invigorating the stomach to resolve fluid健胃化饮nourishing kidney water to astringe lung qi滋肾水以敛肺气nourishing yin blood to protect liver yin养阴血以护肝阴expelling pathogenic factors without impairing the healthy qi祛邪而不伤正invigorating qi to harmonize the middle-jiao益气和中mediating all herbs in a prescription调和诸药prescriptions for drastic diaphoresis发汗峻剂cold in the exterior and fluid in the interior表寒里饮cold water attacking the stomach水寒犯胃effective prescriptions有效方剂cold limbs in syncope 手足厥冷Lesson 21complementary therapy补充疗法alternative medicine 替代医学rehabilitation process康复过程side-effects副作用active ingredients 有效成分evidence-based data 询证数据double-blind randomized trial双盲随机试验stroke onset中风发病hyper-acute stage超急性期proprietary medicine 专利药品animal models动物模型risk of bleeding出血的危险因素mechanism of action作用机制low-quality medical treatments医疗质量低下 physiotherapy物理疗法 neuroplasticity 神经可塑性mainstream medicine 主流药物antiplatelet agent抗血小板剂microbial analysis微生物分析heavy metal research 重金属研究。
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浅谈中医术语“六淫”的英译AbstractTraditional Chinese Medicine is Chinese excellent traditional culture important component, is rich in content, the thought is profound, has an independent theoretical system.Traditional Chinese Medicine should face the world, face future, face modernization. English translation of Traditional Chinese Medicine is the key. The English translation of Traditional Chinese Medicine involves multiple specific discipline and many aspects of other disciplines. The English translation of Chinese Medicine Terminology, especially is the key. TCM term is the most basic concepts of Traditional Chinese Medicine, connotation is rich, the implication is profound. The English translation of scientific or not, relates to the international exchange of Traditional Chinese Medicine, in relation to the future of the Traditional Chinese Medicine. We in the translation of TCM terms, must follow the certain translation principles.The author believes that the translation of TCM terms shall adhere to the principle of "five characters", i.e., the scientific principle, the principle of information, normative principles, to accept the principle, cultural principle. The "six excesses " of the translation, must be based on basic theories of TCM, to understand "six excesses" of the sequence of events, in order to make the translation of scientific norms of acceptable.In the English translation of Traditional Chinese Medicine, to stringent attitude, not only requires the accurate expression of the content of traditional Chinese medicine, but also to meet the English language inherent laws, in line with the English expression, pay attention to English style, style, flexible, not dogma.While paying attention to the characteristics of Traditional Chinese Medicine, concise, practical, custom and convention.Key words: Nomenclature of Traditional Chinese Medicine; International exchange；English translation principles; Excesses of the six factors1前言中医药学是一个伟大的宝库,是世界医学的重要组成部分。
随着医药卫生的对外交流,中医药的临床疗效和理论体系已越来越引起国际上的重视,中医药的国际交流日趋频繁。
为了准确地将中医药学的理论、实践与科研成果介绍到国外,使国外学者能正确理解,促进国际学术交流,可以说,中医学英译问题是中医药走向世界的桥梁,而中医术语的英译,尤其是关键[1],例如本文将详细讨论的“六淫”的翻译.2中医名词术语的翻译原则笔者认为中医名词术语的翻译应当坚持“五性”原则,即科学性原则、信息性原则、规范性原则、接受性原则、文化性原则。
2.1 科学性原则中医学具有独特的理论体系,其基本理论的名词术语在英语中很多找不到完全对应的词语,而特别是许多与西医学共同的用语,字面虽相同,内涵却常有很大差异。
例如内脏的名称,中西医学用词相同,但其内涵却常大相径庭。
因此,中医术语英译的科学性非常重要。
准确地译出中医术语是先决条件,既要准确表达中医的内容,语义准确(semantically precise),词形简明(morphological concise),又要符合英语的构词规律(structurally consistentwith the formation and usage ofmodern scientific and technological terminology in English)。
目前已经约定俗成的名词术语的翻译,如音译法翻译气、阴阳、脏腑、寸关尺三部、风气命三关、三焦、卫气营血等术语。
2.2 信息性原则翻译是跨越语言文字、跨越文化的信息交流。
中医名词术语翻译要强调信息转化的准确性和完整性,准确传达的信息更易被西文读者理解且信息尤其是概念信息损失较少。
要贴切、恰如其分地传递中医原文所提供的信息。
例如,中草药名词的翻译中大多采用拉丁法,原植物的拉丁学名能反映出该植物的科、属、种、定名人等信息。
如人参Panax ginsengC. A. Meyer,银杏Ginkgo bilobaL等。
中药材的拉丁名能反映出该药材的入药部位及动、植物名。
如中药材人参RadixGinseng;白果SemenGinkgo等。
因此,翻译时也要保证译语的信息性[2]。
2.3 规范性原则人类的共性,交流的必要性以及语言本身的共性,使得中医药学英译统一和规范化是可取的,也是必须的。
但是,由于中医翻译界多重视实践经验而忽视理论研究,长期以来尚未建立一套指导其健康发展的理论体系;而且对中医药这一专门学科的语言翻译尚未得到应有的重视,缺乏规范和统一的翻译标准,而由此造成译者没有实实在在的标准可循,只好“独辟蹊径”。
这些在一定程度上限制了中医药在国际上更快更广泛地传播。
20世纪80年代,在WHO的组织下,对针灸经穴英译名采用汉语拼音作了统一规范。
并且有相当一部分中医术语的汉语拼音法已经得到认可与接受。
如八纲辨证中的“阴阳”;脏、腑、寸关尺三部、风气命三关、三焦、卫气营血等术语。
这些词表面看来似乎存在相应的英文词语,但从它们所表达的丰富的中医内涵而言,却无法找到相应的译语。
这时一般都主张音译。
当然,义译和音译的有机结合和平衡取舍是中医药翻译成功的关键,关于义译的问题则在后文中有所阐释。
2.4 接受性原则我们搞中医英译的对象是外国人,目的是为了扩大中医学在世界上的影响,所以一切要以外国读者的接受性为主要尺度来衡量,哪一种方式最容易被接受,就应采用哪一种,这是一方面。
另一方面,当然要能基本正确地表达原意,能为中医英译专家所接受。
这两点不能偏废,主次也不应颠倒。
例如有些中医术语与西医术语存在文化共核[3],概念意义两者基本相同而文化意义也较相近,译者只要掌握中西医术语的概念意义就可以找到自然对应词。
这些词语易于被外国读者所接受,普及性较强。
例如,“经血”menstruation,“绝经”menopause,“麻疹”measles,“脑”brain。
中医“血”译成blood,“亡血”(即失血、出血、流血、溢血)译成bleed, bleeding, hemorrhage, hemorrhagic;“汗”(即出汗、流汗、发汗)译成sweat;“热”(即发热、发烧)译成fever, fevered, feverish, febrile;“冷”(即:恶寒、作冷、寒战、寒栗)译成chill ,chilly, chilliness, chilliless(反不恶寒)。
这些词语易于被外国读者所接受,普及性较强。
2.5 文化性原则中医英译对外交流的实质是一种传统文化的输出。
美国著名的翻译理论家Eugene Nida 就说过“对于真正成功的翻译而言,熟悉两种文化甚至比掌握两种语言更重要,因为词语只有在其作用的文化背景中才有意义。
”[4]所以他又指出“Language and culture cannot existwith each other.”[5]语言是文化的组成部分,是文化的载体,各民族的语言必然反映出该民族所处社会的特定文化,使用不同语言的民族之间必然存在文化差异,而这种文化差异就构成了翻译的障碍。
从这个意义来说,翻译的目的之一就是要在源语言(source language)和目的语言(target language)之间建立文化对等(cultural equivalence)。
在构成翻译对等的诸多方面,文化对等的原则要求译者积极介绍源语言的文化意蕴,努力传达原作的文化特色,忠实地再现原作的整体文化氛围.3中医术语“六淫”的翻译六淫(the six pathogenic factors)是中医理论中阐发病因与发病的特有专用术语。
印会河教授指出,“六淫,即是风、寒、暑、湿、燥、火六种外感病邪的统称,当气候变化异常,六气发生太过或不及,或非其时而有其气,以及气候变化过于急骤,在人体正气不足,抵抗力下降时,六气才能成为致病因素,侵犯人体发生疾病,这种情况下的六气,便称为六淫”〔6〕。