柏拉图

• The topic of love and the art of rhetoric
• Three speeches:
Lysias' speech First speech of Socrates Second speech of Socrates (Madness; The soul; The madness of love; Discussion of rhetoric and writing)
• he helped others recognize on their own what is real, true, and good (Plato, Meno, Theaetetus)
• Socrates adamantly insisted he was not a teacher (Plato, Apology 33a-b) refused all his life to take money for what he did.
All our information about him is second-hand.
His mother was a midwife; His father was stonemason.
Three primary sources:
a comic playwright of ancient Athens Clouds
• 所谓理念的回忆，是指人的不朽灵魂，在见到尘世的美而回忆起上界里 真正的美。
• 诗人只有在被诗神凭附之后，摆脱了下界一切具体事物的干扰，不再模 仿的时候，他才能通过灵魂对上界的回忆直接把握住真善美，才能吟出 好诗。(Muses, poetry)
参考资料《柏拉图文艺对话集》朱光潜译
The Theory of Recollection
• Meno 《美诺篇》 • In the dialogue with Meno's slave, Socrates shows Meno that
learning is through recollection. • Phaedo 《斐多篇》 .• Cebes, saying:
..your favorite doctrine, Socrates, that our learning is simply recollection, if true, also necessarily implies a previous time in which we have learned that which we now recollect. But this would be impossible unless our soul had been somewhere before existing in this form of man; here then is another proof of the soul's immortality.
The Ion《伊安篇》
• As a rhapsode Ion travels from one Greek city to another reciting and then explicating episodes from Homer.
• Three parts of Ion’s conversation with Socrates • idiosyncrasy in Ion (his attachment to Homer).
(Plato, Phaedo, 72e-73a.)
https:///wiki/Phaedo#cite_refFOOTNOTEPlato.2C_.27.27Phaedo.27.2772e-73a_12-0 中文参考资料：杨绛：《斐多》。辽宁：吉林人民出版社， 2000年。 [古希腊] 柏拉图:《柏拉图文艺对话集》，朱光潜译。北京：商务印書館，2013年。
• Ignorance
The creation and appreciation of art was not depended on the techniques of writing and chanting poems, but on the artists and appreciators who were in an ecstasy state.
impiety and the corruption to the minds of the youth. He was sentenced to death. • Traveled in many countries to seek for knowledge and enrich his theory. (399—387 BC) • In 387 BC, the King of Dionysios who governed Siracusa. • In 367 BC, the teacher of Dionysios II.
Plato’s Major Works
• Apology of Socrates (1937)《苏格拉底的申辩》 • The Dialogues of Plato）1871《柏拉图对话全集》 • Crito《克力同篇》 • Phaedo《斐多篇》 • Philebus《菲力帕斯篇》 • The Ion《伊安篇》 • Statesman《政治家篇》 • Sophist《智士篇》 • Meno《美诺篇》 • Symposium《会饮篇》 • Euthyphro《游叙费伦篇》 • Menexenus《美涅克塞努篇》 • Protagoras《普罗泰戈拉》 • Gorgias《高尔吉亚篇》 • Phaedrus《斐德若篇》 • Parmenides《巴曼尼得斯篇》 • Theaetetus《泰阿泰德篇》 • The Laws《法律篇》 • The Republic《理想国》
Aristophanes
a Greek historian, solider Xenophon
Plato
图片来源：https:///wiki/Socrates https:///wiki/Aristophanes https:///wiki/Xenophon
Even though Homer and other poets sometimes speak of the same subjects, Ion has nothing to say about those others. Something in Homer makes him eloquent, and other poets lack that quality.
Epicurus(伊壁鸠鲁)
Pythagoras(毕达哥 拉斯）
Plato Aristotle
Alexander the Great
Xenophon Socrates
Herakleitos 赫拉克利特
Archimedes 阿基米德
Diogenes 第欧根尼
Raphaeபைடு நூலகம் 拉斐尔
• •
• • A bust of Socrates in the Louvre •
• He has the chance to have a conversation with the great visiting philosophers because of numerous festivals, competitions, and celebrations.
• Military training, A footsoldier Who saved other soldier's life and the wounded Alcibiades.
Socrates (469 – 399 BC )
His lifetime is an enigma.
Despite having written nothing, he is considered one of the handful of philosophers who forever changed how philosophy itself was to be conceived.
(Archytas)
• In 362 BC, the third time to Sicily.
• In 347BC, He died.
• Plato founded the school called Academy.
The School of Athens, fresco by Raphael (1509–1510), of an idealized Academy. https:///wiki/File:Raffael_058.jpg
参考资料来源：/entries/plato-aesthetics/ 及《柏拉图文艺对话集》朱光潜译
Phaedrus《斐德若篇》
• A dialogue between Socrates and Phaedrus.
• Phaedrus is a friend of Socrates and a devoted follower of Lysias. He loves speeches and aspires to be a great orator.
The Republic (Plato)
• Book I Definitions of justice
• Book II the essence of justice; the justice of the state and the justice of the soul
• Book III Discussion concerning education(guardians; gymnastics)
• Socrates was usually to be found in the marketplace and other public areas, conversing with a variety of different people— young and old, male and female, slave and free, rich and poor.