研究生考试马克思主义基本理论复习重点-党校研究生

研究生考试马克思主义基本理论复习重点-党校研究生
研究生考试马克思主义基本理论复习重点-党校研究生

研究生考试复习重点,马克思主义基本原理复习重点,党校研究生马克思主义基本理论复习重点,党校研究生考试复习重点。按照党校研究生考试考前培训导师所划定的重点容总结而来的。

?中国特色社会主义道路:就是在中国共产党领导下,立足基本国情,以经济建设为中心,坚持四项基本原则,坚持改革开放,解放和发展社会生产力,建设社会主义市场经济、社会主义政治、社会主义先进文化、社会主义和谐社会、社会主义生态文明,促进人的全面发展,逐步实现全体人民共同富裕,建设富强文明和谐的社会主义现代化国家。一个中心,两个基本点:以经济建设为中心,坚持四项基本原则,坚持改革开放。

?如何强化共产党人的理想信念?答:1、坚定理想信念,坚守共产党人精神追求。2、坚持以人为本、执政为民,始终保持党同人民群众的血肉联系。3、积极发展党,增强党的创造活力。4、深化干部任职制度改革,建设高素质执政骨干队伍。5、坚持党管人才原则,把各方面优秀人才聚集到党和国家事业中来。6、创新基层党建工作,夯实党执政的组织基础。7、坚定不移反对腐败,永葆共产党人清正廉洁的政治本色。8、严明党的纪律,自觉维护党的集中统一。

第一章马克思主义哲学是科学的世界观和方法论

?一、哲学的基本问题。

思维和存在的关系或者物质与意识的关系是哲学的基本问题。哲学的基本问题包括两个方面的容:第一方面,思维和存在或意识和物质哪个是本原的,哪个是派生的?或者说哪个是第一性的,哪个是第二性的?对这个问题的不同回答,是划分哲学两阵营、两大基本派别的唯一标准。另一方面:我们的意识能不能认识现实世界?我们能不能在关于现实世界的表象和概念中正确地反应现实?依据对这个问题的不同回答,把哲学区别为可知论和不可知论。唯物主义坚持可知论,认为认识是意识对物质的颖。一些唯心主义也承认世界是可知论。

为什么说思维和存在之所以是哲学的基本问题?答:第一,意识和物质是世界上各种现象最高的概括,要从总体上把握世界,就必须对意识和物质两大类现象做出理论慨括,并回答它们的相互关系。第二,如何解决意识和物质的关系问题,是解决其他一切哲学问题的前提和基础。

正确解决哲学基本问题的重大意义。第一,在理论上,它给予我们识别形形色色的哲学派别,批判唯心主义和不可知论以锐利的思想武器。第二,正确解决哲学基本问题是贯彻执行好党的解放思想、实事思想路线的重要前提。第三,正确回答哲学基本问题是做好各项工作的关键。哲学的本质是:永不停息的探索。

第二章物质与意识

物质是不依赖于意识而存在的客观实在。

规律是事物部的、本质的、必然的联系。规律有客观性、普遍性、稳定性、重复性等特点。客观性是规律最基本的特点。规律的客观性依存于物质的客观实在性。自然规律是客观的。认识规律,改造世界创造世界,不能成为规律的奴隶。

?一切从实际出发是辩证唯物主义一元论客观世界的根本要求。无产阶级及其政党坚持以辩证唯物主义一元论的世界观指导自己认识世界、改造世界的活动。所谓辩证唯物主义一元论客观世界,就是认为世界上的一切事物和现象都以空间和时间的形式,遵循着物质固有的规律,永远地运动、变化和发展着。承认世界的物质性及其运动规律的客观性,是马克思

主义科学世界观的出发点。

主观主义表现的形式是多种多样的。在主观能动性与客观规律的关系上,或者表现为保守主义,或者表现为急躁冒进的思想倾向。在理论与实际的关系上或者表现为教条主义,或者表现为经验主义。形式主义,不是从客观需要出发,而是从某种主观需要出发,不是注重实际容,而是追求表面形式,因而也是一种主观主义。

第四章对立统一规律

唯物辩证法的矛盾概念:矛盾是指客观事物本身所固有的既对立又统一的辩证本性。矛盾就是对立面的统一,矛盾规律也叫做对立统一规律。

矛盾的同一性和斗争性。

同一性和斗争性是辩证矛盾的基本属性。同一性是指矛盾双方在一定条件下互相联结、互相依存、互相渗透、互相贯通的性质。在一定条件下,对立面的转化总是向着自己的他者,即自己的对立面转化。斗争性是指矛盾双方互相对立、互相排斥、互相否定、互相分离的倾向。斗争性是一个广泛的哲学畴,它不同于具体的斗争形式。斗争性是斗争形式的一般性质,斗争形式式斗争性的具体表现。

矛盾的同一性和斗争性是相互联系的,斗争性寓于同一性之中,同一性包含着差别和对立。矛盾的同一性和斗争性又是有区别的。同一性是有条件的、相对的,斗争性是无条件的、绝对的。有斗争性就没有同一性;斗争性寓于同一性之中。

对立面又统一又斗争,使矛盾双方在一定条件下互相转化,我们头脑不应当把事物看作死的、凝固的东西,而应当看作生动的、有条件的、可变动的、互相转化的东西。

?矛盾的普遍性和特殊性。

1、矛盾的普通性。意义:其一是说,矛盾存在于一切事物的发展过程中;其二是说,每一事物的发展过程中存在着自始至终的矛盾运动。矛盾无所不在,无时不有;或处处有矛盾,时时有矛盾。没有什么事物是不含矛盾的,没有什么时候是不存在矛盾的,没有矛盾就没有世界。

2、矛盾的特殊性。是指不同事物的矛盾各有特点。

研究矛盾特殊性的重大意义是?答:第一,是正确认识事物的需要。第二事物的本质是由矛盾的特殊性决定的,不同质的矛盾要用不同的方法解决。第三,只有认识矛盾的特殊性,才能确定一事物不同于其他事物的特殊本质,发现事物运动发展的特殊原因和根据,找到解决矛盾的方法。第四,认识矛盾的特殊性对无产阶级及其政党尤其重要。

对于矛盾的特殊性,应从以下几个方面进行研究分析。

(1)物质运动形式及其发展过程和发展阶段的矛盾特殊性。各种物质运动形式的矛盾都有其特殊性,从而构成了每一种物质运动形式的特殊的本质。研究物质运动形式的特殊性,才能认识事物。

(2)矛盾及其各个方面地位和作用的特殊性。在复杂的矛盾体系中,矛盾的两个方面是主要矛盾和非主要矛盾,善于抓住主要矛盾和非主要矛盾,主要的矛盾方面和非主要的矛盾方面。由于主要矛盾的存在和发展,规定或影响其他矛盾的存在和发展。非主要矛盾处于次要和服从的地位。只有抓住主要矛盾,才能正确地确定工作中心。在集中主要力量解决主要矛盾的同时,要认真处理好非主要矛盾。

在一定条件下,主要矛盾和非主要矛盾可以相互转化。

地位与作用:主要的矛盾方面居于支配地位,起主导作用。非主要矛盾方面处于被动支配地位,起次要作用。主要矛盾方面和非主要矛盾方面在一定条件下可以相互转化。在实际工作中,一方面要抓住主要矛盾,抓住事物的本质和主流;另一方面要注意非主要矛盾方面,

逐一解决非本质、非主流问题。

在处理主要矛盾和非主要矛盾、主要矛盾方面和非主要矛盾方面的关系时,要把重点论和两点论结合起来,反对均衡论和一点论。要全面贯彻党的“一个中心,两个基本点”的基本路线,要“两手抓、两手都要硬”。

(3)矛盾斗争形式的特殊性:矛盾斗争是无条件的、普遍的、绝对的;矛盾斗争形式即解决矛盾的方法,是有条件的、特殊的、相对的。矛盾斗争采取何种形式,取决于矛盾的性质及所处的具体历史条件。

社会领域的对抗性矛盾是根本利益对立基础上的矛盾,这种矛盾一般要通过对抗斗争形式去解决;非对抗性矛盾是根本利益一致基础上的矛盾,这种矛盾通过非对抗的斗争形式加以解决。对抗性矛盾和非对抗性矛盾同敌我矛盾和人民部矛盾,是既有联系又不完全等同的两对畴。敌我矛盾用专政的方法解决,人民部矛盾只能采取的方法加以解决。

对抗性矛盾和非对抗性矛盾,敌我矛盾和人民部矛盾,在一定条件下可以相互转化。

总体上,社会主义社会的矛盾是非对抗性矛盾,在人与人的关系上主要是人民部矛盾。社会主义社会的矛盾可以通过社会主义制度本身,主要用非对抗性的方法加以解决。但社会主义社会依然存在敌我矛盾,在一定条件下可能发生对抗。

矛盾就是对抗是错误的。

3、矛盾的普遍性和特殊性的关系。

矛盾的普遍性是矛盾的共性、绝对性,矛盾的特殊性是矛盾的个性、相对性。

(1)矛盾的普遍性和特殊性的关系。

第一,它们互相联结。矛盾的普遍性寓于矛盾的特殊性之中,没有脱离个别的一般,也没有脱离一般的个别。

第二,它们互相区别。矛盾的普遍性只是概括了同类矛盾的共同本质,并非把矛盾的特殊性包括无遗,个别不能完全进入一般之中。

第三,它们在一定条件下互相转化。由于事物围的及其广大和发展的无限性,在一定场合、一定时间为普遍性的东西,在另一一定场合、一定时间则变为特殊性,反之亦然。

(2)矛盾的普遍性和特殊性相结合原理的意义

第一,它为我们提供了正确认识矛盾的根本方法。人美的认识是由特殊到一般,又由一般到特殊,如此循环往复,以至无穷,而每一次循环都使人类的认识提高一步。

第二,它是马克思主义普遍真理砼中国具体实际相结合这一思想原则的重要哲学基础,是建设有中国特殊社会主义的重要哲学依据。建设中国特殊社会主义,一定要把马克思主义普遍性的原理和中国的特点结合起来,并找到结合的具体形式,才能成功地开辟建设社会主义的新道路。

第三,它是我们创造性地开展工作的根本指导思想。各级干部尤其是领导干部,只有不断提高自己把普遍性与特殊性结合起来的本领,善于把理论同实际,党中央的方针政策同本地区部门、单位的实际情况集合起来工作,才能使工作富有创造性、开拓性。

第五章认识与实践

?认识和实践的统一。认识和实践是辩证唯物主义认识论的一对基本矛盾。认识和实践是辩证的统一。

1、实践是认识的基础。实践是指人借助于一定的手段有目的地改造外部世界的能动的活动。具有客观实在性、自觉能动性、社会历史性。实践的基本形式是:生产实践、处理社会关系的实践和科学实验。

实践是认识的基础的表现:①实践是认识的来源;②实践是认识发展的动力;③实践是

检验认识真理性的标准;④实践是认识的目的。

2、认识对实践的反作用。认识对实践的能动作用表现在:(1)没有认识的作指导,实践无法进行,认识的正确与否和正确地深刻程度,直接制约着实践的成败以及实践成功的大小。(2)认识对实践的能动作用随着实践的发展而不断增强。(3)理论是认识的高级形式,它依赖于实践又对实践具有相对独立性。它有自身存在和发展的规律。科学理论能揭示事物的本质和规律,可以预见事物发展的去时和进程,用它来指导实践,能合乎规律地改造客观世界,促进事物的发展。

3、认识和实践具体的历史的统一。实践与认识都是无限发展的,人们的实践总是一定的具体历史阶段的实践,人们对客观事物的认识也总是一定历史条件下的认识。因此,认识和实践是具体的历史的统一。

实践是检验真理的唯一标准。

第六章认识的辩证过程和主体认识能力

认识的辩证过程一般为:从感性认识到理性认识,从理性认识到实践。认识的发展具有反复性、曲折性、前进性和无限性。

1、从感性认识到理性认识。感性认识是理性认识的基础。

感性认识是认识的初级阶段,它以感性具体的形式直接反映客观事物的现象,具有直接性和具体性,其形式是感觉、知觉和表象。感性认识是认识的起点和构成一切知识的基础。

理性认识是主体在拥有大量感性认识的基础上,经过思维的加工制作而对客观事物的本质和部联系作出的反映。理性认识是认识的高级阶段,它具有间接性和抽象性,其形式是概念、判断、推理。

感性认识和理性认识是同一认识过程中的不同认识阶段,两者有本质的区别,又有不可分割的联系。理性认识依赖于感性认识,感性认识有待于发展到理性认识。两者之间互相渗透。一方面,感性中有理性。主体获得感性认识要以既有的理性认识作指导,感性认识的表达交流也离不开概念判断这些理性思维形式。另一方面,理性中也有感性。理性认识不仅要以感性材料为基础,而且总是以一定的声响和文字符号等感性形式的语言作为自己的物质外衣和表达手段。感性认识和理性认识统一的基础是社会实践。

在处理感性认识和理性认识的关系上,应注意防止和克服两种倾向:一是片面强调理性认识的可靠性而轻视感性认识;二是片面强调感性认识的可靠性而忽视理性认识。

感性认识上升为理性认识是认识过程的质的飞跃,这一飞跃的实现需要主体良好的素质和能动作用的发挥。

第八章社会基本矛盾

? 1生产力与生产关系。

生产力是人们在生产过程中影响、改造自然的物质力量,它表示的是生产中人和自然界的关系。生产力系统的基本要素:实体性因素:具有一定生产能力、生产经验和劳动技能的劳动者;以生产工具为主的劳动资料;纳入生产过程中的劳动对象。非实体性因素:生产过程中的分工、协作、劳动组织和管理等,以及科学技术。

生产方式是生产力和生产关系的统一。生产方式是社会发展的决定性力量。为什么说物质资料的生产方式在社会发展中起着决定性作用?答:①采取一定方式进行的物质资料的生产,是社会赖以存在和发展的基础,是人类其他一切活动的首要前提;②生产方式决定着社会的结构、性质和面貌;③生产方式的发展和变化推动着社会发展,决定着社会形态的更替。

生产观点是历史唯物主义的最基本的观点。

生产力决定生产关系;生产关系反作用生产力。

2经济基础是一定生产关系的总和。经济基础是由一定发展阶段的生产力所决定的占统治地位的生产关系的总和,也就是该社会的经济结构、经济制度。一定社会的经济基础,是指该社会占统治地位的生产关系诸方面的总和。、

上层建筑是在一定经济基础上产生的意识形态以及与此相适应的各种制度、设施的总和。上层建筑包括政治上层建筑和思想上层建筑。

经济的社会形态是经济基础和上层建筑的统一。

3 社会基本矛盾运动。①生产力和生产关系的矛盾、经济基础和上层建筑的矛盾是社会基本矛盾。②生产力和生产关系的矛盾、经济基础和上层建筑的矛盾在社会生活中的地位和作用是不平行的。③生产力是社会发展的最终决定力量。

社会主义社会的基本矛盾是人民日益增长的物质文化需要同落后的社会生产之间的矛盾。社会主义的根本任务是发展生产力。

第九章意识形态

(1)意识形态:是系统地自觉地反映社会经济制度和政治制度的思想体系,具有鲜明的阶级性。

(2)意识形态是经济基础的反映。意识形态作为思想上层建筑,反映着经济基础的容、性质和发展要求,是社会经济关系在人们观念上的深刻表现。

经济基础决定着意识形态的产生、发展和变化;意识形态已经产生,就要为它所反映的经济基础服务,对自己的经济基础起着维护和强化作用。

(3)意识形态是阶级意识的理论表现。为什么说在阶级社会中,意识形态具有强烈的阶级性?答:第一,意识形态是一定阶级的自觉意识,是由一定阶级的思想家、理论家创立的思想体系。第二,意识形态集中体现了一定阶级的意志、利益和要求。第三,意识形态自觉地维护它所反映的经济制度和政治制度。

(二)意识形态的相对独立性和反作用

意识形态依赖于经济基础,但又有相对的独立性。意识形态的独立性是以对经济基础的依赖性为前提的。这种相对独立性表现在:

(1)意识形态具有历史继承性。在任何一种意识形态中,都要包含某些从历史上继承下来的思想资料和思想形式。

(2)意识形态的发展和经济发展水平的不平衡性。从纵向来看,意识形态与其赖以产生的经济基础的变化不完全同步。从横向来看,意识形态的发展同经济发展水平之间也存在着不平衡性。

(3)意识形态部各种意识形式之间相互作用和相互影响。

意识形态的反作用。意识形态的相对独立性突出表现在它具有能动的反作用:它为建立、巩固和发展经济基础、政治上层建筑提供必要的思想条件;它具有指导、动员、批判、教育和规作用;它为团结本阶级成员提供强大的精神凝聚力。意识形态的作用属于第二性的。

第十章人民群众和个人在历史上的作用

?(一)人民群众在历史上的作用

1、人民群众是历史的创造者

人民群众是一个历史畴。人民群众是指在一定历史发展阶段上一切对社会发展起推动作

用的阶级、阶层和社会集团。

人民群众是创造历史的决定力量。这集中表现在:人民群众是社会物质财富的创造者;人民群众是社会精神财富的创造者;人民群众是社会制度变革的决定力量;人民群众是历史的真正英雄。

2、人民群众创造历史作用的发挥和社会条件的制约性。在任何历史时代,人民群众创造历史的作用,都受到社会历史条件的制约。在阶级社会里,人民分属不同的阶级。阶层和社会集团,他们由于经济地位不同,创造历史的作用也不同。广大劳动人民进行物质生产、精神生产的历史创造力,必然受到剥削阶级各方面的压抑和摧残,难以得到充分发挥。在社会主义社会中,劳动人民成了国家和社会的主人,开始自觉地创造历史,他们创造历史活动的积极性和创造性得到空前发挥。但是,这种创造历史的活动仍然受到历史条件的限制。

(二)个人在历史上的作用

1、普通个人在历史上的作用。任何个人,作为现实社会中的成员,都是历史过程的参与者,因而都对历史的形成具有某种影响作用。普通个人对历史的作用表现在:每一个对他参与的具体历史事件的进程和结果,发生直接的影响作用。按其性质可以分为促进作用和阻碍作用。

2、杰出人物对历史发展具有促进作用。

3、无产阶级领袖人物能够起到比历史上一切杰出人物更伟大的作用。伟大人物的思想决定历史的发展是错误的。

4、群众、阶级、政党、领袖的关系。人民群众创造历史的伟大作用同充分发挥政党和领袖的作用是统一的。群众斗争的胜利需要政党和领袖的领导;政党和领袖必须代表和依靠群众,才能领导群众走向胜利。

?(三)群众观点和群众路线

1、群众观点是马克思主义的一个根本观点。党的群众观点的基本容:人民群众是历史创造者的观点,向人民群众学习的观点,全心全意为人民服务的观点,干部的权力是人民赋予的观点,对党负责与对人民负责相一致的观点,党要依靠群众又要教育和引导群众前进的观点。

2、群众路线是党的根本工作路线。

中国共产党的群众路线是:一切为了群众,一切依靠群众,从群众来,到群众中去。

意义:这是以为代表的中国共产党人在长期革命和建设中逐步形成和发展起来的根本工作路线,是马克思主义的群众观和认识论在党的工作路线上的生动体现,是思想的灵魂的一个基本方面,是中国共产党的优良传统和政治优势所在。

群众路线是实现党的思想路线、政治路线和组织路线的根本工作路线。坚持党的群众路线是坚持党的实事的思想路线的保证;一条正确的政治路线的制定和贯彻,必须经过群众路线;坚持和贯彻党的组织路线也要群众路线为基础。

3、执政党要更加自觉地坚持党的群众路线

为什么说坚持党的群众路线对于处于执政地位的共产党来说具有特别重要的意义?答:第一,执政党的地位,既为党联系群众提供了有利条件,又有可能带来脱离群众甚至腐败变质的危险。执政党能否密切联系群众,关系到党和国家的前途和命运。脱离群众是党执政后的最大危险。第二,党和国家的各级干部面临着执政的考研,改革开放和发展市场经济的考验,以及发对和平演变的考验。更要求党员干部尤其是高级干部增强公仆意识,全心全意为人民服务,一切言行以是否有利于广大人民群众的根本利益为最高标准。第三,社会主义事业是千百万群众自己的事业,社会主义现代化的各项任务没有一项不是依靠广大人民的艰苦努力来完成的。只有自觉坚持党的群众路线,全心全意为人民谋利益,尊重群众的首创精神,才能调动和充分发挥人民群众的积极性和创造性。

自觉坚持党的群众路线,必须做到:

(1)深入持久地进行群众观点和群众路线的学习和教育,使全党牢牢把握历史唯物主义的这一根本观点和根本方法。

(2)努力保证党的决策和决策的执行符合人民群众的利益。

(3)加强社会主义和法制建设,使群众观点和群众路线进一步制度化和法制化。

(4)切实改进领导作风,加强廉政建设,加强群众监督,反对各种消极腐败现象,密切党同人民群众的联系。

第二章商品和货币

1、商品。

(1)商品的二因素:使用价值和价值。

商品是用来交换的劳动产品。商品具有使用价值和价值,前者反映人和自然的关系,是商品的自然属性,后者反映人与人的关系,是商品的社会属性。任何商品都具有自然属性和社会属性。

①使用价值是指商品的有用性。使用价值是商品的价值或者交换价值的物质承担者。

②交换价值和价值

第一,这种凝结在商品中的无差别的人类劳动,就是商品的价值。

第二,交换价值表现为一种使用价值同另一种使用价值相交换的量的关系或比例。价值和交换价值的关系是:价值是交换价值的基础,价值是本质,是容;交换价值是价值的表现形式。

③劳动二重性:具体劳动和抽象劳动。具体劳动生产商品的使用价值,抽象劳动形成商品的价值。具体劳动和抽象劳动是劳动者同一劳动过程中表现在两个不同的方面。具体劳动指在一定具体形式下进行的劳动。它创造商品的使用价值,反映人与自然的关系。抽象劳动指人类体力和脑力的消耗。它是抽掉了一切具体形式的、无差别的、一般意义上的劳动。它的消耗被凝结在商品中,形成商品的价值。

2、价值规律。

(1)价值规律的容。价值规律是商品经济的基本规律。价值规律的容是:商品价值量由生产商品的社会必要劳动时间决定,商品交换以商品价值量为基础。实行等价交换。

商品价值量决定商品价格;供求关系影响商品价格。

商品经济中价值规律的作用:

第一,调节社会资源在整个社会的合理配置。

第二,自发地刺激商品生产者改进生产技术,改善经营管理,促进社会生产力发展;

第三,促进企业和整个社会劳动生产率的提高。

第四,促使商品生产者分化,优胜劣汰。

第五,自发地调节社会收入的分配。

货币的职能:价值尺度、流通手段、贮藏手段、支付手段和世界货币。

第一章市场经济与市场机制

(一)市场经济的运行机制。

1、经济运行机制是指社会经济条件决定的使经济协调运行,调节社会劳动按比例分配的方式和手段。基本功能是调节经济运行,使之趋于均衡状态。

2、市场经济运行机制的基本构成。市场经济运行机制是指通过市场的价格作用、市场

供求关系的变化、市场的竞争来调节社会劳动的按比例分配,是以市场为基础,以价值规律为核心的市场规律发生作用的机制。市场经济运行机制是由价格机制、竞争机制、供求机制、动力机制、风险机制、约束机制、保障机制、调控机制构成,其中价格机制、竞争机制、供求机制是市场经济最基本的运行机制。

(二)市场经济的运行规律。价值规律、供求规律、竞争规律。

(三)市场经济的主要功能和市场机制的缺陷。

1、主要功能表现在:第一、市场联结功能;第二,信息传递功能;第三,资源调节功能;第四,利益激励功能。

2、市场机制的缺陷主要表现在:第一、外部不经济;第二,不能提供社会所需的公共产品;第三,信息传递失灵;第四,收入两极分化;第五,不完全竞争;第六,宏观运行失效。

研究生英语期末考试作文,

long-distance education long-distance education, It is called network education in the file that released by department of education has introduced some , or called contemporary and long-range education network education. It refers to the use of TV and the Internet and other media teaching mode, the remote education is a very popular teaching model, because it broke through the time and space boundaries, accommodation in the school is different from the traditional teaching mode. Using this kind of teaching model of students, do not need to a specific location, anywhere. Students can also through television and radio, Internet, coaching line, a variety of different methods, such as mutual learning. Online learning has superior side, there are also some disadvantages. Learners can not adapt to the network teaching mode. Network education lack of interactivity and authenticity. On the BBS of the remote education, many netizens agree that network education's biggest drawback is the lack of interactivity and authenticity. In network education, between students and students, between students and the teacher only through BBS, E-mail or other network communication tools to communicate, people had built up a relationship is a kind of virtual environment of interpersonal relationships, interpersonal communication gradually from direct to indirect, from the diversification to the simplification, lost the traditional relationship between university students directly group consciousness gradually indifference. Education of students by this way, the collective idea and the spirit of solidarity and collaboration as generally traditional college students, is not conducive to the development of individuals and society.

在职研究生考试英语(翻译、作文)

Part VI Translation (10 points) Directions: Translate the following passage into Chinese. Write your answer on the Answ et Sheet. Being unhappy is like an infectious disease. It causes people to shrink away from the suff erer. He soon finds himself alone and miserable. There is, however, a cure so simple as t o seem, at first glance, ridiculous: if you don't feel happy, pretend to be! It works. Befor e long you will find that instead of pushing people away, you attract them. You discover h ow deeply rewarding it is to be the center of wider and wider circles of good will. Then the make-believe becomes a reality. Being happy, once it is realized as a duty and established as a habit, opens doors into unimaginable gardens filled with grateful friends. Part VII Writing (15 points) Directions: Write a composition of at least 150 words about the topic: The possibility of us ing the mobile phone to study English (or any other subject). You should write according t o the outline given below: 1.我认为手机(不)可以用来学习英语或其他知识。 2.理由是…… 3.结论

研究生英语期末考试试卷

ad if 命 封 线 密

A. some modern women prefer a life of individual freedom. B. the family is no longer the basic unit of society in present-day Europe. C. some professional people have too much work to do to feel lonely. D. Most Europeans conceive living a single life as unacceptable. 5.What is the author’s purpose in writing the passage? A. To review the impact of women becoming high earners. B. To contemplate the philosophy underlying individualism. C. To examine the trend of young people living alone. D. To stress the rebuilding of personal relationships. Passage Two American dramas and sitcoms would have been candidates for prime time several years ago. But those programs -though some remain popular -increasingly occupy fringe times slots on foreign networks. Instead, a growing number of shows produced by local broadcasters are on the air at the best times. The shift counters longstanding assumptions that TV shows produced in the United States would continue to overshadow locally produced shows from Singapore to Sicily. The changes are coming at a time when the influence of the United States on international affairs has annoyed friends and foes alike, and some people are expressing relief that at least on television American culture is no longer quite the force it once was. “There has always been a concern that the image of the world would be shaped too much by American culture,” said Dr. Jo Groebek, director general of the European Institu te for the Media, a non-profit group. Given the choice, he adds, foreign viewers often prefer homegrown shows that better reflect local tastes, cultures and historical events. Unlike in the United States, commercial broadcasting in most regions of the world -including Asia, Europe, and a lesser extent Latin America, which has a long history of commercial TV -is a relatively recent development. A majority of broadcasters in many countries were either state-owned or state-subsidized for much of the last century. Governments began to relax their control in the 1980’s by privatizing national broadcasters and granting licenses to dozens of new commercial networks. The rise of cable and satellite pay-television increased the spectrum of channels. Relatively inexperienced and often financed on a shoestring, these new commercial stations needed hours of programming fast. The cheapest and easiest way to fill airtime was to buy shows from American studios, and the bidding wars for popular shows were fierce. The big American studios took advantage of that demand by raising prices and forcing foreign broadcasters to buy less popular programs if they wanted access to the best-selling shows and movies. “The studio priced themselves out of prime time,” said Harry Evans Sloan, chairman of SBS Broadcasting, a Pan-European broadcaster. Mr. Sloan estimates that over the last decade, the price of American programs has increased fivefold even as the international ratings for these shows have declined. American broadcasters are still the biggest buyers of American-made television shows, accounting for 90% of the $25 billion in 2001 sales. But international sales which totaled $2.5 billion last year often make the difference between a profit and a loss on show. As the pace of foreign sales slows -the market is now growing at 5% a year, down from the double-digit growth of the 1990’s -studio executives are rethinking production costs. 6. Which of the following best characterizes the image embodied in American shows? A. Self-contradictory B. Prejudice-free C. Culture-loaded D. Audience-targeted 7. The intervention of governments in the 1980’s resulted in __________ . A. the patenting of domination shows and movies B. the emergence of new commercial networks C. the promotion of cable and satellite pay-television D. the intense competition coming from the outside 8. The phrase “on a shoestring” (Para. 6) most probably means __________. A. in need of capital B. after a fashion C. on second thoughts D. in the interests of themselves 9. The main reason why American dramas and sitcoms are driven out of prime time is that ____. A. they lose competitiveness B. they are not market-oriented C. they are too much priced D. they fall short of audience expectations 10. American studio producers will give thought to production costs __________. A. if they have no access to popular shows B. because their endeavors come to no avail C. since bidding wars are no longer fierce D. as international sales pace slows down Passage Three How shops can exploit people's herd mentality to increase sales 1. A TRIP to the supermarket may not seem like an exercise in psychological warfare—but it is. Shopkeepers know that filling a store with the aroma of freshly baked bread makes people feel hungry and persuades them to buy more food than they had intended. Stocking the most expensive products at eye level makes them sell faster than cheaper but less visible competitors. Now researchers are investigating how “swarm intelligence” (th at is,how ants,bees or any social animal,including humans,behave in a crowd) can be used to influence what people buy. 2. At a recent conference on the simulation of adaptive behaviour in Rome,Zeeshan-ul-hassan Usmani,a computer scientist from the Florida Institute of Technology,described a new way to increase impulse buying using this phenomenon. Supermarkets already encourage shoppers to buy things they did not realise they wanted: for instance,by placing everyday items such as milk and eggs at the back of the store,forcing shoppers to walk past other tempting goods to reach them. Mr Usmani and Ronaldo Menezes,also of the Florida Institute of Technology, set out to enhance this tendency to buy more by playing on the herd instinct. The idea is that, if a certain product is seen to be popular, shoppers are likely to choose it too. The challenge is to keep customers informed about what others are buying. 3. Enter smart-cart technology. In Mr Usmani's supermarket every product has a radio frequency identification tag, a sort of barcode that uses radio waves to transmit information,and every trolley has a scanner that reads this information and relays it to a central computer. As a customer walks past a shelf of goods, a screen on the shelf tells him how many people currently in the shop have chosen that particular product. If the number is high, he is more likely to select it too.

江苏省委党校在职研究生入学考试英语复习资料

江苏省委党校社会学专业在职研究生入学考试英语复习参考资料 一、完形填空(20分) 二、语句翻译(20分) 1、As far as ability is concerned,I am sure he will qualify for the job. 7、Some of the old fantasies about the space age have come true. 14、In general,prices may be brought down by increasing supply or decreasing demand. 17、Jack didn’t know anything about any of the books on the bookshelf,so his choice was quite arbitrary. 18、We are trying to figure out a solution to these urgent problems. 23、The increase in information and knowledge about management will be more important to top manager. 27、Many American students apply for government loans to pay for their education. 32、We came to the meeting full of expectations,yet we left very disappointed. 34、The spokesman made in clear that the president would not cancel the trip under any circumstances. 40、The government has undertaken a series of new environmental initiatives,as a result, many parks and green belts have sprung up all of the country. 43、It is not unusual for this scientist to go to bed at two or three in the morning. 45、We didn’t like his attitude that he deserved special treatment. 48、These artists devoted all their lives to art,and made great contributions to the artistic field. 52、There are a lot of papers to sign,but the only urgent one is this contract. 53、The government is taking these measure in hopes of bringing down the soaring price of houses. 三、阅读理解(30分) 四、段落翻译(30分) 3、在1991年,巴西在全世界环保主义者的压力下改变了做法,它取消了鼓励砍伐亚马逊雨林的税收优惠,批准了一个新雨林保护项目的资金计划。 牛场主、矿工、移民抗议这一行动并继续破坏雨林,尽管速度比以前要慢。去年当矿工为了夺取一群印第安人的土地而将他们杀死使得矛盾扩大了。政府承诺将保护该地区的原住民,问题是这一承诺真实的程度究竟多大。

研究生英语期末考试 选择(缩印版)

一.同义词 16.Children may ridicule other children new to a neighborhood. A. make fun of 17.It is useless to attempt to flee from every danger, some risks must be taken. C. run away 18.Many pure metals have little use because they are too soft, rust too easily, or have some other drawbacks. B. disadvantages 19.Magazines are the fifth most important advertising medium, and magazine advertising requires a substantial investment from advertisers. D. considerable 20.Efforts to ameliorate housing conditions for the poor were halted because government funds were cut off. C. improve 21.Because of the close collaboration of architect and builder, the building was completed ahead of schedule. B. joint work 22.After World War , the Vietnamese believed that the French would allow them to be an autonomous people. A. self-governing 23.Physical well-being presupposes that one should vary his diet and often have some wholesome food. C. healthful 24.The layout of the book, with the text on the left and the notes on the right, makes it a pleasure to use. B. arrangement 25.A child leaving home before he is ready is analogous to bird trying to leave the nest before it can fly. D. similar 单选 26.He had always been oblivious to the way Ruth looked, and had never once paid her a compliment. 27.I like the professor's lecture because he amplified his lecture with some vivid slide shows. 28.On the seminar the historians still cannot agree on the date on which the particular war commenced . 29.Despite the news that her son had been dead years ago, she still clung to the hope that he would return some day. 30.During the night a person's temperature may drop one or two degrees, and it can be difficult to arouse him in the morning if his body hasn't become hot yet. 31.The farmers were more anxious for rain than the people in the city because they had more at stake. 32.Man often wonders how the earth evolved from a hot, violent birth to the celebrated watery planet that stands out in pictures from space. 33.When business is depressed , there is usually an obvious increase in unemployment. 34.Social structure organization is simply the way that people, groups, and institutions are organized with respect. to one another. 35.One of the reasons for his popularity in our village is that he asks after almost everyone every time when he comes back from the big city. 二.同义词 16.The winner was deprived of his gold medal because he was found to have taken stimulants before the race. C. was deprived of 17.The army launched a major assault against the rebel army and many citizens joined the army. A. attack 18.Because Charles had forgotten his key, he was locked out. B. unable to in 19.His behavior had been perturbing me more than had cared to admit. D. troubling 20.Lighting levels are carefully controlled to fall within an acceptable level for optimal reading convenience. A. ideal 21It is said that you can intimidate your enemies by speaking in a low voice and carrying a big stick. C. frighten 22 .If you know in advance that the examination is going to be easy, you have no incentive to study very much. D. motive 23.The soldier discovers martial stirrings in his breast as he puts on his uniform. B. excitement 24.Many pure metals have little use because they are too soft, rust too easily, or have some other drawbacks. C. disadvantages 25.You'll succeed in the final examination if you stick to your belief that you are not a failure. A. adhere to 单选 26Care should be taken to decrease the length of time that one is subjected to loud continuous noise. 27.The teacher set up those obstacles for no other purpose than to challenge the students to overcome them. 28.The police who was lack of experiences was completely, taken in by the thief's disguise. 29.My aunt wound a brightly-colored thread round her finger so as not to forget her appointment. 30.They could not go to the theater together because his free time never coincides with hers. 31.A (n) personnel manager has a variety of role relations with people occupying related statuses. 32.This is a difficult job that needs to be tackled whole-heartedly-not ply at. 33.The curtain had risen hardly when shot startled the audience. 34.He would go to endless trouble to help anyone he thought worthy of encouragement. 35.Some professors prefer to control discussion while others prefer to guide the class without dominating it. 三.同义词 16. If you know in advance that the examination is going to be easy, you have no incentive to study very much. B. motive 17.The mother soothed the disappointed child and then promised to take him on a picnic as soon as it stopped raining. D. comforted 18.It is not easy to remain tranquil when events suddenly change your life. C. calm 19.Sales are an accurate gauge of a book's popularity rather than a representation of it's real value. A. criterion 20.Because Charles had forgotten his key, he was locked out. D. unable to in 21.The army launched a major assault against the rebel army and many citizens joined the army. B. attack 22.The winner was deprived of his gold medal because he was found to have taken stimulants before the race. A. was deprived of 23.At the international conference on the nuclear weapons several dissenting statements were made. D. opposing 24.The dominant theme is of tranquility and peacefulness. C. major 25.A conservative person opposes change and too many new ideas. A. unprogressive 单选 26.It is very likely that the Martian will also be adapted to underground existence, for conditions are much more equable underground. 27.The medicine scientists discovered that the prime reason for her lung cancer is excessive smoking. 28.The interviewer interpreted the applicant's late arrival as a sign of disorganization, undependability or lack of interest in the job. 29.After about an early age of 13, perceptions have already been formed and ambitions cast. 30.South Africa's black majority got its first real say in governing early last December. 31.Technology has facilitated the sharing of information and the storage and 32.delivery of information, thus making more information available to more people. 32.Jack is the very person who can be entrusted with either money or secret information. 33.He stopped the car so abruptly that he was hit by the car behind him. 34.The black people launched civil movement, struggling for abolition of slavery. 35.After a long journey, the tourists who experienced danger and hardship reached their destination at length.

四川省委党校研究生级第一学期英语复习题

研究生英语复习题(许国璋第一册) 一、选择填空: 1. Everybody ______ he will win. A. believed B. believes C. believe D. have believed 2. I’m sure ______ will be fine next week. A. there B. there’s C. it D. it’s 3. John is a writer ______ books are seldom read. A. who B. what C. that D. whose 4. When the sun came out, she ______ washing(洗涤的衣物)on the line. A. hung B. hang C. hanged D. takes 5. ______ attended the meeting yesterday evening. A. A hundred of people B. Hundreds of people C. Hundred people D. Hundreds people 6. I ______ in bed till 10 o’clock last Sunday morning. A. lied B. lay C. laid D. lie 7. I’ve heard him ______ about Mr. White often. A. spoke B. to speak C. speak D. speaks 8. ______ have you lived in Beijing? A. When B. What day C. What time D. How long 9. There were only a ______ number of students in the assembly hall. A. few B. small C. little D. not much 10. It’s quite late now and Mrs. Green ______ hasn’t left her office. A. still B. since C. already D. ever 11. “Is Mary coming to the concert?”“I think ______.” A. yes B. it C. so D. too 12. Robert ______ in England a few weeks ago. A. arrives B. is arriving C. has arrived D. arrived 13. Did you ______ that book from the University library? A. lend B. borrow C. ask D. beg 14. ______ the morning of June 27 they visited the Great Wall(长城). A. On B. In C. At D. From 15. We had plenty of paper but ______ ink. A. few B. not many C. a few D. not much 16. I ______ my homework now. A. finished B. have finished C. finish D. had finished 17. There isn’t any difference between the two. I really don’t know _____. A. where to choose B. which to choose C. to choose what D. to choose which 18. The boat is passing ______ the bridge. A. under B. across C. through D. along 19. What do you usually do ______ A. on the evening B. at the evening C. in the evening D. in an evening 20. When I got to the top of the mountain, the sun ______. A. shone B. shines C. has shone D. was shining

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